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AP US History IDs - THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION Flashcards

1076200695	King Cotton	a phrase used in the Southern United States to illustrate the importance of this crop to the Confederate economy during the American Civil War	0
1076200696	substistance farmers	self-sufficient farming when farmers only grow enough food to feed their family	1
1076200697	squatters	someone who settles on land they do not own (many 18th and 19th century settlers established themselves on land before it was surveyed and entered for sale, requesting the first right to purchase the land when sales began)	2
1076200699	G. Prosser	the first armed rebellion was organized by this man and 50 other slaves living near Richmond, VA (Prosser and 25 of his followers were executed and their owners received compensation)	3
1076200700	N. Turner	in 1831, he led about 30 slaves on a rampage through tidewater Virginia, killing about 60 men, woman, and children (the Southern States as a result enforced laws prohibiting the education of slaves and increased surveillance of free African Americans)	4
1076200701	American Colonization Society	reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, this organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement inteded as a haven for emancipated slaves	5
1076200702	T. Weld	abolitionist who appealed with a special power and directness in his rural audiences of untutored farmers; preached antislavery goespel	6
1076200703	W. Lloyd Garrison	most conspicious and most vilified of the abolitionists, published "The Liberator" in Boston, helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society; favored Northern secession and renounced politics	7
1076200704	American Anti Slavery Society	abolitionist society founded by William Loyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery; by 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members	8
1076200705	S. Truth	freed black woman in New York who fought tirelessly for black emancipation and women's rights	9
1076200706	F. Douglass	born a slave but escaped to the North and became a prominent black abolitionist; gifted orator, writer, and editor	10
1076200707	Liberty Party	America's first antislavery political party, formed in 1840; when the party ran a presidential candidate in the 1844 election, it split the Republican vote and inadvertently tipped the 1844 election in favor of Democrat James Polk	11
1076200708	Gag Rule	prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals; driven through the House by pro-slavery Southerners, it passed every year for eight years, eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams	12
1076200709	E. Lovejoy	an American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and newspaper editor who was murdered by a mob in Alton, Illinois for his abolitionist views	13
1076200710	Wilmot Proviso	aimed to ban slavery in land gained from Mexico in the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848	14
1076200711	Popular Sovereignty	the idea that issues should be decided upon by the people (specifically, it applied to slavery, stating that the people in the territories should decide to legalize it or not)	15
1076200712	Free Soil Party	a party committed against the extension of slavery in the territories and one that also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers	16
1076200713	Underground Railroad	a secret organization that took runaway slaves north to Canada	17
1076200714	H. Tubman	she freed more than 300 slaves during 19 trips to the South	18
1076200715	Omnibus Bill	endorsed by Henry Clay, if it passed it would make California a free state and end the slave trade in D.C. (also promised the South tougher fugitive slave law)	19
1076200716	J. Calhoun	Southern spokesman who pleaded for states' rights, for slavery to be left alone, for the return of runaway slaves, the restoration of the rights of the South as a minority, and the return for political balance	20
1076200717	fire-eaters	Southerners who were passionate about the slavery issue	21
1076200718	W. Seward	a young senator from New York, he hated slavery, but he didn't seem to realize that the Union was built on compromise, and he said that Christian legislators must adhere to a "higher law" and not allow slavery to exist; this might have cost him the 1860 presidential election	22
1076200719	Compromise of 1850	for the North: California admitted as a free state Texas lost its territory of New Mexico and Oregon Slave trade became illegal in Washington D.C. for the South: popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession lands Fugitive Slave Law	23
1076200720	Fugitive Slave Act	(1) fleeing slaves couldn't testify on their own behalf, (2) the federal commissioner who handled the case got $5 if the slave was free and $10 if not, and (3) people who were ordered to help catch slaves had to do so, even if they didn't want to	24
1076200721	Ostend Manifesto	stated that the U.S. was to offer $120 million to Spain for Cuba, and if it refused and Spain's ownership of Cuba continued to endanger the U.S., then America would be justified in seizing the island	25
1076200722	Commodore Perry	he went into the harbor of Tokyo in 1854 and asked/forced them to open up their nation (this broke Japan's centuries-old tradition of isolation, and started them down a road of modernization and then imperialism and militarism)	26
1076200723	Gadsden Purchase	purchase of Mexico for 10 million for a transcontinental railroad	27
1076200724	S. Douglas	he orated on behalf of the Compromise of 1850 for the North, and proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act	28
1076200725	Kansas-Nebraska Act	would let slavery in Kansas and Nebraska be decided upon by popular sovereignty (directly wrecked the Missouri Compromise of 1820)	29
1076200726	H. Beecher Stowe	published Uncle Tom's Cabin, a popular book that awakened the passions of the North toward the evils of slavery	30
1076200727	H. Helper	a non-aristocratic white North Carolinian, who tried to prove, by an array of statistics, that the non-slave-holding Southern whites were really the ones most hurt by slavery	31
1076200728	Beecher's Bibles	the rifles that Henry Beecher bought with his money for those willing to oppose slavery in Kansas and Nebraska	32
1076200729	Lawrence Kansas	a group of pro-slavery raiders shot up and burnt part of this city, thus starting violence	33
1076200730	Pottawatomie Creek Massacre	John Brown led a band of followers to this place in 1856 and hacked to death five presumable pro-slaveryites	34
1076200731	Lecompten Constitution	provided that the people were only allowed to vote for the constitution "with slavery" or "without slavery" (angry free-soilers boycotted the polls and Kansas approved the constitution with slavery)	35
1076200732	Brooks-Sumner Incident	southern congressman beat an anti-slavery senator with a cane, cheered on by southerners	36
1076200733	Republican Party	began in the 1850s, dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories, but they championed a wider range of issues, including the further development of national roads, more liberal land distribution in the West, and increased protective tariffs (comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers)	37
1076200734	Dred Scott Case	1857; a slave who sued the U.S. for his freedom after living in free territories - resulted in the Supreme Court ruling that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south	38
1076200735	A. Lincoln	inaugurated president in 1861 (he marked restoration of the union as his top goal, and offered doubts about it splitting)	39
1076200736	Freeport Doctrine	given by Douglas, said that no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down; since power was held by the people	40
1076200737	John Brown	he led a raid of Harper's Ferry, Virginia, but the slaves didn't revolt, and he was captured by the U.S. Marines under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Lee and convicted of treason, sentenced to death, and hanged	41
1076200738	Constitutional Union Party	the "Know-Nothings" chose John Bell of Tennessee and called themselves this (they tried to mend fences and offered as their platform, simply, the Constitution)	42
1076200739	Secession crisis	Southerners threatened that Lincoln's election would result in this	43
1076200740	Confederacy	South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded and met in Montgomery, Alabama in 1861 and created	44
1076200741	Crittenden Compromise	would ban slavery north of the 36°30' line extended to the Pacific and would leave the issue in territories south of the line up to the people; also, existing slavery south of the line would be protected	45
1076200742	Fort Sumter	one of the few forts that hadn't joined the Confederacy, Lincoln chose to send supplies to it, and he told the South Carolinian governor that the ship to the fort only held provisions, not reinforcements (however, to the South, provisions were reinforcements, and on April 12, 1861, cannons were fired onto the fort; after 34 hours of non-lethal firing, the fort surrendered)	46
1076200743	Border States	(Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland) were crucial for both sides (they were slave states which hadn't seceded, but which could've at any moment)	47
1076200744	King Wheat/Corn	beat King Cotton of the South, since Europe needed the food much more than it needed the cotton	48
1076200745	Trent Affair	in 1861 a Union warship stopped the British mail steamer and removed two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe	49
1076200746	Alabama	sea vessel that escaped to the Portuguese Azores, took on weapons and crew from Britain, but never sailed into a Confederate base, thus using a loophole to help the South	50
1076200747	J. Davis	named president of the Confederacy, he was a former US senator as well as secretary of war (never really popular and he overworked himself)	51
1076200748	Habeus Corpus	a citizen's right to be brought promptly before a judge and told why he has been arrested (this is a Constitutional right which Lincoln suspended during the Civil War)	52
1076200749	Enrollment Act	in 1863, it said that every able-bodied white male citizen aged 20 to 45 now faced the draft	53
1076200750	Conscription Act	required all able bodied men from 17-45 to serve for 3 years	54
1076200751	Greenbacks	paper money issued by the Washington Treasury, very unstable	55
1076200752	Legal Tender Act	Lincoln signed this in 1862, authorizing $150 million in greenbacks	56
1076200753	Homestead Act	passed in 1862, it embodied the republican party's ideal of free soil, free labor and free men (granted 160 acres of public land to settlers after five years of residence on the land)	57
1076200754	Bull Run	in 1861, amateur armies clashed -Confederates were helped by some last minute reinforcements and by the disorganization of the attacking union, and won the battle	58
1076200755	G. McClellan	commander of the Army of the Potomac, the Union's main fighting force in the East (devised the Peninsula Campaign)	59
1076200756	Peninsula Campaign	McClellan decided upon a water-borne approach to Richmond, the South's capital, but it took him a month to capture Yorktown before coming to Richmond (disliked by Lincoln, and ended up not working)	60
1076200757	Antietam	McClellan's men were able to stop the Southerners here (the display of power by the union gave Lincoln encouragement to announce his Emancipation Proclamation)	61
1076200758	Emancipation Proclamation	didn't actually free the slaves, but gave the general idea; it was announced on January 1, 1863 (Lincoln said the slaves would be free in the seceded states but NOT the border states as doing so might anger them into seceding too)	62
1076200759	13th Amendment	states had to ratify this in order to be let back into the Union (it abolished slavery)	63
1076200760	Gettysburg	largest battle in the Western Hemisphere, after three days of fighting Lee retreats, 23,000 union casualties and 28,000 confederate casualties (hurt Southern hopes of victory on Northern soil)	64
1076200761	U. Grant	Union General, Mex-American war veteran; in 1861-62 he retained control of Missouri and Kentucky	65
1076200762	W. Sherman	mex-American war vet, union general who attacked Georgia and took Atlanta	66
1076200763	Copperheads	those who were totally against the war, and denounced the president	67
1076200764	Appomattox	Grant and his men captured Richmond, burnt it, and cornered Lee here 1865, where Lee formally surrendered; the war was over	68
1076200765	Exodusters	name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880 because of racial oppression	69
1076200766	Freedmen's Bureau	relief, education and employment of former slaves (40 acres of abandoned or confiscated land would be leased to each freedman or southern unionist with later option to buy)	70
1076200767	10% Plan	the southern states could be reintegrated into the Union if and when they had a certain percentage of voters pledge and take an oath to the Union	71
1076200768	Radical Republicans	felt punishment was due the South for all the years of strife (they feared that the leniency of the 10 % Plan would allow the Southerners to re-enslave the newly freed Blacks, so they rammed the Wade-Davis Bill through Congress)	72
1076200769	Wade Davis Bill	required 50% of the states' voters to take oaths of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation than the 10% Plan	73
1076200770	Black Codes	laws aimed at keeping the Black population in submission and workers in the fields	74
1076200771	Civil Rights Bill of 1866	conferred on blacks the privilege of American citizenship and struck at the Black Codes	75
1076200772	14th Amendment	(1) all Blacks were American citizens, (2) if a state denied citizenship to Blacks, then its representatives in the Electoral College were lowered, (3) former Confederates could not hold federal or state office, and (4) the federal debt was guaranteed while the Confederate one was repudiated	76
1076200773	T. Stevens	Radical Republican leader in the House (an old, sour man who was an unswerving friend of the Blacks)	77
1076200774	C. Sumner	Radical Republican leader in the Senate	78
1076200775	Reconstruction Act of 1867	divided the South into five military zones, temporarily disfranchised tens of thousands of former Confederates, and laid down new guidelines for the readmission of states	79
1076200776	15th Amendment	passed by Congress in 1869, gave Blacks their right to vote	80
1076200777	Scalawags	Southerners who were accused of plundering Southern treasuries and selling out the Southerners	81
1076200778	Carpetbaggers	Northerners accused of parasitically milking power and profit in a now-desolate South	82
1076200779	KKK	secret domestic militant organizations in the United States, originating in the southern states and eventually having national scope, that are best known for advocating white supremacy and acting as terrorists while hidden behind conical hats, masks and white robes	83
1076200780	Tenure of Office Act	provided that the president had to secure the consent of the Senate before removing his appointees once they had been approved by the Senate	84
1076200781	Seward's Folly	most of the public jeered at the purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million	85
1076200782	Boss Tweed	employed bribery, graft, and fake elections to cheat NYC of as much as $200 million	86
1076200783	Thomas Nast	political cartoonist, constantly drew against Tammany's corruption	87
1076200784	Credit Mobiler Scandal	a railroad construction company paid itself huge sums of money for small railroad construction	88
1076200785	Liberal Republican Revolt	a power wave of disgust at Grant's administration was building, and reformers organized this party and nominated Horace Greeley (the campaign was filled with mudslinging)	89
1076200786	Amnesty Act of 1872	removed political disabilities from all but some 500 former Confederate leaders in 1872	90
1076200787	Election of 1876	Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, while the Democrats ran Samuel Tilden (Tilden getting 184 votes out of a needed 185 in the Electoral College, but votes in four states, Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida, and part of Oregon, were unsure and disputed)	91
1076200788	Compromise of 1877	the Senate and the House met to settle the dispute, and eventually, Hayes became president (also, military rule in the South ended)	92
1076200789	Sharecropping	most blacks resorted to this, providing nothing but labor	93
1076200790	Crop-lien System	system that allowed farmers to get more credit (they used harvested crops to pay back their loans)	94
1076200791	Jim Crow Laws	segregation was legalized through this	95
1076200792	Plessy v. Ferguson	Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional	96
1076200793	US v. Reese	an 1876 voting rights case in which the United States Supreme Court upheld such practices as the poll tax and the literacy test	97

