| 587995137 | Constitution (15 questions) | Constitution (15 questions) | | 0 |
| 587995138 | Hobbes (main ideas) | People are selfish. They will fight constantly if left alone ("state of nature").
People value order above freedom (for protection). Social contract: people agree to give up freedom
(forever) for protection.
One ruler with absolute power. Rebellion is not allowed. | | 1 |
| 587995139 | Hobbes writing | Leviathan | | 2 |
| 587995140 | Voltair (main ideas) | Man is good and reasonable.
Masses and majority rule are dangerous.
Government is a necessary evil.
Strong enlightened monarch with limited powers. Believes in religious freedom and freedom of thought. | | 3 |
| 587995141 | Rousseau writing | The Social Contract | | 4 |
| 587995142 | Rousseau (main ideas) | Human nature is basically good.
Society corrupts people.
Social contract = agreement to go with majority rule + give up some freedoms in exchange for order.
Ruler carries out the will of the people. | | 5 |
| 587995143 | Locke writing | Two Treaties of Government | | 6 |
| 587995144 | Lock (main ideas) | Man is reasonable and cooperative.
People try to protect their rights - leads to disorder.
Ruler is chosen by people to protect their natural rights: life, liberty, property.
Limited government is best. Rebellion is okay if leader is a tyrant. | | 7 |
| 587995145 | Montesquieu writing | Spirit of the Laws | | 8 |
| 587995146 | Montesquieu (main ideas) | All people are greedy for power.
People will abuse power...majorities are dangerous.
Separation of powers and checks and balances to prevent abuse of power. | | 9 |
| 587995147 | autocracy | a political theory favoring unlimited authority by a single individual | | 10 |
| 587995148 | republic | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | | 11 |
| 587995149 | Plutocracy | a political system governed by the wealthy people | | 12 |
| 587995150 | Federal Government | a form of government in which powers are divided between a central government and several local governments | | 13 |
| 587995151 | Article I | legislative branch | | 14 |
| 587995152 | Article II | executive branch | | 15 |
| 587995153 | Article III | judicial branch | | 16 |
| 587995154 | Article IV | explains relationship of states to one another and the national government; also outlines policy for admission of new states and changing of state boundaries | | 17 |
| 587995155 | Article V | Amending the Constitution | | 18 |
| 587995156 | Article VI | contains supremacy clause; establishes the constitution as "supreme law of the land" | | 19 |
| 587995157 | Article VII | Ratification of the Constitution | | 20 |
| 587995158 | Specified (AKA Expressed of Enumerated) Powers | powers that Congress has that are specifically listed in the Constitution | | 21 |
| 587995159 | Separation of Powers | Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law | | 22 |
| 587995160 | Federalism | a system in which power is divided between the national and state governments | | 23 |
| 587995161 | Checks and Balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power | | 24 |
| 587995162 | Supremacy Clause | constitutional declaration (Article VI) that the Constitution and laws made under its provisions are the greatest law of the land | | 25 |
| 587995163 | Reserved Powers | Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states belong to the states and the people (powers that belong to the states) | | 26 |
| 587995164 | Exclusive Powers | powers that can be exercised by the National Government alone | | 27 |
| 587995165 | Concurrent Powers | Powers that the Constitution gives to both the national and state governments, such as the power to levy taxes. | | 28 |
| 587995166 | Preamble | Introduction to the Constitution | | 29 |
| 587995167 | Limited Government | basic principle of American government which states that government is restricted in what it may do, and each individual has rights that government cannot take away | | 30 |
| 587995168 | Popular Sovereignty | The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government | | 31 |
| 587995169 | Federalists | supporters of the stronger central govt. who advocated the ratification of the new constitution | | 32 |
| 587995170 | Anti-Federalists | opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states | | 33 |
| 587995171 | Government | the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies | | 34 |
| 587995172 | Legislative Power | the power to make a law and to frame public policies | | 35 |
| 587995173 | Executive Power | the power to execute, enforce, and administer law | | 36 |
| 587995174 | Judicial Power | the power to interpret laws, to determine their meaning, and to settle disputes that arise within the society | | 37 |
| 587995175 | Constitution | The body of fundamental laws setting out the principles, structures, and processes of a government | | 38 |
| 587995176 | Compromise | an adjustment of opposing principles or systems by modifying some aspect of each | | 39 |
| 587995177 | Declaration of Independence | the document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence. | | 40 |
