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Chapter 2: Native Mississippians Flashcards

2085229251	This land mass was used by Native Americans to migrate to North America. a. Louisiana b. European c. Alaskan d. Bering Land Bridge	D	0
2085229634	The dominant language of Indians in the southwest is a. English b. Spanish c. Muskhogean d. French	C	1
2085229833	The French created this fort to protect the city of Natchez. a. Fort Rosalie b. Fort Grace c. Castle Clinton d. Fort Pitt	A	2
2085230074	This Indian tribe merged with the Houma Indian tribe in Louisiana. a. Choula b. Acolapissa c. Natchez d. Choctaw	B	3
2085230431	This tribe had the language of Siouan and had a city named after it. a. Choula b. Choctaw c. Acolapissa d. Biloxi	D	4
2085231679	This Indian tribe used the language of Tunica in their tribe. a. Chakchiuma b. Ibitoupa c. Biloxi d. Grigra	D	5
2085231829	This tribe is known as the "red crawfish people". a. Grigra b. Ibitoupa c. Chakchiuma d. Koroa	C	6
2085232269	This tribe lived in the upper part of the Yazoo River. a. Koroa b. Ofogoula c. Pascagoula d. Ibitoupa	D	7
2085232531	This tribe has a river and a city named after it in our state. a. Choctaw b. Tunica c. Pascagoula d. Chickasaw	C	8
2085232843	This tribe was the closest connected with the French and based in North Mississippi. a. Choctaw b. Chickasaw c. Tunica d. Pascagoula	C	9
2085233522	This federal and state law pushed the Indians from their homeland. a. Trail of Tears b. Indian Removal Policy c. Treaty of the Dancing Creek d. Treaty of Pontotoc	B	10

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WWI Flashcards

The WWI study guide with a little bit more detail

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22826719	Battle Of Jutland	Greatest Naval Battle of WWI. Between Britain and Germany. May 31 1916	0
22826720	April 6 1917	America enters the war W. Wilson says "The world must be made safe for democracy"	1
22826721	Zimmerman Telegram	January 1917. From German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman to German Minister of Mexico	2
22826722	May 7 1915	Sinking of the Lusitania of off Ireland 1,198 killed...128 were Americans	3
22826723	Treaty of Versailes	ended the war between germany and russia	4
22826724	Battle of Somme	British attack on Germany. Meant to eliminate first line of german troops.	5
22826725	Battle of Verndun	Germany vs. France Germany attempted to "bleed french army white" . Germans launch massive bombardment in the lightly manned French fortress at Verndun	6
22826726	The Great Slaughter	1916-1917 The battles of Verndun, Somme, and Passchendale	7
22826727	What was the prupose of the Gallipoli campaign?	it was an attempt to open a sea route from the med. to the black sea. To help Russia the allies had to secure the seaway by land	8
22826728	Who fought at Gallipoli?	British Empire: Australia, British India, Newfoundland, New Zealand, UK, France, and French West Africs VS. Ottoman Empire: Germany and Austria-Hungary. The ottoman Empire was victorious	9
22826729	Paris Peace Conference	January 1919 Versailles	10
22826730	What was the role of women during the war?	Women were needed outside to replenish the work force that was depleted after 4 mill men were drafted.	11
22826731	Who were the "Big For"?	Woodrow Wilson (US) Georges Clemenceuau (France) David Lloyd George ( Britian) Victoria Orlando ( Italy)	12
22826732	Main leaders of the maind countries involved in the war	Great Britain = George V son of Queen Victoria. Germany = Kaiser Wilhelm II g-son of Q. Victoria. Russia = Nicholas II nephem of Q. Victoria married to g-daughter of Q. Victoria. France = Presidnet Poincare U.S. = Presidnet W. Wilson	13
22826733	Zimmerman Note and its Importance	telegram sent to mexico promising reward if they supported Germany agaisnt the U.S. ( led the usa into WWI)	14
22826734	'War of Attrition"	a war in which sides tried to wear each other down gradually.	15
22826735	1) Entry if the U.S. into war on 4-16-1917 and 2) Russian Revoltutions march and nov. 1917	the two main political events that influenced the outcome of the war	16
22826736	anschluss	political unification	17
22826737	The Archduke Franz-Ferdiand and his wife, Sophia, were shot and killed	Astria declared were on Serbia because...	18
22826738	The Serbian terrorist group "the balck hand"	responsible for planning the assassination of the archduke and family	19
22826739	19 yr old Gavrilo Princip	responsible for murdering the archduke and his preggo wife	20
22826740	Archduke and next in line for the Austro-Hungarian throne	Franz-Ferdianad	21
22826741	the Schlieffen plan	German plan to fight a two front war that involved a fake retreat in Alsace-Lorraine to trap the french and attack them unexpectedly	22
22826742	The Western Front	name of the line of trenches that was dug from the english channel to switzerland	23
22826743	Battle of the Marne	name of the battle where the germans were stopped 20 miles outside of Paris on Sept. 1914	24
22826744	Triple Alliance	Germany Aaustria-Hungary and Italy	25
22826745	Triple Entente	Britain France and Russia	26
22826746	Allies	Britain France Russia Italy and later the U.S.	27
22826747	Central Powers	Germany, Austria-Hungary Bulgaria and Turkey	28
22826748	Belgium	Neutral country invade by Germany	29
22826749	Reason Britain Declared war on germany	Britain allied with France who needed aid against the Germans who planned to attack france after they marched through Belgium	30
22826750	Developed fighter tanks	Britain	31
22826751	Used Mustard Gas and Zeplans	Germany	32
22826752	Dogfighter Planes	all	33
22826753	Powder keg of Europe	The Baltic States	34
22826754	Extreme Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, and System of Alliances	4 long term causes of war	35
22826755	Eastern edges of France, Belgium, and Germany	where most fighting ocurred	36

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Out of Many Vocabulary Chapter 16 Flashcards

Definitions from chapter 16 of the "Out of Many" AP United States History textbook

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1149000612	legal tender act	act creating a national currency in February 1862	0
1149000613	national bank act	act prohibiting state banks from issuing their own notes and forcing them to apply for federal charters	1
1149000614	morrill tariff act	act that raised tariffs to more than double their prewar rate	2
1149000615	homestead act	law passed by Congress in May of 1862 providing homesteads with 160 acres of free land in exchange for improving the land within five years of the grant	3
1149000616	morrill land grant act	law passed by Congress in July 1862 awarding proceeds from the sale of public lands to the states for the establishment of agricultural and mechanical colleges	4
1149000617	peninsular campaign	union offensive led by McClellan with the objective of capturing Richmond	5
1149000618	emancipation proclamation	decree announced by President Abraham Lincoln in September 1862 and formally issued on January 1, 1863, freeing slaves in all Confederate states still in rebellion	6
1149000619	thirteenth amendment	constitutional amendment ratified in 1865 that freed all slaves throughout the United States	7
1149000620	copperheads	a term republicans applied to northern war dissenters and those suspected of aiding the Confederate cause during the Civil War	8
1149000621	fort sumter	Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War	9
1149000622	appomattox	Famous as the site of the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse, where the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee To Ulysses S. Grant took place on April 9, 1865	10
1149000623	draft riots	Conscription Act in 1863 forced men between 20-45 years old to be eligible for conscription but one could avoid it if they paid 300 or got someone in their place; provoked anger from poor workers	11
1149000624	ulysses s. grant	..., an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.	12
1149000625	robert e. lee	A former union general that joined the South after Virginia seceded. He was in charge of the Confederate Army, and led it to many victories.	13
1149000626	william tecumseh sherman	Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war	14
1149000627	jefferson davis	An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865	15
1149000628	clara barton	Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.	16

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Out of Many Vocabulary Chapter 14 Flashcards

Definitions from chapter 14 of the "Out of Many" AP United States History textbook

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792041125	santa fe trail	the 900-mile trail opened by American merchants for trading purposes following Mexico's liberalization of the formerly restrictive trading policies of Spain	0
792041126	manifest destiny	doctrine, first expressed in 1845, that the expansion of white Americans across the continent was inevitable and ordained by God	1
792041127	oregon trail	overland trail of more than two thousand miles that carried American settlers from the Midwest to new settlements in Oregon, California, and Utah	2
792041128	tejanos	persons of Spanish or Mexican descent born in Texas	3
792041129	empresarios	agents who received a land grant from the Spanish or Mexican government in return for organizing settlements	4
792041130	alamo	franciscan mission at San Antonio, Texas that was the site in 1836 of a siege and massacre of Texans by Mexican troops	5
792041131	mexican american war	war fought between Mexico and the United States between 1846 and 1848 over control of territory in the southwest North America	6
792041132	californios	californians of Spanish descent	7
792041133	wilmot's proviso	the amendment offered by Pennsylvania Democrat David Wilmot in 1846 which stipulated that "as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico...neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall never exist in any part of said territory."	8
792041134	popular sovereignty	a solution to the slavery crisis suggested by Michigan senator Lewis Cass by which territorial residents, not Congress, would decide slavery's fate	9

