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American Pageant Chapter 23 Vocab Flashcards

Key terms, people, and events from Chapter 23 of the 13th edition of the American Pageant.

1209300302	Compromise of 1877	Compromise that ended Reconstruction and was an end to the disputed election between Hayes and Tilden in 1876	0
1209300303	Jim Crow Laws	Legalized segregation in the South	1
1209300304	Amnesty	Complete and total forgiveness	2
1209300305	Boss Tweed	Corrupt political boss who ran the political machine in NY City's Tammany hall	3
1209300306	J.P. Morgan	Enormously wealthy banker whose secret bailout of the federal government in 1895 aroused fierce public anger	4
1209300307	William Jennings Bryan	Eloquent young Congressman from Nebraska who became the most prominent advocate of "free silver" in the early 1890s	5
1209300308	Ulysses S. Grant	Great military leader whose presidency was mired in corruption and political ineptitude (From Cincinnati!)	6
1209300309	Grover Cleveland	First Democratic President since the Civil War; defender of laissez-faire economics and low tariffs (from Buffalo)	7
1209300310	Rutherford B. Hayes	Winner of the contested 1876 election who presided over the end of Reconstruction and a sharp economic downturn	8
1209300311	James Garfield	President whose assassination after only a few months in office spurred the passage of a civil-service law	9
1209300312	Pendleton Act of 1883	Act established in 1883 that set up the Civil Service system, which required government jobs be given out based on merit (qualifications)	10
1209300313	Stalwarts	Believed that government jobs should be given out based on patronage and opposed Civil Service reform	11
1209300314	Half-breeds	Republican party faction led by James Blaine that advocated for Civil Service reform	12
1209300315	Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Supreme Court decision that stated that "separate equal" facilities were constitutional	13
1209300316	Gilded Age	Term coined by Mark Twain to describe the period of government meltdown and business growth of the late 19th century	14
1209300317	Populists	Political party that advocated for a gradual income tax, free silver, and government ownership of railroads	15
1209300318	Greenbacks	"Soft money" third party that polled over a million votes and elected 14 Congressmen in 1878 by advocating for inflation	16
1209300319	McKinley Tariff	Sky-high Republican tariff of 1890 that caused widespread anger among farmers in the Midwest and South	17
1209300320	Grandfather Clause	Allowed one to not pay poll taxes, or take a literacy test to vote, if one's ancestor could vote in the 1860 election	18
1209300321	Pork Barrel	Government appropriations for political purposes, especially projects designed to please a legislator's local constituency	19
1209300322	Laissez-faire	Economic philosophy that believes the government should keep their "hands off" the economy and not interfere with it	20
1209300323	Credit Mobilier	Corrupt construction company whose bribes and payoffs to Congressmen and others created a major scandal in the Grant administration	21

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American Pageant Chapter 22 Vocab Flashcards

Key terms, people, and events from Chapter 22 of the 13th edition of the American Pageant.

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1624768594	Exodusters	Blacks who left the South for Kansas and elsewhere during Reconstruction	0
1624768595	Civil Rights Bill of 1866	First Congressional attempt to guarantee Black rights in the South, passed over Johnson's veto	1
1624768596	Thaddeus Stevens	Leader of the Radical Republicans in the House of Representatives	2
1624768597	Tenure of Office Act	Constitutionally questionable law whose violation by President Johnson formed the basis for his impeachment	3
1624768598	13th Amendment	Amendment that abolished the institution of slavery in the United States	4
1624768599	14th Amendment	Amendment that granted rights to all Americans and defined citizenship	5
1624768600	15th Amendment	Amendment that gave all African American males the right to vote	6
1624768601	William Seward	Secretary of State who arranged an initially unpopular, but later valuable land deal in 1867	7
1624768602	Carpetbaggers	Individuals who moved to the South from the North to run Southern governments	8
1624768603	Scalawags	White southerners who supported the ideas of the radical Republicans in the House of Representatives	9
1624768604	Freedmen's Bureau	Federal agency that greatly assisted Blacks educationally, but failed in other aid efforts	10
1624768605	Ku Klux Klan	Secret organization that intimidated Blacks and worked to restore White supremacy in the South	11
1624768606	Force Acts of 1870 and 1871	Laws designed to stamp out KKK terrorism in the South	12
1624768607	Benjamin Wade	President Pro-Tempore of the Senate who hoped to become President of the US after Johnson's impeachment	13
1624768608	Military Reconstruction Act of 1867	Law that was passed in 1867 that divided the South into 5 military districts	14
1624768609	Union League	Leading Black political organization during the period of Reconstruction	15
1624768610	Sharecropping	Former slaves often worked on farms and on land they rented; paid for land in crops	16
1624768611	Black Codes	Series of Southern laws designed to discriminate and limit the rights of newly freed Blacks in the South	17
1624768612	10% Plan	Plan instituted by Abraham Lincoln that required 10% of Southern voters to swear allegiance to the US	18
1624768613	Wade Davis Bill	Bill instituted by the Radical Republicans that required 50% of Southern voters to swear allegiance to the US; pocket-vetoed by Lincoln	19

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AP American History Chapter 15- Reconstruction and the New South Flashcards