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Balkus AP US History I Chapter 17: Reconstruction, 1863-1877 Flashcards

Terms from the chap. 17 study guide

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834817686	Proclamation of Amnesty	Policy passed by Lincoln that offered presidential pardon to southern whites who took an oath of allegiance to the United States and accepted the abolition of slavery.	0
834817687	Abraham Lincoln	Proposed the Proclamation of Amnesty and the 10% plan	1
834817688	10% plan	Plan proposed by Lincoln where when the number of the white males 21 and over in a southern state took an oath of allegiance and accepted the abolition of slavery equaled 10% of the number of voters in 1860, that nucleus could reestablish a state gov't to which Lincoln promised presidential recognition.	2
834817689	Benjamin Wade	Helped create the Wade-Davis bill with Davis. This bill did not enfranchise blacks, but did impose such stringent loyalty requirements on southern whites that few of them could take the required oath. Lincoln therefore vetoed it.	3
834817690	Henry Winter Davis	Helped create the Wade-Davis bill with Wade. This bill did not enfranchise blacks, but did impose such stringent loyalty requirements on southern whites that few of them could take the required oath. Lincoln therefore vetoed it.	4
834817691	Union Party	The name Republicans adopted in the 1864 election to attract the votes of War Democrats and border state Unionists who couldn't bring themselves to vote Republican.	5
834817692	Andrew Johnson	Lincoln's running mate and Vice President who became president when Lincoln was assassinated. Was from Tennessee, and still thought of himself as primarily a Democrat and a southerner.	6
834817693	Frederick Douglass	Led a group of black men in a tense confrontation with Andrew Johnson	7
834817694	13th Amendment	Many of the Southern states balked at ratifying this	8
834817695	Presidential Pardons	Johnson issued many of these to ex-Confederates, restoring all their property and political rights.	9
834817696	Alexander Stephens	The former Confederate vice president, and a newly elected member to Congress after being pardoned by Johnson.	10
834817697	Black codes	Laws limiting African American people's rights, like excluding them from juries and the ballot box, forbidding them to testify against whites in court, and punishing them more severely than whites for crimes.	11
834817698	Freedmen's Bureau	Created in Congress in March 1865. Became the principal agency for overseeing relations between former slaves and owners. Was staffed by army offices and established posts throughout the South to supervise free-labor wage contracts between landowners and freedpeople. Also issued food rations to 150,000 people daily during 1865, 1/3 of them whites.	12
834817699	"40 Acres and a mule"	It was said that after the war freed blacks would receive 40 acres each of land Sherman had set aside during his march to the sea and a mule turned over from the army's surplus supplies. However, Johnson's pardons of ex-Confederates restored most of the land set aside by Sherman to its former owners and the freed blacks received no land.	13
834839930	Veto	Johnson vetoed two laws to protect the economic and civil rights of freedpeople.	14
834839931	14th Amendment	An amendment that encouraged southern states to enfranchise blacks but didn't require them to do so. Section 1 defined all native born or naturalized people, including blacks, as US citizens and prohibited the states from denying them their rights. Section 2 gave states the option to enfranchise black males or lose a proportionate amount of congressional seats and electoral votes. Section 3 disqualified a significant amount of ex-Confederates from holding federal or state office. Section 4 guaranteed the National debt and repudiated the Confederate debt. Section 5 empowered Congress to enforce the amendment by "appropriate legislation."	15
834839932	National Union Party	Party Johnson created at the election of 1866 made up of a few conservative Republicans, some border state Unionists, and Democrats.	16
834839933	Race Riots	The race riots in New Orleans and Memphis further damaged the National Union party	17
834839934	Reconstruction Acts of 1867	Divided the 10 southern states into five military districts, directed army officers to register voters of the election of delegates to new constitutional conventions, and enfranchised males 21 and over, including blacks, to vote in these elections. When a state had adopted a new constitution granting equal rights regardless of race and ratified the 14th Amendment, it would be declared reconstructed and its newly elected Congressmen would be seated.	18
834839935	Scalawags	Southern white Republicans	19
834839936	Carpetbaggers	Northern settlers in the south	20
834839937	Edwin M. Stanton	Secretary of War who had administered the War Department in support of the congressional Reconstruction policy. Removed from office by Johnson.	21
834839938	Tenure of Office Act	Required senate consent for removals like the removal of Edwin M. Stanton	22
834839939	Universal male suffrage	New southern state constitutions included this.	23
834839940	Ku Klux Klan	A night riding white terrorist organization that made its first appearance at the election.	24
834839941	15th Amendment	Prohibited states from denying the right to vote on grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.	25
834839942	Election of 1868	Election that was a referendum on the reconstruction policy of the Republicans. The candidates were Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) and Horatio Seymour (Democrat). Grant won.	26
834839943	Ulysses S. Grant	Winner of the Presidential election of 1868	27
834839944	Horatio Seymour	Democratic candidate for the election of 1868.	28
834839945	Frank Blair	Vice Presidential candidate from MO who said the only way to restore the government is for the President to declare the Reconstruction acts null and void.	29
834839946	Whiskey Ring	A network of distillers and revenue agents that deprived the gov't of millions of tax dollars	30
834839947	Credit Mobilier	Several congressmen had accepted stock in this, a construction company for the Union Pacific railroad, which received loans and land grants from the gov't, thereby permitting financial manipulations by the company.	31
834839948	"Boss" Tweed	Man from NYC who may have stolen more money from taxpayers than all the federal agencies combined.	32
834839949	The Gilded Age	The name of this time period, given to it by the 1873 novel "The Gilded Age" by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner.	33
834839950	Spoils system	System in which you give your friends jobs, despite their skill level in the job. Started by Andrew Jackson when he was president.	34
834839951	Pendleton Act	Established the modern structure of civil service and put an end to the spoils system.	35
834839952	Santo Domingo	The irregular procedures by which Grant's private secretary had negotiated a treaty to annex this territory alienated leading Republican senators and added to Grant's woes.	36
834839953	Hamilton Fish	The secretary of state who successfully negotiated the Treaty of Washington in 1871 to settle the vexing "Alabama Claims."	37
834839954	British North America Act	Passed by Parliament in 1867 and united most of the Canadian colonies into a new and largely self-governing Dominion of Canada.	38
834839955	Negro Rule	The theme of this was a staple in Democratic propaganda and was enshrined in folk memory and textbooks.	39
834839956	Colfax Massacre	A clash between black militia and armed whites in LA left three whites and nearly 100 blacks dead.	40
834839957	Election of 1872	Election in which Grant was the Republican candidate. Horace Greeley was originally the candidate for the Liberal Republicans, but the Democrats endorsed him as well. Grant won, carrying every northern state and 10 of the 16 southern and border states.	41
834839958	Horace Greeley	Democratic/ Liberal Republican candidate for the election of 1872. Urged his fellow northerners to put the issued of the Civil War behind them. He lost.	42
834839959	Promontory Point	Place in the Utah territory where a golden spike was driven, linking the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads.	43
834839960	Jay Cooke	Had a banking firm that took over the Northern Pacific in 1869. Pyramided every kind of equity and loan financing to begin laying rails on the Northern Pacific railroad. The pyramid of paper collapsed in Sep. 1873 and his firm was the first to go bankrupt, causing hundreds of banks and businesses to collapse as well.	44
834922655	White Leagues	A Louisiana white Democratic paramilitary organization that operated openly and fought pitched battles with Republican militias in which scores were killed.	45
834922656	Mississippi Plan	Plan devised by the Democrats in MS during the election of 1875. The first step was to "persuade" the 10-15% of white voters still calling themselves Republicans to switch to Democrats. The second step was to intimidate black voters into not voting.	46
834922657	Adelbert Ames	Governor of MS who called for federal troops to calm the violence between Democratic rifle clubs and Republicans.	47
834922658	US vs. Cruikshank	Court cases in which the Court ruled that the 14th and 15th amendments apply to actions by the state and that the portion of these laws that empowered the federal gov't to prosecute individuals was unconstitutional.	48
834922659	US vs. Reese	Court cases in which the Court ruled that the 14th and 15th amendments apply to actions by the state and that the portion of these laws that empowered the federal gov't to prosecute individuals was unconstitutional.	49
834922660	Civil Rights Cases	Court cases in which the Court declared unconstitutional a civil rights law passed by Congress in 1875. The law banned racial discrimination in all form of public transportation and public accommodations.	50
834922661	Election of 1876	Presidential election where reform was the leading issue. Samuel J. Tilden was the Democratic candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes was the Republican candidate. This election was the introduction of bulldozing, and because of three disputed states, Hayes won.	51
834922662	Samuel J. Tilden	The Democratic candidate for the Election of 1876.	52
834922663	Bulldozing	To trample black voters down and keep them away from the polls.	53
834922664	Hamburg Massacre	The most notorious bulldozing incident, where a battle between a black militia and 200 Red Shirts resulted in the capture of several militiamen, five of whom were shot. Grant did send in federal troops this time.	54
834922665	Special electoral commission	Congress created this with five representatives, five senators, and five Supreme Court Justices to decide who won the election of 1876.	55
834922666	Filibuster	The Democrats cried foul after Hayes was elected president and started this in the House to delay the final electoral count beyond the inauguration date of March 4.	56
834922667	Bayonet Rule	Hayes signaled his intention to end this	57
834922668	Compromise of 1877	Hayes promised his support as president for federal appropriations to rebuild war destroyed levees and federal aid for a southern transcontinental railroad. He also hinted at the appointment of a southern postmaster general and signaled his intention to end bayonet rule. In return for his commitment to withdraw the troops, he asked for promises of fair treatment for freedpeople and respect for their constitutional rights.	58