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Out of Many Vocabulary Chapter 14 Flashcards

Definitions from chapter 14 of the "Out of Many" AP United States History textbook

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1742346097	santa fe trail	the 900-mile trail opened by American merchants for trading purposes following Mexico's liberalization of the formerly restrictive trading policies of Spain	0
1742346098	manifest destiny	doctrine, first expressed in 1845, that the expansion of white Americans across the continent was inevitable and ordained by God	1
1742346099	oregon trail	overland trail of more than two thousand miles that carried American settlers from the Midwest to new settlements in Oregon, California, and Utah	2
1742346100	tejanos	persons of Spanish or Mexican descent born in Texas	3
1742346101	empresarios	agents who received a land grant from the Spanish or Mexican government in return for organizing settlements	4
1742346102	alamo	franciscan mission at San Antonio, Texas that was the site in 1836 of a siege and massacre of Texans by Mexican troops	5
1742346103	mexican american war	war fought between Mexico and the United States between 1846 and 1848 over control of territory in the southwest North America	6
1742346104	californios	californians of Spanish descent	7
1742346105	wilmot's proviso	the amendment offered by Pennsylvania Democrat David Wilmot in 1846 which stipulated that "as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico...neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall never exist in any part of said territory."	8
1742346106	popular sovereignty	a solution to the slavery crisis suggested by Michigan senator Lewis Cass by which territorial residents, not Congress, would decide slavery's fate	9
2012582673	John Tyler	(1841-1845) His opinions on all the important issues had been forcefully stated, and he had only been chosen to balance the Whig ticket with no expectation he would ever have power. He was in favor of state's rights, and a strict interpretation of the constitution, he opposed protective tariffs, a national bank and internal improvements at national expense. He was dubbed "his accidency" for his accident succession to the office of president.	10
2012582674	John Slidell	A diplomat sent by Polk to buy California, New Mexico, and Texas from the Mexicans. Mexico rejected his offer and Polk sent Taylor's army into Mexico	11
2012582675	Winfield Scott	"Old Fuss and Feathers," whose conquest of Mexico City brought U.S. victory in the Mexican War. Also United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War (1786-1866)	12
2012582676	Lord Ashburton	He was sent by England to Washington in 1842 to work things out with Secretary Webster over boundary disputes. He was a nonprofessional diplomat that was married to a wealthy American woman. He and Webster finally compromised on the Maine boundary. They split the area of land and Britain kept the Halifax-Quebec route.	13
2012582677	Zachary Taylor	(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.	14
2012582678	Nicholas P. Trist	chief clerk in the State Department, was sent to negotiate a peace treaty with a defeated Mexico in 1847. Before he could open negotiations he was summoned to return, but he ignored the order and stayed to negotiate the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	15
2012582679	James K. Polk	(1845-1849) The Mexican War starts in 1846. The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ends the war in 1848. Wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute with Great Britain. Wanted to aquire California and to incorperate Texas into union, while reducing the tarriff and re-establish an independent treasury system. A"dark horse" Democratic candidate; acquired majority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation, Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury,	16
2012582680	Stephan W. Kearny	(1846) this general led a detachmetn of 1700 troops over the famous Santa Fe Trail from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe	17
2012582681	David Wilmot	Congressman who proposed the amendment that would have outlawed slavery from Mexican territories, and congressional author of resolution forbidding slavery in territory acquired from Mexico.,	18
2012582682	Robert Gray	American navigator who twice circumnavigated the globe and who discovered the Columbia River (1755-1806)	19
2012582683	John C. Fremont	A captain and an explorer who was in California with several dozen well-armed men when the Mexican War broke out. He helped to overthrow the Mexican rule in 1846 by collaborating with Americans who had tried to raise the banner of the California Bear Republic. Fremont helped to take California from the inside.	20
2012582684	joint resolution	A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president	21
2012582685	Fiscal Bank	Went on the same lines as the two Banks of the US It seems the word fiscal in the title gave the idea that it would overcome some of the popular objections to the establishment of a third great national bank. President vetoed it in 1841 on alleged constitutional grounds. This ended all serious attempts to create a great national bank.	22
2012582686	Webster-Ashburton Treaty	1842, between the US and the British, it, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, and talked about slavery and excredition	23
2012582687	"spot" resolutions	Proposed by Abraham Lincoln in the spring of 1846. After news from president James K. Polk that 16 American service men had been killed or wounded on the Mexican border in American territory, Abraham Lincoln, then a congressman from Illinois, proposed these resolutions to find out exactly on what spot the American soldier's blood had been shed. In Polk's report to congress the President stated that the American soldiers fell on American soil, but they actually fell on disputed territory that Mexico had historical claims to. To find out were the soldiers fell was important because congress was near to declaring war on Mexico.	24
2012582688	Tariff of 1842	A protective tariff signed by President John Tyler, it raised the general level of duties to about where they had been before the Compromise Tariff of 1833. Also banned pornography by increasing its cost.	25
2012582689	"conscience" whigs	Opposed the US-MEX war from the beginning on moral grounds. Warned of a Southern conspiracy to add new slave states in the West, undermine the Jeffersonian ideal of a yeoman freeholder society and ensure permanent control of the federal government by slave holding Democrats.	26
2012582690	Bear Flag revolt	(1846) a revolt that took place during the Mexican American War when 500 Americans (Anglos) in Mexican California took the city of Sonoma, CA in the spirit of Manifest Destiny and declared California to be an independent nation	27
2012582691	Caroline	An American steamer that was attacked by the British while it was carrying supplies to the insurgents across the Niagera River. It was set on fire and sank short of Niagara Falls.	28
2012582692	Hudson's Bay Company	founded in 1670 in London, England, by a group of British merchants eager to exploit the resources of northern Canada. It was at one time the largest landowner in the world. From its longtime headquarters at York Factory on Hudson Bay, it controlled fur trade throughout much of British-controlled North America for several centuries, undertaking early exploration.	29
2012582693	Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo	Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million plus war debts.	30
2012582694	Liberty party	A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848	31
2012582695	"all of Mexico"	People that believed strong in the Manifest Destiny wanted all of Mexico to be added to the country which posed many problems and was never done, due to conflicts with language, traditions, and background.	32
2012582696	Aroostook War	A dispute arose over between the U.S. and Britain over the Maine-Canada border, mainly lumberjacks fighting on each side over who'd get to chop down the lumber.	33
2012582697	Walker Tariff	1846 - Sponsored by Polk's Secretary of Treasury, Robert J. Walker, it lowered the tariff. It introduced the warehouse system of storing goods until duty is paid.	34