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1314085502	OO Howard	directed the Freedmen's Bureau	0
1314085503	Tenure of Office Act	act that forbade the president to remove civil officials without the consent of the Senate	1
1314085504	Command of the Army Act	act that prohibited the president from issuing military orders except through the commanding general of the army	2
1314085505	scalawags	former Whigs in the South that never really cared for the Democrats, believed Republicanism was in their economic interest	3
1314085506	carpetbaggers	Republicans that moved South after the war	4
1314085507	sharecropping	A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.	5
1314085508	crop-lien system	System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.	6
1314085509	Horatio Seymour	Democrat who lost to Ulysses S. Grant in the election of 1868	7
1314085510	Hamilton Fish	Secretary of State under Ulysses Grant who was highly respected and wasn't a complete screw up like every other member of the administration	8
1314085511	Horace Greenly	candidate of the Liberal Republicans (those who opposed Grant) and also the Democrats' nomination	9
1314085512	Credit Mobilier	French construction company who helped build the Union Pacific Railroad, used their positions to steer large fraudulent contracts to their construction company, many congressmen had stock in them and Grants VP	10
1314085513	whiskey ring	some of the Treasury Secretary's officials and a group of distillers were cheating the government out of taxes	11
1314085514	Indian Ring	Secretary of War William Belknap had accepted bribes to retain an Indian-post trader in office	12
1314532469	Jay Cooke and Company	an investment banking firm that started the Panic of 1873	13
1314532470	Seward's Folly	term coiner by critics of _'s buying of Alaska	14
1314532471	Nathan Bedford Forrest	formed the KKK	15
1316681959	Compromise of 1877	compromise that said Hayes would have a Southerner in his cabinet, the Dems got control of federal patronage in their areas, generous internal improvements, and federal aid to the TX and Pacific Railroad	16
1316681960	redeemers	powerful, conservative oligarchy who controlled the South	17
1316681961	Readjuster	movement in VA demanded that the state revise its debt payment procedures so as to make more money available for state services.	18
1316681962	Henry Grady	editor of the Atlanta Constitution, desired to see industrialization in the South	19
1316681963	Joel Chandler Harris	romanticized the "Lost Cause" and wrote "Uncle Remus"	20
1316681964	James Duke	owner of the American Tobacco Company, created a huge tobacco monopoly over the processing of raw tobacco	21
1316681965	convict- lease system	system where southern states leased gangs of convicted criminals to private interests as a cheap labor supply	22
1316681966	Booker T Washington	chief black spokesperson on education, founder of Tuskegee Institute, wanted blacks to be like the white middle class	23
1316681967	fence laws	laws that required farmers to fence their animals	24
1316681968	Atlanta Compromise	philosophy of race relations of BTW, said blacks should attempt have economic gains and this was the key to being equal	25
1316681969	Plessy v Ferguson	case that was the legal basis of segregation	26

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APWH Unit Three Study guide (Sterns 5th edition) Flashcards