| 587995178 | Elections (15 questions) | Elections (15 questions) | | 41 |
| 587995179 | Radical | A political ideology that seeks to re-make government into something new | | 42 |
| 587995180 | Liberal | A political ideology that seeks to reform government to create fairness | | 43 |
| 587995181 | Moderate | Person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies | | 44 |
| 587995182 | Conservative | A political ideology that seeks to maintain the current system | | 45 |
| 587995183 | Reactionary | A political ideology that wants to change government by going back to the old way | | 46 |
| 587995184 | Mass Media | Any communication that reaches a wide (large) audience | | 47 |
| 587995185 | Opinion Leaders | Those individuals held in great respect becasue of their position, expertise, or peronsality, who may informally and unintentionally influence others | | 48 |
| 587995186 | Peer groups | people with whom one regularly associates, including friends, classmates, neighbors, and co-workers | | 49 |
| 587995187 | Major party | A popular party that gets a lot of votes (democrat and republican) | | 50 |
| 587995188 | Minor party | one of the political parties not widely supported | | 51 |
| 587995189 | Party in power | the party that controls the executive branch of government | | 52 |
| 587995190 | Partisanship | government action based on firm allegiance to a political party | | 53 |
| 587995191 | Bipartisanship | A policy that emphasizes a united front and cooperation between the major political parties | | 54 |
| 587995192 | single-member district | electoral district from which one person is chosen by the voters for each elected office | | 55 |
| 587995193 | party identification | a sense of affiliation that a person has with a particular political party | | 56 |
| 587995194 | straight-ticket voting | the practice of voting for candidates of only one party in an election | | 57 |
| 587995195 | split-ticket voting | voting for candidates of different parties for different offices at the same election | | 58 |
| 587995196 | nomination | The official endorsement of a candidate for office by a political party | | 59 |
| 587995197 | caucus | a group of like minded people who meet to select candidates they will support | | 60 |
| 587995198 | convention | delegates representing part members vote for a candidate to nominate | | 61 |
| 587995199 | Direct primary | A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office | | 62 |
| 587995200 | Electoral College | the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president | | 63 |
| 587995201 | Political ideology bell curve | the curve is in the middle where the most people and most moderate opinions are | | 64 |
| 587995202 | agents of political socialization | individuals, organizations, and institutions that influence political attitudes | | 65 |
| 587995203 | Functions of political parties | bring people together to achieve control of the government, develop policies favorable to their interests or the groups that support them, and organize and persuade voters to elect their candidates to office | | 66 |
| 587995204 | Reasons for two party system | -tradition: the American party system began as a two-party system (the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists)
-the electoral system: the basic shape, and many of the details, of the election process work in the direction of a two-party system
-America's Ideological Consensus: there is a broad consensus between many Americans; the nation has not been regularly plagued by sharp and unbridgeable political divisions. | | 67 |
| 587995205 | History of two party system | the framers of the constitution opposed a two party system, but unintentionally created one by siding with the Federalists (for ratification of the constitution) or Anti-Federalists (against ratification of the constitution) | | 68 |
| 587995206 | Sociological factors that affect voting choices (generalizations) | Education (people with high education favor Republican), income and occupation (lower income brackets favor Democrat and higher income brackets Republican), gender (women favor Democrat and men favor Republican), age (old favor Republican and young favor Democrat), religious background (Catholics favor Democrat and Protestants favor Republican), ethnic background (African-Americans favor Democrat as well as Latinos), geography (people in larger cities favor Democrat and people in smaller cities favor Republican), and family (larger families prefer Democrat and singles prefer Republican). | | 69 |
| 587995207 | Reasons for campaign finance laws
***Help*** | so candidates cannot "buy" their office and to prevent special interest favors | | 70 |
| 587995208 | Flaws in the Electoral College system | Electoral College dictates where and how candidates campaign.
All electors are not required to vote as pledged.
A third party candidate won't win but could affect outcome.
The winner of the popular vote is not always guaranteed the presidency.
