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US Government- Ch1 Vocab (Glencoe) Flashcards

1219474883	state	a political community that occupies a definite territory and has an organized government with the power to make and enforce laws without approval from any higher authority	0
1219474884	sovereignty	the supreme and absolute authority within territorial boundaries	1
1219474885	nation	group of people united by bonds of race, language, custom, tradition, and sometimes, religion	2
1219474886	nation-state	a country in which the territory of both the nation and the state coincide	3
1219474887	consensus	an agreement about basic beliefs	4
1219474888	government	the institution through which the state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces binding decisions on citizens	5
1219474889	social contract	theory that by contract, people surrender to the state the power needed to maintain order and the state, in turn, agrees to protect its citizens	6
1219474890	unitary system	a government that gives all key powers to the national or central government	7
1219474891	federal system	a government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments	8
1219474892	confederacy	a loose union of independent states	9
1219474893	constitution	a plan that provides the rules for government	10
1219474894	constitutional government	a government in which a constitution has authority to place clearly recognized limits on the powers of those who govern	11
1219474895	preamble	a statement in the constitution that sets forth the goals and purposes of government	12
1219474896	constitutional law	law that involves the interpretation and application of the U.S. Constitutions and state constitutions	13
1219474897	politics	the effort to control or influence the conduct and policies of government	14
1219474898	industrialized nations	a nation with large industries and advanced technology that provides a more comfortable way of life than developing nations	15
1219474899	developing nations	a nation that is only beginning to develop industrially	16
1219474900	autocracy	a system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual	17
1219474901	monarchy	autocracy in which a king, queen, or emperor exercises supreme powers of government	18
1219474902	oligarchy	a system of government in which a small group holds power	19
1219474903	democracy	government in which the people rule	20
1219474904	republic	a government in which voters hold sovereign power; elected representatives, responsible to the people, exercise that power	21
1219474905	political party	a group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy	22
1219474906	free enterprise	the opportunity to control one's own economic decisions	23
1219474907	economics	the study of human efforts to satisfy seemingly unlimited wants through the use of limited resources	24
1219474908	capitalism	an economic system providing free choice and individual incentive for workers, investors, consumers, and business enterprises	25
1219474909	free market	economic system in which buyers and sellers make free choices in the marketplace	26
1219474910	laissez-faire	The philosophy that government should keep its hand off the economy- French word meaning "to let alone"	27
1219474911	socialism	an economic system in which the government owns the basic means of production, distributes the products and wages, and provides social services such as health care and welfare	28
1219474912	proletariat	workers who produce the goods	29
1219474913	bourgeoisie	capitalists who own the means of production	30
1219474914	communism	an economic system in which the central government directs all major economic decisions	31
1219474915	command economy	an economic system in which the government controls the factors of production	32

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US Government Semester Final Spring Flashcards

