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Chapter 18 - Renewing the Sectional Struggle, 1848-1854 Flashcards

The American Pageant 14th Edition

589023360	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	ended the Mexican-American war in 1848; granted the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million; started a whole new debate about the extension of slavery in the new lands	0
589023361	Wilmot Proviso	proposed in 1846 by Northerners that Congress ban slavery in all southwestern lands that might become states; passed in the House but not by the Senate; Slave States saw it as a Northern attack on slavery	1
589023362	"fire-eaters"	refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America	2
589023369	popular sovereignty	the concept that people should vote whether to be a slave state or free state	3
589023372	Election of 1848 Candidates	General Zachary Taylor - Whig Party (war hero, doesn't know politics) Martin Van Buren - Free Soil Party (anti-slavery democrats) Lewis Cass - Democrat Party (popular sovereignty)	4
589023376	Election of 1848	first election where everyone voted on the same day; Zachary Taylor wins narrowly but dies and so his VP Millard Fillmore takes his place	5
600780435	Zachary Taylor	nominated by Whig party & made the 12th president of the US; had no political experience but very popular; sent by President Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated; general that was a military leader in Mexican-American War	6
600780436	"Conscience Whigs"	anti-slavery whigs (mainly living in the North) who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds	7
600780437	Free-Soil Party	formed from the remnants of the Liberty Party in 1848; adopting a slogan of "free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men," it opposed the spread of slavery into territories; nominated Martin Van Buren (1848) for president	8
600780438	California Statehood	gold was discovered in California in 1848; thousands flooded into the state; California drafted a constitution and then applied for free statehood, thus bypassing the usual territorial stage and avoiding becoming a slave state	9
600780439	Harriet Tubman	American abolitionist; born a slave on a Maryland plantation; escaped to the North in 1849; became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad; led more than 300 slaves to freedom	10
600780440	Underground Railroad	a network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places	11
600780441	"The Great Pacificator"	Henry Clay became known as this for his efforts on behalf of the Missouri Compromise	12
600780442	Henry Clay	nicknamed "The Great Compromiser"; urged concession from both the North and the South (the North for a fugitive slave law, the South for others); Stephen Douglas supported him on this	13
600780443	Stephen F. Douglas	nicknamed "The Little Giant"; American legislator who wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act (Compromise 1850); debated Abraham Lincoln in a race for a senate seat from Illinois	14
600780444	"The Little Giant"	Nickname for Stephen Douglas	15
600780445	John C. Calhoun	Nicknamed "The Great Nullifier"; Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law; also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south; advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification	16
600780446	"The Great Nullifier"	Nickname for John Calhoun	17
600780447	Calhoun's Proposal	stated that neither Congress or any territorial government had no authority to ban slavery from a territory or regulate it in any way as it is a matter of state sovereignty	18
600780448	Daniel Webster	United States politician and orator; leader of the Whig Party; originally pro-North; supported the Compromise of 1850 and subsequently lost favor from his constituency; famous for the "Seventh of March" speech	19
600780449	Seventh of March Speech	speech by Daniel Webster which called upon his fellow senators to give their full support to the Compromise of 1850; argued that slaves couldn't be supported in the new territories either way because the land didn't cultivate cotton	20
600780450	William H. Seward	senator of NY; antislavery and argued that God's moral law was higher than the constitution	21
600780451	"Higher Law"	Senator William Seward's doctrine that slavery should be excluded from the territories as contrary to a divine moral law standing above even the Constitution	22
600780452	Nashville Convention	meeting of representatives of nine southern states in the summer of 1850 to monitor the negotiations over the Compromise of 1850; it called for extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean and a stronger Fugitive Slave Law; convention accepted the Compromise but laid the groundwork for a southern confederacy in 1860-1861	23
600780453	Compromise of 1850	Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession; North got the better deal	24
600780454	Fugitive Slave Law	the most controversial portion of the Compromise of 1850; South thought this law would be helpful for returning slaves, but they didn't realize that none of the Northerners would actually follow it; North passed laws that made the Fugitive Slave law hard to enforce and the abolitionist cause grew stronger as a result of the Law	25
600780455	"The Bloodhound Bill"	nickname for the Fugitive Slave Law because it made Northerners feel like slave catchers	26
600780456	"personal liberty laws"	pre-Civil War laws passed by Northern state governments to counteract the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Acts and to protect escaped slaves and free blacks settled in the North, by giving them the right to a jury trial	27
601276878	Election of 1852 Candidates	Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce; Whigs nominated Winfield Scott	28
601276879	Election of 1852	Whig party splits over nomination Fillmore v. Scott; Antislavery North vs. Southern Whigs that disliked Winfield Scott; Doomed Whig Party - Democratic party united under Pierce; Franklin Pierce wins	29
601276880	Franklin Pierce	an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States; his popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West	30
601276881	"Young Hickory from the Granite Hills"	nickname for Franklin Pierce	31
601276882	William Walker	a proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control on Nicaragua in 1855; wanted to petition for annexation it as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made	32
601276883	Matthew C. Perry	Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854; brought many war ships with him to show America's strength, and to intimidate and persuade the Japanese	33
601276884	Black Warrior	the American steamer which was seized by Spanish officials in 1854 as a show of force after Americans tried to seize Cuba by force; forcing the Ostend Manifesto	34
601276885	Ostend Manifesto	a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S; was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another slave state	35
601276886	Transcontinental Railroad Routes	Southerners wanted it to go through the south of America; Northerners wanted it to go through the north of America	36
601276887	Gadsden Purchase	strip of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico that was acquired by the U.S. in 1853 for $10 million from Mexico in order to run the Transcontinental Railroad through that area	37
601276888	Jefferson Davis	current Secretary of War in 1853; sent James Gadsden to Mexico to buy land	38
601276889	Kansas - Nebraska Act	an act made to decide if the Kansas-Nebraska territory would be slave or free by popular sovereignty; dispute strengthened the rift between the north and south states; act was backed by Stephen Douglas who was trying to get the transcontinental railroad through Chicago	39
601278644	Outcome of Kan/Neb Act	wrecked the Missouri Compromise of 1820; indirectly wrecked the Compromise of 1850; Northerners no longer enforced the Fugitive Slave Law at all; Southerners were still angry; Democratic Party was hopelessly split into two	40

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Unit 5 Manifest Destiny and its Legacy Flashcards