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AP US History Chapter 15: Reconstruction Flashcards

Created by Matthew Piccolella

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357326741	Conflicts with Reconstruction	how would the South rebuild itself? should states rejoin the Union?, conflicts continued after the war, Republicans wanted to continue economic progress, Southern aristocracy needed cheap labor force, etc.	0
357326742	Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction	1863 Lincoln felt the states never left, Lincoln set up a simple process for political Reconstruction, full presidential pardons would be granted to southerners who took an oath of allegiance to Union and Constitution and accepted emancipation of slaves, state government could be reenacted as soon as 10% of voters took oath, rewrite Constitutions	1
357326743	Reconstruction	the progress of reconstructing the state governments in the South so that Unionists were in charge rather than secessionists	2
357326744	Wade-Davis Bill	1864 proposed more demanding and stringent terms for Reconstruction, required 50% of the voters of a state to take loyalty oath and permitted only non-Confederates to vote for a new constitution, Lincoln pocket-vetoed it	3
357326745	Freedmen's Bureau	acted as a welfare agency, provided food, shelter, medical aid to blacks and homeless whites, resettlement efforts were frustrated when Johnson pardoned Confederate owners of confiscated land, EDUCATION	4
357326746	Oliver O. Howard	helped to establish nearly 30000 schools for freed blacks, taught 200000 African Americans how to read under the Freedmen's Bureau	5
357326747	Lincoln's Last Speech	encouraged northerners to accept Louisiana as a reconstructed state, voting rights conferred now, assassinated three days later, he would have moved to Radical Republican	6
357326748	Andrew Johnson	humble beginnings, self-taught tailor, Tennessee, championed interests of poor whites, only senator from Confederate State to remain loyal, appointed Tennessee governor, picked as Lincoln's running mate to encourage pro-Union Democrats, white supremacist	7
357326749	Johnson's Reconstruction Plan	Johnson issued his own Reconstruction proclamation, similar to Lincoln's, provided for disfranchisement of all former leaders and officeholders of Confederacy, Confederates with more than 20,000 in property, president also retained power to grant individual pardons, many Confederate leaders were back in office as a result	8
357326750	Southern Governments of 1865	all 11 states qualified under Reconstruction plan, drew up new Constitutions, none of the new Constitutions gave voting rights to African Americans, former leaders were starting to be elected	9
357544683	Black Codes	intended to restrict rights and movements of freed African Americans, prohibited blacks from renting or borrowing land, vagrant and apprentices, prohibited blacks from testifying against whites, disillusioned Reconstruction	10
357544684	Contract-Labor System	blacks worked the cotton fields under white supervision for deferred wages	11
357544685	Johnson's Vetoes	Johnson vetoed a bill increasing services offered by the Freedmen's Bureau and a civil rights bill that nullified the Black Codes and guaranteed citizenship	12
357544686	Election of 1866	"swing around the circle" to attack Radicals, argued equal rights were bad, Republicans accused him of being a traitor, waving the bloody shirt, Republican propaganda, Republicans gained huge control of both houses	13
357544687	Waving the Bloody Shirt	inflaming the hatreds of northern voters by reminding them of the hardships of war	14
357544688	Congressional Reconstruction	three rounds of Reconstruction, first Lincoln and Johnson's to restore statehood, second came congressional reaction, Congress was infuriated by Presidential Plans, put south into harsh reconstruction	15
357544689	Radical Republicans	championed civil rights for blacks, shifted toward radical position in 1866 out out fear of reunified Democratic party, South would have more representatives, Benjamin Wade and others supported women's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for Northern Blacks	16
357544690	Charles Sumner	leading Radical Republican	17
357544691	Thaddeus Stevens	Pennsylvania, hoped to revolutionize southern society using an extended period of military rule in which blacks could demonstrate their civil rights, would be educated, and receive lands confiscated from planters	18
357544692	Civil Rights Act of 1866	pronounced all African Americans to be US citizens, repudiated Dred Scott, attempted to provide legal shield against Black Codes, feared the bill would be repealed in Democratic Congress	19
357544693	Fourteenth Amendment	declared all persons born or naturalized in the US were citizens, obligated the states to respect the rights of US citizens and provide them with "equal protection of the laws" and "due process of law", states were required to uphold the rights of citizens, also disqualified former Confederate political leaders from holding office, repudiated debts of Confederate governments, penalized a state by reducing Congressional representation if it prevented people from voting	20
357544694	Report of Joint Committee	Senate issued report recommending former Confederates don't get representation in Congress, asserted Congress had right to determine Reconstruction, officially rejected the President's plan	21
357544695	Reconstruction Acts of 1867	took drastic steps of placing south under military occupation, divided former Confederate states into five military districts, each under control of Union army, increased requirements for regaining statehood, ex-Confederate state had to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and place guarantees in its conditions for granting the right to vote to all males	22
357544696	Tenure of Office Act	prohibited the president from removing a federal official or military commander without the approval of the Senate 1867, strictly political to keep Radical Republicans in Johnson's cabinet	23
357544697	Impeachment of Andrew Johnson	Johnson dismissed Edwin Stanton , House impeached him with 11 "high crimes", three month trial in the Senate fell one vote short of removing him from office, seven Republicans joined Democrats because they thought it would set bad precedent	24
357544698	Edwin Stanton	Radical Republican Secretary of War in Johnson's cabinet who was removed	25
357544699	Election of 1868	Republicans turned to Ulysses S. Grant, though he had no political experience, managed only 300,000 more popular votes than Horatio Seymour, Democratic Counterpart, 500000 blacks voted for Grant	26
357544700	Fifteenth Amendment	1869 secured vote fr African Americans, prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race, color, previous condition of servitude"	27
357544701	Civil Rights Act of 1875	last of Civil Rights Reconstruction acts, guaranteed equal accommodations in public places and prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries, poorly enforced	28
357544702	Reconstruction in South	Republican Party reorganized and dominated the governments of ex-Confederate states, each Republican-controlled government was under military protection until it met requirements, took up to 9 years	29
357544703	Scalawags	southern Republicans, usually former Whigs interested in economic development for the state	30
357544704	Carpetbaggers	northern newcomers to the South	31
357544705	African-American Legislators	most of blacks who held office were educated property holders who took moderate positions, two senators, dozen black representatives to Congress	32
357544706	Blanche K. Bruce	first Black senator	33
357544707	Hiram Revels	Black senator who took the position once held by Jefferson Davis	34
357551518	Accomplishments of Republicans	liberalized state constitutions in the South with universal male suffrage, property rights for women, debt relief, modernized penal codes, promoted building of roads, bridges, railroads, other internal improvements, state institutions like hospitals and asylums, established public school systems, new tax systems and bonds paid for it	35
357551519	Failures of Republicans	depicted as utterly wasteful and corrupt, graft and wasteful spending, taking kickbacks and bribes, no worse than that in Washington or any other geographic section, no one was immune to it	36
357551520	Building Black Communities	reuniting families, learning to read and write, migrating to cities, opportunity for achieving independence from white control, hundreds of black churches, black ministers became leading figures, established independent schools to teach children like Howard, Atlanta, Fisk, etc., decision of many to migrate from South and establish communities in the frontier states	37
357551521	Sharecropping	landowners attempted to get blacks to sign contracts to work the fields, permanent unrestricted labor, black insistence on autonomy led to new system, landlord provided seed and other needed supplies for half of the harvest, sharecroppers remained dependent on the landowner or in debt to local merchants, only 5% were independent land owners	38
357551522	Rise of the Spoilsmen	political manipulators like Roscoe Conklin and James Blaine who were masters of patronage, replaced the Reformers	39
357551523	Patronage	giving jobs and government favors to their supporters	40
357551524	Gould-Fisk Scandal	1869 Grant's brother-in-law helped them in a scheme to corner the gold market	41
357551525	Credit Mobilier Affair	insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress to avoid investigation or the profits they wre making from government subsidies for building the Transcontinental Railroad	42
357551526	Whiskey Ring	federal revenue agents conspired with the liquor industry to defraud the government of millions in taxes	43
357551527	Boss Tweed	masterminded schemes to defraud New York tax payers, stole $200 million	44
357551528	Thomas Nast	exposed the Tweed ring with his expose in the New York Times and brought about an end to the graft	45
357551529	Election of 1872	Liberal Republicans and Democrats nominated Horace Greeley, Republicans waved the bloody shirt, Grant was reelected in a landslide	46
357551530	Horace Greeley	Liberal Republican and Democratic nominee, editor of the New York Tribune, advocated civil service reform, an end of railroad subsidies, withdrawal of troops from the South, reduced tariffs, and free trade,	47
357551531	Panic of 1873	over-speculation by financiers and overbuilding of industry and railroads led to widespread failures and depression, debtors sought an inflationary solution by demanding Greenbacks, Grant refused and kept the Gold	48
357551532	End of Reconstruction	southern conservatives (redeemers) began to take control of state governments, agreed on states' rights, reduced taxes, reduced spending on social programs, white supremacy	49
357551533	Redeemers	Southern conservatives who took over the last stage of Reconstruction	50
357551534	Ku Klux Klan	secret society intended to intimidate blacks and white reformers, burned black-owned buildings and murdered freedmen to keep them from exercising voting rights	51
357553419	Nathaniel Bedford Forrest	ex-Confederate general, founded the KKK in 1867	52
357553420	Force Acts	gave power to federal authorities to stop KKK violence and to protect the civil rights of citizens in the South	53
357553421	Amnesty Act of 1872	Congress passed this act that removed the last of the restrictions on ex-Confederates, except for top leaders, chief political consequence was it allowed southern conservatives to vote for Democrats to retake control of state governments	54
357553422	Election of 1876	federal troops had been withdrawn from all southern states except three, Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, Democrats chose Samuel Tilden, Democrats had won clear majority, votes were contested in southern states, Tilden needed one electoral vote, special election committee gave Hayes all the votes, Democrats threatened to filibuster and send election to the house	55
357553423	Compromise of 1877	deal was worked out between the parties, Hayes would become president on condition that he would immediately end federal support for Republicans in the South and would support the building of a Southern railroad, withdrew last troops protecting blacks in the South	56
357553424	Liberal Republicans	Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside. Significantly dampered further Reconstructionist efforts	57