The election may have to be decided by the House of Representatives | | 71 |
| 587995209 | Ideological parties | party based on social, economic, or political ideas | | 72 |
| 587995210 | Single-issue parties | Parties that concentrate on only one public policy matter | | 73 |
| 587995211 | Economic protest parties | Parties rooted in poor economic times, lacking a clear ideological base, dissatisfied with current conditions and demanding better times | | 74 |
| 587995212 | splinter parties | Parties that have split away from one of the major parties | | 75 |
| 587995213 | Psychological factors that affect voting choices
***Help*** | Party identification (Straight Ticket Voting, Independents, and Split Ticket Voting)
Candidates and Issues | | 76 |
| 587995214 | Judicial Branch (15 questions) | Judicial Branch (15 questions) | | 77 |
| 587995215 | Article III, Section 1 | creates the federal courts in the United States
the federal court system must have one Supreme Court
there must be a Chief Justice who presides over the court
Congress is given the power to create and remove lower courts
judges can hold their offices for the rest of their lives or until they are convicted or impeached by Congress
a judge's pay cannot be decreased while they are in office, but it can be increased | | 78 |
| 587995216 | Article III, Section 2 | talks about the powers of the judicial branch and explains who gets each power
describes which cases a court can preside over and what topics those cases can be about
the Supreme Court has the right to hear any case for the first time (original jurisdiction)
crimes have to be tried by a jury unless the defendant does not want one | | 79 |
| 587995217 | Original Jurisdiction | the authority to hear cases for the first time | | 80 |
| 587995218 | Appellate Jurisdiction | The authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts | | 81 |
| 587995219 | Marbury v. Madison
***More*** | The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789). | | 82 |
| 587995220 | Judicial Review | the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional | | 83 |
| 587995221 | Writs of mandamus | Orders issued by a higher court to a lower court, government official, or government agency to perform acts required by law | | 84 |
| 587995222 | Judicial Activism | an interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court) | | 85 |
| 587995223 | Judicial Restraint | Philosophy proposing that judges should interpret the Constitution to reflect what the framers intended and what its words literally say. | | 86 |
| 587995224 | First Amendment | The constitutional amendment that establishes the four great liberties: freedom of the press, of speech, of religion, and of assembly. | | 87 |
| 587995225 | Freedoms
***Help*** | of the press, of speech, of religion, and of assembly. | | 88 |
| 587995226 | Religious Freedom | a belief that individuals should be free to choose and practice their religious faith and that government should not establish any particular religion as the official or preferred religion | | 89 |
| 587995227 | Lemon Test | The three-part test for Establishment Clause cases that a law must pass before it is declared constitutional: it must have a secular purpose; it must neither advance nor inhibit religion; and it must not cause excessive entanglement with religion. | | 90 |
| 587995228 | Compelling Interest Test | A method for determining the constitutionality of a statute that restricts the practice of a fundamental right or distinguishes between people due to a suspect classification. In order for the statute to be valid, there must be a compelling governmental interest that can be furthered only by the law in question. | | 91 |
| 587995229 | Free Speech | The right to express any opinion in public without censorship or restraint by the government | | 92 |
| 587995230 | Symbolic Speech | Using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea | | 93 |
| 587995231 | Obscenity
***?*** | Quality or state of a work that taken as a whole appeals to a prurient interest in sex by depicting sexual conduct in a patently offensive way and that lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. | | 94 |
| 587995232 | Free Press | a press not restricted or controlled by government censorship regarding politics or ideology | | 95 |
| 587995233 | Freedom to Assemble | basic right which is laid down in the constitution and expresses the right for the citizens to gather. | | 96 |
| 587995234 | Freedom to Petition | The right of the public to petiton against the government and change, add, or get rid of a law. | | 97 |
| 587995235 | 14th Amendment (total of 40 questions) | 14th Amendment (total of 40 questions) | | 98 |
| 587995236 | Discrimination | unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice | | 99 |
| 587995237 | 14th Amendment | This amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels. | | 100 |
| 587995238 | Equal Protection | the 14th ammendment states that no person should be denied the same protection of law enjoyed by others | | 101 |
| 587995239 | Reasonable discrimination | compelling purpose to treat someone different | | 102 |
| 587995240 | Unreasonable discrimination
***?*** and add more to the reasonable v. unreasonable part of this? | not a compelling purpose to treat someone differently | | 103 |
| 587995241 | Plessy v. Ferguson | the Supreme Court ruled that the segregation of public places facilities was legal as long as the facilites were equal | | 104 |
| 587995242 | Separate-but-equal Doctrine | the doctrine established by Plessy v Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities | | 105 |
| 587995243 | Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal | | 106 |
