| 1601906968 | Horses | First introduced to the tribes of the Great Plains by the Spanish Settlers, making hunting, traveling, and trading easier for the Indians. They either stole or traded for the Spanish horses. | | 0 |
| 1601906969 | Disease | Brought to the America's by the Europeans nearly killing 90% of the natives that lived there. Diseases such as small pox and measles were the deadliest because they had no immunity. | | 1 |
| 1601906970 | Ecomienda system | Native Americans had to work in mines and fields in return there Spanish masters had to care for them. | | 2 |
| 1601906971 | Asiento Sytem | A system that required every Spanish slave owner to pay taxes to their king for every slave they imported to the America's | | 3 |
| 1601906972 | Slavery | The use of west Africans or Indians to do harsh labor under the command of a land owner or wealthy noble. | | 4 |
| 1601906973 | Land Bridge | A piece of land (now submerged in the Bering Sea) that connected Siberia and Alaska allowing waves of migrants to travel into the America's. | | 5 |
| 1601906974 | Adena-Hopewell | A culture used by Midwest and Northeast settlements that is famous for there large earthen mounds it created. | | 6 |
| 1601906975 | Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos | The natives who lived in the Southwest settlements and evolved societies using farming, an irrigation system, and lived in caves, cliffs, and known for multistoried buildings. Their way of life is preserved in their arid land and masonry dwellings. | | 7 |
| 1601906976 | Lakota Sioux | A tribe in the Great Plains that moved away from hunting and farming; and followed buffalo easily across the plains. | | 8 |
| 1601906977 | Mayans | Survived between 300 AD and 800 AD, known for building remarkable cities in the rainforests of Yucatan Peninsula. | | 9 |
| 1601906978 | Incas | A vast empire that thrived in Peru and expanded into South America; Later to be conquered Francisco Pizarro. | | 10 |
| 1601906979 | Aztecs | A powerful empire in central Mexico. Established their capital in Tenochtitlan; Later to be conquered by Hernan Cortes. | | 11 |
| 1601906980 | conquistadores | Spanish conquerors. | | 12 |
| 1601906981 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador that conquered the Aztecs | | 13 |
| 1601906982 | Fransisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador that conquered the Incas | | 14 |
| 1601906983 | New Laws of 1542 | These laws ended Indian Slavery, halted forced Indian labor and began to end the ecomienda system which left the Indians in serfdom. | | 15 |
| 1601906984 | Roanoke Island | Island off the coast of North Carolina established by Sir Walter Raleigh but his settlement wound up a failure. | | 16 |
| 1601906985 | compass | Adopted from Arab merchants who learned from the Chinese. which made sailing easier for the Europeans. | | 17 |
| 1601906986 | printing press | The invention of the printing press made it easier to spread knowledge across Europe, and soon after the royal colonies of America. | | 18 |
| 1601906987 | Ferdinand and Isabella | King Ferdinand of Argon and Queen Isabella of Castile united two of the largest kingdoms in Spain. Under their leadership they conquered the last of the Moorish stronghold, and also funded Columbus' exploration. | | 19 |
| 1601906988 | Protestant Reformation | Certain Christians disagreed with the pope and revolted against him. A series of religious wars went on between Catholics and Protestants. The Catholics of Spain and Portugal and the Protestants of England and Holland wanted to spread their own versions of Christianity, and thus it became a motive for exploration and colonization. | | 20 |
| 1601906989 | Henry the Navigator | A Portuguese explorer that opened up a long sea route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope. | | 21 |
| 1601906990 | Christopher Columbus | An Italian-born, Spanish sailor who got funding from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, for an exploration to an India sailing west. He landed in the Bahamas in the 'New World' thinking it was India. He died believing he found a valuable trade route to India. | | 22 |
| 1601906991 | Amerigo Vespucci | An Italian merchant and explorer who sailed to the New World and named it after himself "America". | | 23 |
| 1601906992 | The Papal Line Of Demarcation | A vertical line drawn by the pope, giving Spanish the land to the West, and Portugal the land to the East. | | 24 |