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1992636070	Aroostook War	Battle between Great Britan and America over the Maine territory. Settled by the Webstor-Ashborn treaty	0
1992636071	"Fifty-four forty or fight!"	Slogan used in the 1844 presidential election as a call for us annexation of the oregon territory	1
1992636072	Liberty Party	A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848	2
1992636073	spot resolutions	Congressman Abraham Lincoln (Spotty Lincoln) supported a proposition to find the exact spot where American troops were fired upon, suspecting that they had illegally crossed into Mexican territory.	3
1992636074	Bear Flag Republic	nickname for California after it declared independence from Mexico in 1846	4
1992636075	Battle of Buena Vista	Zachery Taylor defeated the Mexicans when fighting for the Rio Grande River	5
1992636076	Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo	Treaty (1848) in which Mexico gave up Texas above the Rio Grande and ceded New Mexico and California to the United States in return for $15 million.	6
1992636077	Wilmont Proviso	An amendment to an 1846 military appropriations bill, proposing that none of the territory acquired in the war with Mexico would be open to slavery.	7
1992636078	John Tyler	responsible for annexing Texas. 10th president	8
1992636079	James Polk	advocated on the platform of Manifest Destiny	9
1992636080	Stephen Kearny	American general in war with Mexico, he captured Santa Fe without firing a shot	10
1992636081	John Fremont	First Republican political Candidate in the election of 1856; aka Pathfinder of the West	11
1992636082	Winifield Scott	general who led a second force at Veracruz on the Gulf of Mexico and captures Mexico City	12
1992636083	Nicholas Trist	US Ambassador for the Treaty of Guadalupe of Hidalgo	13
1992636084	joint resolution	A resolution requiring approval of both houses and the signature of the president and having the same legal status as a law	14
1992636085	popular soveignty	people in the area vote for slavery or not	15
1992636086	fire-eaters	group of radical pro-slavery advocates	16
1992636087	Free Soil Party	A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery	17
1992636088	Gold Rush	a period from1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.	18
1992636089	Compromise of 1850	(MF) by Daniel Webster, California wanted to join the Union, but if California was accepted the North would gain control of the Senate, and Southerners threatened to secede from the Union. This compromise set up California joining the Union as a free state, New Mexico and Utah use popular sovereignty to decide the question of slavery, slave trading is banned in the nation's capital, The Fugitive Slave Law is passed, and the border between Texas and New Mexico was set.	19
1992636090	Fugitive Slave Law	Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.	20
1992636091	Clayton Bulwer Treaty	between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to canal across Isthmus of Panama; Abrogated by U.S. in 1881	21
1992636092	Ostend Manifesto	a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.	22
1992636093	Opium War	1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong. US wanted same trading rights	23
1992636094	Gadsden Purchase	1853 purchase by the United States of southwestern lands from Mexico for 10 million	24
1992636095	Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.	25
1992636096	Stephen Douglas	Senator from Illinois, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine, argues in favor of popular sovereignty	26
1992771072	Republican Party	1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories	27
1992771073	Lewis Cass	1848 Democratic candidate known as the Father of Popular Sovereignty	28
1992771074	Zachary Taylor	(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.	29
1992771075	Harriet Tubman	(c.1820-1913) American abolitionist who escaped slavery and assisted other enslaved Africans to escape; she is the most famous Underground Railroad conductor and is known as the Moses of her people.	30
1992771076	Millard Fillmore	(1850-1853) The Fugitive Slave Act was passed in 1850. California becomes a free state, territories chose popular sovereignty, Uncle Tom's Cabin. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.	31
1992771077	Franklin Pierce	President elected in 1852; puppet of the Democrats; sought expansion in Nicaragua and Cuba; signed trade treaties with China (Wanghia) and Japan (Kanagawa)	32
1992771078	Matthew Perry	A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might.	33
1992771079	Nicaragua	The alternative route to Panama seriously considered as the location for a canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans was	34
1992771080	William Seward	Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.	35
1992771081	Mason-Dixon Line	Boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland that divided the Middle Colonies from the Southern Colonies	36
1992771082	Uncle Tom's Cabin	1852, harriet beecher stowe, antislavery book, widely read- hated by southerners - made northerners more skeptical of slavery	37
1992771083	The Impending Crisis of the South	A book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. The non-aristocrat from N.C. had to go to the North to find a publisher that would publish his book.	38
1992771084	New England Emigrant Aid Company	An anti-slavery organization that sent thousands of people to Kansas to forestall the South and make a profit. Southerners were angered based on the understanding of the Kansas-Nebraska Act that Kansas would be a slave state and Nebraska free, but virtually no slaves lived in either state.	39
1992771085	Lecompton Constitution	supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.	40
1992771086	Bleeding Kansas	(1856) a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state.	41
1992771087	Dred Scott v. Sanford	Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens	42
1992771088	Know-Nothing Party	A party which pushed for political action against these newcomers. They displayed the feelings of America regarding newcomers that were different and therefore, the double standard of the country.	43
1992771089	Lincoln Douglas Debate	1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate	44
1992771090	Freeport Doctorine	statement made by Stephen Douglas duing the Lincon-Douglas debates that pointed out how people could use popular sovereignty to determine if their state or territory should permit slavery	45
1992771091	Harpers' Ferry	John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged	46
1992771092	Constitutional Union Party	Also known as the "do-nothings" or "Old Gentlemen's" party; 1860 election; it was a middle of the road group that feared for the Union- consisted mostly of Whigs and Know-Nothings, met in Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee as candidate for presidency-the slogan for this candidate was "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the laws."	47
1992771093	Confederate States of America	a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States	48
1992771094	Crittenden Amendments	These amendements to the Constitution were designed to appease the south by prohibiting slavery north of 36, 30' but allowed protection south of this line. It also allowed future states to enter with or without slavery regardless of their position north or south.	49
1992771095	Harriet Beecher Stowe	"Uncle Tom's Cabin"	50
1992771096	James Buchanan	(1857-1861) The Confederate States of America are formed in 1861. He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860. Lecompton Constitution supporter.	51
1992771097	Charles Sumner	Abolitionist senator whose verbal attack on the South provoked a physical assault that severely injured him	52
1992771098	Preston Brooks	A Southern Congressman who attacked Charles Sumner	53
1992771099	Dred Scott	A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.	54
1992771100	Roger Taney	5th Chief Justice 1835-1864 slavery, prohibiting free blacks in state, blacks can't be citizens, end to deposit of Federal money of 2nd bank of US (killed it)	55
1992771101	Stephen Douglas	A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.	56
1992771102	Abraham Lincoln	16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)	57
1992771103	John Brown	(FP) , Well-known abolitionist. used violence to stop slavery immediately, involved in the Pottawatomie Massacre, he ws tried, convicted of treason and hung... he became a martyr.	58
1992771104	John Brekenridge	southern democrat candidate who split the democratic party by his nomination	59
1992771105	John Crittenden	A Senator from Kentucky who made a last effort to save the Union by introducing a bill to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific, and he proposed an amendment to the Constitution that would guarantee forever the right to hold slaves in states south of the compromise line.	60
1992771106	Jefferson Davis	An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865	61

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Chemistry Exam (Semester II) (11th Grade) Flashcards

Chemistry Exam Thursday at 8:00 (3rd period class)

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789484864	Emperical Formula	smallest whole number ratio between elements in a compound. This is the accepted value for ionic compounds	0
789484865	Molecular Formula	whole number multiple of empirical formula	1
789484866	percent composition	relative amount of each element in a compound	2
789484867	Combustion reaction	Hydrocarbons react with oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O	3
789484868	Decomposition Reaction	a single compound undergoes a reaction that produces 2 or more simpler substances	4
789484869	Double Replacement reaction	2 ionic compounds react by exchanging cations for new compounds	5
789484870	Single Replacement reaction	an element replaces a similar element in a compound	6
789484871	Synthesis Reaction	2 substances combine to form 1 new compound	7
789484872	Active metal compound+ Less active metal	Active metal + less active metal compound------>	8
789484873	Salt + H2	Metal + Acid---->	9
789484874	Halogen compound + halogen	Halogen + halogen compound----->	10
789484875	Metallic Hydroxide + H2	Metal + H2O----->	11
789484876	BX + AY	AX + BY----->	12
789484877	element + element	Binary Compound decomposes into ----	13
789484878	metallic Oxide + CO2	metallic Carbonate decomposes into ----	14
789484879	metallic chloride + O2	Metallic Chlorate decomposes into ----	15
789484880	Metallic Oxide + H2O	Metallic Hydroxide and H2O decomposes into----	16
789484881	KOH, NaOH	________ and ____________ will never decompose when heated	17
789484882	Nonmetallic oxide + h2O	Acid decomposes into----	18
789484883	Compound	Element + Element---->	19
789484884	CO2 + H2O	Hydrocarbons + H2O ---->	20
789484885	actual yield	amount of product produced when a reaction takes place	21
789484886	theoretical yield	the maximum amount of product that should be formed in a reaction	22
789484887	Actual yield divided by theoretical yield , times 100.	Percent Yield	23
789484888	stoichiometry	the calculation of quantities in chemical reactions	24
789484889	Absolute Zero	the temperature at which the movement of all particles theoretically ceases	25
794868600	0k or -273 C	What is the temperature of absolute zero?	26
794868601	Allotrope	2 or more different forms of the same element in the same physical state	27
794868602	Amorphous Solids	solids composed of particles that have no set pattern and lack an ordered internal structure	28
794868603	Barometer	device used to measure atmospheric pressure	29
794868604	Boiling Point	temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure on the surface of the liquid	30
794868605	Melting Point	the temperature of which solid changes to liquid, heat has to be added	31
794868606	Crystal	a substance arranged in an ordered repeating 3d pattern called a crystal lattice	32
794868607	dynamic equilibrium	an equilibrium condition in which the rate of evaporation equals the rate of condensation	33
794868608	elastic collision	Kinetic energy is transferred from one particle to another but the total kinetic energy is constant	34
794868609	evaporation	vaporization on the surface of a non boiling liquid	35
794868610	fluids	...	36
794868611	intermolecular forces	hold liquid particles together and reduce the space between particles. therefore, liquids are more dense than gases	37
794868612	Kinetic Energy (Ek)	energy of motion	38
794868613	Pascal	SI unit of pressure, which means a newton per meter squared	39
794868614	phase diagram	graph that shows the relation between temperature, pressure, and state	40
794868615	pressure	the force per unit area of a substance	41
794868616	STP	standard temperatures and pressures	42
794868617	0C or 273K	What is standard Temperature?	43
794868618	101.3kPa, 760mmHg, and 1atm	What is standard Pressure?	44
794868619	sublimation	the conversion of a solid to a gas of vapor without passing through the liquid state	45
794868620	Vapor Pressure	force due to the gas above a liquid	46
794868621	(little c) calorie	the quantity of heat needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of WATER 1C	47
794868622	calorimeter	insulated container used to help measure heat absorbed or released by a substance	48
794868623	endothermic	Heat is absorbed (+)	49
794868624	exothermic	heat is released (-)	50
794868625	Enthalpy (H)	heat content of a system at constant pressure	51
794868626	Heat of combustion	the heat released during a chemical reaction in which one mole of a substance is completely burned	52
794868627	Heat of reaction	the heat absorbed or released during a chemical reaction; equivalent to h, the change in enthalpy	53
794868628	Hess's law of heat summation	in going from a particular set of reactions to a particular set of products, the enthalpy changes in the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps	54
794868629	summation	...	55
794868630	joule	the SI unit for energy, equal to one (little c) calorie	56
794868631	Heat of vaporization	the amount of heat needed to change a unit mass of a substance from a liquid to a vapor at its boiling point	57
794868632	Heat of fusion	the amount of heat needed to change a unit mass of a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point	58
794868633	heat of solution	...	59
794868634	Specific Heat Capacity	quantity of heat needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of A SUBSTANCE 1C	60
794868635	Standard Heat of Formation	the change in enthalpy for a reaction in which one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements	61
794868636	Thermochemical Equation	an equation that includes the heat change in a reaction	62
794868637	Thermochemistry	the study of heat changes in chemical reactions	63
794868638	Avagadro's Hypoghesis	equal volumes of gasses at the same temperature and pressure contain an equal number of particles	64
794974598	Boyle's Law	For a given mass of a gas, the volume varies indirectly with the pressure if the temperature is constant	65
794974599	Charle's Law	the volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin Temperature if Pressure is constant	66
794974600	Combined Gas Law	If P, V, or T is not constant, use this law	67
794974601	Compressibility	the measure of how much the volume decreases under pressure	68
794974602	Dalton's Law of partial pressures	at constant V and T, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each component gas	69
794974603	diffusion	the tendency of particles to spread throughout a given volume	70
794974604	Gay-Lussac's Law	the pressure of a fixed mass of a gas varies directly with the kelvin temperature if volume is constant	71
794974605	Graham's Law of Effusion	the rate of effusion of a gas is indirectly proportional to the square root of its molar mass	72
794974606	R, 8.31L kPa Mole K	what is the ideal gas constant?, and what is its #?	73
794974607	Ideal Gas Law	describes the behavior of an ideal gas, PV=nRT	74
794974608	partial pressure	the pressure exerted by each gas in a gaseous mixture	75
794974609	Aufbau Principle	electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first	76
794974610	electron configuration	electrons are shown as superscripts on sublevel and energy level that electron occupies	77
794974611	energy levels	described by the Principle Quantum number, the period an element is located in tells the highest occupied ____________.	78
794974612	Hund's Rule	when electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy, 1 electron enters each orbital until all the orbitals contain 1 electron, then the electrons can be paired	79
794974613	orbitals	described by the 3rd quantum number. This is a region or pair of electrons.	80
794974614	Pauli Exclusion Principle	no 2 electrons in an atom can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers	81
794974615	planetary model	electrons orbit the nucleus in concentric circular paths like planets orbit the sun.	82
794974616	Niels Bohr	who came up with the planetary model?	83
794974617	quantum mechanical model	also called the modern atomic model. describes the energy and location of electrons in atoms	84
794974618	Schrodinger	Who invented the quantum mechanical model	85
794974619	quantum numbers	numbers to describe the location and energy of electrons in atoms	86
794974620	sublevels	described by the 2nd quantum number, also a division of an energy level	87
794974621	atomic radius	1/2 the distance between 2 nuclei in a molecule	88
795021999	electronegativity	tendency for atoms to attract electrons to themselves when they are combined with other elements	89
795022000	inner transition elements	lanthanides and actinides. 4f and 5f. outer s full and electrons added to 4f and 5f sublevels	90
795022001	ionization energy	energy required to remove an electron from and atom	91
795022002	noble gasses	group 18 with outer s and p sublevels filled except He. Inert because they have 8 electrons in the outer shell (unreactive)	92
795022003	Know all trends from chapter 14 in notes	Know all trends from chapter 14 in notes	93
795022004	representative elements	groups 1 and 2, 13-17. have s and p sublevels partially filled	94
795022005	alkali	group 1	95
795022006	alkaline earth metals	group 2	96
795022007	Chalcogens	group 16	97
795022008	Halogens	group 17	98
795022009	transition elements	outer s sublevels full and electrons added to inner d	99
795022010	concentration	a measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent, usually expressed mol/L	100
795022011	dilute	a solution that contains a small amount of solute	101
795022012	concentrated	a solution that contains a large amount of solute	102
795022013	molarity	the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of a solute dissolved in 1 kilogram of solvent	103
795022014	Properties of Acids	1) sour taste 2) contain Hydrogen 3) acids react with bases to give a salt and Water 4) acids are electrolytes- aquias solution conducts electricity 5) change blue litmus to red	104
795022015	Properties of Bases	1)have bitter taste 2)dilute aquias solutions of bases feel slippery to the skin 30 change color from red litmus to blue 4) contain OH and react with acids in neutralization reaction 5) bases are electrolytes	105
795022016	OH gives you the pOH, the ph+poh = 14. -log(-OH)=poh	OH gives you the pOH, the ph+poh = 14. -log(-OH)=poh	106
795022017	acid	ph>7	107
795022018	neutral	ph=7	108
795022019	base	ph<7	109