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Brain Flashcards

Combo with Ch 3 Brain - Notes and chaoter 3 brain

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1266032254	myelinated nerve fibers (axons) found within brain and spinal cord that create pathways for the transmission of nerve impulses to and from the cortex	white matter	0
1266032255	nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated nerve fibers covering the outside (cortex) and patches inside (nuclei) of the brain	gray matter	1
1266032256	the outermost portion of the cerebrum; composed of gray matter approx. 2-3 mm thick (book says 3-5)	cerebral cortex	2
1266032257	receives sensory input and sends instructions to the muscles and glands for control of bodily movement and activity	cerebral cortex	3
1266032258	the largest and densest bundle of white matter fibers within the cerebrum; forms the roof of the lateral ventricles and connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres	corpus callosum	4
1266032259	Name 4 critically important functions of the cerebrum:	Thought Judgment Memory Discrimination	5
1266032260	Name the 4 parts of the corpus callosum:	Rostrum Genu Body Splenium	6
1266032261	bundle of white matter fibers that crosses the midline within the lamina terminalis and connects the anterior portions of each temporal lobe	anterior commissure	7
1266032262	a pathway made of several fibers that transmit nerve impulses for pupillary light reflexes	posterior commissure	8
1266032263	bundle of white matter fibers that crosses the midline posterior to the 3rd ventricle, immediately above the cerebral aqueduct and inferior to the pineal gland	posterior commissure	9
1266032264	the largest portion of the brain that is divided into left and right hemispheres	cerebrum	10
1266032265	neural tissue arranged in numerous folds contained in each hemisphere	gyri	11
1266032266	shallow grooves that separate the gyri	sulci	12
1266032267	deep grooves that separate the gyri	fissures	13
1266032268	the main sulcus that can be identified on CT and MRI images of the brain; divides the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe & postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe	central sulcus	14
1266032269	considered the motor strip of the brain; located on the frontal lobe	precentral gyrus	15
1266032270	considered the sensory strip of the brain; located on the parietal lobe	postcentral gyrus	16
1266032271	Name the 2 main fissures of the cerebrum:	Longitudinal fissure Lateral fissure	17
1266032272	a long deep furrow that divides the left and right cerebral hemispheres	longitudinal fissure	18
1266032273	What structures are located in the longitudinal fissure?	Falx cerebri & Superior sagittal sinus	19
1266032274	a deep furrow that separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe	Lateral fissure	20
1266032275	What follows the course of the lateral fissure?	numerous blood vessels, primarily branches of the middle cerebral artery	21
1266032276	What is another name for the lateral fissure?	Sylvian fissure	22
1266032277	Name the 5 lobes of the cerebrum:	Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal *Insula	23
1266032278	the most anterior lobe of the brain	Frontal lobe	24
1266032279	this lobe mediates functions such as reasoning, judgment, emotional response, planning and execution of complex actions, and control of voluntary muscle movements	Frontal lobe	25
1266032280	motor speech (language) center contained in the frontal lobe	Broca's area	26
1266032281	located in the middle portion of each cerebral hemisphere just posterior to the central sulcus	Parietal lobe	27
1266032282	this lobe is associated with the perception of temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, pain, and taste & is involved in writing and some aspects of reading	Parietal lobe	28
1266032283	the most posterior lobe of the brain	Occipital lobe	29
1266032284	this lobe of the brain is involved in the conscious perception of visual stimuli	Occipital lobe	30
1266032285	lobe of the brain that is anterior to the occipital lobe and is separated from the parietal lobe by the lateral fissure	Temporal lobe	31
1266032286	functions of this lobe include conscious perceptions of auditory and olfactory stimuli as well as dominance for language	Temporal lobe	32
1266032287	receives input from the optic tract via the optic radiations extending from the thalamus	primary visual area	33
1266032288	memory processing occurs via the amygdala and hippocampus, which are clusters of gray matter located in this structure of the temporal lobe	parahippocampal gyrus	34
1266032289	the auditory cortex, which can be divided into the primary and secondary auditory areas is located on this structure	superior temporal gyrus	35
1266032290	the primary auditory area; receives the major auditory sensory information from the bilateral cochlea	Heschl's gyrus	36
1266032291	the secondary auditory area; the center for comprehension and formulation of speech	Wernicke's area	37
1266032292	area of cortical gray matter deep to the temporal lobe; often referred to as the fifth lobe; thought to mediate the motor and sensory functions of the viscera	Insula (island of Reil)	38
1266032293	separates frontal and parietal lobes	central sulcus	39
1266032294	separates the parietal and occipital lobes	Parieto-occipital sulcus	40
1266032295	separates the temporal lobe from the other superficially, and at its deepest penetration this sulcus locates the insula that is "under" the parietal, frontal and temporal lobes	Lateral sulcus	41
1266032296	a collection of subcortical gray matter which contributes to the planning and programming of muscle action and movement	basal nuclei (ganglia)	42
1266032297	Name 3 the basal nuclei (ganglia):	Caudate nucleus Lentiform nucleus *Claustrum	43
1266032298	these 2 are the largest of the basal nuclei and serve as relay stations between the thalamus and cerebral cortex of the same side	Caudate nucleus & Lentiform nucleus	44
1266032299	one of the largest of the basal nuclei; parallels the lateral ventricle and consists of a head, body & tail	Caudate nucleus	45
1266032300	part of the caudate nucleus that causes an indentation to the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles	Head of caudate nucleus	46
1266032301	part of the caudate nucleus that terminates at the amygdala in the temporal lobe	Tail of caudate nucleus	47
1266032302	a biconvex lens-shaped mass of gray matter located between the insula, caudate nucleus, and thalamus	Lentiform nucleus	48
1266032303	Name the 2 parts of the lentiform nucleus:	Globus pallidus Putamen	49
1266032304	a thin linear layer of gray matter lying between the insula and the lentiform nucleus; thought to be involved with the mediation of visual attention	Claustrum	50
1266032305	Tracts of ______ ______ separate the basal nuclei and transmit electrical impulses throughout the brain.	white matter	51
1266032306	a thin layer of white matter that separates the claustrum from the lentiform nucleus	external capsule	52
1266032307	thin layer of white matter located between the claustrum and insular cortex	extreme capsule	53
1266032308	Name the 3 parts that form the Diencephalon:	Epithalamus Thalamus *Hypothalamus	54
1266032309	a brain region that surrounds the midline 3rd ventricle and consists of the Epithalamus, Thalamus & Hypothalamus	Diencephalon	55
1266032310	part of the diencephalon that serves as a relay station to and from the cerebral cortex for all sensory stimuli with exception of the olfactory nerves	Thalamus	56
1266032311	forms the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle	thalamus	57
1266032312	consists of a cluster of small but critical nuclei located below the thalamus just posterior to the optic chiasm	Hypothalamus	58
1266032313	forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle	hypothalamus	59
1266032314	helps maintain homeostasis as it controls regulation of temperature, appetite, sex drive & sleep patterns	Hypothalamus	60
1266032315	Name the structures included in/inferior to the hypothalamus:	Optic chiasm Mammillary bodies Infundibulum Pituitary gland (hypophysis)	61
1266032316	The epithalamus extends posteriorly to form the ______ ______.	pineal body	62
1266032317	an endocrine gland connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum	pituitary gland (hypophysis)	63
1266032318	a slender stalk located between the optic chiasm and the mammillary bodies	infundibulum	64
1266032319	sometimes called the master gland because it controls and regulates the functions of many other glands through the action of its six major types of hormones	pituitary gland	65
1266032320	The pituitary gland can be broken down into these 2 lobes:	Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)	66
1266032321	part of the diencephalon that forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle	Epithalamus	67
1266032322	an endocrine structure that makes up the epithalamus; secretes the hormone melatonin that aids in the regulation of day-night cycles and reproductive functions	Pineal gland	68
1266032323	sits on roof of the midbrain just posterior to the 3rd ventricle & below the splenium of the corpus callosum; sometimes calcified	Pineal gland	69
1266032324	a complex group of interconnected brain structures and fibers tracts located within and adjacent to the medial surface of the temporal lobes	Limbic system	70
1266032325	system involved in aggression, submissive and sexual behavior, memory, learning, and general emotional responses	Limbic system	71
1266032326	List 6 structures of the Limbic system:	Hippocampus Amygdala Olfactory tracts Fornix Cingulate Gyrus Mammillary bodies	72
1266032327	the inrolled medial border of the temporal lobe that resembles the shape of a seahorse when viewed in the coronal plane	Parahippocampal gyrus	73
1266032328	List 2 prominent structures of the parahippocampal gyrus involved with memory and emotion	Hippocampus Amygdala	74
1266032329	an important structure within the parahippocampal gyrus that has a strong role in the transition of memory from short-term to long-term	Hippocampus	75
1266032330	an almond-shaped mass of gray matter located deep within the parahippocampal gyrus, medial to hypothalamus, adjacent to hippocampus	amygdala	76
1266032331	coordinates the actions of the autonomic & endocrine systems & is concerned w/olfactory reflexes and aggressive and sexual behavior	amygdala	77
1266032332	these run underneath the frontal lobes and connect to the amygdala to bring info. on the sense of smell to the limbic system	Olfactory tracts	78
1266032333	an arch-shaped limbic fiber tract that lies below the splenium of the corpus callosum & makes up inferior margin of septum pellucidum	Fornix	79
1266032334	serves specifically to integrate the hippocampus with other functional areas of the brain	fornix	80
1266032335	a prominent gyrus located on the medial border of each cerebral hemisphere just superior to the corpus callosum	Cingulate gyrus	81
1266032336	important because it is considered to be the brain's emotional control center	Cingulate cortex	82
1266032337	two small rounded bodies in the floor of the posterior hypothalamus responsible for memory and motivation	mammillary bodies	83
1266032338	Name the 3 parts of the Brainstem:	Midbrain Pons *Medulla Oblongata	84
1266032339	a relatively small mass of tissue packed w/motor & sensory nuclei; 10 of the 12 cranial nerves originate from nuclei located here	Brainstem	85
1266032340	acts as a conduit between the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord	Brainstem	86
1266032341	located in central portion of brainstem; provides complex motor patterns, aspects of respiratory & cardiovascular activity and regulation of consciousness	tegmentum	87
1266032342	an area in the central core of the tegmentum containing the cranial nerve nuclei and ascending and descending tracts to and from the brain	reticular formation	88
1266032343	located above the pons at the junction of the middle & posterior cranial fossae; smallest portion of the brainstem	Midbrain	89
1266032344	Name the 2 major segments of the Midbrain:	Cerebral peduncles Tectum/Quadrigeminal plate	90
1266032345	posterior to the cerebral aqueduct; makes up the roof or dorsal surface of the midbrain	Tectum / Quadrigeminal plate	91
1266032346	four rounded protuberances contained in the tectum (quadrigeminal plate)	Colliculi	92
1266032347	upper pair of protuberances in the tectum; center for visual reflexes that coordinate movements of the eyes with those of the head & neck	superior colliculi	93
1266032348	lower pair of protuberances in the tectum; act as a relay station for the auditory pathway, providing auditory info to the thalamus	inferior colliculi	94