| 1601906993 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Signed by Spain and Portugal which moved The Papal Line of Demarcation a few degrees west; giving Portugal what is now present-day Brazil, and giving Spain the rest of present-day South America. | | 25 |
| 1601906994 | The Wealth of Spanish Explorations | Conquistadores would send ships to the New World, and came back with ships full of gold and silver; increasing there wealth by 500% and making Spain the richest and most powerful nation in Europe | | 26 |
| 1601906995 | slave trade | The Portuguese were the ones who originally started trading for slaves from West Africa to work newly established sugar plantations on the Madeira and Azores isles off the coast. When establishing colonies in America, they used the slave system there too. | | 27 |
| 1601906996 | nation-states | Countries in which the majority of the people shared both a common culture and a common loyalty toward a central government. | | 28 |
| 1601906997 | Algonquain | An American Indian Language used in Northeastern tribes, generally one of the largest language families. | | 29 |
| 1601906998 | Siouan | An American Indian Language used in tribes throughout the Great Plains, one of the largest language families. | | 30 |
| 1601906999 | Iriquois Confederation | A political union of five independent tribes who lived in the Mohawk Valley of New York, they were a very powerful force battling rival American Indians as well as Europeans. | | 31 |
| 1601907000 | longhouses | Houses that grew out to be up to 200ft long that Indians used to live in. | | 32 |
| 1601907001 | John Cabot | An Italian sailor who sailed the coast of Newfoundland under contract of the English monarch. He was also the explorer who helped England be put into a position to colonize other lands. | | 33 |
| 1601907002 | Jacques Cartier | A French Explorer who sailed and studied the St. Lawrence River. | | 34 |
| 1601907003 | Samuel de Champlain | A French Explorer who established the first permanent French settlement. Quebec, a fortified village along the St. Lawrence River. He was given the nickname "Father of New France" | | 35 |
| 1601907004 | Father Jacques Marquette | He along with French explorer Louis Jolliet explored the upper Mississippi River. | | 36 |
| 1601907005 | Robert de La Salle | A French explorer who explored the Mississippi Basin which he later named Louisiana after the French monarch Louis XIV. | | 37 |
| 1601907006 | Henry Hudson | An English born, Dutch explorer who sailed present-day Hudson River, and established Dutch claims to the area which later became known as Amsterdam (and later New York) | | 38 |
| 1601907007 | Bartolomé de Las Casas | A spanish priest who disagreed with the way Europeans treatred the Native Americans, and thought they deserve fair treatment. | | 39 |
| 1601907008 | Valladolid Debate | The debate over the role of Indians in Spanish colonies. La Casas argues for the Indians while Sepulveda argued against; Resulting in neither side winning the debate. But La Casas established the basic arguments on behalf of justice for the Indians. | | 40 |
| 1601907009 | Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda | Another Spanish priest who argued that Indians are less than humans, in other words savages. | | 41 |
| 1601907010 | Sir Francis Duke | Led attacks off the coast of Peru to rob Spanish ships of all its gold and silver, he even attacked Spanish settlements along the coast. | | 42 |
| 1601907011 | Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Spanish explorer who traveled across the Isthmus of Panama into the Pacific Ocean, credited for discovering Panama. | | 43 |
| 1601907012 | Ferdinand Magallen | A Spanish explorer whose ship circumnavigated the world, he himself did not survive the entire journey but he is given credit for this achievement. | | 44 |
| 1601907013 | George Calvert | The First Lord Baltimore; He was given a charter for the colony Maryland and made it a safe haven for his fellow Catholics. He died before achieving great wealth. | | 45 |
| 1601907014 | Cecil Calvert | The second Lord Baltimore; he implanted his fathers wishes and persuaded the assembly of Maryland to adopt the Act of Toleration | | 46 |
| 1601907015 | Act of Toleration | The first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians. However it also called for death to anyone who denies Jesus Christ. | | 47 |