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AP US History 60 Hot Topics Flashcards

The top 60 most often asked topics on APUSH national exam.
Information taken from:
Barron's AP US History
5 Steps to a 5: US History
Sparknotes Guide to AP US History
Out of Many, AP Edition (5th)

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1445226034	Puritan motive	- Build a "city on a hill" - provide a model for idealistic society - religious freedoms from England	0
1445226035	Motive of settling Virginia	- paid for by Virginia Company - wanted profit - mercantilism in England	1
1445226036	First Great Awakening	- led by charismatic ministers in 1730 - made religion more emotional, less cerebral - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon by Puritan minister Jonathan Edwards	2
1445226037	Deism	- 1700 religious revolution which moved away from religious doctrines - God is a distant entity - No Godly intervention in daily affairs	3
1445226038	Albany Congress, 1754	- led by Benjamin Franklin - first meeting of all colonies to debate unification - Franklin's union plan, Albany Plan, rejected	4
1445226039	Legal rights of women	-no suffrage under practically every circumstance -couldn't own land in most cases -were subordinate to men as caretakers, mothers, and housekeepers	5
1445226040	Stamp Act, 1765	- tax on paper used for various documents - included recreation like playing cards - sparked most uproar and opposition of any British tax	6
1445226041	Slavery in pre-independence times	- unregulated slave trade (no limits) - molasses, rum, slaves / Triangular Slave Trade - slaves were responsible for majority of labor in southern economy	7
1445226042	Indentured servants	- extraordinarily popular prior to massive influx of slaves - workers receive free ride to America and housing once there - in exchange for house/ride, they work unpaid for 5-10 years	8
1445226043	Proclamation of 1763	- created a line through Appalachian mountains - colonists could not settle any further west - land from Appalachia to Mississippi was "Indian Reserve"	9
1445226044	Articles of Confederation, 1777	- first written form of government for newly freed colonies - created a "firm league of friendship" between states - heavily favored state government, making federal government useless (no taxing, or federal laws without nullification)	10
1445226045	Bill of Rights	- 1st 10 amendments to the Constitution - protected individual liberties not specified in Constitution - gave states powers not specifically assigned to federal government - was wanted by the Antifederalists	11
1445226046	Hamilton's economic plans	- national bank, 20% publicly 80% privately held - federal government repays all war debts in full - high tariffs to encourage American industry and discourage British/French/Spanish imports	12
1445226047	Shays' Rebellion 1786-87	- farmers revolt - many lost farms because couldn't pay debts in gold/silver - freed debtors prisons, burnt down city halls and courts - showed that the Articles of Confed. weren't working, leading to its end	13
1445226048	XYZ affair, 1797-98	- France was upset by alliances with Britain and seized US ships - US tried to negotiate with France, French agents bribed US agents - French agents X, Y and Z wanted $250,000 and a $12M loan	14
1445226049	Marbury v. Madison, 1803	- Marbury, an Adams midnight judge, wanted his position/paycheck - said his appointment was unconstitutional - Chief Justice Marshall established Supreme Court power of judicial review	15
1445226050	Louisiana Purchase, 1803	- Louisiana territory purchased by Jefferson from France - not constitutional, but Jefferson wanted land and France needed $ - Jefferson only intended on buying New Orleans for a western port	16
1445226051	Hartford Convention, 1814	- group of Federalists meeting in opposition to War of 1812 - merchants saw large amount of trade with Britain stop - passed a resolution requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress for declaration of war in the future	17
1445226052	Eli Whitney	- invented cotton gin in 1793 - helps satisfy the massive demand for cotton/make slaves efficient - also invented interchangeable parts for rifle	18
1445226053	Henry Clay's "American System"	- high tariffs on imports (20%-25%) - provide federal funding for internal improvements - support and maintain Bank of the United States	19
1445226054	Monroe Doctrine, 1823	- done to limit European influence on Western Hemisphere - said European countries must be "hands off" of America - became cornerstone of US isolationist foreign policy	20
1445226055	Andrew Jackson, 1829-37	- Indian removal, supported westward expansion - loses VP Calhoun in Nullification Crisis with South Carolina - vetoed Congress more times than any other president, tried to eliminate United States Bank	21
1445226056	Trail of Tears, 1838	- removal of Native Americans from Georgia into the west - showed President Jackson's support for state's rights - led to the death of thousands of innocent Native Americans (too grueling of a journey on foot)	22
1445226057	Nullification/Calhoun/Tariff of Abominations, 1828	- South Carolina tried to nullify federal laws, Jackson wouldn't allow it - Jackson passes Tariff of Abominations harshly limiting trade - South Carolina, with Jackson's VP, Calhoun, tries to secede from US, Jackson sends military to stop them	23
1445226058	Transcendentalists	- an intellectual movement criticizing new US materialistic lifestyle - focus on nature, and finding meaning and self reliance - primarily led by authors Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson	24
1445226059	Ralph Waldo Emerson	- transcendentalist leader who encouraged self reliance - published essays "Nature" (1836) "On Self Reliance" (1841) - Speech "The American Scholar" considered the Intellectual Declaration of Independence	25
1445226060	William Lloyd Garrison	- published "The Liberator" and abolitionist publication - leader of the movement for immediate, uncompensated abolition - said that blacks were equal, and entitled to freedom and equal rights	26
1445226061	Harriet Tubman	- escaped slave - started the Underground railroad, a system for escaping slaves - called the "Conductor", helped hundreds of slaves escape	27
1445226062	Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857	- Supreme Court case: slaves are not citizens - slaves are property, Missouri Compromise is dead - said since Scott was property, case shouldn't have even been brought to court	28
1445226063	Popular Sovereignty	- measure proposed by Sen. Lewis Cass on slavery in new territories - allowed residents of a territory to vote on yes/no for slavery - Congress didn't approve, but it became a bigger idea in 1850s	29
1445226064	Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854	- legislation by Sen. Stephen Douglas on organizing territories - took Louisiana Purchase land and split into Kansas and Nebraska - unpopular with North, as it allowed possibility of slavery, therefore completely repealing Missouri Compromise	30
1445226065	Douglas's Freeport Doctrine, 1858	- statement by Stephen Douglas at 2nd Lincoln-Douglas debate - used by Lincoln to prove Douglas was a hypocrite - when asked whether he believed in popular sovereignty or Dred Scott decision, he compromised, favoring popular sovereignty	31
1445226066	Causes of Civil War	- maintain the Union, under Lincoln - stop expansion of slavery - eventually, with Emancipation Proclamation, to end slavery - war lasted from 1861-65	32
1445226067	Emancipation Proclamation, 1863	- decree by Lincoln that all slaves in Confederacy were free - not effective, simply symbolic - made North the moral side of the war	33
1445226068	Radical Reconstruction	- Johnson, Lincoln's VP, now president, proposes plan - Johnson almost thrown out of office for obstructing reconstruction - Eventually radical republicans used 2/3 majority to pass legislation and override vetoes for an effective reconstruction plan	34
1445226069	Compromise of 1877	- 1876 Pres. election Samuel Tilden (D) vs. Rutherford Hayes (R) - Tilden wins popular vote, Rutherford supposedly wins electoral vote - no winner clear, compromise makes Hayes the President, but Republicans will end Reconstruction	35
1445226070	Knights of Labor	- first major labor union to survive through economic turmoil - included all workers to join: skilled, unskilled, blacks, women - ended after wrongfully associated with Haymarket Square Bombing in Chicago, 1886	36
1445226071	Dawes Act, 1887	- legislation to assimilate stranded Native Americans - not wanted by the Native Americans, killed their tribal identity - eliminated by Indian Reorganization Act (1934) as it was discriminatory and hurtful for Native Americans	37
1445226072	Social Gospel	- Protestant Christian movement around 1900 - applied Protestant Christian logic to social issues in US - tried to aid poverty, alcoholism, equality, and poor working conditions	38
1445226073	Populists	- political party and movement led by disadvantaged farmers - William Jennings Bryan and "Cross of Gold" speech - fought for elimination of gold standard, unlimited silver coinage, graduated income tax, government regulation of major industry	39
1445226074	Yellow Press	- started by William Randolph Heart's New York Journal stories - often highly exaggerated, encouraging impulsive American action - led US into Spanish American war with "Remember the Maine", firing up citizens	40
1445226075	"New Immigration"	- immigration jumped in Gilded Age, post Civil War - mainly immigrants from South, East and Southeast Europe - result of poor European economic conditions	41
1445226076	Open Door Policy	- European countries began claiming ports in China - US did not have a port, and China had huge economic opportunity - says China is open to trade with the United States	42
1445226077	DuBois & Booker T. Washington	- W.E.B. DuBois wanted equality and full integration - Booker T. Washington pushed for blacks to find economic purpose - differed in that DuBois saw all as a equal, and Washington knew blacks were lesser at the time, and wanted them to fit it	43
1445226078	Muckrakers	- term coined by T. Roosevelt for investigative journalism on business - showed political and social injustices in big business and politics - led by Sinclair Lewis, Mother Jones, Jacob Riis, and more	44
1445226079	Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare	- U-boat campaign by Germany in relentlessly attacking Britain - led to the US involvement in WWI, along with Zimmerman Telegraph - sunk approximately 178 boats, and killed about 5000 in opposition Navy	45
1445226080	Wilson's 14 Points	- 1918 plan by Wilson as a plan for restructuring post-WWI world - ideas rejected by European powers except for the League of Nations - plan included freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers, self-determination for Europeans, and international organization	46
1445226081	Bonus Army	- 1932 organization of WWI veterans in Washington DC - result of Hoover's inaction during economic turmoil in US - WWI veterans demanded their bonuses be paid immediately, even though they were due in 1945	47
1445226082	100 Day Congress, New Deal	- passed recovery legislation, more than ever in history - restricted more rights, and gave government more power than ever - GSA, NIRA, AAA, TVA, FERA, CCC, SEC all legislation passed in first 100 days of FDR presidency	48
1445226083	Civilian Conservation Corps	- FDR agency created in first 100 days - provided/created outdoor work for 2.75M 18-24 year old men - projects included soil conservation, flood control, trail/road building, and forest projects	49
1445226084	Cuban Missile Crisis	- 1962 event when US U2 spy planes saw Cuba was getting missiles - Missiles were from USSR, US ordered them to stop sending them - ended in 13 days after USSR stopped missiles in Cuba, and US stopped missiles in Turkey, and stopped Cuba interference	50
1445226085	Brown v. Board of Education	- ordered immediate desegregation of schools and other public places - overturned "separate but equal" in Plessy v. Ferguson - major turning point in civil rights movement	51
1445226086	Sputnik	- 1957 launching of Soviet sattelite into space - led to space race and education movement in US - government called for more and better technological and science education, from high school to graduate school	52
1445226087	Sit-Ins	- form of civil disobedience by African Americans for civil rights - African Americans sat at white-only counters and areas - refused service or moving, when one group left, another would sit down, hurting business and making a point	53
1445226088	Civil Rights Act of 1964	- most meaningful legislation to end Jim Crow in the South - passed by LBJ to end discrimination by race or sex - guaranteed equal opportunity with employment, public education, public services and voting	54
1445226089	Malcolm "X"	- leader of Nation of Islam, member from 1952-1964 - fought for black separatism, and supremacy for blacks and islam - assassinated by Nation of Islam after changing opinion on black separatism	55
1445226090	Gulf of Tonkin incident	- said that American destroyers were attacked in Gulf of Tonkin - Congress passed Gulf of Tonkin resolution, escalating confict - unofficially started Vietnam War, allowed LBJ to have a "blank check" in doing whatever he wanted in Vietnam	56
1445226091	Watergate, 1972-74	- scandal regarding spying on Democrats led by Richard Nixon - 5 men were caught breaking in to Democratic HQ at DCCC - Nixon used executive privilege to not turn over evidence, supreme court made him, he deleted some, then resigned	57
1445226092	Tet Offensive, 1968	- Vietcong and N. Vietnamese offensive against US - began on Tet, lunar calendar new year, everyone was celebrating - 1600 dead US, 40000 dead Vietcong, and while US stopped the attack, it showed that Vietcong could organize large attacks	58
1445226093	Camp David Accords, 1978	- meeting of Middle East leaders organized by Carter - Egypt, Israel and US met at presidential retreat Camp David - after 13 days of meetings, the three had arranged a peace treaty, which worked, but tensions were still high	59