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1062788288	Islam (empire)	...	0
1062788289	Abbasid	750-1258. Tried to break down barriers between Arab and non-Arab Muslims. Capital at Baghdad, which allowed Persian influence. Harun al-Rashid's reign was considered golden age. Quite stable and intellectual. Caliphs became more kings than spiritual leaders. Advised by a council headed by a vizier. Lack of spiritual authority weakened caliphate and Harun's two sons' rivalries led to destruction of Baghdad, as did financial corruption. Faced threat from Seljuk Turks.	1
1062788290	Africa (Ethiopia, Mail Songhai, Swahili Coast)	...	2
1062788291	Byzantium	An old Greek city, renamed Constantinople, that become the center of the Byzantine Empire; present day Istanbul.	3
1062788292	Charlemange & Holy Roman Empire	King of the Franks from 768 to 814 and emporer of rome from 800 to 814. Ruled over 40 years. Most important leader of the Franks because he unified nearly all Christian lands of Europe into a single empire., grandson of Charles Martel, forced Christianity on his people, he was known for establishing schools to spark creativity	4
1062788293	Maya, Aztec, Inca	The Maya is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems. The Aztec people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, a period referred to as the late post-classic period in Mesoamerican chronology. The Inca civilization (or Inka) began as a tribe in the Cuzco area, where the legendary first Sapa Inca, Manco Capac, founded the Kingdom of Cuzco around 1200.	5
1062788294	Tang/Song China	P:Bueracracy, emperor, dynasty(ies), strong military, marriage alliances,scholar-gentry classs, aristocrats, Secretiat, Executive Department, Bureau of Censors, exam	6
1062788295	Japan, Korea, and Vietnam	what regions of asia were most drawn to chinese cultural and political models	7
1062788296	Mongols	A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.	8
1062788297	Islam	A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran.	9
1062788298	Ka'ba	("cube") a pre-islamic cubed building in mecca believed by muslims to have been built by Abraham. It is the center of the Muslim Pilgrimage	10
1062788299	Umma	The community of all Muslims	11
1062788300	Caliph	A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government	12
1062788301	Sunni	A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad	13
1062788302	Allah	-Muslim name for the one and only God	14
1062788303	Rubaiyat	Epic poem of Omar Khayyam; seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the divine	15
1062788304	Arabic Numbers	System of writing numerals that was developed by Gupta mathematicians; became known as Arabic numerals because the Arabs brought them from India to the Middle East and Europe.	16
1062788305	Griots	An oral historian and musician who became important in western Africa in the 1500s and still carries on oral traditions today...also known as the kings assistants	17
1062788306	Sharia	A body of law that includes interpretation of the Qur'an, examples of behavior from Muhammad's life, and Muslims traditions.	18
1062788307	Justinian's Code	An organized collection and explanation of Roman laws for use by the Byzantine Empire	19
1062788308	Orthodox Christian Church	Eastern Christian church which was created in 1053 after the schism from the western Roman church; its head is the patriarch of Constantinople. Major differences between it and Catholicism are, priests can marry, leavened bread, and investiture of priests (who can be a priest)	20
1062788309	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals (petroleum, quicklime, sulfur) that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople	21
1062788310	Middle Ages	Also known as the medieval period, the time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century.	22
1062788311	Manorialism	An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.	23
1062788312	Serfs	Men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection. But were not slaves	24
1062788313	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	25
1062788314	Hanseatic League	A group of trading cities located mostly around the Baltic Sea that engaged in extensive trade relations during the late medieval period.	26
1062788315	Roman Catholic Church	Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope.	27
1062788316	Investiture	A formal conferring of power to clergy usually with robes or other Christian symbols	28
1062788317	Chivalry	A code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle	29
1062788318	Split Inheritance	Inca practice of descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy.	30
1062788319	Tambos	Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages	31
1062788320	Chinampas	Aztec floating gardens	32
1062788321	Quetzalcoatl	Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes	33
1062788322	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	34
1062788323	Foot Binding	Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household	35
1062788324	Neo-Confucianism	A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements.	36
1062788325	Tale of Genji	story of Prince Genji and his lovers, written by Lady Murasaki Shikibu at end of 11th century, world's first full novel	37
1062788326	Seppuku	ritual suicide	38
1062788327	Qur'an	Holy book of Islam	39
1062788328	Five Pillars	1) Allah is only God 2) prayer to Mecca 3) Fasting during Ramadan 4) Zakat (charity) 5) The Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	40
1062788329	Jihad	A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal	41
1062788330	Shi'a	A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad	42
1062788331	Hajj	A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims	43
1062788332	Ramadan	(Islam) a fast (held from sunrise to sunset) that is carried out during the Islamic month of Ramadan	44
1062788333	Sufis	A mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life.	45
1062788334	Stateless Societies	african societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states	46
1062788335	Bantu Migration	The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000	47
1062788336	Hagia Sophia	Name the church in Constantinople built with many elements of Greek and Roman architecture.	48
1062788337	Icons	A painting of Christ or another holy figure, used as an aid to devotion in the Byzantine and other Eastern Churches.	49
1062788338	Hellenistic Culture	Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian ideas, as a result of Alexander the Great's Empire.	50
1062788339	Cyrillic Alphabet	An alphabet for the writing of Slavic languages, devised in the ninth century A.D. by Saints Cyril and Methodius	51
1062788340	Gothic	A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries	52
1062788341	Feudalism	A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land	53
1062788342	Moldboard	heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils.	54
1062788343	Magna Carta	1215 document that limited the king's ability to tax English nobles and that guaranteed due process and a right to trial	55
1062788344	Guilds	An association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards	56
1062788345	Pope	Head of the Roman Catholic Church	57
1062788346	Romanesque	1050-1200, "Roman-like." A term to describe the history, culture, and art of medieval western	58
1062788347	Beowulf	a great warrior, goes to Denmark on a successful mission to kill Grendel; he returns home to Geatland, where he becomes king and slays a dragon before dying; poem; alliterative verse, elegy, small scale heroic epic; author unknown; setting around 500 AD	59
1062788348	Twantinsuyu	Word for Inca Empire; region from present-day Columbia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina	60
1062788349	Curacas	local rulers who the Inca left in office in return for loyalty	61
1062788350	Mita	In the Inca Empire, the requirement that all able-bodied subjects work for the state a certain number of days each year	62
1062788351	"Inca Socialism"	A view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole.	63
1062788352	Grand Canal	The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.	64
1062788353	Flying Money	Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency	65
1062788354	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	66
1062788355	Taika Reforms	Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army.	67
1062788356	Samurai	Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.	68
1062788357	Shoguns	Military leaders of Japan during its feudal era and the actual powers behind the emperor until the Meiji restoration.	69
1062788358	Daimyo	A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; warlord but not as powerful as a shogun.	70
1062788359	Bushido	"the way of the warrior"	71
1062788360	Khagan	Title of supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes.	72
1062788361	Mongol Yuan Dynasty	a dynasty that began with Kublai Khan's conquest of southern China and Burma in 1287	73
1062788362	Kami	A Japanese aircraft loaded with explosives and making a deliberate suicidal crash on an enemy target	74
1062788363	Shamanistic Religion	Religion that revolves around the belief of nature spirits;Was the main religious belief of Chinggis Khan and the Mongols; Although it was the main religion, the khagan was very tolerant of all otehr religions	75
1062788364	Ming Dynasty	A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia	76
1062788365	Ethnocentrism	Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.	77
1062788366	Muhammad	-Founder of Islamic religion, prophet of allah, conquers Mecca	78
1062788367	Harun al Rashid	caliph (r. 786-809) who is responsible for a Golden Age in the Muslim World and the House of Wisdom in Baghdad	79
1062788368	Saladin	(1137-1193) Muslim general; led the Muslim forces during the Third Crusade	80
1062788369	Mansa Musa	Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.	81
1062788370	Justinian	Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code	82
1062788371	Constantine	Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)	83
1062788372	Clovis	King of Franks; conquered Gaul; earned support of Gaul and Church of Rome by converting; Ruled lands in Frankish custom but kept Roman legacy	84
1062788373	Thomas Aquinas	(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology	85
1062788374	Geoffrey Chaucer	English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)	86
1062788375	Toltecs	Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. (p. 305)	87
1062788376	Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)	88
1062788377	Empress Wu	(690 - 705 C.E.) Tang ruler who supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created.	89
1062788378	Lady Murasaki	Woman given credit for writing the world's first novel, The Tale of Genji.	90
1062788379	Trinh	Dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 to 1772; rivals of Nguyen family in South.	91
1062788380	Kublilai Khan	Kubilai Khan, who was Ghengis Khan's grandson, lived 1215 - 1294 and put in action a policy of religious toleration, with the exception of Confucianism. He was a benevolent emperor, as he improved roads, built canals, lowered some taxes, patronized scholars and artists, limited the death penalty and torture, and supported peasant agriculture.	92
1062788381	Timur-I Lang	last major nomad leader; 14th century Turkic ruler of Samarkand; launched attacks in Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405.	93
1062788382	Henry the Navigator	(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.	94
1062788383	Khadijah	First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader.	95
1062788384	Seljuk Turks	nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly	96
1062788385	Ibn Khaldun	Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city.	97
1062788386	Ibn Batuta	Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records	98
1062788387	Cyril and methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic.	99
1062788388	Rurik	Legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E.	100
1062788389	Charlemagne	(768-814 CE) Crowned king in 800 CE by the pope; can be compared to Harsha; brought back unified rule to Europe only during his life; used the missi dominici to check up on imperial officials.	101
1062788390	Benedict of Nursia	Founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire.	102
1062788391	Vikings	A group that traded and raided Europe throughout the 800s. Traveled as far as North America.	103
1062788392	Pachacuti	..., Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca	104
1062788393	Li Bo	Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings.	105
1062788394	Xuanzong	Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755 though he encouraged overexpansion	106
1062788395	Taira vs Minamoto	two families involved in Gempei wars	107
1062788396	Chinggis Khan	Also known as Genghis Khan, was born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227 prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world.	108
1062788397	Chabi	Influential wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted interests of Buddhists in China; indicative of refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Chinese.	109
1062788398	Zhenghe	Chinese Muslim admiral who commanded a series of expeditions to the Indian ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea between 1405 and 1433.	110
1062788399	Vasco da Gama	Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.	111
1062788400	Spread of Islam	Islam spread through West Africa peacefully by trade, and violently by conquest. People in ruling courts converted, some in the countryside kept their beliefs	112
1062788401	Black Death	An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 397)	113
1062788402	Crusades	1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade	114
1062788403	Mongol Conquests	swept into parts of eastern and central Europe; conquered much of SW Asia;In 1258 Baghdad fell to the Mongs; pushed through Syria and Palestine to Egypt; Finally stopped by the Muslims rulers of Egypt in 1260.	115