US Government

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388977457	What is the preamble?	The introduction to the Constitution.	0
388977458	How many articles are in the Constitution?	Seven	1
388977459	How many branches are in the government?	Three	2
388977460	How many times has the Constitution been amended?	Twenty-seven	3
388977461	What are the three branches of the government?	Legislative, Executive, Judicial	4
388977462	What are the first ten amendments to the Constitution called?	The Bill of Rights	5
388977463	What is the main job of the Legislature?	To make the laws	6
388977464	What are the two houses of the Legislature called?	The Congress	7
388977465	Name the two houses of Congress.	The House of Representatives and The Senate	8
388977466	When does each new session of Congress begin?	On January 3rd of odd numbered years	9
388977467	What is the Congressional Record?	A written record of everything said in both houses of Congress	10
388977468	What is the Elastic Clause?	It allows Congress to Stretch its powers as needed.	11
388977469	How many members in the House of Representatives?	435	12
388977470	How is the number of representatives chosen for each state?	The number is based on the state's population.	13
388977471	How often is there a census of the American people?	Every 10 years.	14
388977472	What are the three qualifications to be a US Representative ?	1. at least 25 years old 2. U.S. citizen for at least 7 years 3. live in the state you are representing BUT While a member of Congress must be a resident of the entire state he is representing, he does not actually have to live in the district that elected him.	15
388977473	How long is the term of office for a Representative?	2 years	16
388977474	Who is the leader of the House of Representatives?	The Speaker of the House Can you name that person?	17
388977475	What role does the House play in an impeachment trial?	The House gathers the evidence.	18
388977476	How many members are in the Senate?	100	19
388977477	How many senators from each state?	2	20
388977478	What are the three qualifications to be a Senator?	1. at least 30 years old 2. U.S. citizen for at least 9 years 3. live in the state you are representing	21
388977479	How long is the term of office for a senator?	6 years	22
388977480	Who is the leader of the Senate?	The Vice-President of the US, also called the President of one of the legislative bodies of the US Can you name him?	23
388977481	What role does the Senate play in an impeachment trial?	The Senate acts as the jury.	24
388977482	Where does a Bill go first to become a Law?	It begins either in the Senate or in the House of Representatives.	25
388977483	What kind of Bill can only begin in the House of Representatives?	A bill concerning money or revenue.	26
388977484	After a Bill passes the first House of the Congress, where does it go next?	To the Senate.	27
388977485	If a Bill passes through both Houses of Congress, where does it go next?	To the President.	28
388977486	What two things can a president do to a Bill?	1. sign it to make it a Law 2. veto it and send it back to Congress	29
388977487	How can a vetoed Bill become a law?	Both Houses of Congress must override the veto with a 2/3 vote in each House.	30
388977488	What are the Powers of Congress?	1. taxing 2. printing money 3. declaring war	31
388977489	Define: Habeas Corpus	The right of the accused to see a judge and be told the charges against him/her.	32
388977490	Define: Ex Post Facto law	You may not be punished for something you'd done before the law was passed against that action.	33
388977491	What is the 1st Article of the Constitution about?	The Legislative Branch	34
388977492	What is the 2nd Article of the Constitution about?	The Executive Branch	35
388977493	What is the 3rd Article of the Constitution about?	The Judicial Branch	36
388977494	What is the main job of the Executive Branch?	To enforce the laws.	37
388977495	Who is the Leader of the Executive Branch?	The President	38
388977496	How long is the term of office for the President?	4 years with two term limit	39
388977497	What are the three requirements to become President?	1. must be at least 35 years old 2. must be a natural born citizen 3. must be a resident in the U.S. for at least 14 years	40
388977498	Who elects the President and Vice-President?	The Electoral College	41
388977499	How many votes does each state have in the Electoral College?	Every state gets two plus however many representatives they have in the House.	42
388977500	How many votes are needed to win the Presidency?	270	43
388977501	Who is next in line if something happens to the President?	The Vice-President is next in line, followed by the Speaker of the House.	44
388977502	What are some powers of the President?	1. Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces 2. Appoints ambassadors 3. Represents the nation to foreign countries 4. Vetoes or signs Bills into Law 5. Appoints Supreme Court justices	45
388977503	What is the main job of the Judicial Branch?	To interpret the laws	46
388977504	What is the highest court in the land?	The Supreme Court	47
388977505	How many justices are in the Supreme Court?	Nine Can you name the Chief Justice?	48
388977506	How long is the term of office for a Supreme Court Justice?	Life and the US Constitution states that these people "shall hold their Offices during "Good Behavior." This means that the they hold office as long as they choose and can only be removed from office by impeachment.	49
388977507	Who appoints Supreme Court justices?	The President	50
388977508	What are the Lower Federal Courts?	the District Courts and the Court of Appeals	51
388977509	Who creates the Lower Federal Courts?	The Congress	52
388977510	Fill in the blanks: THE CONSTITUTION IS THE ______ ______ _____ _____ _____	SUPREME LAW OF THE LAND.	53
388977511	When was the Constitution signed?	September 17, 1787	54
388977512	What are changes to the Constitution called?	Amendments	55
388977513	What are the first ten amendments to the Constitution called?	The Bill of Rights	56
388977514	What did Amendment 13 do?	abolished slavery	57
388977515	What did Amendment 18 do?	created Prohibition (repealed by #21)	58
388977516	What did Amendment 19 do?	gave women the right to vote	59
388977517	What did Amendment 22 do?	The president can only serve two terms of office, no longer than 10 years.	60
388977518	What did Amendment 26 do?	set the voting age to 18 years old	61
388977519	Who is the President?	Barack Obama	62
388977520	Who is the Vice-President?	Joseph Biden	63
388977521	Who is our state representative in the House?	Jared Polis	64
388977522	Who are our senators?	Michael Bennett and Mark Udall	65
388977523	Define filibuster	A delaying tactic, used in the Senate, that involves speech making to prevent action on a piece of legislation	66
388977524	Who can be impeached?	The President, The Vice-President, Cabinet Members, Federal Judges	67
388977525	What are the responsibilities of the US Congress?	The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; To borrow money on the credit of the United States; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States; To establish Post Offices and Post Roads; To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries; To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations; To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; To provide and maintain a Navy; To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings; And To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof~	68
388977526	What are the day to day responsibilities of the US Congress?	The most important responsibility of Congress is that of making the laws of the United States.	69
388977527	What are four things the US Congress cannot do?	From: Article 1, Section 9: this article denies the US Congress certain powers. 1) may not suspend the Writ of Habeas Corpus- court order to release a person accused of a crime to court to determine whether he/she has been legally detained. 2) denies authority to pass bills of attainder, laws that establish guilt and punish people w/o allowing them a trial. 3) prohibited from passing ex post facto laws, laws that make crimes of acts that were legal when they were committed. 4) denies power to tax exports.	70