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Unfinished Nation Chapter 8 "Varieties of American Nationalism" Flashcards

copied from Spencer Lindsley

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925787465	Nationalism	what: American politicians advocated programs for the supremacy of the central gov. over the states, to make America a nation without equal. chose to present their programs in such a way as to appeal to the common man. Importance:	0
925787466	Second Bank of the United States ("2d BUS")	what: bank that made state banks use only good notes Importance: part of federalism vision, control on notes in country	1
925787467	Francis Cabot Lowell	what: Boston merchant, probably part of industrial espionage Importance: developed mill that was more powerful then ones in england	2
925787468	Waltham, Ma	what: City where Fracis Cabot Lowell founded his powerful mill Importance: 1st place where processes of spinning and weaving under same roof in America	3
925787469	Textiles	what: making of yarn and thread to be used in households Importance:major part of american industry from 1807-1815	4
925787470	Protectionism/Tariffs	what: bill put in placed to stop constant inflow of British goods in America Importance: caused american citizens to pay higher prices for manufactured goods	5
925787471	The National Road	what: road from Potomac river to Ohio Importance: start to get rid of distance problem in US, increased commerce	6
925787472	the Lancaster Pike	what: small model for infrastructure in early 1800s in US Importance: made people realize that infrastructure without financial aid from Gov was impractical	7
925787473	"Internal Improvement"	what: The building of canals and roads, the improvement of harbors, and the clearing of rivers Importance: to improve transportation and stimulate commerce, major part of the postwar nationalistic program.	8
925787474	Green Seed Cotton	what: it harder to clean because the seeds will stick to the cotton fibers. Importance: need for easier way to clean cotton	9
925787475	The cotton Gin	what: Device that could clean cotton quicker then by hand Importance: led to rise in cotton and slave industry	10
925787476	The Santa Fe Trail	what: A principal routes to the Far West. opened by William Becknell, an American trader, in 1821. Importance: tied the New Mexican area economically to the rest of the US and hastened American settlers to the region.	11
925787477	"The Great American Desert"	what: land between Missouri river and Rocky mountains, labeled by Stephen H. Long Importance: Gave Americans the idea land way unfit for cultivation and inhabitble for people wishing to farm there	12
925787478	The Era of Good Feelings	what: Started during James Monroe Administration Importance: caused Federalist Party to cease to exist	13
925787479	Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819	what: Spain gave Florida to the US, who gave up Texas and $5 million of U.S. claims against Spain. Importance: settled border disputes between Spain and the US	14
925787480	Panic of 1819	what: american goods in high demand in foreign countries Importance:	15
925787481	Missouri Compromise	what: Missouri became a slave state, Maine became a free state in 1819 Importance: During Northwest Ordinances, stated no slaves states North of Ohio River, Missouri was north of River	16
925787482	Chief Justice John Marshall	what: Chief Justice of US supreme Court from 1801 to 1835 Importance: developed constitution, strengthened court, increased fed power, federalist	17
925787483	Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)	what: NH legislature trying to make college a state university Importance: Marshal again said Gov could not interfere with a legal charter even though it was from england	18
925787484	Fletcher v. Peck (1810)	what: Georgia state legislature trying to resend a sketchy contract with Yazoo Land Company Importance: through strict reading of constitution, Marshall said "No US law could impair a contract even though contained fraud"	19
925787485	Cohens v. Virginia (1821)	what/ Importance: Marshal affirmed constitutionality of federal review of state court decisions because it was states who had ratified the constitution, therefore they must submit to federal juristiction	20
925787486	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	what: Whether or not 2nd US bank was constitutional, Importance: was under Necessary and Proper clause, start of expansion of federal power	21
925787487	The Necessary and Proper Clause/"The Elastic Clause"/"Implied Powers"	what: authorizes Congress to make "all laws" necessary and proper to carry out its powers Importance: could be viewed strictly or loosely for whoever's political gain	22
925787488	Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)	what: NY state Legislature granted steamboat transportation Monopoly to Fulton and Livingston, who then gave it to Aaron Odgen, was challenged by Gibbons, who won in supreme court, under Fed Gov regulating commerce Importance: Gave federal Primacy over State governments economicly	23
925787489	Worcester v. Georgia (1832)	what:GA state legislature trying to regulate access to Cherokee country, Marshall said that they were distinct entities, with territoria boundries Importance: Affirmed that only Fed. Gov. could deal with the indians	24
925787490	The Monroe Doctrine (1823)	what: Western Hemisphere was off limits to further European colonization and U.S. would consider any effort by the Europe as a threat and would take action Importance: start of the US as supreme power in Americas	25
925787491	"King Caucus"	what: only party delegations could select president Importance: overthrown, nominations came from the people insteaad	26
925787492	Henry Clay	what: Speaker of the house, Proposed the american system Importance: essentially was still the federalist party trying to make it in politics under a different name.	27
925787493	"The American System"	what: designed to foster commercial growth and economic stability, consisted of a tariff to protect "infant industries" and American jobs , a national bank and an internal-improvements paid by the fed gov. Importance: the three elements of taxing, banking, and spending were linked so that made it difficult to oppose one without opposing them all.	28
925787494	Twelfth Amendment	what: House of Representatives to choose president if none of the candidates had a majority Importance: caused John Quincy Adams to be chosen as president instead of Andrew Jackson, who had a bigger popular vote	29
925787495	The "Corrupt Bargain"	what: John Quincy Adams selecting Henry Clay to be Secretary of state, after he received political support from him Importance: Normally whoever was selected to be secretary of state would become the next president.	30
925787496	The "tariff of Abominations"	what: supposed to be on imported goods, originally supported by New England states, in order to get other states ended up hurting the northern states Importance: caused talks of succession in other states	31