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AP US History: Articles of Confederation-Reconstruction Flashcards

These flashcards mainly cover the late 1700s-1800s. They are terms and notes that you should know for the AP US History National Exam. These are the terms that most people forget or look over, not the stuff that everyone who took basic American History knows (i.e. What was the Civil War?)

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785654408	Hartford Convention	Following this event, the Federalists die out because they are now seen as traitors	0
785654409	Whiskey Rebellion	West Pennsylvania farmers resist excise tax on whiskey -Demonstrated strength and fairness of the new government *Happened under Washington	1
785654410	Pinckney's Treaty	agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans	2
785654411	Executive Priviledge	-Exercised by George Washington -Right of the president to withold information for the benefit of national security	3
785654412	XYZ Affair	An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.	4
785654413	Alien and Sedition Acts	Allowewd gov't to forcibly expel foreigners and to jail news reporters who wrote "maliciously" *During John Adams' Presidency	5
785654414	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	Argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws	6
785654415	Revolution of 1800	Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."	7
785654416	Louisiana Purchase	Jefferson was conflicted over this event because no where in the Constitution did it say that the president could buy land and Jefferson was a strict interpreter of the Constitution	8
785654417	The New Jersey Plan	Plan that called for the modification of the Articles of Confederation and equal representation from each state	9
785654418	The Virginia Plan	Plan that called for entirely new government based on checks & balances & representatives based on the states' population	10
785654419	Great Compromise	Blended New Jersey Plan and Virginia Plan to create a bicameral legislature	11
785654420	1791	The year the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution	12
785654421	1789	Year the Constitution went into effect	13
785654422	George Washington	President that used the veto only if he felt the bill was unconstitutional, created a cabinet for the presidency, Thomas Jefferson was his Secretary of State, and Alexander Hamilton was his Secretary of Treasury	14
785654423	Alexander Hamilton's Debt Plan	-Assumed states' debt and repaid through land -Favored the North	15
785654424	French Revolution	George Washington stayed out of this event by creating the Neutrality Proclamation	16
785654425	Panic of 1819	Ended the "Era of Good Feelings"	17
785654426	Missouri Compromise	-Created by Henry Clay 1) Admitted Missouri as a slave state 2) Drew a line at the 36 30 parallel and said Missouri was the northernmost area slavery would exist 3) Admitted Maine as a free state	18
785654427	Corrupt Bargain	No presidential candidate received the majority of popular votes so the election was handed off to House of Representatives, and Jackson lost.	19
785654428	Spoils System	Trading jobs for political favors	20
785654429	Alamo	Famous battle that was for Texan independence from the Mexican gov't	21
788090734	Ralph Waldo Emerson	-Transcendentalist -American Writer -Stressed self-reliance and personal spiritual unity	22
788090736	Walt Whitman	-Wrote "Leaves of Grass"	23
788090739	Henry Wadsworth Longfellow	-American Poet who was also widely popular in Europe -Wrote "Paul Revere's Ride", "Psalm of Life", "The Song of Hiawatha", "Evangeline"	24
788090743	Louisa May Alcott	Author of Little Women	25
788090747	Emily Dickinson	Showed the universality of even a quiet human heart with more than 1,000 poems published after her death	26
788090752	Edgar Allen Poe	"Darker" writer in the 1800s	27
788090757	Nathaniel Hawthorne	Wrote the Scarlet Letter (1850)	28
788090762	Indian Removal Act	-1830 Was supposed to give federal aid to move Native Americans from their ancestral homes east of the Mississippi to Oklahoma	29
788090767	Trail of Tears	-1838 -Cherokees forced from Georgia and pushed west -Many died along this trail	30
788090770	Second Great Awakening	Period of religious revival and began in New York	31
788090774	Dorothea Dix	Lady that pushed for prison reform	32
788090782	National Woman Suffrage Movement	Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton come together to create this movement for equal rights for women	33
788090785	Horace Mann	Pushed for public education and education reform in general	34
788090789	William Lloyd Garrison	Was an immediatist who wanted the emancipation of slaves immediately. Also published an abolitionist newspaper called "The Liberator"	35
788090793	Compromise of 1850	Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War	36
788090797	Wilmot Proviso	1846 Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico -Was the first purely sectional vote (which never passed)	37
788090802	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million	38
788090807	Mexican Cession	Lands sold by Mexico to the US following the Mexican War	39
788090808	Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854	proposed by Stephen Douglas; slavery in new Kansas and Nebraska territories was to be decided by popular sovereignty;undid the Missouri Compromise; reopened the issue of slavery in the territories; north outraged	40
788090812	Harriet Beecher Stowe	Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin about the plight of the Southern slave	41

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Causes of Civil War / Reconstruction Flashcards

Reconstruction was the period of time after the Civil War during which the Southern states were rebuilt and readmitted to the Union (1865-1877). After the Civil war, much of the South lay in ruins. Cities were destroyed, railroad tracks had been pulled up, and the South's financial system was wrecked (Confederate money was worthless and southern bank depositors lost all their money). Republicans in Congress felt President Lincoln's and President Johnson's plans to reconstruct the South were too lenient. Congress took control of Reconstruction from Johnson, sought to break the power of the southern planters, and ensure the freedmen's right to vote. During Reconstruction laws and Amendments were adopted to ensure African Americans rights and opportunities. Unfortunately, those rights and opportunities were for the most part lost after Reconstruction ended.
Lincoln wanted to quickly restore the Union. In a speech in 1865 he said "With malice towards none, with charity toward all...let us strive to bind up the nation's wounds." Republicans in Congress felt his plan was too lenient and rejected it. Congress and Lincoln were able to agree on the creation of the Freedmen's Bureau. It provided food and clothing to former slaves and set up schools to educate them. Lincoln was assassinated and his Vice President, Andrew Johnson became President.
Johnson's Reconstruction plan was also seen as too easy on the South by Republicans in Congress. Radical Republicans wanted to take control of Reconstruction from President Johnson. Although under his plan the 13th Amendment, forbidding slavery, was ratified, his plan also allowed former Confederates to remain in power in the South and even to be elected to Congress. After the election of 1866, Radical Republicans in Congress took control of Reconstruction.