1266032349	2 large ropelike bundles anterior to the cerebral aqueduct composed of axons that are a direct extension of the fibers of the internal capsule & extend from the cerebral cortex to spinal cord	Cerebral peduncles	95
1266032350	a broad layer of cells that contain melanin; involved with the production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that controls muscular reflexes	Substantia nigra	96
1266032351	within the tegmentum, at the level of the superior colliculi; composed of a tract of motor nerve fibers & serves as a relay station between cerebellum & cerebral hemispheres	red nucleus	97
1266032352	contributes to the coordination of movements and to the sense of balance	red nucleus	98
1266032353	portion of the tegmentum that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; receives sensory input that conveys pain & temperature to the brain	Periaqueductal gray matter	99
1266032354	located between the midbrain & medulla oblongata; composed mostly of fibers which connect the two halves of the cerebellum to the rest of the brain	Pons	100
1266032355	extends from the pons to the foramen magnum, where it continues as the spinal cord	Medulla oblongata	101
1266032356	a rounded oval prominence on each lateral surface of the medulla oblongata; involved in coordination, balance, and modulation of sound impulses from the inner ear	olive	102
1266032357	connects the 2 cerebellar hemispheres	vermis	103
1266032358	referred to as the "little brain"; attaches posteriorly to the brainstem and occupies the posterior cranial fossa	cerebellum	104
1266032359	the foliated appearance of the white and gray matter of the deep cortex of the cerebellum	arbor vitae	105
1266032360	connect the cerebellum to the brainstem	cerebellar peduncles	106
1266032361	located deep within the center of each cerebellar hemisphere; the largest and most lateral of the deep cerebellar nuclei	dentate nucleus	107
1266032362	anterior horns of lateral ventricles are located in this lobe of the brain	frontal lobe	108
1266032363	posterior horns of lateral ventricles are located in this lobe of the brain	occipital lobe	109
1266032364	inferior horns of lateral ventricles are located in this lobe of the brain	temporal lobes	110
1266032365	Name the 3 foramina in the 4th ventricle that communicate with the basal cisterns:	Foramen of Magendie Foramina of Luschka	111
1266032366	foramen of the 4th ventricle that opens into the cisterna magna	Foramen of Magendie	112
1266032367	foramina of the 4th ventricle that open into the Pontine cistern	Foramina of Luschka	113
1266032368	cistern located between the temporal and frontal lobe	Cistern of the lateral sulcus	114
1266032369	cistern located between the two temporal lobes & is formed where the arachnoid is separated from the cerebral peduncles	interpeduncular cistern	115
1266032370	what do meninges do?	surround and protect the brain	116
1266032371	whats the dura mater?	the outermost membrane of the brain	117
1266032372	what are in between the two layers of the dura mater?	meningeal arteries and dural sinuses	118
1266032373	what are the 3 dural folds?	falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli	119
1266032374	where is the falx cerebri?	between cerebral hemispheres	120
1266032375	whre is the tentorium cerebelli?	between cerebrum and cerebellum	121
1266032376	where is the falx cerebelli?	between cerebellar hemispheres	122
1266032377	what is the arachnoid?	it is the extremely thin, delicate, transparent middle layer of meninges.	123
1266032378	what does the arachnoid follow?	the contour of dura mater	124
1266032379	what are ventricals?	four fluid filled cavities deep in brain	125
1266032380	what are the 4 ventricles of the brain?	lateral ventricles, third, and fourth ventricles	126
1266032381	what are the lateral ventricles?	there large; in each hemisphere; mainly in parietal lobe?	127
1266032382	what is the septum pellucidum?	thin verticle partion separating R & L lateral ventricals	128
1266032383	whats the trigone (atria)?	triangular area at junction of occipital and temporal horns	129
1266032384	what is the interventricular foramen? (foramen of monro)	communication between each lateral ventricle and the third ventricle	130
1266032385	what is the third ventricle?	narrow midline slitlike chamber inferior to lateral ventricles	131
1266032386	what is the thalamus?	forms lateral walls of third ventricle	132
1266032387	what is the cerebral aqueduct? (aqueduct of sylvius)	communication between 3rd and 4th ventricle; traverses posterior portion of midbrain	133
1266032388	what is the foramen magendle?	opeing in medial dorsal wall; major exit for CSF; communication with cisterna magna	134
1266032389	what is the foramina of luschka?	two openings in lateral walls; allows CSF to pass between ventricles and subarachnoid space	135
1266032390	what produces CSF?	choriod plexus	136
1266032391	what is the area between medulla oblongata?	cisterna magna	137
1266032392	what is gyri?	folds (ridges) on surface	138
1266032393	what is sulci?	shallow grooves between surface gyri	139
1266032394	what is the longitudinal fissure?	deep cleft between R & L hemispheres	140
1266032395	where is the falx cerebri and superior sagittal sinus?	within the longitudinal fissure	141
1266032396	where is the middle cerebral artery?	within the lateral (sylvian) fissure	142
1266032397	what is the cerebral cortex?	outermost portion	143
1266032398	what does the cerebral cortex do?	recieves sensory impulses and sends motor impulses	144
1266032399	what is the corpus callosum?	largest and densest bundle of white matter fibers within cerebrum	145
1266032400	what forms the roof of the lateral ventricles?	corpus callosum	146
1266032401	what is the anterior end of the corpus callosum called?	genu	147
1266032402	what is the posterior end of the corpus callosum called?	splenium	148
1266032403	what are the cerebral lobes?	frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal	149
1266032404	what is the brocas area?	production of speech and contains motor speech center	150
1266032405	What is refered to as the 5th lobe?	insula (islands of reil)	151
1266032406	what parallels the lateral ventricle?	caudate nucleus	152
1266032407	where is the lentiform nucleus?	centrally located in each hemisphere	153
1266032408	what is the claustrum?	thin linear layer of gray matter lateral to lentiform nucleus and deep to cortex of insula	154
1266032409	what is the internal capsule	band of white matter medial to lentiform nucleus separating lentiform nucleus from caudate nucleus and thalamus	155
1266032410	what separates lentiform nucleus from caudate nucleus and thalamus?	internal capsule of claustrum	156
1266032411	what is the external capsule?	thin layer of white matter separating claustrum from lentiform nucleus	157
1266032412	what separates claustrum from lentiform nucleus?	external capsule of claustrum	158
1266032413	what is the extreme capsule?	thin layer of white matter separating claustrum from insular cortex	159
1266032414	what separates claustrum from insular cortex?	extreme capsule	160
1266032415	what are the parts of the diencephalon?	thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus	161
1266032416	where does the thalamus lie?	on either side of the 3rd ventricle	162
1266032417	what does the massa intermedia do?	relays sensory impulses except for the olfactory nerves to cerebral cortex	163
1266032418	what is the pituitary gland?	endocrine gland connected to hypothalamus by the infundibulum	164
1266032419	where is the pituitary gland?	it sits in the sella turcica of sphenoid bone	165
1266032420	what is the infundibulum?	its the pituitary stalk; connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus	166
1266032421	what is the pineal gland?	endocrine gland located of roof of midbrain posterior to 3rd ventricle	167
1266032422	what regulates sleep/awake cycles?	pineal gland	168
1266032423	what are the functions of the limbic system?	emotional aspects of behavior (aggression, submission, and sexual behavior); memory, learning and general emotional responses	169
1266032424	what are the subdivisions of the brainstem?	midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata	170
1266032425	what is the midbrain?	smallest dividion; its between diencephalon and pons	171
1266032426	what surrounds the cerebral aqueduct?	midbrain	172
1266032427	what are cerebral peduncles?	two rope like bundles on ventral aspect of midbrain	173
1266032428	what is the prominent bulge that relays impulses between spinal cord and cerebral and cerebellar cortices?	pons	174
1266032429	what does the medulla oblongata contain?	vital centers that regulate and control heart rate, respiratory rhythm and blood pressure	175
1266032430	what contains nerve tracts that aid in voluntary motor control?	pyramids	176
1266032431	halfway along medulla oblongata cerebral aqueduct widens to become the what?	fourth ventricle	177
1266032432	what is the cerebellum?	center for motor functions	178
1266032433	what is the vermis?	coiled wormlike; connects 2 hemispheres	179
1266032434	what is different about the veins in the brain?	they dont contain valves which allow blood- borne pathogens to pass from body to brain and from brain to body	180
1266032435	what is the blood brain barrier?	inability to allow certain molecules to pass out of capilaries	181
1266032436	what are the 2 main pair of vessels that the brain recieves blood?	internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries	182
1266032437	what supplies frontal, parietal, temporal, and orbital structures?	internal carotids	183
1266032438	where do the internal carotids ascend?	they ascend through base of skull and enter carotid canals of temporal bones.	184
1266032439	at optic chaism ______ branches to anterior cerebral artery and middle artery	internal carotid artery	185
1266032440	what does the internal carotid artery branch into at the optic chaism?	anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery	186
1266032441	what is the largest of cerebral arteries?	middle cerebral artery	187
1266032442	what is the direct continuation of internal carotid artery?	middle cerebral artery	188
1266032443	what artery supplies much of lateral surface of cerebrum?	middle cerebral artery	189
1266032444	what arises from subclavian artery?	vertebral arteries	190
1266032445	what arteries ascend vertically through transverse formina of cervical vertebrae?	vertebral arties	191
1266032446	what does the vertebral arteries enter the cranium through?	foramen magnum	192
1266032447	vertebral arteries unite anterior to pons to form ____.	basilar artery	193
1266032448	what is the posterior communicating artery?	connection between posterior cerebral artery and internal carotid artery	194
1266032449	what connects the posterior cerebral artery and internal carotid artery?	posterior communicating artery	195
1266032450	what is the circle of willis?	cerebral arterial circle	196
1266032451	what is the function of circle of willis?	means of collateral blood flow from one cerebral to the other if there is a blockage	197
1266032452	what is the circle of willis formed by?	A & P cerebral, A & P communicating, and internal carotid arteries	198
1266032453	what are the dural sinuses?	very large veins within dura mater of brain	199
1266032454	all veins of the head drain into ____ and then into _____	dural sinus, internal jugular veins	200
1266032455	where does the superior sagittal sinus begin?	crista gallii	201
1266032456	where does the superior sagittal sinus end?	internal occipital protuberance	202
1266032457	what converges with great cerbral vein to from straight sinus?	inferior sagittal sinus	203
1266032458	where is the straight sinus?	along length of junction of falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli	204
1266032459	what is the confluence of sinuses?	junction of superior sagittal, transverse, and straight sinuses	205
1266032460	where is the transverse sinus?	extend from the confluence between attachment to tentorium cerebelli and calvaria	206
1266032461	what is the sigmoid sinuses?	continuation of transverse sinuses	207
1266032462	sigmoid sinuses continue in ________ to join jugular bulbs of _______	posterior cranial fossa, internal jugular veins	208
1266032463	what envelops internal cranial arteries and several cranial nerves?	cavernous sinuses	209
1266032464	where do cranial nerves arise from?	brainstem	210
1266032465	what is the longest cranial nerve?	cranial nerve V (tirgeminal)	211
1266032466	what are the cranial nerves V?	motor fibers for muscles of mastication; sensory fibers for head	212
1266032467	what are the cranial nerves V lll?	vestibulocochlear or auditory	213
1266032468	cranial nerve X (vagus)?	extensive distribution system; sensory and motor for specific areas	214