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Animal Diversity Flashcards

Exam 1

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1168762743	Animals are _______, _______ _______ with _____ that develop from _______ layers.	multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes, tissues, embryonic	0
1168762744	_______ are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers.	Animals	1
1168762745	Animal cells lack ____ ____.	cell walls	2
1168762746	What two tissues do animals have?	nervous and muscle	3
1168762747	Animal cells are held together by _______ and specializes ________.	collagen, junctions	4
1168762748	What is another example of a heterotroph besides animals?	fungi	5
1168762750	Animal Traits (there's 3)	First degree sexual reproduction, dominant stage: diploid, and hox genes	6
1168762751	What does diploid mean?	two copies of each chromosome	7
1168762752	Hox genes	Important roles in the development of animal embryos	8
1168762753	What plays an important role in the development of animal embryos?	hox genes	9
1168762754	In what organisms can hox genes be found?	only in animals	10
1168762755	definition of monophyletic	a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants	11
1168762756	A group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants	monophyletic	12
1168762757	Hypothesis for the origin of animals from a flagellated protist	colonial protist, hollow unspecialized cells, beginning of cell specialization, infolding, gastrula	13
1168762758	colonial protist, hollow unspecialized cells, beginning of cell specialization, infolding, gastrula	hypothesis for the origin of animals from a flagellated protist	14
1168762759	Phylogenetic Tree	Shows relationships among animal phyla. The longer the line, the longer it has been since the split of phyla	15
1168762760	What are the body plans involving symmetry?	asymmetric, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry	16
1168762761	Asymmetric body plans	not symmetric, ex. sponges	17
1168762762	Radial symmetry	can split more than once, have a top and bottom	18
1168762763	Bilateral symmetry	split once, have dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior regions	19
1168762764	Cephalization	sensory organs in head region, occurs in bilateral symmetry	20
1168762765	Animal Phylogeny	morphological and developmental comparisons	21
1168762766	Body Plans: Tissues (formation of gastrula)	fertilized egg, two cell stage, four cell stage, early blastula, late blastula, gastrula with blastopore	22
1168762767	fertilized egg, two cell stage, four cell stage, early blastula, late blastula, gastrula with blastopore	Body Plans: Tissues (formation of gastrula)	23
1168762768	Triploblastic organisms	have an ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm	24
1168762769	have an ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm	Triploblastic organisms	25
1168762770	Ectoderm	skin and nervous system	26
1168762771	skin and nervous system	ectoderm	27
1168762772	endoderm	lining of the gut, "gut organs"	28
1168762773	lining of the gut, "gut organs"	endoderm	29
1168762774	mesoderm	muscles, skeleton, circulatory, kidney	30
1168762775	muscles, skeleton, circulatory, kidney	mesoderm	31
1168762776	Acoelomate: no _____ _____; has ____ _____ from ectoderm, _____ ______ ______ from mesoderm, and ______ _______ from endoderm.	body cavities, body covering, tissue filled region, digestive tract	32
1168762777	_________: no body cavities; has body covering from ________, tissue filled region from _______, and digestive tract from ________.	Acoelomate, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm	33
1168762778	Pseudocoelomate: has a ___________; has ____ _____ from ectoderm, ______ ______ from mesoderm, and ______ _______ from endoderm.	pseudocoelom, body covering, muscle layer, digestive tract	34
1168762779	_____________: has a pseudocoelom; has body covering from ________, muscle layer from ________, and digestive tract from _______.	Pseudocoelomate, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm	35
1168762780	Coelomate: has a ________; has ____ _____ from ectoderm, _____ ______ (______ coelom and _______ internal organs) from mesoderm, and ______ _______ from endoderm.	coelom, body covering, tissue layer, lining, suspending, digestive tract	36
1168762781	________: has a coelom, has body covering from _______, tissue layer (lining _____ and suspending ______ _______ ) from ______, and digestive tract from _______.	Coelomate, ectoderm, coelom, internal organs, mesoderm, endoderm	37
1168762782	Protostomes Cleavage	Spiral and determinant	38
1168762783	Spiral and determinant	protostomes cleavage	39
1168762784	deuterostomes cleavage	radial and indeterminate / stem cells	40
1168762785	radial and indeterminate (stem cells)	deuterostomes cleavage	41
1168762786	protostomes coelom formation	mesoderm splits / schizocoelous	42
1168762787	mesoderm splits (schizocoelous)	protostomes coelom formation	43
1168762788	deuterostomes coelom formation	archenteron folds / enterocoelous	44
1168762789	archenteron folds (enterocoelous)	deuterostomes coelom formation	45
1168762790	protostomes fate of blastopore	mouth	46
1168762791	deuterostomes fate of blastopore	anus	47
1168762792	Differences between protostomes and deuterostomes	cleavage, coelom formation, and fate of blastopore	48
1168762793	What is the term for a grouping animal phylogeny morphologically?	grade	49
1168762794	What is the term for a grouping of animal phylogeny by molecular data?	clade	50
1168762795	Causes of the Cambrian Explosion	ecological, geologic, genetic	51
1168762796	Ecological causes of the cambrian explosion	predator and prey relations	52
1168762797	geologic causes of the cambrian explosion	development of oxygen in the atmosphere	53
1168762798	genetic causes of the cambrian explosion	emergence of hox genes	54
1168762799	Characteristics of the phylum annelida	protostomes, invertebrates. segmentation, septum, skin is a respiration organ, sexual hermaphrodite	55
1168762800	annelida segmentation	little rings	56
1168762801	annelida septum	between segmentation	57
1168762802	the skin of annelida being a respiration organ...	it needs to be moist	58
1168762803	annelida sexual hermaphrodite	have both male and female sexual parts	59
1168762804	Circulation in annelida	segmented, pumping, closed	60
1168762805	annelida metanephridia	part of the excretory system	61
1168762806	nervous system in annelida	cerebral ganglia, subpharangeal ganglion, ventral nerve	62
1168762807	ganglia	a cluster of neurons	63
1168762808	classes within the phylum annelida	oligochaeta, polychaeta, hirudinea	64
1168762809	class oligochaeta	in phylum annelida, earthworms and some aquatic species, no parapodia, few setae	65
1168762810	in phylum annelida, earthworms and some aquatic species, no parapodia, few setae	class oligochaeta	66