388977528	How does a bill become law?	1. Bill is Drafted: Members of Congress, the Executive Branch, and even outside groups can draft or write bills. 2. Introduced in House: Representative introduces the bill in the House. Only members can introduce bills. 3. Sent to Committee: The Speaker of the House sends the bill to a committee. 4. Committee Action: Most bills die here. The committee may pigeonhole, table, amend, or vote on the bill. If bill passes, it goes to Rules Committee. 5, Rules Committee: It decides the rules for debate, and when the bill will come up for debate. 6. Floor Action: House debates the bill, and may add amendments. If a majority votes in favor of the bill, it goes to the Senate. 7. Introduced in Senate: A Senator introduces the bill, which is sent to a committee. 8. Committee Action: Same procedure as in the House. If the committee majority votes for the bill, it goes to the whole Senate. 9. Bill Called Up: Majority floor leader decides when the whole Senate will consider the bill. 10. Floor Action: The Bill is debated, and amendments may be added. If a majority votes in favor of the bill, it is returned to the House. 11. Conference Committee: If the House rejects any of the changes, the bill goes to a conference committee of members from both houses. It works out a compromise. 12. Vote on Compromise: Both houses must approve changes made by the conference committee. If approved, the bill goes to the president. 13. Presidential Action: The president may sign (approve) the bill or veto (reject) it. If approved, it becomes law. 14. Vote to Override: If the president vetoes the bill, it can still become law if two thirds of both houses vote to override the veto.	71
388977529	democracy	supreme authority rests with the people	72
388977530	dictatorship	those with power hold absolute and unchallengable power	73
388977531	autocracy	one single person holds unlimited power	74
388977532	oligarchy	power is held by a small self appointed elite	75
388977533	unitary government	centralized government	76
388977534	federal government	the power is divided between central and local governments	77
388977535	confederation	an alliance of independent states	78
388977536	presidential government	executive and legislative parts of to the government	79
388977537	parlimentary	executive and legislative branches are combined	80
388977538	theocracy	God is the supreme civil ruler	81
388977539	republic	government in which people have representatives to make decisions for them	82
388977540	communism	promotes a classless society where everyone works for the good of everyone	83
388977541	monarchy	supreme power in an individual/ hereditary rule	84
388977542	aristocracy	hereditary form of government/ group of people rule	85
388977543	anarchy	an absence of government	86
388977544	Common Law	system of law based on customs and last decisions	87
388977545	Codify	to set down in writing	88
388977546	Republic	citizens elect officials to represent them in government	89
388977547	Constitution	basic set of laws and principals used to set up government	90
388977548	Tyranny	absolute rule by government that ignores rights of the citizens	91
388977549	Boycott	to stop buying goods/services	92
388977550	Delegate	person who represents a group	93
388977551	Bicameral Legislature	A law making body made of two houses (bi means 2). Example: Congress (our legislature) is made of two house - The House of Representatives and The Senate.	94
388977552	Ratification	official approval, formal approval, final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution, constitutional amendment, or treaty	95
388977553	Federalism	power distribution system that divides power between national, state, and local government	96
388977554	Describe the Magna Carta	document that guaranteed right to the public; first document in history to limit power of the king	97
388977555	Describe the Declaration of Independance	Declared freedom from Britain	98
388977556	Describe the Articles of Confederation	Unsucessful; Very little power to main government, each colony had own rules: only main gov. was allowed to admit new states, protect the natives, and to borrow money.	99
388977557	The United States Constitution	The document defines the three main branches of the government: The legislative branch with a bicameral Congress. Besides providing for the organization of these branches, the Constitution carefully outlines which powers each branch may exercise. It also reserves numerous rights for the individual states, thereby establishing the United States' fedeal system of goverment.	100
388977558	Define the English Bill of Rights	Shifted power from monarch to parliament.	101
388977559	Which ancient civilization came up with the idea of democracy?	Greece	102
388977560	Which ancient civilization came up with the idea of a republic?	Rome	103
388977561	What 4 contibutions did the english make that gave ideas to the americans for developing their government?	1. English Common Law 2. Magna Carta 3. Parliament 4. English Bill of Rights	104
388977562	What 3 ideas were the colonial governments based on?	1. Limited gov. 2. Representative Gov. 3. Individual Rights	105
388977563	Who is the main author of the Declaration of Independence?	Thomas Jefferson	106
388977564	What was the name of the meeting in Philly where delegates met to discuss developing a stronger national gov.?	Constitutional Convention	107
388977565	Which constitutional plan called for a bicameral legislation?	The Virginia Plan	108
388977566	What event showed the rest of America that we need to get rid of the Articles of Confederation? Explain.	Shays' Rebellion because if a bunch of farmers could take over Massachusetts, than our army and association with each other is weak.	109
388977567	Where did the Americans get their ideas on how to set up a government?	1. Ancient History -- The Greeks 2. English Heritage -- English Common Law and the Magna Carta 3. European Philosophers -- Enlightenment thinkers	110
388977568	What were the reasons the colonists wanted to break away from England?	1. Abuse of Power 2. Didn't bother with them for 150 years 3. Didn't give them any help with setting up their colonies 4. Tyranny-no representation in Parliament.	111
388977569	What was the reason England felt the colonists should remain a part of Britain?	1. Gave them permission to travel to America 2. Protected them during the French and Indian War	112
388977570	What was "The Great Compromise"?	Agreement of both the NJ and VA plans; started up the constitution	113
388977571	Why was the US unable to fix their problems after the Revolutionary War?	The Articles of Confederation did not give the main government enough power.	114
388977572	What were the concerns the colonists had about the new situation and how did the gov. deal with that?	1. No individual rights--->bill of rights 2. Too powerful gov.--->3 branch gov system	115
388977573	the force theory	-state was born of force -claims that a person or small group gain control of an area	116
388977574	the evolutionary theory	-claim that state develped naturally out of the early family -state was born when tribe gave up its nomadic way -evolve overtime	117
388977575	the divine right theory	-god gave divine right to create state -god himself gave certain individuals the divine right ot rule -people expect to obey monarch as god	118
388977576	the social contract theory	-people gave up some freedom to five state power to maintain personal safety and protection of property -state exist only to serve the will of people, they are the source of political power, and they are free to give or withold the power as they choose	119
388977577	population	-specific # of people in a territory -# of people does not determine a state exist -may be homogeneous or heterogeneous	120
388977578	territory	-size does not determine a state -recognized by other countries -land with clearly defined boundaries	121
388977579	soverignty	-has absolute power within own territory and decide its own foreign and demoestic policies -no other country can impose rules or law on soverignty nations	122
388977580	government	-specific organizartions varies widely among nations - government- through which society makes and enforces its public policies	123
388983167	The Enlightenment	a new age of reason in which people discussed how governments and social institutions could be based upon rational understanding	124
388983168	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.	125
388983169	Mayflower Compact	This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule.	126
388983170	Petition of Right	Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land	127
388983171	primary source	text that tells a first-hand account of an event; original works used when researching (letters, journals)	128
388983172	Potential essay	o Discuss one Landmark Supreme Court Case - be certain to include 1) The history of the case, 2) the Constitutional right(s) involved in the case, 3) the decision in the case - including the vote 4) and the standard that this case established.	129