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1806554561	Reconstruction	The period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union	0
1806554562	Thirteenth Amendment	an 1865 amendment to the United States Constitution that bans slavery throughout the nation	1
1806554563	Black Codes	Southern laws that severely limited the rights of African Americans after the Civil War.	2
1806554564	Fourteenth Amendment	an 1868 amendment to the United States Constitution that guarantees equal protection of the laws	3
1806554565	Fifteenth Amendment	amendment to the United States Constitution that forbids any state to deny African Americans the right to vote because of race	4
1806554566	Scalawag	white Southerner who supported the Republicans during Reconstruction	5
1806554567	Carpetbagger	uncomplimentary nick-name for a northerner who went to the South after the Civil War	6
1806554568	Ku Klux Klan	secret society organized after the Civil War to reassert white supremacy by means of violence, A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.	7
1806554569	Sharecropper	person who rents a plot of land from another person and farms it in exchange for a share of the crop	8
1806554570	Poll Tax	tax required before a person can vote	9
1806554571	Literacy Test	examination to see if a person can read and write; used in the past to restrict voting rights	10
1806554572	Grandfather Clause	law that excused a voter from a literacy test if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867	11
1806554573	Segregation	legal separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences	12
1806554574	"New South"	term to describe the South in the late 1800s when efforts were made to expand the economy by building up industry	13
1806554575	Freedmen's Bureau	1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs	14
1806554576	freedmen	men and women who had been slaves	15
1806554577	abolitionist	someone who wanted to end slavery	16
1806554578	Civil War	war between people of the same country	17
1806554579	secede	To withdraw formally from the Union	18
1806554580	Compromise of 1850	passed the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession	19
1806554581	Fugitive Slave Act	1850, law passed as part of the Compromise of 1850: made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders.	20
1806554582	Emancipation Proclamation	Issued by, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free	21

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The Reconstruction, AP US History Flashcards

What I could pull together.

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384635977	Thirteenth Amendment	The amendment that freed the slaves.	0
384635978	Fourteenth Amendment	The amendment that gave blacks rights as citizens.	1
384635979	Fifteenth Amendment	The amendment that granted suffrage to African-Americans.	2
384635980	The Union League	The main political machine for blacks, educating blacks in their civic duties and campaigning for Republican candidates in the years following the Civil war. (Eventually expanded to build black churches and schools, represent black grievances before local employers and government, and recruiting militias to protect black communities from white retaliation.	3
384635981	Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction	10% of the voters in any given Southern state in the election of 1860 must take an oath of allegiance to the US and pledge to abide by emancipation.	4
384635982	Wade-Davis Bill of 1864	A bill forced through Congress by the Republicans requiring, for the readmission of a state to the Union, 50% of a state's voters to take the oath, and demanding better, stronger safeguards for emancipation than Lincoln's pledge. Lincoln refused to sign this bill.	5
384635983	Freedmen's Bureau	Intended to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to both freedmen and white refugees; Johnson repeatedly attempted to kill it and it expired in 1872.	6
384635984	3/5	The fraction of a person that African-Americans had previously counted for.	7
384635985	Charles Sumner	Led the Senate radicals and worked continually for racial equality as well as black freedom.	8
384635986	Thaddeus Stevens	The most powerful radical in the House; had defended runaway slaves in court without fee and insisted on burial in a black cemetery.	9
384635987	Civil Rights Bill of 1866	Made blacks American citizens and struck at the Black codes. While initially vetoed by Johnson, Congress overturned the veto a month later.	10
384635988	The Black Codes	Sought to minimize the effects of emancipation. While freedom was legally recognized and some privileges such as marriage granted, these codes ensured that freedom brought virtually no changes to the average black's lifestyle. Notable is the sharecropping system established by these codes.	11
384635989	Reconstruction Act of 1867	Divided the South into five military districts and temporarily disfranchised tens of thousands of former Confederate soldiers. Required seceded states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and to guarantee in the state constitutions full suffrage for adult black males.	12
384635990	The Ku Klux Klan	Founded in Tennessee in 1866, this group is the most notorious of many anti-black "secret" organizations.	13
384635991	Force Acts of 1870 and 1871	Helped federal troops to eliminate most of the KKK and similar organizations.	14

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Anatomy quiz 4 endocrine Flashcards

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763757505	follicle stimulating hormone	Stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and sperm cell development	0
763757506	Luteinizing Hormone	Causes ovulation and promotes the secretion of progesterone in females. Males: testosterone secretion.	1
763757507	endocardium	thin smooth layer of cells that resembles squamous epithelium.	2
763757508	myocardium	the muscle of the heart, the thickest layer, responsible for pumping the blood.	3
763757510	epicardium	the muscle of the heart, the thickest layer, responsible for pumping the blood.	4
763757511	pericardium	The serous lining of the pericardial sac is separated from the epicardium on the heart surface by a thin film of fluid.	5
763757512	Amino Acid Compounds:	consists of all proteins except those of the adrenal cortex, sex glands	6
763757513	steroids	produced by the adrenal cortex, sex glands	7
763757514	growth hormone GH somatotropin	Acts on the body tissues to promote production of proteins necessary for growth Produced throughout lifetime Deficiency when young? Small, but well-proportioned.	8
763757515	thyroid stimulating horomone TSH	hormones of the anterior lobe: stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones	9
763757516	adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH	hormones of the anterior lobe: Stimulates hormone production in the cortex of the adrenal glands.	10
763757517	Prolactin PRL	hormones of the anterior lobe: Stimulates milk production the breasts.	11
763757518	follicle** stimulating hormone FSH	hormones of the anterior lobe: Stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and sperm cell development	12
763757520	luteinizing hormone	hormones of the anterior lobe: Causes ovulation and promotes the secretion of progesterone in females.	13
763757521	antidiuretic hormone ADH	hormones of posterior lobe: Promotes the reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules in order to decrease the amount of water that is secreted.	14
763757522	oxytocin	Causes uterine contractions and triggers milk ejection from the breasts.	15
763757523	thyroid gland	this gland : increases metabolic rate needed for normal development	16
763757524	goiter	thyroid gland disorder: enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be associated with excess hormone production	17
763757525	hypothyroidism	Can occur at multiple stages of life for multiple reasons (lack of thyroid tissue, lack of TSH production Endemic: due to a lack of iodine in the diet	18
763757526	parathyroid hormone PTH	which regulates calcium metabolism	19

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review for final exam lymphatic and endocrine Flashcards