1168762811	class polychaeta	in phylum annelida, marine worms, many setae, parapodia	67
1168762812	in phylum annelida, marine worms, many setae, parapodia	class polychaeta	68
1168762813	class hirudinea	in phylum annelida, leeches	69
1168762814	in phylum annelida, leeches	class hirudinea	70
1168762815	setae	help with locomotion	71
1168762816	help with locomotion	setae	72
1168762817	parapodia	function as gills, filter feeders, and respiration	73
1168762818	function as gills, filter feeders, and respiration	parapodia	74
1174943643	Characteristics of the phylum arthropoda	protostomes, invertebrates. segmentation, exoskeleton, jointed appendages, cephalization, respiration, open circulatory system	75
1174943644	protostomes, invertebrates. segmentation, exoskeleton, jointed appendages, cephalization, respiration, open circulatory system	characteristics of the phylum arthropoda	76
1174943645	exoskeleton	helps them be successful in terrestrial environment	77
1174943646	helps them be successful in terrestrial environment	exoskeleton	78
1174943647	layers of exoskeleton	chitin: rigid. Cuticle: waxy to protect from water, located where muscles attach to help walk on land	79
1174943648	chitin: rigid. Cuticle: waxy to protect from water, located where muscles attach to help walk on land	layers of exoskeleton	80
1174943649	respiration of terrestrial arthropods	trachea	81
1174943650	trachea	respiration of terrestrial arthropods	82
1174943651	respiration of aquatic arthropods	gills	83
1174943652	gills	respiration of aquatic arthropods	84
1174943654	open circulatory system: hemolymph	fluid isn't enclosed, empties out into body cavity	85
1174943656	fluid isn't enclosed, empties out into body cavity	open circulatory system: hemolymph	86
1174943658	subphylum cheliceriformes	in phylum arthropoda, 1-2 segments, 6 pairs of appendages, terrestrial or marine	87
1174943659	in phylum arthropoda, 1-2 segments, 6 pairs of appendages, terrestrial or marine	subphylum cheliceriformes	88
1174943660	appendages of cheliceriformes and their purposes	chelicerae: feeding, pedipals: feeding and reproduction, 4 pairs of walking legs	89
1174943661	chelicerae: feeding, pedipals: feeding and reproduction, 4 pairs of walking legs	appendages of cheliceriformes	90
1174943662	species of cheliceriformes	horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites	91
1174943663	what subphylum are horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites in?	cheliceriformes	92
1174943664	subphylum myriapoda	in phylum arthropoda, many segments, millipedes and centipedes	93
1174943665	in phylum arthropoda, many segments, millipedes and centipedes	subphylum myriapoda	94
1174943666	millipedes	herbivorous: eat dead organic matter. 2 leg pairs per segment	95
1174943667	herbivorous: eat dead organic matter. 2 leg pairs per segment	millipedes	96
1174943668	centipedes	carnivorous: faster, attack if provoked. 1 leg pair per segment	97
1174943669	carnivorous: faster, attack if provoked. 1 leg pair per segment	centipedes	98
1174943670	Subphylums of Arthropoda	cheliceriformes, myriapoda, hexapoda, crustacea	99
1174943671	cheliceriformes, myriapoda, hexapoda, crustacea	subphylums of arthropoda	100
1174943672	subphylum hexapoda	in phylum arthropoda. 3 segments, mostly terrestrial, wings,	101
1174943673	in phylum arthropoda. 3 segments, mostly terrestrial, wings,	subphylum hexapoda	102
1174943674	species of hexapoda	insects and springtails	103
1174943675	insects and springtails	species of hexapoda	104
1174943676	segments of hexapoda (3)	head/thorax/abdomen, antennae, modified mouthparts: chewing, sucking (mosquitos), lapping (flies)	105
1174943677	head/thorax/abdomen, antennae, modified mouthparts: chewing, sucking (mosquitos), lapping (flies)	segments of hexapoda (3)	106
1174943678	purpose of wings on hexapoda	to regulate temp, then modified for swimming, then for flight	107
1174943679	subphylum crustacea	in phylum arthopoda. 2-3 segments, antennae, chewing mouthparts, 3+ jointed pairs of legs, mostly marine and freshwater	108
1174943680	in phylum arthopoda. 2-3 segments, antennae, chewing mouthparts, 3+ jointed pairs of legs, mostly marine and freshwater	subphylum crustacea	109
1174943681	characteristics of phylum echinoderms	deuterostomes, invertebrates, water vascular system with tube feet, endoskeleton, adult symmetry: secondary radial anatomy, larvae symmetry: bilateral	110
1174943682	deuterostomes, invertebrates, water vascular system with tube feet, endoskeleton, adult symmetry: secondary radial anatomy, larvae symmetry: bilateral	characteristics of phylum echinoderms	111
1174943683	what is the water vascular system with tube feet in echinoderms used for?	motion, feeding, and respiration.	112
1174943684	used for motion, feeding, and respiration	water vascular system with tube feet in echinoderms	113
1174943685	parts of tube feet	circular part: ampalla. skinny part: podium	114
1174943686	chemicals released by podium that allow starfish to stay put	adhesive and dehesive	115
1174943687	process of water vascular system	water goes into ampalla, ampalla contracts, water goes down podium and allows chemicals to be released by podium	116
1174943688	key traits of phylum chordata	deuterostome, invertebrates. notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits/clefts, muscular post-anal tail	117
1174943689	deuterostome, invertebrates. notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits/clefts, muscular post-anal tail	key traits of phylum chordata	118
1174943690	notochord	longitudinal, hollow tube found between nerve cord and digestive system. offers skeletal support system	119
1174943691	longitudinal, hollow tube found between nerve cord and digestive system. offers skeletal support system	notochord	120
1174943692	dorsal hollow nerve cord	develops into central nervous system	121
1174943693	develops into central nervous system	dorsal hollow nerve cord	122
1174943694	pharyngeal slits or clefts	allow organisms to take in a lot of water but not pass through the digestive system. Important for respiration	123
1174943695	allow organisms to take in a lot of water but not pass through the digestive system. Important for respiration	pharyngeal slits or clefts	124
1174943696	subphylum lancelets	in phylum chordata, has all 4 chordate traits, blade-like shape, least similar to mammals	125
1174943697	in phylum chordata, has all 4 chordate traits, blade-like shape, least similar to mammals	subphylum lancelets	126
1174943698	subphylum tunicates	in phylum chordata. goes through metamorphosis: has all 4 traits as larvae, then only slits as adults. doesn't move. nervous system absorbed	127
1174943699	in phylum chordata. goes through metamorphosis: has all 4 traits as larvae, then only slits as adults. doesn't move. nervous system absorbed	subphylum tunicates	128