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Chapter 8: World Civilizations; The Global Experience Flashcards

Review for Chapter 8 of World Civilzations; The Global Experience (Fifth Edition) (AP Edition)

Terms : Hide Images

969785729	Stateless Society	A society that is not governed by a state; there is little concentration of authority	0
969785730	Ifriqiya	the Arabic term for Eastern North Africa	1
977304562	Maghrib	Arabic term for western North Africa.	2
977304563	Sundiata	the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes	3
977304564	Griots	Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire	4
977304565	Mansa Kankan Musa	Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.	5
977304566	Timbuktu	Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning	6
977304567	Songhay	Empire that replaced Mali in the late fifteenth century.	7
977304568	Muhammad the Great	Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century	8
977304569	Sharia	Islamic Law	9
977304570	Zenj	Arabic term for the east African coast	10
977304571	Swahili Language	blend of arabic and bantu language	11
977304572	Benin	A kingdom of the West African rain forest	12
977304573	Kongo	Central African kingdom in the 1400's that engaged in warfare and slavery	13
977304574	Great Zimbabwe	City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385)	14
977304575	Mwene Mutapa	ruler of Great Zimbabwe; controlled a large territory reaching to the Indian Ocean	15
977304576	Ibn Batuta	Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records	16
977304577	Hausa	An agricultural and trading people of central Sudan in West Africa. Aside from their brief incorporation into the Songhai Empire, the Hausa city-states remained autonomous until the Sokoto Calipphate conquered them in the early nineteenth century.	17
977304578	Caliph	A Muslim ruler	18
977304579	Juula	Malinke merchants who traded throughout the Mali empire and West Africa	19
977304580	Almohadis	A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Sahara Africa.	20
977304581	Jihad	A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal	21
977304582	Hajj	A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims	22

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Psychology Modules 3 & 4 Key Terms Flashcards

Essentials of Understanding Psychology Ninth Edition
Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology
Module 3 Research in Psychology (26-39)
Module 4 Research Challenges: Exploring the Process (40-46)

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429844783	Scientific Method	The approach through which psychologist systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest.	0
429844784	Theories	Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest.	1
429844785	Hypothesis	A prediction stemming from a theory that's stated in a way that allows it to be tested.	2
429844786	Operational Definition	The translation of a hypotheses into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed.	3
429844787	Archival Research	Research in which existing data, such as census documents, college records, and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a hypothesis.	4
429844788	Naturalistic Observation	Research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation.	5
429844789	Survey Research	Research in which people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes.	6
429844790	Case Study	An in-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people.	7
429844791	Variable	Behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change or vary in some way.	8
429844792	Correlation Research	Research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated or "correlated."	9
429844793	Experiment	The investigation of the relationship between two (or more) variables by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of the at change on other aspects of the situation.	10
429844794	Experimental Manipulation	The change that an experimenter deliberately produces in a situation.	11
429844795	Treatment	The manipulation implemented by the experimenter.	12
429844796	Experimental Group	Any group participating in an experiment that receives a treatment.	13
429844797	Control Group	A group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment.	14
429844798	Independent Variable	The variable that is manipulated by an experimenter.	15
429844799	Dependent Variable	The variable that is measured and is expected to change as a result of changes caused by the experimenter's manipulation of the independent variable.	16
429844800	Random Assignment to Condition	A procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups or "conditions" on the basis of chance and chance alone.	17
429844801	Significant Outcome	Meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypotheses.	18
429844802	Replicated Research	Research that is repeated, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants, to increase confidence in prior findings.	19
429844803	Informed Consent	A document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outline of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve.	20
429844804	Experimental Bias	Factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment.	21
429844805	Placebo	A false treatment, such as a pill, "drug," or other substance without any significant chemical properties or active ingredient.	22

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AP US History 60 Hot Topics Flashcards

The top 60 most often asked topics on APUSH national exam.
Information taken from:
Barron's AP US History
5 Steps to a 5: US History
Sparknotes Guide to AP US History
Out of Many, AP Edition (5th)