| 587995244 | Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968
***More*** | Passed to eliminate legal and informal discrimination in employment, unions, housing, schools, and voting booths. | | 107 |
| 587995245 | Affirmative Action | a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities | | 108 |
| 587995246 | Reverse Discrimination | discrimination against the majority group (sometimes by giving special treatment to minorities in compensation for past discrimination) | | 109 |
| 587995247 | UC Regents v. Bakke | 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race | | 110 |
| 587995248 | Grutter v. Bollinger | affirmative action case; race could be used as a factor in admissions as long as there was no point system and race was not a major factor; upheld Bakke case | | 111 |
| 587995249 | Gratz v. Bollinger | affirmative action case; a point system for admission in which points were given for race was ruled unconstitutional; too much like a quota system; upheld Bakke case | | 112 |
| 587995250 | Due Process | principle in the Fifth Amendment stating that the government must follow proper constitutional procedures in trials and in other actions it takes against individuals | | 113 |
| 587995251 | Procedural due process | Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power. | | 114 |
| 587995252 | Substantive due process | Constitutional requirement that governments act reasonably and that the substance of the laws themselves be fair and reasonable; limits what a government may do. | | 115 |
| 587995253 | Police Power | the power to protect and promote the public health, safety, morals, and general welfare; the power to safeguard the well-being of the people of the state | | 116 |
| 587995254 | Right to Privacy | the right to a private personal life free from the intrusion of government | | 117 |
| 587995255 | Griswold v. Connecticut | Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution, married couple wanted to get contraceptives; struck down a Connecticut law prohibiting the sale of contraceptives; established the right of privacy through the 4th and 9th amendment | | 118 |
| 587995256 | Roe v. Wade | (1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy | | 119 |
| 587995257 | Bill of Rights
***Originally "14th Amendment and Bill of Rights" | The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties | | 120 |
| 587995258 | 4th Amendment | The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. | | 121 |
| 587995259 | 5th Amendment | right to grand jury, indictment, no double jeopardy, freedom from self-incrimination, due process of law | | 122 |
| 587995260 | 6th Amendment | Right to a speedy and public trial. right to a fair jury. right to know what you are being accused of. right to see/hear witnesses against you. right to have a witness to help defend you. right to a lawyer. | | 123 |
| 587995261 | 8th Amendment | Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. | | 124 |
| 587995262 | Probable Cause | evidence sufficient to warrant an arrest or search and seizure | | 125 |
| 587995263 | Exceptions to Warrant Rule
***Help*** | in plain view, informational roadblocks, consent, | | 126 |
| 587995264 | Exclusionary Rule | a rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct | | 127 |
| 587995265 | Purpose of Exclusionary Rule | to protect against illegal searches and seizures by deterring PO's from conducting illegal searches and seizures, thereby protect people from illegal searches and seizures. | | 128 |
| 587995266 | Exceptions to Exclusionary Rule | inevitable discovery, honest mistake, good faith | | 129 |
| 587995267 | Congress (total of 40 questions) | Congress (total of 40 questions) | | 130 |
| 587995268 | Bicameral | composed of two legislative bodies | | 131 |
| 587995269 | Adjourn | to stop proceedings temporarily (Court or Congress meeting for example) | | 132 |
| 587995270 | Prorogue | adjourn, as in a legislative session | | 133 |
| 587995271 | Special session | an extraordinary session of a legislative body, called to deal with an emergency situation | | 134 |
| 587995272 | Reapportion | redistribute, as in seats in a legislative body | | 135 |
| 587995273 | Congressional districts | the area that a member of congress represents | | 136 |
| 587995274 | Gerrymandering | the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent | | 137 |
| 587995275 | Constituencies | The people and interest that political officers represent. | | 138 |
| 587995276 | Qualifications for House members | Must be 25 years old, a Citizen of the United States for seven years, and a legal resident of the state which they represent | | 139 |
| 587995277 | Qualifications for Senators | Must be at least 30, have been a US citizen for at least 9 years, and live in the state they represent | | 140 |
| 587995278 | Speaker of the House | the leader of the majority party who serves as the presiding officer of the House of Representatives | | 141 |
| 587995279 | President of the Senate | the presiding officer of a senate; in Congress, the Vice President of the United States | | 142 |
| 587995280 | President pro tempore | Officer of the Senate selected by the majority party to act as chair in the absence of the vice president | | 143 |
| 587995281 | Floor leaders | members of the House and Senate picked by their parties to carry out party decisions and steer legislative action to meet party goals | | 144 |
| 587995282 | Standing committees | permanently established legislative committees that consider and are responsible for legislation within a certain subject area | | 145 |
| 587995283 | Party whips | a member of the Senate/House who is chosen by his/her party colleagues to assist the party's floor leader in managing its legislative program. | | 146 |