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Glencoe US Govt Unit 1 Flashcards

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236392095	Magna Carta	Document that limited the abuse of power by not allowing the king to take away life, liberty, and property	0
236392096	Petition of Right	Limited the kings power to imprison with out a trial by jury and quarter troops in homes	1
236392097	English Bill of Rights	Limited the kings power by including gaurantees such as the right to a fair trial, freedom from excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment.	2
236392098	Separation of powers	the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government	3
236392099	Virginia Plan	called for a bicameral legislature based on population for representation	4
236392100	New Jersey Plan	called for a unicameral legislature with equal representation	5
236392101	Three-FIfths Compromise	agreement on counting slaves as on 3/5 of a person when counting population	6
236392102	popular sovereignty	basic principal of American Government that asserts the people are the source of all government power	7
236392103	federalism	in this system, power is divided between national and state governments	8
236392104	checks and balances	each branch of government holds some control over the other 2 branches.	9
236392105	judicial review	courts have power to declare laws and actions of Congress and the president unconstitutional	10
236392106	government	The institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies	11
236392107	constitution	The body of fundamental laws setting out the principles, structures, and processes of a government	12
236392108	dictatorship	A form of government in which a single person or a small group has absolute power and authority	13
236392109	democracy	A form of government in which the supreme authority rests with the people	14
236392110	state	A body of people living in a defined territory who have a government with the power to make and enforce law without consent of any higher authority	15
236392111	sovereign	Having supreme power within its own territory; neither subordinate nor responsible to any other authority	16
236392112	autocracy	A government in which a single person holds unlimited political power	17
236392113	oligarchy	A government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self-appointed elite	18
236392114	representative democracy	A system of government in which a small group of persons chosen by the people act as their representatives expresses the popular will	19
236392115	veto	Chief executive's power to reject a bill passed by the legislature; literally (Latin) "I forbid"	20
236392116	amendment	A change in, or addition to, a constitutional law	21
236392117	concurrent powers	Powers held by the National Government and the States in the federal system	22
236392118	delegated powers	Those powers granted to the National government in the Constitution. There are three distinct types of delegated powers: expressed, implied, and inherent	23
236392119	Bill of Rights	The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution	24
236392120	Nation-state	A country who's population share a common identity.	25
236392121	Social Contract	an implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society	26
236392122	Unitary System	a government that gives all key powers to the national or central government	27
236392123	Federal System	a government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments	28
236392124	Constitutional Government	A system of government in which the functions of government are defined by a constitution. It effectively restrains the powers of the government and guarantees certain rights to the people.	29
236392125	Monarchy	an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority	30
236392126	Republic	a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	31
236392127	Poltical Party	party is organization that recruits/campaigns candidates, party exists as a set of positions/principles in the minds of voters, party in government	32
236392128	Free Enterprise	an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices	33
236392129	Preamble	a preliminary introduction to a statute or constitution (usually explaining its purpose)	34
236392130	Supremacy clause	constitutional declaration (Article VI) that the Constitution and laws made under its provisions are the greatest law of the land	35
236392131	Expressed Powers	powers that congress has that are specifically listed in the constitution	36
236392132	Implied Powers	powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution	37
236392133	Enumerated Powers	the expressed powers of Congress that are itemized and numbered 1-18 in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution	38
236392134	Elastic Clause	gives Congress the right to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers expressed in the other clauses of Article I	39
236392135	Articles	One of sven main divisions of the body of the Constitution	40
236392136	Direct Democracy	A form of democracy in which the people govern themselves by voting on issues	41
236392137	Impeach	to accuse a public official of misconduct in office	42
236392138	Probable Cause	a reasonable bias to believe a person or premises is linked to a crime	43
236392139	Warrant	a writ from a court commanding police to perform specified acts	44
236392140	Due Process of Law	states that the governement must follow proper constitutional procedures in trials and other actions it takes against individuals	45
236392141	Eminent Domain	the power of the government to take private property for public use	46
236392142	Interstate Commerce	trade among states	47
236392143	States Rights	the belief that an individual state may restrict federal authority	48

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AP Stat Midterm Review Flashcards