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AP Gov: Chapter 1, 2 & 3 Questions Flashcards

APPS
AP Gov
Test #1

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1682691524	When the media focus on the "who" of politics, who does that refer to?	Voters, candidates, groups, and parties	0
1682691525	The largest item in the United States government budget, consuming more than one-fifth of the federal budget is ______.	Social Security	1
1682691526	T/F: Compared to other democracies, the United States has a high rate of voter participation.	False	2
1682691527	T/F: Ronald Reagan said, "As government expands, liberty and justice for all is increased."	False	3
1682691528	T/F: Individualism includes a belief that people can and should get ahead on their own.	False	4
1682691529	T/F: Pluralist theory hinges on the assumption that power is dispersed in American government.	True	5
1682691530	What was the primary goal of the colonists in the American Revolution?	To restore the rights they deserved as British subjects	6
1682691531	The Constitution was ratified by _______.	special conventions in each of the states.	7
1682691532	What power did Congress have under the Articles of Confederation?	To maintain an army and navy	8
1682691533	Describe the American colonial period	Britain generally confined itself to governing the colonies' foreign and trade policies.	9
1682691534	What constitutional limitation prevents states from lowering the voting age to 16?	There is no constitutional limitation preventing states from lowering their voting age to 16.	10
1682691535	The American Revolution was different from the French, Russian, and Iranian revolutions in that it ______.	produced surprisingly little societal change.	11
1682691536	When was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution?	After the ratification process, to fulfill a promise to those who supported ratification	12
1682691537	Describes one of the ways the Constitution dealt with slavery	It recognized slavery by providing for the return of escaped slaves.	13
1682691538	T/F: Those who supported the ratification of the Constitution were known as Loyalists.	False	14
1682691539	T/F: The United States has the world's oldest two-party system.	True	15
1682691540	T/F: The direct election of Senators by the people of the individual states protects against tyranny of the majority.	False	16
1682691541	T/F: The Equal Rights Amendment never became part of the Constitution.	True	17
1684091882	In 1776, Congress appointed a committee to draw up a plan for a permanent union of the states; this plan is known as _______.	the Articles of Confederation.	18
1684091883	Why did Great Britain impose a series of taxes on the American colonies in the 1760s and 1770s?	To raise revenue for colonial administration and defense	19
1684091884	In 1786, delegates from five states met in Annapolis, Maryland, to ________.	discuss the problems the country faced under the Articles of Confederation.	20
1684091885	What were Madisonian principles in the Constitution were based on?	the need to restrain both minority and majority power.	21
1684091886	Ratification of the Constitution required ______.	approval by special conventions in nine of the thirteen states.	22
1684091887	T/F: The delegates at the Constitutional Convention disagreed with Thomas Hobbes' argument in Leviathan that a strong absolute ruler was necessary to restrain man's bestial tendencies.	True	23
1684091888	The Declaration of Independence expressed the belief that _______.	people have a right to overthrow their government when they suffer deep injustices.	24
1684091889	T/F: The Declaration of Independence was written primarily by James Madison.	False	25
1684091890	The failure of the Equal Rights Amendment showed that ______.	a national majority in favor of an amendment is not sufficient to add it to the Constitution.	26
1684091891	T/F: The Connecticut Compromise provided for proportional representation in the Senate and equal representation in the House of Representatives.	False	27
1684091892	What, according to James Madison, is the most common and durable source of factions?	The unequal distribution of property	28
1684141966	What is an entity that connects the people to their government and transmits the people's concerns to policymakers known as?	A linkage institution	29
1684141967	What is at the heart of the populist movement?	The people	30
1684141968	What does the gross domestic product (GDP) represent?	The total value of all goods and services produced annually in the United States	31
1684141969	T/F: The health of a government can only be determined by the amount of 20. political participation by its citizens.	False	32
1684141970	T/F: There is never a shortage of political issues.	True	33
1693417967	A form of governmental structure in which the national government is weak and most or all power is in the hands of its components (e.g., states) is known as ________	a confederation.	34
1693417968	What are the powers of the federal government that are explicitly mentioned in the Constitution called?	enumerated powers	35
1693417969	Congress derives its implied powers from which clause in the Constitution?	elastic clause	36
1693417970	The Constitution requires that states give ________ to the public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings of every other state.	full faith and credit	37
1693417971	T/F: The No Child Left Behind Act is an example of dual federalism.	False	38
1693417972	T/F: One of the reasons the Founders favored federalism was its tendency to concentrate power.	False	39
1693417973	T/F: Federal spending has been depressed since the onset of the financial crisis of 2008.	False	40

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AP US History Chapters 24 and 25 Flashcards