| 587995284 | party caucus | a meeting of the members of a party in a legislative chamber to select party leaders and to develop party policy. Called a conference by the republicans | | 147 |
| 587995285 | conference committee | a temporary joint committee set up when the House and the Senate have passed different versions of the same bill | | 148 |
| 587995286 | How a bill becomes a law | 1. written 2. discussed in committee + voted 3. discussed in House of Reps. and Senate + voted on in both 4. President signs it or vetoes it (which brings back to Congress, needs 2/3 vote to override veto) | | 149 |
| 587995287 | Filibuster | a tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches | | 150 |
| 587995288 | Veto | the power or right to prohibit or reject a proposed or intended act; the power of a chief executive to reject a bill passed by the legislature | | 151 |
| 587995289 | Pocket veto | a bill fails to become law because the president did not sign it within ten days before Congress adjourns | | 152 |
| 587995290 | The President (total of 40 questions) | The President (total of 40 questions) | | 153 |
| 587995291 | President's Roles | Chief Executive, Commander in Chief, Chief Citizen, Chief of State, Chief Diplomat, Chief Legislator, Chief of Party, Chief Administrator, Chief legislator, Chief of staff, and Press Secretary. | | 154 |
| 587995292 | Formal qualifications to be President | 1. Must be 35 years old
2. Must be born in the US
3. Must have lived in the US for at least 14 years | | 155 |
| 587995293 | Presidential term limits | 4 years per term, later the Constitution was amended to limit the presidency to two consecutive for year terms in Amendment 22 (possible to have 10 years of presidency if someone were to be Vice President and the President were to get short 2 years into their term and the Vice President then ran for president two terms in a row) | | 156 |
| 587995294 | Order of presidential succession | The Vice President
Speaker of the House
President pro tempore of the Senate
Secretary of State Hillary
Secretary of the Treasury
Secretary of Defense
Attorney General
Secretary of the Interior
Etc. | | 157 |
| 587995295 | Presidential disability | Section 3 of the 25th amendment deals with a situation in which the president communicates in writing to Congress that he is "unable to discharge the powers and duties" of the office. The vice president then assumes the role of acting president. The vice president continues in this role unless and until the president is able to transmit a declaration to the contrary. | | 158 |
| 587995296 | White house office
***More*** | The personal office of the president, which tends to presidential political needs and manages the media. | | 159 |
| 587995297 | National Security Council | a committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security | | 160 |
| 587995298 | Office of Management and Budget | Executive office responsible for helping the President write the federal budget and monitoring federal spending. | | 161 |
| 587995299 | Presidential Cabinet | group of officials who head government departments and advise the president | | 162 |
| 587995300 | Fifteen Executive Departments | State , Treasury, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Defense, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, Education, Veterans Affairs, and Homeland Security. | | 163 |
| 587995301 | President's executive powers | 1. Executing the law - enforces, administers, and carries out provisions of the law (While President is required to enforce laws by Constitution, he can use his own discretion on how vigorously he enforces them)
2. Ordinance Power gives President power to issue executive orders, directives, rules, or regulations that have the effect of the law
3. Appointment Power - With Senate majority consent, President appoints to-ranking officers in Federal Government
4. Removal Power - President has the power to remove any officer he appoints with the exception of Federal judges | | 164 |
| 587995302 | President's diplomatic and military powers | 1. Power to make treaties - formal agreements between 2 or more sovereign states
-Treaties negotiated through Secretary of State, needs 2/3 approval, President ratifies treaty with other parties involved
-Treaties have same legal standing as law
2. Power to make executive agreements - a pact between the President and the head of a foreign state (Does not require Senate consent)
3. Power of Recognition - When President receives Diplomatic representative of another sovereign State, he is acknowledging the legal existence of that country.
-If the people become displeased with the actions of another nation, President may ask to recall their ambassador or diplomatic representative. Official recalled is considered persona non grate, sharpest rebuke to give to a country short of war
4. Commander in Chief - President is commander of nation's armed forces and in this capacity, his powers are almost unlimited (But Congress can withhold money) | | 165 |
| 587995303 | President's judicial powers | To appoint federal court judges. To pardon people convicted of federal crimes (except in cases of impeachment). To reduce a person's jail sentence or fine. | | 166 |
| 587995304 | President's legislative powers | Message power - influence a person gets by being in the public eye, veto power - presidential power to stop a bill from becoming a law by rejecting it, and recommending legislation - the President shall report to Congress on the state of the Union and recommend necessary legislation. | | 167 |
| 587995305 | News Notes (15 questions, open-note) | News Notes (15 questions, open-note) | | 168 |