AP Stat Midterm Review

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614947945	the five-number summary	consists of the smallest observation, the first quartile, the median, the third quartile, and the largest observation, written in order from smallest to largest. In symbols, the five-number summary is Minimum Q1 M Q3 Maximum	0
614947946	Minimum and Q1	about 25% of the data fall between here	1
614947947	Q1 and Median	about 25% of the data fall between here	2
614947948	Median and Q3	about 25% of the data fall between here	3
614947949	Q3 and maximum	about 25% of the data fall between here	4
614947950	Normal distribution	described by a normal density curve. any particular normal distribution is completely specified by two numbers: its mean µ and standard deviation δ. the mean of a normal distribution is at the center of the symmetric normal curve. the standard deviation is the distance from the center to the change-of-curvature points on either side. we abbreviate the normal distribution with mean µ and standard deviation δ as N(µ,δ).	5
614947951	convenience sample	choosing individuals who are easiest to reach	6
614947952	voluntary response sample	consists of people who choose themselves by responding to a general appeal. Voluntary response samples show bias because people with strong opinions(often in the same direction) are most likely to respond.	7
614947953	nonresponse	occurs when an individual chosen for sample can't be contacted or refuses to participate	8
614947954	response bias	another type of nonsampling error occurs when someone gives an incorrect response. a systematic pattern of incorrect responses in a sample suvery leads to this	9
614947955	z- formula	z=x-µ/δ, the variable z has the standard normal distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation 1.	10
614947956	positive association	when two variables have a above-average values of one tend to accompany above-averages of the other, and when below-average values also tend to occur together.	11
614947957	negative association	when two variables have above-average values of one tend to accompany below-average values of the other.	12
614947958	lurking variable	a variable that is not among the explanatory or response variables in a study but that may influence the response variable.	13
614947959	outlier	an important kind of departure, an individual value that falls outside the overall pattern.an observation that lies outside the overall pattern of the other observations. points that are outliers in the y-direction but not the x-direction of a scatterplot have large residuals. other outliers may not have large residuals.	14
614947960	experiment	deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses.	15
614947961	simple random sample(SRS)	of size n consists of n individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected.	16
614947962	stratified random sample	to select, first classify the population into groups of similar individuals, called strata. Then choose a separate SRS in each stratum and combine these SRSs to form the full sample.	17
614947963	completely randomized design	the treatments are assigned to all the experimental units completely by chance.	18
614947964	matched pairs design	a common form of blocking for comparing just two treatments. In some matched pairs designs, each subject receives both treatments in a random order. In others, the subjects are matched in pairs as closely as possible, and each subject in a pair receives one of the treatments.	19
614947965	double-blind design	what many behavioral and medical experiments are. that is, neither the subjects nor those interacting with them and measuring their responses know who is receiving which treatment.	20
614947966	table of random digits	a long string of the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 with these properties: each entry in the table is equally likely to be any of the 10 digits 0 through 9. the entries are independent of each other. that is, knowledge of one part of the table gives no information about any other part.	21
614947967	placebo	a fake treatment that some experiments give to a control group.	22
614947968	treatment	a specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment. if an experiment has several explanatory variables, a treatment is a combination of specific values of these variables.	23
615086015	correlation	r measures the strength and direction of the linear association between two quantitative variables x and y. Although you can calculate a correlation for any scatterplot, r measures only straight-line relationships. it indicates the direction of a linear relationship by its sign r > 0 for a positive association and r < 0 for a negative association. Correlation always satisfies -1≤r≤1 and indicates the strength of a relationship by how close it is to -1 or 1. perfect correlation, r =±1, occurs only when the points on a scatterplot lie exactly on a straight line. correlation ingores the distinction between explanatory and response variables. the value of r is not affected by changes in the unit of measurement of either variable. correlation is not resistant, so outliers can greatly change the value of r.	24
615086016	regression line	a line that describes how a response variable y changes as an explanatory variable x changes. we often use a regression line to predict the value of y for a given value x. y= a+bx	25
615086017	y("y" hat)	the predicted value of the response variable y for a given value of the explanatory variable x	26
615086018	b	the slope, the amount by which y is predicted to change when x increases by one unit.	27
615086019	a	the y-intercept, the predicted value of y when x=0.	28
615086020	residual	the difference between an observed value of the response variable and the value predicted by the regression line. that is, residual=observed y-predicted y= y-y("y" hat)	29
615086021	least-squares regression line	of y on x is the line that makes the sum of the squared residuals as small as possible. the most common method of fitting a line to a scatterplot. the straight line y=a+bx that minimizes the sum of the squares of the vertical distances of the observed points from the line.	30
615086022	equation of the least-squares regression line	we have data on an explanatory variable x and a response variable y for n individuals.from the data, calculate the means x and y and the standard deviations sx and sy of the two variables and their correlation r. the least-squares regression line is the line y=a+bx with slope b=r (sy/sx )and y-intercept a=y-bx. this line always passes through the point(x,y).	31
615086023	categorical variable	places an individual into one of several groups or categories.	32
615086024	quantitative variable	takes numerical values for which its makes sense to find an average.	33
615086025	placebo effect	when some patients get better because they expect the treatment to work even though they have received an inactive treatment.	34
615086026	control group	its primary purpose is to provide a baseline for comparing the effects of the other treatments	35
615086027	random assignment	uses chance to assign subjects to the treatments. creates treatment groups that are similar(expect for chance variation) before the treatments are applied.	36
615086028	subjects	when the experimental units are human beings, this is what they are often called	37
615086029	probability model	a description of some chance process that consists of two parts:a sample space S and a probability for each outcome	38
615086030	independent	when the chance that event B occurs is not affected by whether event A occurs, we say that events A and B are this. For independent events A and B, P(B\|A)=P(B) and P(A\|B)=P(A). If two events A and B are mutually exclusive(disjoint), they cannot be independent.	39
615086031	the general addition rule	can be used to find P(A or B): P(A ∪ B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A ∩ B)	40
615086032	probability	of any outcome of a chance process is a number between 0 and 1 that describes the proportion of times the outcome would occur in a very long series of repetitions.	41
615086033	mutually exclusive(disjoint)	when two events have no outcomes in common and so can never occur together.	42
615086034	dotplot	used to show the distribution of a quantitative variable, displays individual values on a number line.	43
615086035	the 1.5 X IQR rule for outliers	call an observation an outlier if it falls more than 1.5 X IQR above the third quartile or below the first quartile. Q1-1.5 X IQR Q3 -1.5 X IQR	44
615086036	calculating quartiles and IQR	to calculate the quartiles: 1. arrange to observations in increasing order and locate the median M in the ordered list of observations. 2. the first quartile Q1 is the median of the observations whose position in the ordered list is to the left of the median. 3. The third quartile Q3 is the median of the observations whose position in the ordered list is to the right of the median. The IQR is defined as IQR=Q3-Q1	45
615086037	boxplots	based on the five-number summary are useful for comparing distributions. the box spans the quartiles and shows the spread of the central half of the distribution. the median is marked within the box. lines extend from the box to the smallest and the largest observations that are not outliers. outliers are plotted as isolated points.	46
615086038	SOCS	when examining any graph, look for an overall pattern and for notable departures from that pattern. shape, center, and spread describe the overall pattern of the distribution of a quantitative variable. outliers are observations that lie outside the overall pattern of a distribution. always look for outliers and try to explain them. don't forget your....	47
615086039	two way table/venn diagram	can be use to display the sample space for a chance process. two-way tables and venn diagrams can also be used to find probabilities involving events A and B, like the union(A ∪ B) and intersection (A ∩ B). The event A ∪ B("A or B") consists of all outcomes in event A, event B, or both. The event A ∩ B("A and B") consists of outcomes in both A and B.	48
615086040	complement rule	P(A c)=1-P(A),where A c is the complement of event A; that is, the event that A does not happen.	49
615109803	randomized block design	the random assignment of experimental units to treatments is carried out separately within each block	50
615109804	block	a group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments	51
615109805	undercoverage	occurs when some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample	52
615109806	cluster sample	first divide the population into smaller groups. ideally, these clusters should mirror the characteristics of the population. then choose an srs of the clusters. all individuals in the chosen clusters are included in the sample.	53

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GDP Flashcards

The top 10 list of country GDP.