| 1601907016 | Roger Williams | He was banished from Boston because of his beliefs, he fled and established Providence; allowing Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to worship freely. He founded one of the first Baptist churches. | | 48 |
| 1601907017 | Anne Hutchinson | She believed in antinomianism, she was banned from the Bay colony and founded the colony of Portsmouth | | 49 |
| 1601907018 | Antinomianism | The idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation. One famous believer is Anne Hutchinson. | | 50 |
| 1601907019 | Rhode Island | A colony established when Roger Williams was granted a charter for both Providence and Portsmouth, combining the two into a single colony Rhode Island. | | 51 |
| 1601907020 | Conversion | A Puritan Congregation method of making people full church members if they have felt a profound religious experience. | | 52 |
| 1601907021 | Halfway Covenant | It was offered by some clergies to make people partial church members if they have not witnessed a conversion. In which being able to better maintain church influences and membership. | | 53 |
| 1601907022 | Quakers | A group of friendly Christians who are peace loving and believe in pacifism and equality. | | 54 |
| 1601907023 | William Penn | He was given land from the king because of his fathers noble service, even though Penn disagreed with the kings teachings and his fathers beliefs. He established the colony of Pennsylvania otherwise known as Penn's Woods. | | 55 |
| 1601907024 | The Holy Expiriment | Penn tested his Quaker beliefs, and attempted to make his new colony a religious refuge, he enacted liberal ideas. He provided the colony with a Frame of Government. | | 56 |
| 1601907025 | Charter Of Liberties | A written constitution that guaranteed freedom of worship and unrestricted immigration in Pennsylvania. | | 57 |
| 1601907026 | rice plantations | Plantations in South Carolina that's worked by Africans resembling the economy and culture of the West Indies. | | 58 |
| 1601907027 | Tobacco Farms | Farms established by colonists from Virginia and New England to grow self-sufficiently in North Carolina. | | 59 |
| 1601907028 | Spanish Armada | The major naval power in Europe that was brought down England in 1588 giving themselves the reputation of having a powerful naval force. | | 60 |
| 1601907029 | Jamestown | The first permanent English settlement established in Virginia. | | 61 |
| 1601907030 | Captain John Smith | He established Jamestown and forcefully led it through five years of survival through the early hardships, but just barely. | | 62 |
| 1601907031 | John Rolfe | Helped establish a successful tobacco industry helping the Jamestown colony survive. | | 63 |
| 1601907032 | Pocahontas | Indian wife to John Rolfe. | | 64 |
| 1601907033 | Puritans | Moderate dissenters to the Church Of England who believed that the church could be reformed or purified. | | 65 |
| 1601907034 | Separatists | Radical dissenters to the Church of England who wanted a completely separate church that was independent of royal control. | | 66 |
| 1601907035 | Pilgrims | Separatists who seek religious freedom that have traveled to Dutch only to end up leaving due to differences of cultures and economic hardships. | | 67 |
| 1601907036 | Mayflower | The ship that took a small group of Pilgrims and other people who had economic motives to move to the Americas. | | 68 |
| 1601907037 | Plymouth | A colony established by the Pilgrims after the Mayflower landed 100 miles away from Jamestown, their intended destination. | | 69 |
| 1601907038 | John Winthrop | A Puritan who led thousands of other puritans to the Massachusetts shore, and discovered Boston and a few other settlements. | | 70 |
| 1601907039 | The Great Migration | The movement of 15,000 settlers to the Massachusetts colony after being driven out due to the civil war in England in the 1630's. | | 71 |
| 1601907040 | Virginia | The colony was established by the Virginia Company, but after near collapse it became a royal colony when King James I took direct control. It became England's first royal colony. | | 72 |
| 1601907041 | Thomas Hooker | A reverend who led a group of Boston puritans into the Connecticut River Valley. He found and settled Hartford. | | 73 |
| 1601907042 | John Davenport | He established a second settlement in the Connecticut River Valley known as New Haven. | | 74 |
| 1601907043 | Connecticut | New Haven joined with the more democratic Hartford settlers, to form the colony of Connecticut. | | 75 |