1174943700	class hagfish	in phylum chordata, are craniates, lack jaws and vertebrae, has slime glands	129
1174943701	in phylum chordata, are craniates, lack jaws and vertebrae, has slime glands	class hagfish	130
1174943702	slime glands	lines of dots that release slimy substrate as a defense mechanism	131
1174943703	lines of dotes that release slimy substrate as a defense mechanism	slime glands	132
1174943704	craniates	chordates that have a head	133
1174943705	chordates that have a head	craniates	134
1174943706	vertebrates	craniates that have a backbone	135
1174943707	craniates that have a backbone	vertebrates	136
1174943708	how to distinguish other chordata classes from hagfish:	more extensive skull and vertebrae backbone	137
1179218885	class lampreys	chordates. jawless-parasitic. skeleton-cartilage, made of phosphorus and calcium. larvae looks similar to lancelet	138
1179218886	chordates. jawless-parasitic. skeleton-cartilage, made of phosphorus and calcium. larvae looks similar to lancelet	class lampreys	139
1179218887	gnathostomes	vertebrates that have jaws	140
1179218888	vertebrates that have jaws	gnathostomes	141
1179218889	theory of jaw formation	2 pairs of skeletal rods that slowly incorporated into the skull	142
1179218890	classes that are gnathostomes	chondrichthyans, ray-finned fish, lobe-fin fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds, mammals	143
1179218891	class chondrichthyans	skeleton is predominately cartilage. have nostrils for olfactory senses. can detect electrical current and muscle contracts. have good eyes for shape/size but not color	144
1179218892	skeleton is predominately cartilage. have nostrils for olfactory senses. can detect electrical current and muscle contracts. have good eyes for shape/size but not color	class chondrichthyans	145
1179218893	species of chondrichthyans	sharks, rays, skates. (largest sharks and rays are filter feeders.)	146
1179218894	class ray-finned fish	Familiar fish that have fins with bony rays. Have a swim bladder which allows it to change its boincy (move up and down). evolutionary homology to lungs.	147
1179218895	Familiar fish that have fins with bony rays. Have a swim bladder which allows it to change its boincy (move up and down). evolutionary homology to lungs.	class ray-finned fish	148
1179218896	class lobe-fins	less common. rod-shaped bones and thick layer of muscle	149
1179218897	less common. rod-shaped bones and thick layer of muscle	class lobe-fins	150
1179218898	orders of lobe-fins	coelacanths and lungfish	151
1179218899	coelacanths and lungfish	orders of lobe-fins	152
1179218900	tetrapods	gnathostomes that have 4 limbs ("four feet"). (also have a neck and no gill slits)	153
1179218901	gnathostomes that have limbs ("four feet"). (also have a neck and no gill slits)	tetrapods	154
1179218902	class amphibians	require water as larvae, are somewhat terrestrial as an adult. moist skin. external fertilization. egg doesn't have a shell. no parental care in most cases	155
1179218903	require water as larvae, are somewhat terrestrial as an adult. moist skin. external fertilization. egg doesn't have a shell. no parental care in most cases	class amphibians	156
1179218904	species of amphibians	frogs/toads, salamanders/newts, caecilians	157
1179218905	amniotes	tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg	158
1179218906	tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg	amniotes	159
1179218907	parts of the amitotic egg	embryo, chorion, amnion, allantois, yolk sac	160
1179218908	chorion	allows for gas exchange	161
1179218909	allows for gas exchange	chorion	162
1179218910	amnion	filled with fluid that acts as a shock absorber	163
1179218911	filled with fluid that acts as a shock absorber	amnion	164
1179218912	allantois	stores waste	165
1179218913	stores waste	allantois	166
1179218914	yolk sac	supplies nutrients to embryo	167
1179218915	supplies nutrients to embryo	yolk sac	168
1179218916	clade reptiles (lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilian)	scales, internal fertilization, ectothermic	169
1179218917	scales, internal fertilization, ectothermic	clade reptiles (lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilian)	170
1179218918	purpose of scales on reptiles	prevents water loss. protection from abrasion.	171
1179218919	ectothermic	relies on external environment to manage heat and regulate temperature	172
1179218920	relies on external environment to manage heat and regulate temperature	ectothermic	173
1179218921	endothermic	internal temperature control, use own metabolic heat	174
1179218922	internal temperature control, use own metabolic heat	endothermic	175
1179218923	clade reptiles (birds-class aves)	no urinary bladder or teeth to make them lighter. feathers for temp regulation and flight. endothermic	176
1179218924	mammals	amniotes that produce milk. have mammary glands and hair. are endothermic	177
1179218925	no urinary bladder or teeth to make them lighter. feathers for temp regulation and flight. endothermic	clade reptiles (birds-class aves)	178
1179218926	amniotes that have hair and produce milk. have mammary glands and hair. are endothermic	mammals	179
1179218927	orders of mammals	monotremata, marsupialia, sirenia, carnivora, rodentia, primates	180
1179218928	monotremata, marsupialia, sirenia, carnivora, rodentia, primates	orders of mammals	181
1179218929	order monotremata	lays eggs. no nipples. platypuses and echidna	182
1179218930	lays eggs. no nipples. platypuses and echidna	order monotremata	183
1179218931	order marsupialia	embryo development to mom's pouch because young are very underdeveloped. kangaroos, opossums, koalas	184
1179218932	embryo development to mom's pouch because young are very underdeveloped. kangaroos, opossums, koalas	order marsupialia	185
1179218933	order sirenia	aquatic. finlike forelimbs. no hindlimbs. herbivores. manatees and dugongs	186
1179218934	aquatic. finlike forelimbs. no hindlimbs. herbivores. manatees and dugongs	order sirenia	187
1179218935	order carnivora	carnivorous (mostly). pointed canine teeth. wolves, bears, cats, otters, walruses	188
1179218936	carnivorous (mostly). pointed canine teeth. wolves, bears, cats, otters, walruses	order carnivora	189
1179218937	order rodentia	incisors are chisel-like and continuously growing. herbivorous. beavers, rats, woodchucks	190
1179218938	incisors are chisel-like and continuously growing. herbivorous. beavers, rats, woodchucks	order rodentia	191
1179218939	order primates	opposable thumbs. forward facing eyes. well-developed brain. omnivorous. lemurs, monkeys, chimpanzees, gorillas, humans	192
1179218940	opposable thumbs. forward facing eyes. well-developed brain. omnivorous. lemurs, monkeys, chimpanzees, gorillas, humans	order primates	193