The Gilded and Industrial Age

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103954559	Coalition	A temporary alliance of political factions or parties for some specific purpose.	0
103954560	Corner	To gain exclusive control of a commodity in order to fix its price.	1
103954561	Censure	An official statement of condemnation passed by a legislative body against one of its members or some other official of government.	2
103954562	Amnesty	A general pardon for offenses or crimes against a government.	3
103954563	Civil Service	Referring to regular employment by government according to a standardized system of job descriptions, merit qualifications, pay, and promotion, as distinct from political appointees who receive positions based on affiliation and party loyalty. (System of choosing federal employees on the basis of merit rather that patronage introduced by the Pendleton Act of 1883.)	4
103954564	Unsecured Loans	Money loaned without identification of collateral (existing assets) to be forfeited in case the borrower defaults on the loan.	5
103954565	Contraction	In finance, reducing the available supply of money, thus tending to raise interest rates and lower prices.	6
103954566	Deflation	An increase in the value of money in relation to available goods, causing prices to fall.	7
103954567	Inflation	a decrease in the value of money in relation to goods, causes prices to rise.	8
103954568	Fraternal Organization	A society of men drawn together for social purposes and sometimes to pursue other common goals.	9
103954569	Consensus	Common or unanimous opinion.	10
103954570	Kickback	The return of a portion of the money received in a sale or contract, often secretly or illegally, in exchange for favors.	11
103954571	Lien	A legal claim by a lender or another party on a borrower's property as a guarantee against repayment and prohibiting sale of the property.	12
103954572	Assassination	Politically motivated murder of a public figure	13
103954573	Laissez-faire	The doctrine of noninterference, especially by the government, in matters of economics or business (literally, "leave alone")	14
103954574	Pork Barrel	In American politics, government appropriations for political purposes, especially projects designed to please a legislator's local constituency.	15
103954575	The Credit Mobiler Scandal	Involved railroad corruption fraud and the subsequent bribery of congressmen	16
103954576	How The Political System of The "Gilded Age" Was Characterized	Strong party loyalties, high voter turnout, and few disagreements on foreign-policy issues.	17
103954577	The Key Tradeoff Featured In The Compromise of 1877	Republicans got the presidency in exchange for the final removal of federal troops from the South.	18
103954578	The Great Railroad Strike of 1877	Revealed the growing threat of class warfare in response to the economic depression of the mid-1870s.	19
103954579	Patronage	The primary goal for which all factions in both political parties contended during the Gilded Age.	20
103954580	Waving The Bloody Shirt	The symbol of the Republican political tactic of attacking Democrats with reminders of the Civil War.	21
103954581	Credit Mobiler Liberal	Corrupt construction company whose bribes and payoffs to congressmen and others created a major Grant administration scandal.	22
103954582	Republican Party	Short-lived third party of 1872 that attempted to curb Grant administration corruption.	23
103954583	Silver Greenback	Precious metal that "soft-money" advocates demanded be coined again to compensate for the "Crime of '73".	24
103954584	Labor Party	"Soft-money" third party that polled over a million votes and elected fourteen congressmen in 1878 by advocating inflation.	25
103954585	Gilded Age	Mark Twain's sarcastic name for the post-Civil War era, which emphasized its atmosphere of greed and corruption	26
103954586	Grand Army of The Republic	Civil War Union veteran's organization that became a potent political bulwark of the Republican part in the late nineteenth century	27
103954587	Stalwarts	Faction of the republican party led by Roscoe Conkling who favored high tariffs, hard money, and the spoils system. He also opposed all attempts at civil-service reform.	28
103954588	Half Breeds	Republican party faction led by Senator James G. Blaine that paid lip service to the government reform while still battling for patronage and spoils.	29
103954589	Compromise of 1877	The complex political agreement between Republicans and Democrats that resolved the bitterly disputed election of 1876	30
103954590	Chinese	Asian immigrant group the experienced discrimination on the West Coast.	31
103954591	McKinley Tariff	Sky-high Republican tariff of 1890 that caused widespread anger among farmers in the Midwest and the South.	32
103954592	Populists	Insurgent political party that gained widespread support among farmers in the 1890s.	33
103954593	Grandfather Clause	Notorious clause in southern voting laws that exempted from literacy tests and poll taxes anyone whose ancestors had voted in 1860, thereby excluding blacks.	34
103954594	Ulysses S. Grant	Great military leader whose presidency foundered in corruption and political ineptitude.	35
103954595	Jim Fisk	Bold and unprincipled financier whose plot to corner the U.S. gold market nearly succeeded in 1869.	36
103954596	Boss Tweed	Heavyweight New York political boss whose widespread fraud landed him in jail in 1871.	37
103954597	Horace Greeley	Colorful, eccentric newspaper editor who carried the Liberal, Republican, and Democratic banners against Grant in 1872.	38
103954598	Jay Cooke	Wealthy New York financier whose bank collapse in 1873 set off an economic depression.	39
103954599	Denis Kearney	Irish-born leader of the anti-Chinese movement in California.	40
103954600	Tom Watson	Radical Populist leader whose early success turned sour, and who then became a vicious racist.	41
103954601	Roscoe Conkling	Imperious New York senator and leader of the "Stalwart" faction of Republicans.	42
103954602	James G. Blaine	Charming but corrupt "Half-Breed" Republican senator and presidential nominee in 1884.	43
103954603	Rutherford B. Hayes	Winner of the contested 1876 election who presided over the end of Reconstruction and a sharp economic downturn.	44
103954604	James Garfield	President whose assassination after only a few months in office spurred the passage of a civil-service law.	45
103954605	Jim Crow	Term for the racial segregation laws imposed in the 1890s.	46
103954606	Grover Cleveland	First Democratic president since the Civil War, defender of laissez-faire economics and low tariffs.	47
103954607	William Jennings Bryan	Eloquent young Congressman from Nebraska who became the most prominent advocate of "free silver" in the early 1890s.	48
103954608	Pool	In business, an agreement to divide a given market in order to avoid competition.	49
103954609	Rebate	A return of a portion of the amount paid for goods or services.	50
103954610	Free Enterprise	An economic system that permits unrestricted entrepreneurial business activity; capitalism.	51
103954611	Regulatory Commission	In American government, any of the agencies established to control a special sphere of business or other activity; members are usually appointed by the president and confirmed by Congress.	52
103954612	Trust	A combination of corporations, usually in the same industry, in which stockholders trade their stock to a central board in exchange for trust certificates.	53
103954613	Syndicate	An association of financiers organized to carry out projects requiring very large amounts of capital.	54
103954614	Patrician	Characterized by noble or high social standing.	55
103954615	Plutocracy	Government by the wealthy.	56
103954616	Third World	Term developed during the Cold War for the non-Western and non-communist nations of the world, most of them formerly under colonial rule and still economically poor and dependent.	57
103954617	Socialist (Socialism)	Political belief in promoting social and economic equality through the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations.	58
103954618	Radical	One who believes in fundamental change in the political, economic, or social system.	59
103954619	Lockout	The refusal by an employer to allow employees to work unless they agree to his or her terms.	60
103954620	Yellow Dog Contract	A labor contract in which an employee must agree not to join a union as a condition of holding the job.	61
103954621	Cooperative	An organization for producing, marketing, or consuming goods in which the members share the benefits.	62
103954622	Anarchist (anarchism)	Political belief that all organized, coercive government is wrong in principle, and that society should be organized solely on the basis of free cooperation.	63
103954623	James J. Hill	The most efficient and public-minded of the early railroad-building industrialists He also assisted farmers in the northern areas served by his rail lines.	64
103954624	"Vertical Integration"	Andrew Carnegie's industrial system which involved the combination of all phases of the steel industry from mining to manufacturing into a single organization	65
103954625	Land Grants	Federally owned acreage granted to the railroad companies in order to encourage the building of rail lines.	66
103954626	Union Pacific	The original transcontinental railroad, comissioned by Congress, which built its rail line west from Omaha.	67
103954627	Central Pacific	The CA-based railroad company, headed by Leland Stanford, that employed Chinese laborers in building lines across the mountains.	68
103954628	Great Northern	The northernmost of the transcontinental railroad lines, organized by economically wise and public-spirited industrialist James J. Hill	69
103954629	Stock Watering	Dishonest device by which railroad promoters artificially inflated the price of their stocks and bonds.	70
103954630	Wabash Case	Supreme Court case of 1886 that prevented states from regulating railroads or other forms of interstate commerce.	71
103954631	Commerce Commission	Federal regulatory agency often used by rail companies to stabilize the industry and prevent ruinous competition.	72
103954632	Telephone	Late-nineteenth-century invention the revolutionized communication and created a large new industry that relied heavily on female workers.	73
103954633	Standard Oil	First of the great industrial trusts, organized through a principle of "horizontal integration" that ruthlessly incorporated or destroyed competitors.	74
103954634	US Steel Corp.	The first billion-dollar American corporation, organized when J.P. Morgan bought out Andrew Carnegie.	75
103954635	New South	Term that identified southern promoters' belief in a technologically advanced industrial South.	76
103954636	Colored National Labor Union	Black labor organization that briefly flourished in the late 1860s.	77
103954637	Knights of Labor	Secret, ritualistic labor organization that enrolled many skilled and unskilled workers but collapsed suddenly after the Haymarket Square bombing.	78
103954638	Craft Unions	Skilled labor organizations, such as those of carpenters and printers, that were most successful in conducting strikes and raising wages.	79
103954639	American Federation of Labor	The conservative labor group the successfully organized a minority of American workers but left others out.	80
103954640	Leland Stanford	Former CA governor and organizer of the Central Pacific Railroad.	81
103954641	Russell Conwell	Pro-business clergyman whose "Acres of Diamonds" speeches criticized the poor.	82
103954642	James J. Hill	Public-spirited railroad builder who assisted farmers in the northern areas served by his rail lines.	83
103954643	John D. Rockefeller	Aggressive energy-industry monopolist who used tough means to build a trust based on "horizontal integration".	84
103954644	Charles Dana Gibson	Magazine illustrator who created a romantic image of the new, independent woman.	85
103954645	Alexander Graham Bell	Former teacher of the deaf who invention created an entire new industry.	86
103954646	Thomas Edison	Inventive genius of industrialization who worked on devices such as the electric light, the phonograph, and the motion picture.	87
103954647	Andrew Carnegie	Scottish immigrant who organized a vast new industry on the principle of "vertical integration".	88
103954648	Cornelius Vanderbilt	Aggressive eastern railroad builder and consolidator who scorned the law as an obstacle to his enterprise.	89
103954649	J. P. Morgan	The only businessperson in America wealthy enough to buy out Andrew Carnegie and organize the U.S. Steel Corporation.	90
103954650	Henry Grady	Southern newspaper editor who tirelessly promoted industrialization as the salvation of the economically backward South.	91
103954651	Terence V. Powderly	Eloquent leader of a secretive labor organization that made substantial gains in the 1880s before it suddenly collapsed.	92
103954652	William Graham Sumner	Intellectual defender of laissez-faire capitalism who argued that the wealthy owed "nothing" to the poor.	93
103954653	John P. Altgeld	IL governor who pardoned the Haymarket anarchists.	94
103954654	Samuel Gompers	Organizer of a conservative craft-union group and advocate of "more" wages for skilled workers.	95