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2076301325	*Puritan motive	- Purify the Roman Catholic Church - Build a "city on a hill" - provide a model for idealistic society - religious freedoms from England	0
2076301326	*Motive of settling Virginia	- paid for by Virginia Company - wanted profit - mercantilism in England	1
2076301327	*First Great Awakening (730s-1770s)	- Revitalization of religious piety - led by charismatic ministers in 1730 - made religion more emotional, less cerebral - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon by Puritan minister Jonathan Edwards	2
2076301328	Deism	- 1700 religious revolution which moved away from religious doctrines - God is a distant entity - No Godly intervention in daily affairs	3
2076301329	*Albany Congress, 1754	- AKA: Conference of Albany - led by Benjamin Franklin - first meeting of all colonies to debate unification - Franklin's union plan, Albany Plan, rejected	4
2076301330	*Legal rights of women	-no suffrage under practically every circumstance -couldn't own land in most cases -were subordinate to men as caretakers, mothers, and housekeepers - Meant to be moral teacher to husband and sons (this eventually led to their educational rights)	5
2076301331	*Stamp Act, 1765	- tax on paper used for various documents - included recreation like playing cards - sparked most uproar and opposition of any British tax	6
2076301332	*Slavery in pre-independence times	- unregulated slave trade (no limits) - molasses, rum, slaves / Triangular Slave Trade (America, Europe, Africa) - slaves were responsible for majority of labor in southern economy - First Africans arrived in VA in 1619, replacing indentured servitude and the unsuccessful enslavement of Native Americans	7
2076301333	*Indentured servants	- extraordinarily popular prior to massive influx of slaves - workers receive free ride to America and housing once there - in exchange for house/ride, they work unpaid for 5-10 years - most did not survive to finish out their contracts - opportunity for their own land and to fulfill the American Dream	8
2076301334	*Proclamation of 1763	- Closed off the frontier to colonial expansion. Presented as a measure to calm the fears of the Indians who felt that the colonists would drive them from their lands due to westward expansion - created a line through Appalachian mountains - colonists could not settle any further west - land from Appalachia to Mississippi was "Indian Reserve" - Colonists who ignored this and ventured past the designated border were often met with hostile Natives and killed	9
2076301335	*Articles of Confederation, 1777	- first written form of government for newly freed colonies - created a "firm league of friendship" between states - heavily favored state government, making federal government useless (no taxing, or federal laws without nullification)	10
2076301336	*Bill of Rights	- 1st 10 amendments to the Constitution - protected individual liberties not specified in Constitution - gave states powers not specifically assigned to federal government - was wanted by the Antifederalists because they feared that by not having a Bill of Rights, Federalists would dominate	11
2076301337	*Hamilton's economic plans	- national bank, 20% publicly 80% privately held - federal government repays all war debts in full - high tariffs to encourage American industry and discourage British/French/Spanish imports	12
2076301338	*Shays' Rebellion 1786-1787	- farmers revolt - many lost farms because couldn't pay debts in gold/silver - freed debtors prisons, burnt down city halls and courts - showed that the Articles of Confed. weren't working, leading to its end	13
2076301339	*XYZ affair, 1797-1798 (Washignton's Presidency)	- France was upset by alliances with Britain and seized US ships - US tried to negotiate with France, French agents bribed US agents - French agents X, Y and Z wanted $250,000 and a $12M loan	14
2076301340	*Marbury v. Madison, 1803 (Thomas Jefferson's Presidency)	- John Adams (1797-1801), a Federalist, feared that the Federalist party would become a minority and underrepresented in the US government when Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809), a Democratic-Republican, took over. So, to prevent this from occurring, he appointed several judgeships and other government positions to Federalists, up to midnight of his last day in office. - When Jefferson took office, some of Adam's papers of appointment had not been delivered. Johnson told his secretary, James Madison, to not deliver them. - Marbury, an Adams "midnight judge", wanted his position/paycheck - Madison, Thomas Jefferson's secretary said that Marbury's appointment was unconstitutional due to Adam's "scheme" - Chief Justice Marshall established Supreme Court power of judicial review	15
2076301341	*Louisiana Purchase, 1803	- Louisiana territory purchased by Jefferson from Napoleon from France for $15mil - not constitutional, but Jefferson wanted land and France needed $ due to a slave revolt in Haiti and impending war with Britain - Jefferson only intended on buying New Orleans for a western port for $20mil but was declined by Napoleon and offered the entire Louisiana Territory for $15mil - Determined it constitutional because by purchasing this territory, the US would be removing France's presence in the region and protected US trade, gave access to the New Orleans Port, and provided free passage on the Mississippi River	16
2076301342	*Hartford Convention, 1814 (James Madison)	- group of Federalists meeting in opposition to War of 1812 - merchants saw large amount of trade with Britain stop - passed a resolution requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress for declaration of war in the future	17
2076301343	*Eli Whitney	- invented cotton gin in 1793 - helps satisfy the massive demand for cotton/make slaves efficient - At this time, slavery was beginning to die out, but this invention was a major cause of the continuation of slavery - also invented interchangeable parts for rifle	18
2076301344	*Henry Clay's "American System"	- Following the War of 1812, this a government sponsored program meant to harmonize and balance the nation's agriculture, commerce, and industry - 1. Tariff to protect and promote American industry - 2. National Bank to foster commerce - 3. Provide federal funding for internal improvements (roads, canals, etc)	19
2076301345	*Monroe Doctrine, 1823	- done to limit European influence on Western Hemisphere - said European countries must be "hands off" of America - became cornerstone of US isolationist foreign policy	20
2076301346	*Andrew Jackson, 1829-37	- Indian removal, supported westward expansion - loses VP Calhoun in Nullification Crisis with South Carolina - vetoed Congress more times than any other president, tried to eliminate United States Bank	21
2076301347	*Trail of Tears, 1838 (Indian removal began to be emphasized by Andrew Jackson, Trail of Tears carried out by Martin van Buren)	- removal of Native Americans from Georgia into the west - showed President Jackson's support for state's rights - led to the death of thousands of innocent Native Americans (too grueling of a journey on foot) - Andrew Jackson stated that no matter how you felt towards the Natives (love, hate, or want to save), you should support Indian removal. Not only would it remove them from US territory and decrease tensions btw them and the states, it would isolate them away from American diseases and violence, thus decreasing the rate at which they were dying out	22
2076301348	*Nullification/Calhoun/Tariff of Abominations, 1828	- Protective tariff passed by Congress designed to protect industry in the northern states which were being driven out by of business by low priced imported goods (by taxing these goods, American good would become the cheapest and people would buy them instead of foreign products) - South Carolina, with Jackson's VP, Calhoun, tries to secede from US, Jackson sends military to stop them - Effects: 1. South had to pay higher prices on goods the region did not produce 2. Reducing the importation of British goods made it difficult for the British to pay for the cotton they imported from the South - Reaction in the south (primarily SC) led to the Nullification Crisis in late 1832	23
2076301349	*Transcendentalists	- an intellectual movement criticizing new US materialistic lifestyle - focus on nature, and finding meaning and self reliance - Also includes themes like self-trust, the oversoul, and going against social norms - primarily led by authors Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson	24
2076301350	*Ralph Waldo Emerson	- transcendentalist leader who encouraged self reliance - published essays "Nature" (1836) "On Self Reliance" (1841) - Speech "The American Scholar" considered the Intellectual Declaration of Independence	25
2076301351	*William Lloyd Garrison	- published "The Liberator" and abolitionist publication - leader of the movement for immediate, uncompensated abolition - said that blacks were equal, and entitled to freedom and equal rights	26
2076301352	*Harriet Tubman	- escaped slave - started the Underground railroad, a system for escaping slaves - called the "Conductor", helped hundreds of slaves escape	27
2076301353	*Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857	- Supreme Court case: slaves are not citizens - slaves are property, protected under the Constitution, therefore the Missouri Compromise of 1820 is unconstitutional - said since Scott was property, case shouldn't have even been brought to court because he was technically not allowed to sue	28
2076301354	*Popular Sovereignty	- measure proposed by Sen. Lewis Cass on slavery in new territories - allowed residents of a territory to vote on yes/no for slavery - Congress didn't approve, but it became a bigger idea in 1850s	29