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810853659	1	US	0
810853660	2	China	1
810853661	3	Japan	2
810853662	4	Germany	3
810853663	5	France	4
810853664	6	Brazil	5
810853665	7	UK	6
810853666	8	Italy	7
810853667	9	Russia	8
810853668	10	India	9

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Biomes Flashcards

What is a Biome?
Forest Biomes, and Grassland, Desert, and Tundra Biomes

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1943620298	Tundra	treeless plains that are the coldest of all the biomes; occur in the arctic and Antarctica. Dominated by lichens, mosses, sedges, and dwarfed shrubs Characterized by extremely cold climate, permanently frozen ground (permafrost) low biotic diversity, simple vegetation structure, limitation of drainage, short season of growth and reproduction.	0
1943620299	Tropical Rainforest	most diverse and hottest terrestrial biome, biome near the equator with warm climate wet weather and lush plant growth	1
1943620300	Temperate Deciduous Forest	the biome characterized by warmer temperatures than the boreal forest and plenty of precipitation thats huge forests of broadleaf trees; covers regions in southeastern Canada, and eastern United States; biome humans live in	2
1943620301	Temperate Rain Forest	occurs in North America, Australia, and New Zealand; mostly located in the Pacific Northwest (a maritime biome); cool, humid weather; abundant rainfall; mosses, lichens, and ferns; dominated by evergreen trees (e.g. Douglas Fir, Sitka Spruce); cool winters, mild summers; located north of most other rain forests; maintains a moderate temperature year round	3
1943620302	Savannah Grassland	a grassland biome with scattered individual trees, large herbivores, and three distinct seasons based primarily on rainfall, maintained by occasional fires and drought	4
1943620303	Taiga "Boreal"Forest	biome just south of the tundra; it has long, cold winters ans small amounts of precipitation; characterized by a northern coniferous forest composed of pine, fir, hemlock, and spruce tree and acidic, mineral-poor topsoils, a cool forest biome of conifers in the upper Northern Hemisphere	5
1943620304	Temperate Grassland	a biome found in North America, Eurasia, South America and Africa. Characterized by nutrient-rich soil that supports many grass species, a region that has cold winters and rainfall that is intermediate between that of a forest and a desert; characterized by extensive grasses and few trees	6
1943620305	Steppe Grassland	a temperate shrubland biome of dense, spiny evergreen shrubs found at midlatitudes along coasts where cold ocean currents circulate offshore; characterized by mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers;	7
1943620306	Desert "Hot"	a biome characterized by low moisture levels and infrequent and unpredictable precipitation; daily and seasonal temperatures fluctuate widely; because of little rainfall that it supports only sparse and widely spaced vegetation or no vegetation at all	8
1943620307	Desert "Cold"	Deserts the get below freezing for extended periods of time. Great example is the Great Basin Desert in the Western United States.	9
1943620308	Shrubland (Chaparral)	Found along the California coast and the coast of the Mediterranean sea. Characterized by hot summers and mild, rainy winters. Dominated by fire-tolerant shrubs.	10
1943620309	Savanna	A grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees.	11
1943620310	Tropical Seasonal Forest	Semi-evergreen or partly deciduous forests tending toward open woodlands and grassy savannas dotted with scattered, drought-resistant tree species; distinct wet and dry season, hot year-round	12
1943620311	Marine Biome	largest biome, most stable with little variation in temperature, provides most of earth's food and oxygen, divided into regions based on amount of light they receive	13
1943620312	Transitional Aquatic Ecosystem	wetlands, estuary, salt-marshes	14
1943620313	Freshwater Ecosystem	Lakes, ponds, and rivers	15

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Education Flashcards

Vocabulary

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327380661	Formative assessment	Any form of assessment used by an educator to evaluate students' knowledge and understanding of particular content and then to adjust instructional practices accordingly toward improving student achievement in that area. (Ed Source)	0
327380662	highly qualified teacher	According to NCLB, a teacher who has obtained full state teacher certification or has passed the state teacher licensing examination and holds a license to teach in the state; holds a minimum of a bachelor's degree; and has demonstrated subject area competence in each of the academic subjects in which the teacher teaches. (Ed Source)	1
327380663	phonics	An instructional strategy used to teach reading. It helps beginning readers by teaching them letter-sound relationships and having them sound out words.	2
327380664	rubric	Refers to a grading or scoring system. A rubric is a scoring tool that lists the criteria to be met in a piece of work. A rubric also describes levels of quality for each of the criteria. These levels of performance may be written as different ratings (e.g., Excellent, Good, Needs Improvement) or as numerical scores (e.g., 4, 3, 2, 1).	3
327380665	SAT (Standardized Achievement Test)	Also known as the SAT Reasoning Test (formerly called Scholastic Aptitude Test), this test is widely used as a college entrance examination. Scores can be compared to state and national averages of seniors graduating from any public or private school. (Ed-data)	4
327384206	School Accountability Report Card (SARC)	An annual disclosure report for parents and the public produced by a school that presents student achievement, test scores, teacher credentials, dropout rates, class sizes, resources, and more. The SARC is required by state and federal law.	5
327384207	standardized test	A test that is in the same format for all who take it. It often relies on multiple-choice questions and the testing conditions—including instructions, time limits, and scoring rubrics—are the same for all students, though sometimes accommodations on time limits and instructions are made for disabled students. (Ed Source)	6
327384208	student teacher	A teacher in training who is in the last semester of a teacher education program. Student teachers work with a regular teacher who supervises their practice teaching.	7
327384209	Team teaching	A teaching method in which two or more teachers teach the same subjects or theme. The teachers may alternate teaching the entire group or divide the group into sections or classes that rotate between the teachers.	8
327384210	Title 1	A federal program that provides funds to improve the academic achievement for educationally disadvantaged students who score below the 50th percentile on standardized tests, including the children of migrant workers. (Ed Source)	9

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Brinkley APUSH chapter 13 Flashcards