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1734256563	Change in colonial policy by the British government that helped precipitate the American Revolution involved	: compelling the American colonists to shoulder some of the financial costs of the empire.	0
1734256564	In a broad sense, America was	: revolutionary force from the day of its discovery by Europeans.	1
1734256565	The American colonial exponents of republicanism argued that a just society depends on:	a willingness to subordinate private interests to the common good.	2
1734256566	Republicans looked to the models of the ____ for examples of a just society.: .	Greeks and Romans	3
1734256567	The radical whigs feared:	the arbitrary power of the monarchy.	4
1734256568	Identify the statement that is false.:	The Americans were dependent on the British officials in London to run their affairs.	5
1734256569	Not one of the original thirteen colonies except ____ was formally planted by the British government.	Georgia	6
1734256570	The founding of the American colonies by the British was	undertaken in a haphazard manner.	7
1734256571	Mercantilists believed that:	a country's economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold and silver in its treasury.	8
1734256572	The first Navigation Laws were designed to:	eliminate Dutch shippers from the American carrying trade.	9
1734256573	The British Parliament enacted currency legislation that was intended primarily to benefit:	British merchants.	10
1734256574	The British Crown's royal veto of colonial legislation:	was used sparingly by the British Parliament.	11
1734256575	Under the mercantilist system, the British government reserved the right to do all of the following regarding the American colonies except:	prevent the colonies from developing militias.	12
1734256576	Before 1763, the Navigation Laws	: were only loosely enforced in the American colonies.	13
1734256577	Despite the benefits of the mercantile system, the American colonists disliked it because it:	made them feel used and kept them in a state of perpetual economic adolescence.	14
1734256578	In some ways, the Navigation Laws and mercantilist system were a burden to certain colonists because	: they stifled economic initiative.	15
1734256579	Sugar Act Stamp Act Declaratory Act	Sugar Act - first British law intended to raise revenues in the colonies Stamp Act - generated the most protest in the colonies. Declaratory Act - asserted Parliament's absolute power over the colonies	16
1734256580	The first law ever passed by Parliament for raising tax revenues in the colonies for the crown was the:	Sugar Act.	17
1734256581	The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act to:	raise money to support new military forces needed for colonial defense.	18
1734256582	Passage of the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act:	convinced many colonists that the British were trying to take away their historic liberty.	19
1734256583	Unlike the ____ Act, the ____ Act and the ____ Act were both indirect taxes on trade goods arriving in American ports.:	Stamp, Sugar, Townshend	20
1734256584	The Quartering Act required that colonists:.	provide housing and food for British troops.	21
1734256585	Women supported protests against the Stamp Act in all of the following ways except:	cooking lamb chops for their families.	22
1734256586	Virtual representation meant that: .	every member of Parliament represented all British subjects everywhere	23
1734256587	Colonists responded to the hated Stamp Act in all of the following ways except	: having colonial legislatures issue a court mandate forbidding the enforcement of the act.	24
1734256588	The colonists took the Townshend Acts less seriously than the Stamp Act because	: they were light and indirect.	25
1734256589	As a result of American opposition to the Townshend Acts:	British officials sent regiments of troops to Boston to restore law and order.	26
1734256590	Samuel Adams John Adams Crispus Attucks	Samuel Adams - a pamphleteer who first organized committees to exchange ideas and information on resisting British policy John Adams - a Massachusetts politician who opposed the moderates' solution to the imperial crisis at the First Continental Congress Crispus Attucks - a casualty of the Boston Massacre	27
1734256591	39. The tax on tea was retained when the Townshend Acts were repealed because:	it kept alive the principle of parliamentary taxation.	28
1734256592	40. The local committees of correspondence organized by Samuel Adams:	kept opposition to the British alive, through exchange letters.	29
1734256593	41. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) clash at Lexington and Concord, (B) meeting of the First Continental Congress, (C) Quebec Act, and (D) Boston Tea Party.	DCBA	30
1734256594	42. Which of the following statements is false?:	By 1773, it was clear that a colonial rebellion was inevitable.	31
1734256595	43. When Parliament passed the Tea Act, colonists:	suspected that it was a trick to get them to violate their principle of "No taxation without representation."	32
1734256596	44. The Boston Tea Party of 1773 was:	not the only such protest to occur.	33
1734256597	45. The Quebec Act:	suspended representative assemblies and trials by jury.	34
1734256598	46. The most memorable of the responses to the Intolerable Acts was:	the summoning of the First Continental Congress in 1774.	35
1734256599	47. The First Continental Congress was called in order to:	consider ways of redressing colonial grievances against Britain.	36
1734256600	48. The First Continental Congress:	called for a complete boycott of British goods.	37
1734256601	49. As a result of Parliament's rejection of the petitions of the Continental Congress:	fighting and bloodshed took place, and war began.	38
1734256602	50. As the War for Independence began, Britain had the advantage of:	overwhelming national wealth and naval power.	39
1734256603	51. All of the following were weaknesses of the British military during the War for Independence except:	soldiers who were incapable of fighting effectively.	40
1734256604	52. Many Whigs in Britain hoped for an American victory in the War for Independence because they:	feared that if George III triumphed, his rule at home might become tyrannical.	41
1734256605	53. The colonists faced all of the following weaknesses in the War for Independence except: .	the use of numerous European officers.	42
1734256606	54. By the end of the War for Independence:	a few thousand American regular troops were finally whipped into shape.	43
1734256607	55. Which of the following is not a true statement about women's roles during the Revolution?:	Many women urged husbands and sons to stay home and safeguard their families and property.	44
1734256608	56. African Americans during the Revolutionary War:	fought for both the Americans and the British.	45
1734256609	57. Regarding American independence: .	only a select minority supported independence with selfless devotion	46
1734256610	58. When the Second Continental Congress met in 1775:	there was no well-defined sentiment for independence.	47
1734256611	59. Perhaps the most important single action of the Second Continental Congress was to:	select George Washington to head the army.	48
1734256612	60. As commander of America's Revolutionary army, George Washington exhibited all of the following except:	military genius.	49
1734256613	61. All of the following statements are true regarding Washington's selection to head up the Continental army except: c	congress strongly perceived his qualities of leadership.	50
1734256614	62. The Revolutionary War began with fighting in ____; then in 1777-1778, fighting was concentrated in ____; and the fighting concluded in ____.:.	New England, the middle colonies, the South	51
1734256615	63. In 1775, once fighting between the colonies and Great Britain began:	the colonists affirmed their loyalty to the King.	52
1734256616	64. In May 1775, a tiny American force under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured the British garrisons at Ft. Ticonderoga and Crown Point in upper New York. What did the Americans secure as a result of this victory?:	A priceless store of gunpowder and artillery for the siege of Boston was secured.	53
1734256617	65. King George III officially declared the colonies in rebellion just after:	the Battle of Bunker Hill.	54
1734256618	66. The Olive Branch Petition:	professed American loyalty to the crown.	55
1734256619	67. Colonists considered the British use of European mercenaries - Hessians - as paid soldiers:	with complete shock that they would enlist outsiders.	56
1734256620	68. In March 1776, this event is still celebrated today and it is known as Evacuation Day, what happened on this day?:	British evacuation of Boston	57
1734256621	69. The colonists delayed declaring their independence until July 4, 1776, for all of the following reasons except:	lack of military victories.	58
1734256622	70. Jefferson was selected to draft the Declaration of Independence because:	he was already recognized as a brilliant writer.	59
1734256623	71. In a republic, power:	comes from the people themselves.	60
1734256624	72. Thomas Paine's pamphlet, Common Sense: .	called for American independence and the creation of a democratic republic.	61
1734256625	73. The feasibility of representative government had been demonstrated in the:	committees of correspondence.	62
1734256626	74. Examples of colonial experience with self-governance, which prepared Americans for a republic, included all of the following except:	militia service.	63
1734256627	75. Most Americans considered which of the following to be fundamental for any successful republican government?:	Civic virtue	64
1734256628	76. Which individual privately advocated equality for women?:	Abigail Adams	65
1734256629	77. The Declaration of Independence did all of the following except:	offer the British one last chance at reconciliation.	66
1734256630	78. Patriots responded to Paine's vision of an ultra democratic republic in all of the following ways except:	some wanted to see only the lower orders of farmers and workers as the base of political power	67
1734256631	79. Like many revolutions, the American Revolution was:	a minority movement.	68
1734256632	80. When it came to supporting the Revolution, most colonists were:	neutral or apathetic.	69
1734256633	81. The Patriot militia played a crucial role in the Revolution in all of the following ways except:	raising funds to support the war effort.	70
1734256634	82. The Americans who continued to support the crown after independence had been declared were more likely to be all of the following except	from New England.	71
1734256635	83. Many Americans remained loyalists during the Revolution for all of the following reasons except:	fear of retribution.	72
1734256636	84. All of the following fates befell Loyalists after the Revolutionary War except they:	were given aristocratic status in Canada.	73
1734256637	85. Loyalists were least numerous in:	New England.	74
1734256638	86. Emanuel Leutze's 1851 painting Washington Crossing the Delaware celebrates what event?	: Surprise attack on the Hessians in New Jersey	75
1734256639	87. After defeat at the Battle of Long Island, Washington's forces escaped to:	Manhattan Island.	76
1734256640	88. ____ and ____ revealed "Old Fox" Washington at his military best.:	Trenton, Princeton	77
1734256641	William Howe John Burgoyne Charles Cornwallis Nathanael Greene	William Howe - Long Island John Burgoyne - Saratoga Charles Cornwallis - Yorktown Nathanael Greene -	78
1734256642	90. Arrange these battles in chronological order: (A) Trenton, (B) Saratoga, (C) Long Island, and (D) Charleston.	CABD	79
1734256643	91. The basic principles of the Model Treaty and the new philosophy behind American international affairs contained all of the following except	: no economic connection.	80
1734256644	92. The Battle of Saratoga was a key victory for the Americans because it:	brought the colonists much-needed aid and a formal alliance with France.	81
1734256645	93. The basic principles in the Model Treaty:	were self-denying restrictions to the Americans.	82
1734256646	94. America's first entangling alliance was with:	France.	83
1734256647	95. Who was the American diplomat that negotiated the Model Treaty with France?:	Benjamin Franklin	84
1734256648	96. The Armed Neutrality League was started by	: Catherine the Great of Russia.	85
1734256649	97. When the alliance with France was formalized, the Americans were able to gain all of the following except	: a negotiated peace treaty with the British.	86
1734256650	98. The commander of French troops in America was:	Rochambeau.	87
1734256651	99. Shortly after French troops arrived in America, the resulting improvement in morale staggered when:	General Benedict Arnold turned traitor.	88
1734256652	100. The colonists suffered their heaviest losses of the Revolutionary War at the Battle of:	Charleston.	89
1734256653	George Rogers Clark Nathanael Greene John Paul Jones	George Rogers Clark - commanded Patriot troops in the West Nathanael Greene -commanded Patriot troops in the South John Paul Jones -commanded Patriot naval forces	90
1734256654	102. Some Indian nations joined the British during the Revolutionary War because:	110. Regarding the provisions of the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which formally ended the Revolution: America broke the assurances regarding treatment of the Loyalists.	91
1734256655	103. The "Fighting Quaker" who cleared most of Georgia and South Carolina was:	Nathanael Greene.	92
1734256656	104. The Indian chief who fought for the British in New York and Pennsylvania was:	Joseph Brant.	93
1734256657	105. The Treaty of Fort Stanwix, the first treaty between the United States and an Indian nation, resulted in:	the ceding of most of the Iroquois' land.	94
1734256658	106. During the Revolution, the frontier saw much fighting, which:	failed to stem the tide of westward-moving pioneers.	95
1734256659	107. The most important contribution of the seagoing privateers during the Revolutionary War was that they:	captured hundreds of British merchant ships.	96
1734256660	108. American diplomats to the peace negotiations in Paris in 1782-1783 were instructed by the Second Continental Congress to:	get the colonies out of their obligations under the Franco-American alliances.	97
1734256661	109. Britain gave America generous terms in the Treaty of Paris because British leaders:	were trying to persuade America to abandon its alliance with France.	98
1734256662	110. Regarding the provisions of the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which formally ended the Revolution:	America broke the assurances regarding treatment of the Loyalists.	99