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Campbell AP Biology 9th edition Chapter 15 vocabulary Flashcards

Campbell AP Biology 9th edition Chapter 15 vocabulary

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1818709073	aneuploidy	A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.	0
1818709074	Barr body	A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells of female mammals, representing a highly condensed, inactivated X chromosome.	1
1818709075	Chromosome Theory of Inheritance	A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located at specific positions (loci) on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.	2
1818709076	Crossing Over	The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.	3
1818709077	Cytogenetic Map	A map of a chromosome that locates genes with respect to chromosomal features distinguishable in a microscope.	4
1818709078	Dendrite	One of usually numerous, short, highly branched extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.	5
1818709079	Down Syndrome	A human genetic disease caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects.	6
1818709080	Duchenne muscular dystrophy	A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.	7
1818709081	duplication	An aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such that a portion of a chromosome is duplicated.	8
1818709082	genetic map	An ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome.	9
1818709083	genetic recombination	General term for the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.	10
1818709084	genomic imprinting	A phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent.	11
1818709085	hemophilia	A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele resulting in the absence of one or more blood-clotting proteins; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.	12
1818709086	inversion	An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated.	13
1818709087	linkage map	A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.	14
1818709088	linked genes	Genes located close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together.	15
1818709089	map unit	A unit of measurement of the distance between genes. One map unit is equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.	16
1818709090	monosomic	Referring to a cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.	17
1818709091	nondisjunction	An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.	18
1818709092	parental type	An offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes; also refers to the phenotype itself.	19
1818709093	polyploidy	A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of cell division.	20
1818709094	sex-linked gene	A gene Located on A sex chromosome (usually the X chromosome), resulting in A distinctive pattern of inheritance.	21
1818709095	translocation	An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome. (2) During protein synthesis, the third stage in the elongation cycle when the RNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves from the A site to the P site on the ribosome. (3) The transport of organic nutrients in the phloem of vascular plants.	22
1818709096	trisomic	Referring to a diploid cell that has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.	23
1818709097	wild type	An individual with the phenotype most commonly observed in natural populations; also refers to the phenotype itself.	24
1818709098	x-linked genes	A gene located on the X chromosome; such genes show a distinctive pattern of inheritance.	25
1818709099	recombinant type (recombinant)	An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the true-breeding P generation parents; also refers to the phenotype itself.	26
1818709100	deletion	(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.	27

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Campbell AP Biology 9th edition Chapter 15 vocabulary Flashcards

Campbell AP Biology 9th edition Chapter 15 vocabulary

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1389512967	aneuploidy	A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.	0
1389512968	Barr body	A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells of female mammals, representing a highly condensed, inactivated X chromosome.	1
1389512969	Chromosome Theory of Inheritance	A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located at specific positions (loci) on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.	2
1389512970	Crossing Over	The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.	3
1389512971	Cytogenetic Map	A map of a chromosome that locates genes with respect to chromosomal features distinguishable in a microscope.	4
1389512972	Dendrite	One of usually numerous, short, highly branched extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.	5
1389512973	Down Syndrome	A human genetic disease caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects.	6
1389512974	Duchenne muscular dystrophy	A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.	7
1389512975	duplication	An aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such that a portion of a chromosome is duplicated.	8
1389512976	genetic map	An ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome.	9
1389512977	genetic recombination	General term for the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.	10
1389512978	genomic imprinting	A phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent.	11
1389512979	hemophilia	A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele resulting in the absence of one or more blood-clotting proteins; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.	12
1389512980	inversion	An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated.	13
1389512981	linkage map	A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.	14
1389512982	linked genes	Genes located close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together.	15
1389512983	map unit	A unit of measurement of the distance between genes. One map unit is equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.	16
1389512984	monosomic	Referring to a cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.	17
1389512985	nondisjunction	An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.	18
1389512986	parental type	An offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes; also refers to the phenotype itself.	19
1389512987	polyploidy	A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of cell division.	20
1389512988	sex-linked gene	A gene Located on A sex chromosome (usually the X chromosome), resulting in A distinctive pattern of inheritance.	21
1389512989	translocation	An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome. (2) During protein synthesis, the third stage in the elongation cycle when the RNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves from the A site to the P site on the ribosome. (3) The transport of organic nutrients in the phloem of vascular plants.	22
1389512990	trisomic	Referring to a diploid cell that has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.	23
1389512991	wild type	An individual with the phenotype most commonly observed in natural populations; also refers to the phenotype itself.	24
1389512992	x-linked genes	A gene located on the X chromosome; such genes show a distinctive pattern of inheritance.	25
1389512993	recombinant type (recombinant)	An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the true-breeding P generation parents; also refers to the phenotype itself.	26
1389512994	deletion	(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.	27

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America's History 8th Edition Henretta Chap. 6 Flashcards