Alan Brinkley's American History Textbook Chapter 13

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1388285895	Manifest Destiny	A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.	0
1388285896	Stephen Douglas	American politician from Illinois who developed the method of popular sovereignty as a way to settle slave state or free state. He helped passed the compromise of 1850 as well as giving the states the choice with popular sovereignty.	1
1388285897	The Alamo	Santa Anna easily defeated the unorganized Americans in San Antonio. 1836	2
1388285898	Battle of San Jacinto	Sam Houston defeated the Mexicans and captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty that made Texas independent. April 21, 1836	3
1388285899	Texas Annexation	1845. Originally refused in 1837, as the U.S. Government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later bacame parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY.	4
1388285900	Gadsden Purchase	(1853) U.S. purchase of land from Mexico that included the southern parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico; set the current borders of the contiguous United States (the U.S. states, minus Hawaii, Alaska, and commonwealth of Puerto Rico)	5
1388285901	The Mexican War	1846-1848 , Mexico broke relations with USA after annexation of Texas. Also, dispute over boundary of Texas. Americans interested in New Mexico and California, as well. Polk sent Slidell to try and buy off the Mexicans... they wouldn't budge. Polk ordered Taylor to move army across Nueces River to the Rio Grande- stayed stationed for a while,finally Mexicans crossed river and attacked "MEXICANS" started the war (NOT). America got New Mexico and California, ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.	6
1388285902	John Brown	(1800-1859) anti-slavery advocate who believed that God had called upon him to abolish slavery. May or may not have been mentally unstable. Devoted over 20 years to fighting slavery, due to misunderstanding, in revenge he and his followers (his sons and others) killed five men in the pro slavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. Triggered dozens of incidents throughout Kansas some 200 people were killed. Was executed (hung), still debated over whether he is a saint or killer.	7
1388285903	Popular Sovereignty	Notion that the people of a territory should determine if they want to be a slave state or a free state.	8
1388285904	James Buchanan	(1857-1861) The Confederate States of America are formed in 1861. He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860. Lecompton Constitution supporter.	9
1388285905	Henry Clay	Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.	10
1388285906	Lincoln-Douglas Debates	1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate	11
1388285907	Daniel Webster	Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850	12
1388285908	General Santa Anna	As dictator of Mexico, he led the attack on the Alamo in 1836. He was later defeated by Sam Houston at San Jacinto. Tried to crush texas rebellion.	13
1388285909	Fugitive Slave Act	1850- a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders	14
1388285910	Transcontinental Railroad	Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west	15
1388285911	James K. Polk	'dark horse' candidate for president; slave owning southerner who becomes Democratic candidate for President in 1844; expansionist (Manifest Destiny)	16
1388285912	Republican Party	1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories	17
1388285913	Wilmont Proviso	An amendment to an 1846 military appropriations bill, proposing that none of the territory acquired in the war with Mexico would be open to slavery.	18
1388285914	Election of 1856	In this presidential election, Democrat James Buchanan defeated Republican candidate John C. Fremont. He won the general election by denouncing the abolitionists, promising not to allow any interference with the Compromise of 1850, and supporting the principle of noninterference by Congress with slavery in the territories.	19
1388285915	California Gold Rush	1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country to San Francisco.	20
1388285916	Dred Scott Decision	1857- Supreme Court decision that deemed the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, declared slaves to be "property" that could not be removed without due process (Fifth Amendment).	21
1388285917	Election of 1860	Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.	22
1388285918	Stephen Austin	Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish	23
1388285919	Free Soil Party	Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.	24
1388285920	Franklin Pierce	Democrat (1853-1857), Candidate from the North who could please the South. His success in securing the Gadsden Purchase was overshadowed by the controversy surrounding the Ostend Manifesto, the Kansas Nebraska Act and "Bleeding Kansas." Passions over slavery had been further inflamed, and the North and South were more irreconcilable than before. He succeeded only in splitting the country further apart.	25
1388285921	Oregon Trail	2000 mile long path along which thousands of Americans journeyed to the Willamette Valley in the 1840's.	26
1388285922	Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.	27
1388285923	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected	28
1388285924	Slave Power Conspiracy	The concept that the South was trying to extend slavery throughout the nation and thus trying to destroy the openness of northern capitalism and replace it with the closed, aristocratic system of the South	29
1388285925	Election of 1848	Candidates: 1. Zachary Taylor-winner, honest, ignorant (whig) 2. Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party- made slavery an issue) 3. Lewis Cass-father of popular sovereignty (Democrat). Zachary Taylor became president, died in office, making his vice president Millard Fillmore president	30
1388285926	Know Nothing Party	1856-Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.	31
1388285927	John C. Calhoun	(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.	32

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African Art Flashcards

African Art Test 1

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1703412066	Dogon	The Dogon group is one of the most studied groups in African Art. They occupy modern-day Mali and Burkina Faso. They are most known for their figurine sculptures that most scholars agree were made for spiritual purposes.	0
1703412067	Awa	The Awa is an all-male masking group amongst the Dogon. The Awa elders are the leaders of the group and are the masters of "sign so" which is the ritual language of the nature spirits.	1
1703412068	Marcel Griaule	Marcel Griaule is the French anthropologist who was among the first scholars to study the Dogon in the 1930s. He constructed an idea of Dogon life based on symbolism derived from creation stories.	2
1703412069	DO	The DO is the Bwa leaf mask. The Do is both an organization and anthropomorphic being that symbolizes the life giving power of nature.	3
1703412070	Nommo	Nommo is a concept of Dogon culture relating to the bisexual and androgynous nature of Dogon art. It has recently been translated as "master of water" which could suggest the collective power of water spirits. Androgynous beings are representative of occupying two states of being, twin-ness, coupling and duality.	4
1703412071	Sande	The Sande is an all-women institution within the Mende culture. The role of this group is to teach individuals about the expectations of the community; instituting community morals and social control. The Sande masking tradition is the only known masking tradition exclusively for women.	5
1703412072	Poro	The Poro is an all-men institution within the Mende culture that provides the principal framework through which men learn the social, political and spiritual roles in society. The masking tradition often does not involve actual masks or costumes because the invisible spirit of the Poro, the "Great Thing" is present through voice alone.	6
1703412073	Gelede	Gelede is a masquerade tradition of the Yoruba group. It is made up of both men and women and is led by elderly women. The lavish masquerade is an offering to persuade "Our Mothers" to use their powers for the good of the community.	7
1703412074	Hogon	The Hogon is the most powerful person in the Dogon community. The Hogon is the priest of the worship of Lebe. In Dogon equestrian figures, the Hogon is believed to be depicted.	8
1703412075	Adinkra	Adinkra symbols are utilized in Akan cloths. The symbols are named after natural or crafted things and have linked verbal maxims or proverbs. The origination of adinkra is debated and one prominent scholar suggests that it translates directly to "to be separated" or "to leave" and relates to mourning.	9
1703412076	Eshu	Eshu is a primordial orisha in the Yoruba culture and serves as a mediator between gods and humans. Eshu is the god of the marketplace, the gateway and the crossroads. The depiction of Eshu is commonly seen in many shrines, house posts, lintels, doors and bowls.	10
1703412077	Lost-wax	The concept of lost-wax casting spread from Western Sudan to norther Akan areas in the 14th century. The process involves pouring molten metal into a mold created from a wax model. The wax is melted and drained out of the mold and the hollow core is filled with molten metal that takes the shape of the original sculpture. Akan casters used this process to create kuduo containers.	11
1703412078	Ile-Ife	Ile-Ife is the founding city of the Yoruba community. In the 11th century, it was a thriving metropolis and later evolved to numerous, urban city-states.	12
1703412079	Mbari	Mbari structures, or shrines, are used in the Igbo community and are usually dedicated to the Earth goddess, Ala or other natural deities. In times of catastrophe, these structures are made by hired laborers and "spirit workers". The process of construction is supervised by a priest and consists of rituals, formalized behavior, special dress and and feasts. The building is offered in sacrifice and is intended to disintegrate.	13
1703412080	Ikenga	Ikenga are personal altars commissioned by men of several ethnic groups, largely the Igbo. They are dedicated and consecrated to personal strength, success and accomplishments.	14
1703412081	Shyaam aMbul a-Ngoong	A man nicknamed "Shyaam the Great" who arrived in the area of modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1625 and united the various ethnic groups of the Kete people. He is credited for organizing the political system, the introduction of new technology and crops. Today, although most Kuba ethnic groups are independent chiefdoms, they still recognize the authority of the Bushoong dynasty established during Shyaam's arrival.	15
1703412082	Niombo	Niombo are enormous cloths used in Kongo funerary processions. In the case of the death of an important chief , Niombo makers study the corpse for details from which to make a symbolic portrait. The cloths are wrapped around the smoked and dried corpses thickly and the "mummies" are transported to the graves in elaborate celebrations.	16
1703412083	Minkisi	Minkisi are spiritually charged substances used in the Kongo group and many others throughout Central Africa. Graves are considered minkisi because they contain the powers of the dead. Minkisi were traditionally anthropomorphic wooden figures but have evolved to ceramic vessels, gourds, animal horns, shells and any other object that can be spiritually charged.	17
1703412084	Soul Washer's Disk	Soul Washer's Disks are cast and hammered gold disks that are worn by individuals who represent the chief's soul in Akan culture. Soul washers are responsible for carrying ceremonial swords, state regalia and performing purification rites.	18
1703412085	Archaic style	The Archaic Style of central Saharan rock art dates back to 8000-6000 BC. Also known as the "Round Head" style, it is marked by a few notable conventions: shapes of solid color are outlined in black or white, the round head is featureless, rows of dots are used to highlight legs, shoulders and breasts.	19
1703412086	Ooni?	The Ooni of the Ife group is the traditional ruler.?	20
1703412087	Repousse	?	21
1703412088	Okomfo Anokye	?	22
1703412089	Asei Usu	?	23
1703412090	Golden Stool	?	24