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APUSH Chapter 31 Test Flashcards

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683366452	President Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany when	Germany announced that it would wage unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic	0
683366453	The Zimmermann note involved a proposed secret agreement between	Germany and Mexico	1
683366454	The U.S. declared war on Germany	after German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels	2
683366455	President Woodrow Wilson persuaded the American people to enter World War I by	pledging to make the war a war to end all wars and to make the world safe for democracy	3
683366456	President Wilson viewed America's entry into World War I as an opportunity for the U.S. to	shape a new international order based on the ideals of democracy	4
683366457	Of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, the one that he hoped would provide asystem of collective security was the	League of Nations	5
683366458	The major problem for George Creel and his Committee on Public Informationwas that	he oversold Wilson's ideals and led the world to expect too much.	6
683366459	Match each civilian administrator below with the World War I mobilizationagency that he directed	A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4	7
683366460	When the U.S. entered World War I, it was	poorly prepared to leap into global war	8
683366461	During World War I, civil liberties in America were	denied to many, especially those suspected of disloyalty	9
683366462	Two constitutional amendments adopted in part because of because of wartime influences were the 18, which dealt with _________________, and the 19, whose subject was _______________.	prohibition; woman suffrage	10
683366463	As a result of their work supporting the war effort, women	finally received the right to vote	11
683366464	During World War I, the government's treatment of labor could be best describedas	fair	12
683366465	The strikes and sabotage of the Industrial Workers of the World during WWIwere	the result of some of the worst working conditions in the country	13
683366466	Grievances of labor during and shortly after World War I include all of the following except	suppression of the American Federation of Labor	14
683366467	The 1919 steel strike resulted in	a grievous setback crippling the union movement for a decade	15
683366468	The movement of tens of thousands of Southern blacks north during WWIresulted in	racial violence in the North	16
683366469	Most wartime mobilization agencies relied on _____________ to prepare the economy for war.	voluntary compliance	17
683366470	Most of the money raised to finance World War I came from	loans	18
683366471	In an effort to make economic mobilization more efficient during World War I,the federal government took over and operated	the railroads	19
683366472	The U.S. used all of the flowing methods to support the war effort except	using government power extensively to regulate the economy	20
683366473	During World War I the U.S. used naval vessels	made from concrete	21
683366474	When the U.S. entered WWI in 1917, most Americans did not believe that	it would be necessary to send a large American army to Europe	22
683366475	Those who protested conscription during World War I did so because	they disliked the idea of compelling a person to serve	23
683366476	During WWI, American troops fought in all of the following countries except	Czechoslovakia	24
683366477	A unique feature of the U.S. armed forces during World War I was	the entry of women for the first time	25
683366478	Russia's withdrawal from World War I in 1918 resulted in	the release of thousands of German troops for deployment on the front in France	26
683366479	The first significant engagement of American troops in a European battle in American history came in the spring of 1918	Chateau-Thierry	27
683366480	The Second Battle of the Marne was significant because it	marked the beginning of a German withdrawal that was never reversed	28
683366481	As a condition of ending World War I, Woodrow Wilson demanded that	the German Kaiser be forced from power	29
683366482	The U.S.' main contributions to the Allied victory in World War I included all of the following except	battlefield victories	30
683366483	The Germans were eventually demoralized by	the U.S. troop reserves	31
683366484	The chief difference between Woodrow Wilson and the parliamentary statesmenat the Paris peace table was that Wilson	did not command a legislative majority at home	32
683366485	Woodrow Wilson's ultimate goal at the Paris Peace conference was to	establish the League of Nations	33
683366486	At the Paris Peace Conference, Wilson sought all of the following goals except	an end to the European colonial empires in Africa and Asia	34
683366487	Opposition to the League of Nations by the U.S. Senate during the Paris PeaceConference	gave Allied leaders in Paris a stronger bargaining position	35
683366488	After the Treaty of Versailles had been signed, Wilson	was condemned by both disillusioned liberals and frustrated imperialists	36
683366489	In the U.S., the most controversial aspect of the Treaty of Versailles was	Article X	37
683366490	The Republican strategy regarding the Treaty of Versailles was to	delay and amend the treaty	38
683366491	Senate opponents of the League of Nations as proposed in the Treaty of Versaillesargued that it	robbed Congress of its war-declaring powers	39
683366492	In Congress, the most reliable support for Wilson's position on the League of nations came from	Democrats	40
683366493	The Senate likely would have accepted American participation in the League of Nations had Wilson	had been willing to compromise with League opponents in Congress	41
683366494	Who was most responsible for the Senate defeat of the Treaty of Versailles?	Woodrow Wilson	42
683366495	Wilson's "solemn referendum" in 1920 concerned	his attempt to use the presidential election as a public vote on the Treaty of Versailles	43
683366496	Republican isolationists successfully turned Warren Harding's 1920 presidentialvictory into a	death sentence for the League of Nations	44
683366497	The major weakness of the League of Nations was that it	did not include the U.S	45

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1267549818	President Wilson insisted that he would hold _______________ to "strict accountability" for _______________.	Germany; the loss of American ships and lives to submarine warfare	0
1267549819	The Progressive "Bull Moose" party died when	Teddy Roosevelt refused to run as the party's presidential candidate in 1916.	1
1267549820	Woodrow Wilson's attitude toward the masses can best be described as	having faith in them if they were properly educated.	2
1267549821	Congress passed the Underwood Tariff because	President Wilson aroused public opinion to support its passage.	3
1267549822	Woodrow Wilson's administration refused to extend formal diplomatic recognition to the government in Mexico headed by	Victoriano Huerta.	4
1267549823	As governor of New Jersey, Woodrow Wilson established a record as	passionate reformer.	5
1267549824	Woodrow Wilson's political philosophy included all of the following except	scorn for the ideal of self—determination for minority peoples in other countries.	6
1267549825	Teddy Roosevelt's New Nationalism	supported a broad program of social welfare and government regulation of business.	7
1267549826	According to the text, the runaway philosophical winner in the 1912 election was	progressivism.	8
1267549827	The first Jew to sit on the United States Supreme Court, appointed by Woodrow Wilson, was	Louis D. Brandeis.	9
1267549828	In 1912, Woodrow Wilson ran for the presidency on a Democratic platform that included all of the following except a call for	dollar diplomacy.	10
1267549829	The 1912 presidential election was notable because	it gave the voters a clear choice of political and economic philosophies.	11
1267549830	One primary effect of World War I on the United States was that it	conducted an immense amount of trade with the Allies.	12
1267549831	Which term best characterizes Woodrow Wilson's approach to American foreign policy diplomacy?	moralistic	13
1267549832	Which of the following American passenger liners was sunk by German submarines?	None of these was an American ship.	14
1267549833	When Congress passed the Underwood Tariff Bill in 1913, it intended the legislation to	lower tariff rates.	15
1267549834	In 1913, Woodrow Wilson broke with a custom dating back to Jefferson's day when he	personally delivered his presidential address to Congress.	16
1267549835	President Woodrow Wilson refused to intervene in the affairs of Mexico until	American sailors were arrested in the port of Tampico.	17
1267549836	From 1914 to 1916, trade between the United States and Britain	pulled the American economy out of a recession.	18
1267549837	When Jane Addams placed Teddy Roosevelt's name in nomination for the presidency in 1912, it	symbolized the rising political status of women.	19
1267549838	When Woodrow Wilson won reelection in 1916, he received strong support from the	working class.	20
1267549839	In 1912 Woodrow Wilson became the first __________ elected to the presidency since the Civil War.	person born in the South	21
1267549840	German submarines began sinking unarmed and unresisting merchant and passenger ships without warning	in retaliation for the British naval blockade of Germany.	22
1267549841	In the Sussex pledge, Germany promised	not to sink passenger ships without warning.	23
1267549842	With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the great majority of Americans	earnestly hoped to stay out of the war.	24
1267549843	Before his first term ended, Woodrow Wilson had militarily intervened in or purchased all of the following countries except	Cuba.	25
1267549844	The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 guaranteed a substantial measure of public control over the American banking system through the final authority given to the	presidentially appointed Federal Reserve Board.	26
1267549845	Before he was elected president in 1912, Woodrow Wilson had been	state governor.	27
1267549846	The Clayton Anti—Trust Act	explicitly legalized strikes and peaceful picketing.	28
1267549847	As World War I began in Europe, the alliance system placed Germany and Austria—Hungary as leaders of the _______________, while Russia and France were among the _______________.	Central Powers; Allies	29
1267549848	The Federal Reserve Act gave the Federal Reserve Board the authority to	issue paper money and increase the amount of money in circulation.	30
1267549849	Because of the benefits that it conferred on labor, Samuel Gompers called the _______________ "labor's Magna Charta."	Clayton Anti—Trust Act	31
1267549850	As a politician, Woodrow Wilson was	inflexible and stubborn.	32
1267549851	When Woodrow Wilson became president in 1912, the most serious shortcoming in the country's financial structure was that the	currency was inelastic.	33
1267549852	The Sixteenth Amendment provided for	a personal income tax.	34
1267549853	Woodrow Wilson was most comfortable surrounded by	academic scholars.	35
1267549854	Woodrow Wilson's early efforts to conduct an anti—imperialist U. S. foreign policy were first undermined when he	sent American marines to Haiti.	36

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