| 1601907044 | New Hampshire | This colony was separated form the Massachusetts in hopes that the king can hold a stronger rule over his royal colonies. | | 76 |
| 1601907045 | The Carolinas | King Charles II granted a large piece of land to eight nobles between the Spanish Florida and Virginia. North Carolina and South Carolina were formed from the original grant. | | 77 |
| 1601907046 | New York | The king compelled the Dutch to give up their colony of Amsterdam so he can grant it to his brother Duke of York. After dispatching the navy to take control of the colony, they renamed it New York and to treat the Dutch settler well and to allow freedom of worship as they pleased. | | 78 |
| 1601907047 | Pennsylvania | A colony given to William Penn, and it allowed religious tolerance and freedom of worship. | | 79 |
| 1601907048 | Deleware | This colony was established after Penn granted the three most southern counties its own assembly, resulting in the counties becoming a separate colony. | | 80 |
| 1601907049 | Georgia | This colony was the only one to receive direct financial support from the government in London. The colony was used as a defensive buffer to protect the Carolinas from Spanish Florida, and also because prisons were overcrowded and making Georgia a colony relieved most prisons giving the prisoners a new start. | | 81 |
| 1601907050 | James Oglethorpe | He established the first Georgia settlement in Savannah and he put an elaborate plan to help the colony thrive, except Georgia didn't prosper because of the Spanish threats and his plan. | | 82 |
| 1601907051 | Wampanoags | A tribe led by King Phillips that united many tribes in Southern New England against the English settlers. | | 83 |
| 1601907052 | Metacom | He was the leader of the Wampanoags, and was known as King Phillips. | | 84 |
| 1601907053 | King Phillips War | A war against Indian Resistance that turned victorious for the Wampanoags, thousands were killed including King Phillips. The colonial forces prevailed, and Indians stopped threatening New England. | | 85 |
| 1601907054 | Mayflower Compact | A document that the Pilgrims signed on the Mayflower that states decisions will be made by the will of the majority group | | 86 |
| 1601907055 | Virginia House of Burgesses | The first representative assembly in America that was established by Virginias colonist and was encouraged by the Virginia Company. | | 87 |
| 1601907056 | Sir William Berkeley | The royal governor of Virginia who used dictatorial powers to govern the large plantations, he antagonized farmers because he couldn't protect them from Indian attacks. | | 88 |
| 1601907057 | Bacons Rebellion | An uprising led by Nathaniel Bacon to overthrow Berkeley's government and conducted raids against American Indian Villages on the Virginia Frontier. The rebels burned Jamestown but the forces collapsed after Bacons death. | | 89 |
| 1601907058 | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) | The first written up constitution in American History, it established a representative government consisting of a legislature elected by popular vote and governor chosen by the legislature. | | 90 |
| 1601907059 | New England Confederation | A military alliance between four New England colonies to fight off the Indian threats. It consisted of two legislatures from each colony and mainly dealt with the American Indians. | | 91 |
| 1601907060 | Frame of Government | Provided by Penn, it guaranteed a representative assembly chosen by the landowners. | | 92 |
| 1601907061 | corporate colonies | colonies that were operated by joint stock companies like Jamestown | | 93 |
| 1601907062 | royal colonies | Colonies under the direct control and authority rule of the kings government like Virginia | | 94 |
| 1601907063 | proprietary colonies | Colonies that were granted charters of ownership by the king to individuals like Maryland and Pennsylvania. | | 95 |
| 1601907064 | Chesapeake colonies | Colonies around the Chesapeake bay such as Virginia and Maryland | | 96 |
| 1601907065 | joint-stock company | Pooled the savings of many investors thereby spreading the risk. | | 97 |
| 1601907066 | Virginia Company | A joint stock company that founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown | | 98 |
| 1601907067 | mercantilism | A policy that looks upon trading and accumulation of wealth as the basis for a country's military and political strength. | | 99 |
| 1601907068 | Navigation Acts | 1. Trade between colonies that is carried by English or colonial ships with English and colonial crews only.