2076301355	*Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854	- legislation by Sen. Stephen Douglas on organizing territories - took the remaining, unorganized Louisiana Purchase land and split into Kansas and Nebraska territories (not states yet) - unpopular with North, as it allowed possibility of slavery, therefore completely repealing Missouri Compromise - As soon as this act was set in pace, it was already known that Nebraska would choose slavery, but Kansas was free game. Pro-slavery farmers from bordering Missouri flocked to Kansas territory trying to ensure it becoming a slave state. However, northerners despised the idea of admitting another slave state, and also flocked to Kansas. This tension between the opposing sides led to the establishment of two separate governments in the same territory. This then lead to the first violence seen, beginning the Civil War. This violent outbreak is known as Bleeding Kansas	30
2076301356	*Douglas's Freeport Doctrine, 1858	- statement by Stephen Douglas at 2nd Lincoln-Douglas debate - used by Lincoln to prove Douglas was a hypocrite - when asked whether he believed in popular sovereignty or Dred Scott decision, he compromised, favoring popular sovereignty	31
2076301357	*Causes of Civil War	- Bleeding Kansas (first violence seen) - maintain the Union, under Lincoln - stop expansion of slavery - eventually, with Emancipation Proclamation, to end slavery - war lasted from 1861-1865	32
2076301358	*Emancipation Proclamation, 1863	- decree by Lincoln that all slaves in Confederate states in rebellion were free - Effective January 1, 1863 - made North the moral side of the war - This decree by Lincoln basically changed the purpose of the Civil War from being a war to preserve the Union to one to end slavery, therefore eliminating an alliance between Great Britain and the South bc GB could not afford to support a slave nation	33
2076301359	*Radical Reconstruction	- Johnson, Lincoln's VP, now president, proposes plan - Johnson almost thrown out of office for obstructing reconstruction - Eventually radical republicans used 2/3 majority to pass legislation and override vetoes for an effective reconstruction plan	34
2076301360	*Compromise of 1877	- 1876 Pres. election Samuel Tilden (D) vs. Rutherford Hayes (R) - Tilden wins popular vote, Rutherford supposedly wins electoral vote - no winner clear, compromise makes Hayes the President, but Republicans will end Reconstruction (deal was made that in order for Rutherford became President	35
2076301361	Knights of Labor	- first major labor union to survive through economic turmoil - included all workers to join: skilled, unskilled, blacks, women - ended after wrongfully associated with Haymarket Square Bombing in Chicago, 1886	36
2076301362	Dawes Act	- 1887 legislation to assimilate stranded Native Americans - not wanted by the Native Americans, killed their tribal identity - eliminated by Indian Reorganization Act (1934) as it was discriminatory and hurtful for Native Americans	37
2076301363	Social Gospel	- Protestant Christian movement around 1900 - applied Protestant Christian logic to social issues in US - tried to aid poverty, alcoholism, equality, and poor working conditions	38
2076301364	Populists	- political party and movement led by disadvantaged farmers - William Jennings Bryan and "Cross of Gold" speech - fought for elimination of gold standard, unlimited silver coinage, graduated income tax, government regulation of major industry	39
2076301365	Yellow Press	- started by William Randolph Heart's New York Journal stories - often highly exaggerated, encouraging impulsive American action - led US into Spanish American war with "Remember the Maine", firing up citizens	40
2076301366	"New Immigration"	- immigration jumped in Gilded Age, post Civil War - mainly immigrants from South, East and Southeast Europe - result of poor European economic conditions	41
2076301367	Open Door Policy	- European countries began claiming ports in China - US did not have a port, and China had huge economic opportunity - says China is open to trade with the United States	42
2076301368	DuBois & Booker T. Washington	- W.E.B. DuBois wanted equality and full integration - Booker T. Washington pushed for blacks to find economic purpose - differed in that DuBois saw all as a equal, and Washington knew blacks were lesser at the time, and wanted them to fit it	43
2076301369	Muckrakers	- term coined by T. Roosevelt for investigative journalism on business - showed political and social injustices in big business and politics - led by Sinclair Lewis, Mother Jones, Jacob Riis, and more	44
2076301370	Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare	- U-boat campaign by Germany in relentlessly attacking Britain - led to the US involvement in WWI, along with Zimmerman Telegraph - sunk approximately 178 boats, and killed about 5000 in opposition Navy	45
2076301371	Wilson's 14 Points	- 1918 plan by Wilson as a plan for restructuring post-WWI world - ideas rejected by European powers except for the League of Nations - plan included freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers, self-determination for Europeans, and international organization	46
2076301372	Bonus Army	- 1932 organization of WWI veterans in Washington DC - result of Hoover's inaction during economic turmoil in US - WWI veterans demanded their bonuses be paid immediately, even though they were due in 1945	47
2076301373	100 Day Congress, New Deal	- passed recovery legislation, more than ever in history - restricted more rights, and gave government more power than ever - GSA, NIRA, AAA, TVA, FERA, CCC, SEC all legislation passed in first 100 days of FDR presidency	48
2076301374	Civilian Conservation Corps	- FDR agency created in first 100 days - provided/created outdoor work for 2.75M 18-24 year old men - projects included soil conservation, flood control, trail/road building, and forest projects	49
2076301375	Cuban Missile Crisis	- 1962 event when US U2 spy planes saw Cuba was getting missiles - Missiles were from USSR, US ordered them to stop sending them - ended in 13 days after USSR stopped missiles in Cuba, and US stopped missiles in Turkey, and stopped Cuba interference	50
2076301376	Brown v. Board of Education	- ordered immediate desegregation of schools and other public places - overturned "separate but equal" in Plessy v. Ferguson - major turning point in civil rights movement	51
2076301377	Sputnik	- 1957 launching of Soviet sattelite into space - led to space race and education movement in US - government called for more and better technological and science education, from high school to graduate school	52
2076301378	Sit-Ins	- form of civil disobedience by African Americans for civil rights - African Americans sat at white-only counters and areas - refused service or moving, when one group left, another would sit down, hurting business and making a point	53
2076301379	Civil Rights Act of 1964	- most meaningful legislation to end Jim Crow in the South - passed by LBJ to end discrimination by race or sex - guaranteed equal opportunity with employment, public education, public services and voting	54
2076301380	Malcolm "X"	- leader of Nation of Islam, member from 1952-1964 - fought for black separatism, and supremacy for blacks and islam - assassinated by Nation of Islam after changing opinion on black separatism	55
2076301381	Gulf of Tonkin incident	- said that American destroyers were attacked in Gulf of Tonkin - Congress passed Gulf of Tonkin resolution, escalating confict - unofficially started Vietnam War, allowed LBJ to have a "blank check" in doing whatever he wanted in Vietnam	56
2076301382	Watergate, 1972-74	- scandal regarding spying on Democrats led by Richard Nixon - 5 men were caught breaking in to Democratic HQ at DCCC - Nixon used executive privilege to not turn over evidence, supreme court made him, he deleted some, then resigned	57
2076301383	Tet Offensive, 1968	- Vietcong and N. Vietnamese offensive against US - began on Tet, lunar calendar new year, everyone was celebrating - 1600 dead US, 40000 dead Vietcong, and while US stopped the attack, it showed that Vietcong could organize large attacks	58
2076301384	Camp David Accords, 1978	- meeting of Middle East leaders organized by Carter - Egypt, Israel and US met at presidential retreat Camp David - after 13 days of meetings, the three had arranged a peace treaty, which worked, but tensions were still high	59
2077141956	*Albany Plan of Union	- A proposal to create a unified government for the thirteen colonies - Suggested by Benjamin Franklin	60
2077174058	*Bacon's Rebellion, 1676	- Armed rebellion in Virginia - Settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley - Motivations for rebellion: + The colony's disorganized frontier political structure + Accumulating grievances	61
2077251779	*First Continental Congress	- Met in Philadelphia - Meeting between delegates sent from every colony (with the exception of Georgia) - Core set of tasks carried out: + The King and Parliament must be made to understand the grievances of the colonies and that the body must do everything possible to communicate the same to the population of America, and to the rest of the world - Led to The Association	62
2077458397	*The Association	- patterned after the Virginia Association and others that followed. This was a pact for nonimportation of English goods, to establish mechanisms throughout the colonies to enforce and regulate the resistance to Great Britain, and to keep the channels of communication open. It was to become effective on December 1, 1774 unless parliament should rescind the Intolerable Acts.	63