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McDougall Littell, The Americans, Unit 1, American Beginnings, Chapter 1 - Three Worlds Meet/ Beginnings to 1506 Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Three Worlds Meet/ Beginnings to 1506

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1607107605	Conquistadors	Spanish explorers looking for Gold and Silver	0
1607107606	headright system	gave anyone who paid for their own or anothers' passage to Virginia received 50 acres	1
1607107607	Hernando Cortes	claimed Aztec lands for Spain in 1519, Aztecs thought he was a God	2
1607107608	indentured servants	colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years	3
1607107609	Jamestown	Virginia company, first English settlement 1607	4
1607107610	John Smith	settled english colony at Jamestown in 1606	5
1607107611	John Winthrop	New England's first governor, who believed that America would be a shelter from religious persecution	6
1607107612	Joint Stock Companies	allowed investors to pool their wealth to support a colony for profit	7
1607107613	Juan Ponce de Leon	Spanish explorer who explored Florida in the early 1500s	8
1607107614	Mestizo	Marriages between Spanish men and Native Women created Mestizo children	9
1607107615	Nathaniel Bacon	a planter who led a rebellion with one thousand other Virginians in 1676; the rebels were mostly frontiersmen forced toward the backcountry in search of fertile land	10
1607107616	New Mexico	Spain's northern holdings	11
1607107617	New Spain	Cortez colony built on conquered lands	12
1607107618	Plymouth	founded by separatist families and was the second permanent english colony colony	13
1607107619	Pope	Native American religious leader, punished for his worship practices, led an uprising	14
1607107620	Powhatan	tribe that lived near Jamestown that originally helped colonists	15
1607107621	Puritans	church members who wanted to reform or purify the church of england	16
1607107622	royal colony	a colony under direct control of the king	17
1607107623	Separatists	fled from england to escape religous persecution	18
1607107624	Anasazi	settled on mesa tops, cliff sides, and canyon bottoms of the four corner region	19
1607107625	Aztec	Valley of Mexico 1200's A.D.	20
1607107626	Christopher Columbus	from Genoa sailed for Spain, to find route to Asia, but found America instead 1492	21
1607107627	Colombian Exchange	Global Transfer of living things from eastern to Western Hemisphere, including disease	22
1607107628	Colonization	establishment of distant settlements, controlled by parent Country in Europe	23
1607107629	crusades	series of military expeditions to the middle east from 1096 to 1270, to spread christianity	24
1607107630	division of labor	tasks assigned, according to gender age and status	25
1607107631	Inca	western coast of South America 1200 A.D.	26
1607107632	Iroquois	lived in eastern woodlands, blended agriculture with hunting and gathering	27
1607107633	kinship	strong ties among family members for continuation of tribal customs	28
1607107634	lineage	line of common descent	29
1607107635	Maya	built a dynamic culture in Guatemala and the Yukotan peninsula between 250 and 900 A.D.	30
1607107636	nomadic	moving from place to place in search of food and water	31
1607107637	Nuclear Family	household made up of mother father and 2 children	32
1607107638	Olmec	rain forests in the gulf of mexico 1200 B.C.	33
1607107639	plantation	large farm, single crop, labor intensive home farm	34
1607107640	Prince Henry	sent Portuguese ships to explore West Africa	35
1607107641	Pueblo	related to Hopi, left cliff houses to build settlements near waterways for irrigation	36
1607107642	Reformation	result of disagreements over church authority and outrage over corrupt clergy	37
1607107643	Renaissance	rebirth interest in the physical world, similar to ancient roman Greece	38
1607107644	Savanna	region of dried grass land	39
1607107645	social hierarchy	organized according to rank	40
1607107646	Taino	first Americans Columbus Saw on San Salvador	41
1607107647	Anasazi	Native American culture which thrived in the Southwest from 200 to 1200 C.E.;known for cliff dwellings and maize growing.	42
1607107648	Aztec	native american people that settled in the Valley of Mexico in the 1200s a.d. and later developed a sophisticated civilization.	43
1607107649	Benin	an African tribe in the southern forest region of the Niger Delta; rulers called oba ("descents of Ife"), known as a major trade center	44
1607107650	Benjamin Franklin	American writer, publisher, scientist, inventor, and diplomat known for embracing the idea that one could obtain truth through experimentation and reason	45
1607107651	Christianity	a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus; the leader of the church, the pope, and his bishops held political and spiritual authority	46
1607107652	Christopher Columbus	Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to Asia (1451-1506)	47
1607107653	Columbian Exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.	48
1607107654	encomieda	Land granted to Spanish settlers that included the right to demand labor or taxes from Native Americans	49
1607107655	Enlightenment	The intellectual revolution of the eighteenth century in which the philosophers stressed reason, natural law, and progress in their criticism of prevailing social injustices.	50
1607107656	French and Indian War	war fought between France and England in the 1750s Great Awakening: Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.	51
1607107657	Hernando Cortez	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)	52
1607107658	indentured servants	colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years	53
1607107659	Iroquois	a group of native american peoples inhabiting the woodlands of the northeast; they hunted fish and game	54
1607107660	Islam	the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran	55
1607107661	Jamestown	first permanent English settlement in North America	56
1607107662	John Smith	English explorer and adventurer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia	57
1607107663	John Winthrop	As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.	58
1607107664	joint-stock companies	an economic arrangement by which a number of investors pool their capital for investment in a colony which they hoped would make a profit.	59
1607107665	Jonathan Edwards	American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)	60
1607107666	Kongo	African kingdom, based on agriculture, formed on lower Congo River by late 15th century; ruled by a hereditary monarchy (called the manikongo).	61
1607107667	mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	62
1607107668	mestizo	a person of mixed spanish and native american ancestry	63
1607107669	middle passage	the journey of slaves, characterized by extreme cruelty, from Africa to the Americas, so called because it was the middle portion of the triangular trade route	64
1607107670	Montezuma	Aztec chieftan; encountered Cortes and the Spanish and saw that they rode horses; Montezuma assumed that the Spanish were gods. He welcomed them hospitably, but the explorers soon turned on the natives and ruled them for three centuries.	65
1607107671	Navigation Acts	English-implemented laws stating that 1.Trade to and from the colonies could only be carried by English or colonial crews on English or colonial ships. 2.All goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishables, could pass only through ports in England. 3.Specific (or "enumerated") goods from the colonies could only be exported to England.	66
1607107672	New Spain	After the defeat of the Aztecs, the land was a Spanish colony in North America including Mexico, Central America, the southwest United States, and many of the Carribean islands from the 1500s to the 1800s	67
1607107673	nomadic	wandering, moving about from place to place in search of food and water.	68
1607107674	Pontiac	famous chief of the Ottawa who led an unsuccessful rebellion against the British at the end of the French and Indian War; Native tribes captured eight British forts, but the tribes contracted smallpox through "gifts" from British officers, weakened and surrendered.	69
1607107675	Proclamation of 1763	A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.	70
1607107676	Pueblo	descendants of the Anasazi and Hohokam, this tribe lived in multistory stone and adobe houses and grew maize, beans, squash, and melons.	71
1607107677	Puritans	Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.	72
1607107678	Quakers	a Protestant sect that believes in equality, tolerance ,and cooperation. Holds religious services without a minister, live a simple lifestyle, and believe in treating all people equally. They refuse to defer to a person of rank, fight in wars, or serve in the military.	73
1607107679	Reformation	a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	74
1607107680	Renaissance	The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history	75
1607107681	Taino	a Native American people of the Caribbean islands - the first group encountered by Columbus and his men when they reached the Americas	76
1607107682	Treaty of Tordesillas	a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.	77
1607107683	triangular trade	A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa	78
1607107684	William Penn	Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.	79
1607107685	William Pitt	British political organizer of the winning strategy against the French in the North America during the French and Indian War.	80
1607107686	Anne Hutchinson	banished for beliefs that the bible can be self-interpreted	81
1607107687	Articles of Confederation	laws that combine the fundamental powers of two levels of government	82
1607107688	Battle New York	american loss because vastly outnumbered	83
1607107689	Battle Philadelphia	american loss to british	84
1607107690	Battle Saratoga	american win because british surrender	85
1607107691	BattleTrenton	american win	86
1607107692	Benjamin Franklin	embraced the notion of obtaining truth through experimentation and reasoning	87
1607107693	Boston Massacre	started as a fight over jobs; a british attack on defenseless citizens, 5 dead	88
1607107694	Boston Tea Party	18,000 pounds of tea dumped into boston harbor	89
1607107695	Cash Crop	crop grown primarily for sale rather than for the farmer's own use	90
1607107696	Confederation	alliance	91
1607107697	Division of Labor	based off of work by locke; life, liberty, pursuit of happiness & natural rights	92
1607107698	Dominion of New England	colony that included land from southern maine to new jersey	93
1607107699	Egalitarianism	a belief in the equality of all people	94
1607107700	Enlightenment	reason and scientific method	95
1607107701	Freidrich von Steuben	drillmaster that taught the soldiers proper form	96
1607107702	French and Indian War	fourth war between great britain and france for control George Washington: an american general	97
1607107703	Great Awakening	religious revival	98
1607107704	Headright System	anyone who paid for their own or another's passage to Virginia received 50 acres	99
1607107705	Intolerable Acts	shut down Boston harbor and housed soldiers (quartering act)	100
1607107706	Jamestown	in Virginia, founded by john smith	101
1607107707	John Winthrop	Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, envisioned colony as a "city upon a hill"	102
1607107708	joint-stock companies	businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an economic investment, pool their capital for investment in a colony, and share in the profits and losses.	103
1607107709	Jonathan Edwards	said to go to church and acknowledge sins	104
1607107710	King Philip's War	wampanoags vs puritans. puritans win	105
1607107711	Land Ordinance of 1785	established a plan for surveying the land	106
1607107712	Loyalists	loyal to britain	107
1607107713	Marquis de Lafayette	french aristocrat that lobbied for french reinforcements Martial Law: rule imposed by military forces	108
1607107714	Massachusetts bay colony	founded by Winthrop in 1630	109
1607107715	Mercantilism	says that a country's goal is self-sufficiency and that all countries were in a competition to acquire the most gold and silver	110
1607107716	Middle Passage	middle leg of transatlantic trade triangle	111
1607107717	Nathaniel Bacon/yum	Planter who led a rebellion in 1676 against the governor of the Virginia Colony	112
1607107718	Navigation acts	a series of laws restricting colonial trade	113
1607107719	New Netherland	founded by dutch, later named new york	114
1607107720	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	congress provided a procedure for dividing the land into territories and also set requirements for the admission of new states- 1) congress would appoint a territorial governor and judges 2) when a territory had 5,000 voting residents, the settlers could write a temporary constitution and elect their own government 3) when the total population of a territory reached 60,000 free inhabitants, the settlers could write a state constitution, which had to be approved by Congress before it granted statehood	115
1607107721	Olive Branch	petition urged a return to "the former harmony" between Britain and the colonies	116
1607107722	Parliament	Britain's legislative body- like congress & senate	117
1607107723	Pequot War	dispute between colonists/Narragansett and the pequots. ended in May 1637 when colonists set a pequot fort on fire and shot a bunch of the Pequot people.	118
1607107724	Plymouth Colony	founded by the pilgrims. second permanent english colony in north america	119
1607107725	Powhatan	The tribe that helped the Jamestown colony. They taught them how to plant crops and how to survive.	120
1607107726	Proclamation of 1763	British government banned all settlement West of the Applalachians to avoid further conflicts with native americans	121
1607107727	Profiteering	selling scarce goods for a profit	122
1607107728	Proprietor	owner of a colony	123
1607107729	Quakers	believed that god's inner light burned inside everyone	124
1607107730	Republic	government where citizens rule through their elected representatives	125
1607107731	Republicanism	idea suggesting that governments should be based on the consent of the people	126
1607107732	Roger Williams	separatist, thought that english settlers had no rightful claim to the land unless they purchased it from native americans. He also every person should be free to worship according to his or her conscience. he fled before he was banished.	127
1607107733	Royal Colony	under direct control of the king	128
1607107734	Salutary Neglect	England relaxed its enforcement of most regulations in return for the continued economic loyalty of the colonies	129
1607107735	Sam Adams	started sons of liberty	130
1607107736	Separatists	People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.	131
1607107737	Slaves	people who were considered the property of others	132
1607107738	Stamp Act	required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for every legal document, license, newspaper, pamphlet, and almanac, and imposed special "stamp duties" on packages of playing cards and dice	133
1607107739	Stono Rebellion	slave rebellion in Charlestown	134
1607107740	Sugar Act	1) halved the duty of foreign-made molasses 2) placed duties on certain imports 3) strengthened enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in a vice-admiralty court rather than in a more sympathetic colonial court	135
1607107741	Thomas Jefferson	key contributor to the DOI	136
1607107742	Townshend Acts	indirect taxes or duties levied on imported materials as they came into the colonies from Britain	137
1607107743	Treaty of Paris	Confirmed US independence and set boundaries of the new nation	138
1607107744	Triangular Trade	rum from New England to Africa, merchandise for slaves in Africa, slaves for sugar and molasses in West Indies, rum in New England	139
1607107745	William Penn	founded Pennsylvania	140
1607107746	William Pitt	british leader selected by King George II	141
1607107747	Yorktown	american win because of lafayette; cornwallis surrenders	142

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