2. All goods imported must pass through ports in England.
3. Specified goods such as tobacco could be exported to England only. | | 100 |
| 1601907069 | Dominion of New England | King James II wanted to increase his royal control over the New England colonies so he combined the various colonies into a larger single colony. | | 101 |
| 1601907070 | Sir Edmund Andros | He was sent to govern the Dominion of New England but he instantly became unpopular for levying taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles. | | 102 |
| 1601907071 | The Glorious Revolution | An uprising against King James II that resulted in placing William and Mary in charge. It also became the end the Dominion of New England. However mercantilism remained in force. | | 103 |
| 1601907072 | indentured servants | Servants who are under contract with a master or landowner who paid for there passage and agrees to work for them for a certain period of time before gaining there freedoms or land of there own. | | 104 |
| 1601907073 | headright system | An offer of 50 acres for every immigrant that could have paid there own passage. | | 105 |
| 1601907074 | triangular trade | A three way trade route between the Colonies, West Africa, And Europe. | | 106 |
| 1601907075 | Middle Passage | A horrible journey that would send the African Slaves to the New World to be sold as slaves. | | 107 |
| 1601907076 | Benjamin West | An American artist who required necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist with John Copley | | 108 |
| 1601907077 | John Copley | An American artist who required necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist with Benjamin West | | 109 |
| 1601907078 | Benjamin Franklin | An author (Poor Richard's Almanack), opened up The College of Philadelphia, was one of the first to put cartoons in the Philadelphia Gazette, and he won fame for his work with electricity and his developments of the bifocal eyeglasses and the Franklin Stove. | | 110 |
| 1601907079 | "Poor Richard's Almanack" | The best selling book that gave witty aphorisms and advice and was revised annually. Written by Benjamin Franklin. | | 111 |
| 1601907080 | Phillis Wheatley | A poet who wrote poetry for her famous triumphs over slavery and her quality of her verse. | | 112 |
| 1601907081 | John Bartram | A self taught botanist whose from Philadelphia. | | 113 |
| 1601907082 | professions | Religion: With a high enough education, you could become a Christian Ministry and be respected by the common people.
Medicine: Becoming a doctor or physician, you would have to use knowledge that was taught from master to apprentice, up until the first medical college in the colonies has begun in Franklin's idea for the College of Philadelphia
Law: Lawyers weren't common but with the increase of trading they were needed even more | | 114 |
| 1601907083 | religious toleration | All of the colonies permitted the practice of different religions but with varying degrees of freedoms. | | 115 |
| 1601907084 | establishing church | Churches that are financed through the government. | | 116 |
| 1601907085 | Great Awakening | A movement characterized by fervent expressions of religion feeling among masses of people. | | 117 |
| 1601907086 | Jonathan Edwards | He spread a series of sermons he believed such as "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" where God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness. Each individual who expressed pentinence coud be saved by Gods grace, and those paid no heed to God's commandments would suffer eternal damnation | | 118 |
| 1601907087 | George Whitfield | He spread his beliefs that God was all powerfull and would only save the ones who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ. And those who did not would be damned in hell. | | 119 |
| 1601907088 | Cotton Mather | He and Jonathan Edwards both wrote religious tracts that became widely read. | | 120 |
| 1601907089 | subsistence farming | A farming method where farmers have just enough to feed their family, pay taxes, and may have a small surplus afterwards | | 121 |
| 1601907090 | Immigrants | A million foreigners migrated to America in search for new possibilities, and new chances at prospering in agriculture. This increased America's population to 2,500,000. | | 122 |
| 1601907091 | John Peter Zenger | A New York Publisher who was brought to trial for speaking the truth about the government. He encourages other people to speak out against the government via press. | | 123 |
| 1601907092 | social mobility | Everyone got an opportunity to improve their standard of living with exception to African Americans. | | 124 |
| 1601907093 | colonial families | An economical and social center to colonial life, people married at a younger age, and tend to have more kids. Most men did work on a land. Most women did house work and took care the medical aspects in a family. | | 125 |
| 1601907094 | Enlightenment | A movement were people believed the darkness of past ages could be corrected by the use of human reasoning and solving most of humanities problems | | 126 |
| 1601907095 | town meetings | The dominant form of local government within colonies where public issues were handled and are carried on by law enforcing sheriffs. | | 127 |
| 1601907096 | limited democracy | the type of government that the colonials used where majority of the population had no right to vote or freely speak. Only white, landowning males. | | 128 |
| 1601907097 | Andrew Hamilton | A Scott-Irish Lawyer who fought for Zenger's case. | | 129 |
| 1601907098 | colonial governors | There are 8 royal governors appointed by the king.
There are 3 proprietary governors that are appointed by the proprietor. | | 130 |
| 1601907099 | colonial legislation | Consists of the Upper house: The council which is appointed by the king or the proprietor
And the Lower house: The assembly which is voted on by the colonists | | 131 |
| 1601907100 | Sectarian | A group that promotes the doctrines of a particular religion sect. | | 132 |
| 1601907101 | Nonsectarian | Something that doesn't promote the doctrines of particular religion sect. | | 133 |
| 1601907102 | county government | The dominant form of government in southern colonies, and is ran by sheriffs or government officals. | | 134 |