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Review for the APUSH exam Flashcards

Multitude of APUSH review questions going over previous materials learned throughout the course of the year

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765785399	This was the first college in what is now the United States (Like all was made to train ministers)	Harvard	0
765785400	The first blacks brought into what is now the U.S. probably came as ? ? (1619 in Jamestown)	indentured servants	1
765785401	The colonists in Virginia were lulled into a false sense of security because of the ?	marriage of John Rolfe to Pocahontas	2
765785402	In the colonies there were less restrictions against ?	women	3
765785403	This colony required each community of 50 or more families to provide a teacher of reading and writing	Massachusetts	4
765785404	The Aztecs were so receptive to Cortez they were waiting for a white bearded ?	god	5
765785405	This person's importance is that he started a permanent relationship between Europe and the Americas	Columbus	6
765785406	Roger Williams believed that the state was an improper and ineffectual agency in matters of ?	religion	7
765785407	This was the first constitution in the New World	The Mayflower Compact	8
765785408	The chief purpose of this policy was to strengthen the economy and power of the mother country	mercantilism	9
765785409	This war occurred because the Wampanoag Indians were frustrated with the land-hungry settlers	King Phillip's War	10
765785410	This colony's charter was issued to a Roman-Catholic	Maryland	11
765785411	Peter Minuit purchased ? ? from the Indians for 60 guilders	Manhattan Island	12
765785412	At his trial, John Peter Zenger won aquittal on the grounds that ? is an adequate defense	truth	13
765785413	This person was the epitome of the multitalented colonial American-- a newspaper mas, writer, inventor, etc.	Benjamin Franklin	14
765785414	According to Jean de Crevecoeur, "The American is a ? ? "	new man	15
765785415	This was the primary Puritan "social" institution	the family	16
765785416	The 1649 Maryland Toleration Act granted religious freedom to all ?	christians	17
765785417	Most of the colonists earned their living by ?	farming	18
765785418	Religious and secular tension led to the ? Trials in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692-93	Witchcraft	19
765785419	The Great Awakening played a part in breaking down sectional and parochial feelings and was the first national ?	movement in the English colonies	20
765785420	This person helped the Pilgrims plant corn	Squanto	21
765785421	Many American colonists did not like the Proclamation of 1763 because it threatened to deprive them of ?	the western lands that they desired	22
765785422	The British maintained a standing army in North America for the first time following this war	French and Indian	23
765785423	This was organized to broaden the base of colonial opposition and to show hostility to the Stamp Tax	the Sons of Liberty	24
765785424	Parliament passed these act as a result of the Boston Tea Party	Coercive/Intolerable acts	25
765785425	This person said, "Give me liberty or give me death"	Patrick Henry	26
765785426	This was designed to keep the various colonies informed about British activities	Committees of Correspondance	27
765785427	This English political philosopher believed in natural rights-- such as life, liberty, and property	John Locke	28
765785428	A notorious aspect of Pontiac's Rebellion occurred when a British officer traded blankets infected with ? to the Indians	smallpox	29
765785429	This act attempted to crack down on smuggling by American merchants	American Revenue/Sugar	30
765785430	This act gave Parliament the power to legislate in the colonies in all cases whatsoever	declatory act	31
765785431	In his Farewell Address, Washington warned against any ?	Permanent Foreign alliances	32
765785432	This person defended the idea of no taxation without representation by arguing that to tax people without their consent violated English law	John Dickenson	33
765785433	Probably the most effective action the colonists took against the British was drastically reducing ? with Great Britain	trade	34
765785434	The protest against customs, duties, and the presence of soldiers led to this	Boston Massacre	35
765785435	This incident involved the burning of a British ship that was used to capture smugglers	Gaspee	36
765785436	The First Continental Congress was a reaction to the passage of these acts	Intolerable/Coercive	37
765785437	This was the colonists statement of war against Great Britain	the Declaration of Independence	38
765785438	Washington surprised the Hessians at ? by crossing the Delaware River the morning after Christmas in 1776	Trenton	39
765785439	In his pamphlet Common Sense, this person defended the idea of American independence on the grounds that people should not pledge allegiance to a king and a corrupt government	Thomas Paine	40
765785440	A positive outcome of the harsh winter at this place was that the Continental army trained hard and became more disciplined	Valley Forge	41
765785441	Following the Battle of Saratoga, this nation formed an alliance with the U.S.	France	42
765785442	Although the British were quite capable of continuing the war, the loss at this battle brought a more favorable climate to negotiate a peace with the U.S.	Yorktown	43
765785443	Concern over congressional authority to set westward limits to state boundaries created the most bitter debate over the Dickenson draft for a ? during the early years of the American Revolution	constitution	44
765785444	The most important part of the Treaty of Paris recognized the ? of the United States	independence	45
765785445	This was the U.S.' first constitution	the Articles of Confederation	46
765785446	After the war, U.S. merchants experienced a postwar ?	depression	47
765785447	Under the Articles of Confederation, governmental power was basically in the hands of the ? governments	state	48
765785448	The ? ? of 1785 established the rectangular method of land survey	Land Ordinance	49
765785449	The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 prohibited ? in northwestern territories to become states	slavery	50
765785450	This rebellion was a factor leading to the Constitutional Convention	Shay's Rebellion	51
765785451	This person is often called the "Father of the Constitution"	James Madison	52
765785452	The ? dealt with representation in the House of Representatives	Great Compromise	53
765785453	The concern that the Constitution lacked a Bill of Rights accurately describes an argument of this "group" of people	Anti-Federalists	54
765785454	The Federalist Papers were written in defense of the Constitution by	Madison, Hamilton, and Jay	55
765785455	This person's economic program was designed primarily to establish the financial stability and credit of the new government	Alexander Hamilton	56
765785456	The ? rebellion was spurred by opposition to Hamilton's excise tax	Whiskey rebellion	57
765785457	The ? ? was significant because it gave the U.S. control of the Mississippi River and the city of New Orleans	Louisiana Purchase	58
765785458	In order to prevent further European colonization of the Americas, the U.S. issued the ? ?	Monroe Docrine	59
765785459	This was the first profession open to American women	teaching	60
765785460	President Andrew Jackson viewed ? as a dangerous and treasonous affront to the union	nullification	61
765785461	The term "midnight judges" describes the appointments this president made at the end of his term in office	John Adams	62
765785462	The Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison established this principle	judicial review	63
765785463	This "affair" involved a demand for a bribe by French officials	XYZ affair	64
765785464	The election of 1800 was contentious and bitter because Federalists in the House of Representatives sought to deny the presidency to	Thomas Jefferson	65
765785465	This compromise in 1820 brought Missouri and Maine into the Union as well as denied slavery in the rest of the LA purchase	Missouri Compromise	66
765785466	An honest appraisal of Jackson's Indian policies reveals that he believed in ? removal after getting legislation passed	forced	67
765785467	The election of 1824 has been known by the term "the corrupt bargain" because it was felt that this man used his influence to determine the stalemate outcome	Henry Clay	68
765785468	The foreign policy goals of Jefferson and madison before 1812 were to maintain the U.S.' ? rights without going to war	neutral	69
765785469	The ? ? features a strategy in which government jobs are given to supporters of the victorious party	spoils system	70
765785470	When Henry Clay tried to make the ? ? ? ? ? a key campaign issue in 1832, Jackson turned the tables on him by vehemently opposing re-chartering it	Bank of the United States	71
765785471	The Lewis and Clark expedition was known as the ? ? ?	Corps of Discovery	72
765785472	This act passed in 1807 ruined United States shipping	embargo act	73
765785473	The ? Canal was significant because it tied the manufacturing of the East to the farming of the West	Erie	74
765785474	The invention of the ? ? increased southern planters' reliance on slaves	cotton gin	75
765785475	These two women were the catalysts for the women rights movement in the late 1840s	Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott	76
765785476	The Supreme Court's decision in this case strengthened national power over the states	McCulloch v. Maryland	77
765785477	Massachusetts represented an example of recruitment of female workers through the ? system	Lowell	78
765785478	During the 1840s this form of transportation became the most dynamic means of interregional trade	railroads	79
765785479	Under the leadership of ? and his brother known as the ? an intertribal confederation of Native Americans was organized	Tecumseh and the Prophet	80
765785480	Transcendentalists believed that intuition and emotion were the keys to finding ?	truth	81
765785481	This convention issued a historic declaration of women's rights	Seneca Falls	82
765785482	The dominant issue in the election of 1844 was the annexation of ?	Texas	83
765785483	President Lincoln was reluctant to emancipate the slaves in the first year of the Civil War because he feared that emancipation would drive the ? ? out of the Union	border states	84
765785484	This freed the slaves of all states in rebellion	the Emancipation Proclamation	85
765785485	The statement "It is our God-given right to spread our democracy and culture across the continent" would most likely have been said by a believer in ? ?	manifest destiny	86
765785486	Aquiring California was the cornerstone of this president's foreign policy	James K. Polk	87
765785487	Most northerners began fighting to preserve the ? but also came to see that slavery must be ended	Union	88
765785488	The ? was a resolution which would forbid slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico	Wilmot Proviso	89
765785489	The Compromis of 1850 prohibited the slave trade in the ? ? ?	District of Columbia	90
765785490	This influential novel was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe	Uncle Tom's Cabin	91
765785491	This person hoped that his raid on Harper's Ferry, VA would start a slave rebellion in the state of VA	John Brown	92
765785492	The Compromise of 1850 allowed ? to be admitted as a free state	California	93
765785493	According to this person's idea of popular sovereignty the status of slavery in a territory would be determined by the voters in the territory	Stephen Douglas	94
765785494	In this controversial decision, the Supreme Court declared that Congress did not have the right to regulate slavery in the territories	Dred Scott	95
765785495	The actual fighting of the Mexican War began when the U.S. forces moved into the territory between the Neuces and ? ? rivers	Rio Grande	96
765785496	This was the first person Lincoln asked to command Union armies	Robert E. Lee	97
765785497	The most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850 provided for a stronger ? ? law	fugitive slave	98
765785498	In the controversial Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court declared that blacks were not ? of the United States	citizens	99
765785499	One of the factors that led to the defeat of the South in 1865 was ?'s march through Georgia	William T Sherman	100
765785500	In the ? Stephen Douglas stated that slavery could exist in a territory only if residents passed a law to protect it	Freeport Doctrine	101
765785501	Lincoln's response to reports that Grant was back to his old drinking habits and should be fired was, "He ?"	fights	102
765785502	? were Northern Democrats suspected of having Confederate symapthies	Copperheads	103
765785503	The NY ? Riot turned into violence based on social class and racism	Draft	104
765785504	Union victories in the West gave them the key strategic contol of the ? River	Mississippi	105
765785505	This person was known for performing nursing duties in dangerous Situations as well as later helping found the Red Cross	Clara Barton	106
765785506	An ironic frustration for the Confederate gov. was that their belief in ?'s ? harmed the Confederate war effort	state's rights	107
765785507	This person's efferctive strategy for winning the war was based on coordinating the Union's efforts on all fronts of the war	Ulysses Grant	108
765785508	Effects of the Union's takeover of Atlanta included the boosting of ?'s campaign for reelection	Abraham Lincoln	109
765785509	The Compromise of 1850 a territorial gov. for the rest of the acquisition from Mexico without reference to ?	slavery	110
765785510	President Lincoln suspended the right of ? ? for the purpose of making it easier to arrest and hold suspected Confederate agents	habeas corpus	111
765785511	One of the factors that led to the defeat of the South in 1865 was ?'s war attrition in VA	Ulysses Grant	112
765785512	One of the factors that led to the defeat of the South in 1865 was the Confederacy's failure to obtain ? intervention	foreign	113
765785513	This person invented the phonograph	Thomas Edison	114
765785514	The purpose of Lincoln's and Jhonson's plan for ? was to encourage rapid re-admission of ex-Confederate states into the Union	Reconstruction	115
765785515	In urban, working-class neighborhoods of the early twentieth century, ? groups lived in mixed neighboring sections of town	thnic	116
765785516	This Scottish immigrant started as a $1.20 a week bobbin boy and developed an empire in steel	Andrew Carnegie	117

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