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56437232	myxedema	advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood	0
56437233	tonsils	oropharyngeal lymph tissue	1
56437234	pinealectomy	surgical removal of the pineal gland	2
56437235	Lymphocytosis	slight increase in numbers of lymphocytes	3
56437236	lymphadenopathy	disease of lymph nodes	4
56437237	secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine and helps maintain a normal level of metabolism in the body cells	function of thyroid gland	5
56437238	mumps	viral disease characterized by swelling of the parotid gland	6
56437239	pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia	major lung infection with fever, cough, chest pain, and sputum. Treatment is with bactrim	7
56437240	atopy	hypersensitive or allergic state	8
56437243	Cushing syndrome	a group of symptoms produced by excess of cortisol from the adrenal cortex	9
56437244	Hodgkin disease	malignant tumor of lymph nodes	10
56437245	lymphoid organs	organs that are part of the lymph system	11
56437253	sodium (Na+)	example of an electrolyte	12
56437395	streptococci	bacteria that forms a chain	13
56437396	interferons and interleukins	antiviral proteins produced by T-cell lymphocytes	14
56437398	goiter	enlargement of the thyroid gland leads to	15
56437399	spleen	organ near the stomach that filters microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood	16
56437400	adrenal cortex	what secretes cortisol	17
56437401	progesterone	secreted by ovaries, prepares the uterus for pregnancy	18
56437415	gonadocorticoids	stimulates the adrenal cortex to release regulates glucose, fat and protein metabolism and influence some sex-related characteristics	19
56437416	thymus gland	mediastinal T-cell producer	20
56438115	CT scan	computerized x-ray imaging in the transverse plane	21
56438116	diabetes mellitus	a condition that is associated with neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy	22
56438117	cervical nodes	lymph nodes in the neck region	23
56438118	herpes simplex	viral infection causing blisters on skin of lips, nose, or genitals	24
56438119	nasopharyngeal	which tonsils are also known as the adenoids	25
56438120	bactericide	substance that causes death of bacteria	26
56438518	toxoplasmosis	protozoal (parasitic) infection associated with AIDS. produces pneumonitis, visual disturbances, confusion, hepatitis, and encephalitis	27
56438519	iodine	what is the element that is present in thyroxine	28
56438521	splenomegaly	enlargement of the spleen	29
56438524	heart disease, kidney disease, neuropathy, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, diabetic retinopathy, atherosclerosis	conditions of diabetic complication	30
56438525	insulin	which hormone is normally secreted in response to high blood sugar	31
56438526	estradiol or estrogen	female hormone secreted by the ovaries	32
56438527	interferons and interleukins	proteins (cytokines) secreted by T-cells to aid and regulate the immune response	33
56438528	allergy	abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen	34
56438529	adrenaline - epinephrine	secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure	35
56438531	lymphoid organs	lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland; tissue through which lymph travels	36
56438532	calcitonin	secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels	37
56438533	lymph capillaries	tiniest lymphatic vessels	38
56438534	gynecomastia	excessive mammary development in males	39
56438661	luteinizing hormone	secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation	40
56439289	testosterone	male hormone secreted by the testes/androgen	41
56439290	parathormone	secreted by the parathyroid glands- to increase blood calcium	42
56439291	immunity	body's ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins (immune response)	43
56439293	antidiuretic hormone (ADH)	secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; vasopressin	44
56439294	lymph	thin, watery fluid found with lymphatic vessels	45
56439295	oxytocin	secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth	46
56439296	glycosuria	sugar in the urine	47
56439297	macrophage	large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissue of the body	48
56439298	yeast	type of fungus usually found in mouth or vagina	49
56439299	progesterone	secreted by the ovaries, prepares the uterus for pregnancy	50
56439300	suppressor T cell	lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T lymphocytes (Treg)	51
56439301	adrenal glands	gland that regulates metabolism	52
56439302	tolerance	the ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body's own antigens as "self"	53
56439303	target tissues	cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones	54
56439304	thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)	secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates secretion by the thyroid gland	55
56439306	monoclonal antibody	antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and destroy cells	56
56439307	growth hormone	secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues	57
56439309	hyperinsulinism	excess secretion of insulin leads to hypoglycemia	58
56439310	panhypopituitarism	deficiency of all pituitary hormones	59
56439311	polydipsia	excessive thirst	60
56439312	reverse transcriptase inhibitor	drug that treats AIDS by blocking an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV	61
56439313	acromegaly	hypersection of the anterior pituitary gland beginning after puberty	62
56439315	adrenopathy	any condition or disease of endocrine gland above the kidney	63
56440726	opportunistic infections	infectious diseases associated with AIDS	64
56440727	myxedema	abnormal condition of mucus-like material under the skin	65
56440728	non-Hodgkin lymphoma	group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue; follicular and large cell are types	66
56440729	adrenalectomy	removal of one of the glands above the kidney	67
56440730	atopic dermatitis	hypersensitivity or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition; inflammation of the skin	68
56440731	Cushing syndrome	group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex	69
56440732	thyrotropic hormone	a hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland	70
56440733	insulinoma	benign tumor of pancreas that causes hypoglycemia	71
56440734	thymoma	malignant tumor of the thymus gland	72
56440735	catecholamines	chemicals derived from amino acid	73
56440737	thyroxine - tetraiodothyronine	thyroid gland hormone T4	74
56440738	luteinizing hormone	stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretions in males	75
56440741	pheochromocytoma	benign tumor of adrenal medulla	76
56440743	lymphopoiesis	formation of lymph	77
56440744	Addison's disease	hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex	78
56440746	pancreas	what gland contains cells that are exocrine in function	79
56440748	anaphylaxis	exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to previously encountered proteins or antigens	80
56440749	hypoparathyroidism	deficient production of parathyroid hormone (tetany results)	81
56440750	gigantism	hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary beginning before puberty	82
56440751	aldosterone	regulates salt and water by increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys	83
56440752	severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)	infants are born with deficiency of B and T cells	84
56440754	thyroid function test (TFT)	measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream	85
56440755	fasting plasma sugar	measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours	86
56440756	T8 cell	cytotoxic T lymphocyte	87
56440757	glycogen	animal starch that can be converted to glucose by liver	88
56440758	Treg	suppressor T cell that inhibits the activity of B and T cells	89
56440759	immunoelectrophoresis	test that separates immunoglobulin's and detects abnormalities in antibody levels	90
56440760	adrenal virilism	premature development of male secondary sexual characteristics characterized by excessive secretion of adrenal androgens	91
56440761	lymph nodes concentration	inguinal, axillary, cervical and mediastinal describe areas of	92
56440762	parathormone	(PTH) secreted by the parathyroid glands, increases blood calcium	93
56440766	radioactive iodine uptake scan	radioactive iodine is given orally and its uptake by the thyroid gland is imaged	94
56440767	excessive release of antidiuretic hormone from pituitary gland	syndrome of inappropriate ADH	95
56440768	serum and urine tests	hormones, electrolytes, glucose and other substances are measured in blood and urine	96
56440769	cretinism	extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood	97
56440770	exophthalmometry	measurement of eyeball protrusion (sign of Graves disease)	98
56440771	TFT	thyroid function test this test assesses the function of endocrine gland in neck	99
56440772	NHL	non-hodgkin lymphoma group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue; follicular and large cell are types	100
56440773	GH	growth hormone somatotropin	101
56440774	KS	Kaposi sacrcoma malignant condition associated with AIDS darkened colored skin nodules appear	102
56440775	HD	Hodgkin disease malignant tumor of lymph tissue in spleen and lymph nodes, Reed-Sternberg cell is often found on microscopic analysis	103
56440778	NA+	sodium This is an electrolyte	104
56440779	HIV	human immunodeficiency virus infectious agent that causes AIDS	105
56440780	ACTH	adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion of this hormone stimulates an endocrine gland above the kidney	106
56440781	TSH	thyroid stimulating hormone secretion of this hormone from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates growths and secretion of the thyroid gland	107
56440782	IGA	immunoglobins A antibody in the blood	108
56440783	SCID	severe combined immunodeficiency disease infants are born with a deficiency of B & T cells	109
56440784	DI	diabetes insipidus deficiency or release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland	110
56440785	HAART	high active antiretroviral therapy use of combination of drugs that are effective in AIDS	111
56440786	RAI	radioactive iodine treatment for graves disease to destroy an overactive thyroid gland	112
56440787	estrogenic	pertaining to producing female characteristics	113
56440788	bacilli	Rod shaped bacteria which is the cause of tetanus and TB	114
56440789	lymphadenitis	inflammation of lymph glands (nodes)	115
56440790	pituitary adenoma	benign tumor of the pituitary gland, causes overproduction of adrenocorticotropic hormone	116
56440791	hypophysectomy	removal of the pituitary gland	117
56440792	lymphocytopenia	deficiency of lymph cells	118
56440793	endocrinologist	a specialist of the glands and their internal secretion is known as a	119
56440794	pituitary gland	the endocrine gland located at the base of the brain just below the hypothalamus is known as	120
56440795	tracheostomy	a surgical incision to form an opening into the trachea is a/an	121
56440797	pineal gland	secretes the hormone melatonin	122
56440798	tonsillitis	an inflammation of the tonsils is known as	123
56440800	hypoglycemia	the condition of very low blood sugar is known as	124
56441634	axillary	node located along the underside area of the armpit	125
56441635	tonsillectomy	the surgical removal of the tonsils is a/an	126
56441636	homeostasis	state of equilibrium or constancy of an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environment.	127
56441637	myxedema	advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood produces this condition	128
56441638	immunoglobins (ig)	antibody secreted by plasma cells	129
56441639	lymphocytopenia	deficiency of lymph cells	130
56441641	hypothyroidism	the condition also known as under-active thyroid is	131
56441642	parathyroid glands	the four glands, each of which is about the size of a grain of rice, are the	132
56441643	acromegaly	hypersecretion pituitary gland	133
56441644	tetany	hyposecretion parathyroid gland	134
56441645	diabetes mellitus	hyposecretion pancreas	135
56441646	cushing syndrome	hypersecretion adrenal cortex	136
56441647	cretinism	hyposecretion thyroid gland	137
56441648	false	euthyroid means a hyperactive thyroid gland	138
56441649	false	lymphocytes are specialized red blood cells that attack specific microorganisms	139
56441650	True	the vermiform appendix is lymphatic tissue that hangs from the lower portion of the cecum	140
56441651	false	acromegaly is caused by excessive secretion of the growth hormone before puberty	141
56441652	false	the thymus has roles in the digestive and lymphatic systems	142
56441654	false	histamines block allergic reactions in the body	143
56441655	true	intact skin is a physical barrier that prevents invading organisms from entering the body	144

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AP Biology: Chapter 25 Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 25.

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199603336	macroevolution	broad pattern of evolution above the species level	0
199603337	protocells	droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings	1
199603338	ribozymes	an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing	2
199603339	radiometric dating	dating based on the decay of radioactive isotopes	3
199603340	half-life	the time required for 50% of the parent isotope to decay	4
199603341	geologic record	division of Earth's history into time periods, grouped into three eons: Archaean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic; also divided into eras, periods, and epochs	5
199603342	stromatolites	layered rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together	6
199603343	plate tectonics	theory that the continents are part of great plates of Earth's crust that essentially float on the hot, underlying portion of the mantle	7
199603344	mass extinction	large numbers of species become extinct throughout Earth	8
199603345	adaptive radiations	periods of evolutionary change when groups of organisms form new species whose adaptations make them fill different ecological roles in their communities	9
199603346	heterochrony	an evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events	10
199603347	paedomorphosis	retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors	11
199603348	homeotic genes	any of the master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, and fungi by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells	12

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

Substantial emphasis is placed in Chapter 42 on the big picture of animals existing only by virtue of exchanging matter with their environments. In particular, oxygen and carbon dioxide dynamics are explored in a wide variety of animals, with close investigation of the diverse structures and functions involved in gas exchange. The Test Bank questions assess learning across many levels of inquiry, from atomic to organismal.

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1724581364	Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the axolotl is correctly described as A) active transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water. B) carrier-mediated transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water. C) facilitated diffusion of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water. D) simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water. E) active transport of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water.	D	0
1724581365	Circulatory systems have the primary benefit of overcoming the shortcomings of A) temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue. B) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells. C) communication systems involving only the nervous system. D) having to cushion animals from trauma. E) fetal organisms maintaining an optimal body temperature.	B	1
1724581366	To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross A) zero membranesoxygen binds directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. B) one membranethat of the lining in the lungsand then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. C) two membranesin and out of the cell lining the lungand then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. D) four membranesin and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. E) five membranesin and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary, and into the red blood cellto bind with hemoglobin.	E	2
1724581367	The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is A) the digestive juices. B) the intracellular fluid. C) the blood plasma. D) the cytosol. E) the interstitial fluid.	E	3
1724581368	Circulatory systems in molluscs A) are open in all species of molluscs. B) are closed in all species of molluscs. C) are open in species of large-sized molluscs and are closed in species of small-sized molluscs. D) are open in species of small-sized molluscs and are closed in species of large-sized molluscs. E) are open or closed without regard to body size.	D	4
1724581369	The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to A) that of birds, with a four-chambered heart. B) the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber. C) that of reptiles, with one pumping chamber driving blood flow to a gas-exchange organ, and a different pumping chamber driving blood to the rest of the circulation. D) that of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment. E) that of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow.	B	5
1724581370	A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs will cause A) an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide moving from the blood to the lungs. B) an increase in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. C) a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. D) an increase of pressure that would cause the capillary beds to burst. E) a decrease in the amount of work needed for effective ventilation of the lungs.	C	6
1724581371	Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have A) an open circulatory system. B) a closed circulatory system. C) a gastrovascular cavity. D) branched tracheae. E) hemolymph.	B	7
1724581372	In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body? A) annelids B) molluscs C) fishes D) frogs E) insects	D	8
1724581373	The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the A) amphibians. B) birds. C) fishes. D) mammals. E) reptiles.	C	9
1724581374	To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) A) open circulatory system. B) hemocoel. C) lymphatic system. D) two-chambered heart. E) four-chambered heart.	E	10
1724581375	A portal system is A) an area connecting arterioles to venules. B) a series of vessels that returns blood to the heart in an animal with an open circulatory system. C) a space within or between organs where blood is allowed to pool. D) a slightly muscular vessel that has minimal pumping action in an organism with no heart. E) a vessel or vessels connecting two capillary beds.	E	11
1724581376	Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? A) systole of the left atrium B) diastole of the right ventricle C) systole of the left ventricle D) diastole of the right atrium E) diastole of the left atrium	C	12
1724581377	Which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels has blood that is the least similar in its gas content? A) the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein B) the veins from the right and left legs C) the pulmonary artery and the vena cava D) the pulmonary vein and the aorta E) the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava	A	13
1724581378	After several weeks of exercise, a human athlete's resting heart rate is typically lower than before because A) the body needs less oxygen than before. B) the body temperature has increased. C) the stroke volume has increased. D) the cardiac output has decreased. E) the body produces less carbon dioxide than before.	C	14
1724581379	A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through A) one capillary bed. B) two capillary beds. C) three capillary beds. D) four capillary beds. E) five capillary beds.	B	15
1724581380	Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals? A) left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation B) right ventricle → pulmonary vein → pulmocutaneous circulation C) pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit D) vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit E) right atrium → pulmonary artery → left atrium → ventricle	D	16
1724581381	A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of A) 500 mL/minute. B) 1,000 mL/minute. C) 1,750 mL/minute. D) 2,800 mL/minute. E) 4,800 mL/minute.	D	17
1724581382	Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans A) is a major contributor to heart attacks. B) would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers. C) would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance. D) would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions. E) would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta.	D	18
1724581383	A stroke volume in the heart of 70 mL/cycle, with a pulse of 72 cycles per minute, results in a cardiac output of A) 5 L/minute. B) 504 mL/minute. C) 0.5 L/minute. D) 50 L/minute. E) 500 L/minute.	A	19
1724581384	The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart A) are the route by which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. B) are found only on the right side of the heart. C) are the attachment site where the pulmonary veins empty into the heart. D) prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries. E) are at the places where the anterior and posterior venae cavae empty into the heart.	D	20
1724581385	The material present in arterioles that is not present in capillaries is A) fully oxygenated blood. B) plasma in which carbon dioxide has been added. C) a lining of endothelial cells. D) circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterioles. E) white blood cells and platelets.	D	21
1724581386	The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is A) the arteries. B) the arterioles. C) the metarterioles. D) the capillaries. E) the veins.	D	22
1724581387	The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is A) the arteries. B) the arterioles. C) the metarterioles. D) the capillaries. E) the veins.	E	23
1724581388	An increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with A) vasoconstriction. B) vasodilation. C) narrowing of the arteries. D) a reduction in blood flow in that region. E) a decreased amount of blood in the capillaries of that vascular bed.	B	24
1724581389	Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure? A) mouse B) rabbit C) human D) hippopotamus E) giraffe	E	25
1724581390	Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with A) increased activity of the immune system. B) a broken limb. C) blood sugar that is abnormally high. D) dehydration. E) sodium depletion.	A	26
1724581391	The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because A) the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells. B) the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases. C) the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate. D) the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle. E) the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.	E	27
1724581392	The blood pressure is lowest in the A) aorta. B) arteries. C) arterioles. D) capillaries. E) venae cavae.	E	28
1724581393	Fluid is filtered out of the bloodstream into the surrounding interstitial fluid at the arteriole end of systemic capillaries because A) the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood. B) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid. C) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood. D) the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. E) the osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid.	C	29
1724581394	If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then A) hemoglobin will not release oxygen. B) fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues. C) the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase. D) most carbon dioxide will be bound to hemoglobin and carried away from tissues. E) plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries.	B	30
1724581395	What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed? A) more fluid entering the venous capillaries B) an increase in the blood pressure in the capillary bed C) the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas D) fewer proteins leaking out of the blood to enter the interstitial fluid E) the area of the blockage becoming abnormally small	C	31
1724581396	A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg is likely to be A) an animal that is small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart. B) an animal with abundant lipid storage. C) a species that has very wide diameter veins. D) an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain. E) an animal that makes frequent, quick motions.	D	32
1724581397	Dialysis patients, who will have blood withdrawn, dialyzed, then replaced, are always weighed when they enter the facility and then weighed carefully again before they leave, because A) even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore blood pressure. B) many people who have dialysis are diabetic and must control their weight carefully. C) dialysis removes blood proteins and these weigh more than other blood components. D) dialysis is likely to cause edema and such swelling must be controlled. E) reclining posture during dialysis can cause a tendency for weight gain.	A	33
1724581398	Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the A) loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries. B) development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls. C) loss of fluid from capillaries. D) increased diffusion of CO2. E) increased diffusion of Hb.	B	34
1724581399	Vasoconstriction in the gut is a likely response when an individual is A) lying down after standing up. B) standing up after lying down. C) stressed and secreting stress hormones. D) responding to increased blood pressure. E) having an allergy attack with lots of histamine secretion.	C	35
1724581400	The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the A) measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries. B) measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood. C) percent of blood volume made up of platelets. D) blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic. E) number of leukocytes per mm3 of blood.	D	36
1724581401	Among these choices, the biggest set that includes only those "cells" that lack nuclei is A) platelets. B) platelets and erythrocytes. C) platelets, erythrocytes, and basophils. D) platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, and neutrophils. E) platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes.	B	37
1724581402	In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is A) 24 hours. B) one week. C) one month. D) four months. E) 80 years or more.	D	38
1724581403	The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are A) growth hormone and pancreas, respectively. B) erythropoietin and kidney, respectively. C) cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively. D) epinephrine and adrenal gland, respectively. E) acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively.	B	39
1724581404	Dissolved proteins in human plasma include which of the following? I. fibrinogen II. hemoglobin III. immunoglobulin A) I only B) II only C) I and III only D) II and III only E) I, II, and III	C	40
1724581405	The plasma proteins in humans A) maintain the blood's osmotic pressure. B) transport water-soluble lipids. C) carry out gas exchange. D) undergo aerobic metabolism. E) transport oxygen.	A	41
1724581406	Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to A) retain the normal cell shape, but the mitochondria will be poisoned. B) lyse as the cyanide concentration increases inside the cell. C) switch to anaerobic metabolism. D) become unable to carry oxygen. E) be unaffected.	E	42
1724581407	Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased A) low-density lipoproteins. B) immunoglobulins. C) erythropoietin. D) epinephrine. E) platelets.	D	43
1724581408	The production of red blood cells is stimulated by A) low-density lipoproteins. B) immunoglobulins. C) erythropoietin. D) epinephrine. E) platelets.	C	44
1724581409	The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is A) chymotrypsin. B) fibrin. C) thrombin. D) prothrombin. E) collagen.	B	45
1724581410	A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the A) production of erythropoietin. B) conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen. C) activation of prothrombin to thrombin. D) increase in platelets. E) synthesis of hemoglobin.	C	46
1724581411	When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO2 is A) 400 mm Hg. B) 82 mm Hg. C) 40 mm Hg. D) 21 mm Hg. E) 4 mm Hg.	C	47
1724581412	The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates, the pool becomes saltier, causing A) a decrease in its carbon dioxide content. B) a decrease in its oxygen content. C) an increase in its ability to sustain aerobic organisms. D) a decrease in the water's density. E) a decrease in the movement of the water molecules.	B	48
1724581413	Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because A) they are too large for a circulatory system to operate well. B) they live without need for oxygen. C) they do not produce carbon dioxide. D) countercurrent exchange mechanisms cannot function well in their living conditions. E) nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment.	E	49
1724581414	Flying insects do all of the following except A) increase metabolism as much as 200-fold during flight. B) switch from diffusion of tracheal gases to active transport during flight. C) utilize high numbers of mitochondria in flight muscles. D) produce water molecules from oxygen in mitochondria. E) generate carbon dioxide from catabolism of fuel molecules.	B	50
1724581415	The epiglottis of a human covers the glottis when he or she is A) talking. B) breathing. C) swallowing. D) yawning. E) sleeping.	C	51
1724581416	In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the A) trachea. B) larynx. C) bronchi. D) bronchioles. E) alveoli.	E	52
1724581417	Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because A) water is less dense than air. B) water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume. C) gills have less surface area than lungs. D) gills allow only unidirectional transport. E) gills allow water to flow in one direction.	B	53
1724581418	Countercurrent exchange is evident in A) the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills. B) the flow of blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae. C) the flow of air within the primary bronchi of a human and that of blood within the pulmonary veins. D) the flow of water across the skin of a frog and that of blood within the ventricle of its heart. E) the flow of fluid out of the arterial end of a capillary and that of fluid back into the venous end of the same capillary.	A	54
1724581419	Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize A) endocytosis. B) blood pressure. C) diffusion. D) active transport. E) osmosis.	C	55
1724581420	Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange A) in their specialized external gills. B) in their specialized internal gills. C) in the alveoli of their lungs. D) across the membranes of their cells. E) across all parts of their thin cuticular exoskeleton.	D	56
1724581421	An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it A) coats their lungs. B) blocks the openings into the tracheal system. C) interferes with gas exchange across the capillaries. D) clogs their bronchi. E) prevents gases from leaving the atmosphere.	B	57
1724581422	Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in such conditions is A) 160 mm Hg. B) 16 mm Hg. C) 120/75. D) 21/760. E) 760/21.	A	58
1724581423	Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of A) the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air. B) the overproduction of surfactants. C) the incomplete development of the lung surface. D) lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant. E) mutations in the genes involved in lung formation.	D	59
1724581424	Of the following choices, impairment of a mammal's breathing cycle is most likely following neural damage in A) the cerebrum and cerebellum. B) the medulla oblongata and the pons. C) the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex. D) the thalamus and the hypothalamus. E) the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe.	B	60
1724581425	Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because A) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. B) the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract. C) gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. D) pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. E) a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes.	A	61
1724581426	The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by A) a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity. B) a decrease in the residual volume of the lungs. C) the contraction of the diaphragm. D) the closure of the epiglottis. E) the expansion of the rib cage.	A	62
1724581427	As a person goes from rest to full-effort exercise, there is an increase in the A) tidal volume. B) vital capacity. C) residual volume. D) total lung capacity. E) All of the above would be different.	A	63
1724581428	A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL, a vital capacity of 4,000 mL, and a residual volume of 1,000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of A) 1,450 mL. B) 4,000 mL. C) 4,450 mL. D) 5,000 mL. E) 5,450 mL.	D	64
1724581429	During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of A) nitric acid. B) nitrogen. C) oxygen. D) carbon dioxide. E) carbon monoxide.	D	65
1724581430	Breathing is usually regulated by A) erythropoietin levels in the blood. B) the concentration of red blood cells. C) hemoglobin levels in the blood. D) CO2 and O2 concentration and pH-level sensors. E) the lungs and the larynx.	D	66
1724581431	At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg of 21% oxygen, the partial pressure of oxygen is A) 100 mm Hg. B) 127 mm Hg. C) 151 mm Hg. D) 182 mm Hg. E) 219 mm Hg.	D	67
1724581432	At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Oxygen gas is approximately 21% of the total gases in the atmosphere, so the approximate partial pressure of oxygen is A) 0.2 mm Hg. B) 20.0 mm Hg. C) 76.0 mm Hg. D) 160.0 mm Hg. E) 508.0 mm Hg.	D	68
1724581433	At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen, then the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is A) 0 mm Hg. B) 80 mm Hg. C) 160 mm Hg. D) 380 mm Hg. E) 760 mm Hg.	B	69
1724581434	Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect its pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as A) the brain directly measures and monitors carbon dioxide and causes breathing changes accordingly. B) the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing. C) the brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide. D) stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing. E) the medulla oblongata is able to control the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood.	B	70
1724581435	An increase from pH 7.2 to pH 7.4 around hemoglobin causes A) hemoglobin to release all bound oxygen molecules. B) an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules. C) hemoglobin to denature. D) an increase in the binding of H+ by hemoglobin. E) hemoglobin to more readily give up its oxygen molecules.	B	71
1724581436	An "internal reservoir" of oxygen in rested muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to A) hemoglobin. B) bicarbonate ions. C) carbonic acid. D) actin and myosin. E) myoglobin.	E	72
1724581437	Hemoglobin and hemocyanin A) are both found within blood cells. B) are both red in color. C) are both freely dissolved in the plasma. D) both transport oxygen. E) are both found in mammals.	D	73
1724581438	The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in A) the partial pressure of oxygen. B) the partial pressure of carbon monoxide. C) hemoglobin concentration. D) temperature. E) pH.	E	74
1724581439	Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is A) converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells. B) bound to hemoglobin. C) transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid. D) simply dissolved in the plasma. E) bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin.	A	75
1724581440	Hydrogen ions produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to A) hemoglobin. B) plasma proteins. C) carbon dioxide. D) carbonic acid. E) plasma buffers.	A	76
1724581441	The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differ from the hemoglobin of mammals in that A) the oxygen dissociation curve for hemocyanin is linear. B) hemocyanin carries appreciably more carbon dioxide. C) hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron. D) the protein of hemocyanin is not bound to metal. E) hemocyanin includes cyanic acid.	C	77
1724581442	In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, you would expect to find A) a slower rate of oxygen consumption so that its breathing will not have to be accelerated. B) an increase of storage of oxygen in myoglobin of its muscles. C) a relatively slow heart rate in order to lower oxygen consumption. D) a lower pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. E) a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size.	E	78
1724581443	Blood entering a capillary bed of an unusual vertebrate was measured for the pressures exerted by various factors, as shown in Figure 42.1. Figure 42.1 80) For this unusual capillary bed, A) the pH is lower on the arterial side than on the venous side. B) oxygen is taken up by the erythrocytes within the capillaries. C) the osmotic pressure remains constant due to carbon dioxide compensation. D) the hydrostatic pressure declines from the arterial side to the venous side because oxygen is lost. E) fluids will leave the capillaries on the arterial side of the bed and re-enter on the venous side.	E	79
1724581444	An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the A) animal had evolved from birds. B) animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate. C) animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles. D) animal was likely an invertebrate animal. E) species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure.	B	80
1724581445	A group of students was designing an experiment to test the effect of smoking on grass frogs. They hypothesized that keeping the frogs in a smoke-filled environment for defined periods would result in the animals developing lung cancer. However, when they searched for previously published information to shore up their hypothesis, they discovered they were quite wrong in their original assessment. Even though they were never going to go ahead with their experiment (so as not to harm frogs needlessly), they knew that a more likely outcome of putting carcinogens in the air would be the development of A) the amphibian equivalent of hypertension. B) skin cancer. C) gill abnormalities in the next generation of tadpoles. D) tracheal tube abnormalities. E) diminished absorption of oxygen.	B	81
1724581446	83) Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply? A) the lungs of a vertebrate B) the gills of a fish C) the tracheal system of an insect D) the skin of an earthworm E) the parapodia of a polychaete worm	C	82
1724581447	Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the A) vena cava. B) left atrium. C) right atrium. D) left ventricle. E) right ventricle.	B	83
1724581448	Pulse is a direct measure of A) blood pressure. B) stroke volume. C) cardiac output. D) heart rate. E) breathing rate.	D	84
1724581449	When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe? A) rising O2 B) falling O2 C) rising CO2 D) falling CO2 E) rising CO2 and falling O2	C	85
1724581450	One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is A) the number of heart chambers. B) the type of gas exchange tissues. C) a complete separation of circuits for circulation. D) the number of circuits for circulation. E) a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit.	D	86
1724581451	If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except A) the pulmonary vein. B) an alveolus. C) the trachea. D) the right atrium. E) the right ventricle.	A	87
1724581452	Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a A) higher PO2. B) higher PCO2. C) greater bicarbonate concentration. D) lower pH. E) lower osmotic pressure.	A	88
1724581453	Which of the following reactions prevails in red blood cells traveling through alveolar capillaries? (Hb = hemoglobin) A) Hb + 4 O2 → Hb(O2)4 B) Hb(O2)4 → Hb + 4 O2 C) CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 D) H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3- E) Hb + 4 CO2 → Hb(CO2)4	A	89

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