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1667090815	Battle of Long Island (1776)	In August 1776, Howe defeated the Americans here and forced their retreat to Manhattan Island. There, Howe outflanked Washington's troops and nearly trapped them. Outgunned and outmaneuvered the Continental Army retreated.	0
1667090816	Battle of Saratoga (1777)	Howe's slow campaign against Philadelphia contributed to the defeat of Burgoyne's army here. Burgoyne's troops had at first advanced very quickly, overwhelming the American forces at Fort Ticonderoga in early July and driving south toward the Hudson River.	1
1667090817	Valley Forge	Fears reached their peak during the Winter of 1777. While Howe's forces lived comfortably in Philadelphia, Washington's army retreated 20 miles to here where 12,000 soldiers and hundreds of camp followers suffered horribly.	2
1667090818	Philipsburg Proclamation	In 1779 this declared that any slave that deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom and land from Great Britain. This led as much as 30,000 African Americans to take refuge behind British line.	3
1667090819	Battle of Yorktown (1781)	In this battle Washington using clever military strategy surrounded Cornwallis's 9,500 man army and outnumbered their troops 2 to 1 on land. They also had cut off Cornwallis's army from reinforcement or retreat by sea. In a hopeless position Cornwallis surrendered here in October 1781.	4
1667090820	Currency Tax	Rampant inflation America had meant that every paper dollar held for a week lost value, imposing this hidden tax, on those who accepted paper currency.	5
1667090821	Treaty of Paris 1783	In this treaty signed in September 1783, Great Britain formally recognized American Independence and relinguished its claim to lands south of the Great Lakes and East of the Mississippi River.	6
1667090822	Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776	Created a unicameral(one-house) legislature with complete power; there was no governor to exercise a veto. Other provisions mandated a system of elementary education and protected citizens from imprisonment for debt. It caused an uproar among Patriots for its pure democaracy.	7
1667090823	Mixed Government	When Adams published Thoughts on Government (1776), he adapted the British Whig Theory which shared the power among the monarch, the House of Lords and the Commons to a republican society.	8
1667090824	Articles of Confederation	This form of government were approved by the Continental Congress in November 1777. This provided for a loose union in which each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence.	9
1667090825	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Created the territories that would eventually become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. It also prohibited slavery and earmarked funds from lands sales for the support of schools.	10
1667090826	Shay's Rebellion	As a revolt against taxes imposed by a unresponsive government, this resembled American resistance to the British Stamp Act. The rebels linked themselves to the Patriot movement b placing pine twigs in their hats just like the Continental Troops had done. Eventually the rebellion was dispersed and marked as a failure but it did bring about change.	11
1667090827	Virginia Plan	The plan that was against revising the Articles of Confederation, and supported the formation of a powerful national government devised by James Madison.	12
1667090828	New Jersey Plan	Small states were behind this plan which gave the confederation the power to raise revenue, control commerce, and make binding requisitions on the states. But, it preserved the states ability to control their own laws and guaranteed their equality.	13
1667090829	Federalists	A group of nationalists that supported a federal union; a loose, decentralized system and obscuring their commitment to a strong national government	14
1667090830	Anti-Federalists	The opponents of the Constitution, had diverse backgrounds and motives. Some like governor George Clinton of New York feared that state governments would lose power.	15
1667090831	Federalist No. 10	In this letter Madison challenged the view that republican governments only worked on a small political scale and argued that a larger state would better protect republican liberty.	16
1667090832	General George Washington	Commander of the new Continental Army, he commanded a fighting force of 18,000 poorly trained and inexperienced troops. His military strategy is credited with the victory of battles during the revolutionary war.	17
1667090833	General William Howe	A commander of British forced he was commanded by Lord North to capture New York City at the beginning of the war. This was to be used as a demonstration of British power.	18
1667090834	General Horatio Gates	A general for the American forces, he was able to slow the progress of Burgoyne's troops by falling trees in their path and raiding British supply lines to Canada. He later blocked Burgoyne's army in a series of skirmishes with the help of American militiamen.	19
1667090835	Robert Morris	A Philadelphia merchant who worked as the government's chief treasury official. Despite his efforts the finances of the Continental Congress collapsed and he had to rely on funds requisitioned from the states, but the states paid it late or not at all.	20
1667090836	Baron von Steuben	In their darkest hour he was abel to raise the readiness of the continental army. He instituted a strict drill system and encouraged officers to become more professional. Thanks to him, the smaller force that emerged from Valley Forge was much tougher and more disiplined.	21
1667090837	Judith Sargent Murray	In her work On the Equality of Sexes (1779) she argued that men and women had the same mental capacity and that women had superior imaginations. She conceded that most women were inferior to men in judgement and reasoning only from a lack of training. She was also an advocate for women's education.	22
1667090838	James Madison	Part of the younger generation of politicians and patriots that arose. He insisted on increasing national authority. He created the Virginia plan to create a powerful national government. He was determined to fashion political institutions run by men of higher character. He was also the chief architect of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.	23

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea Flashcards

The questions in Chapter 14 are mostly at the Application/Analysis skill level. The material in the chapter invites students to apply Mendel's laws, and by doing so encourages problem solving. Because of the human-related Concept 14.4, a fair number of Synthesis/Evaluation questions are included as well. Very little of the chapter lends itself to Knowledge/Comprehension questions only. In addition, to help students make maximum use of information presented about one or more specific traits, a greater number of questions than usual is grouped together to explore brief scenarios or figures.

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1007378835	What do we mean when we use the terms monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross? A) A monohybrid cross involves a single parent, whereas a dihybrid cross involves two parents. B) A monohybrid cross produces a single progeny, whereas a dihybrid cross produces two progeny. C) A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters and a monohybrid cross involves only one. D) A monohybrid cross is performed for one generation, whereas a dihybrid cross is performed for two generations. E) A monohybrid cross results in a 9:3:3:1 ratio whereas a dihybrid cross gives a 3:1 ratio.	C	0
1007378836	Why did the F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always look like one of the two parental varieties? A) No genes interacted to produce the parental phenotype. B) Each allele affected phenotypic expression. C) The traits blended together during fertilization. D) One phenotype was completely dominant over another. E) Different genes interacted to produce the parental phenotype.	D	1
1007378837	What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants? A) There is considerable genetic variation in garden peas. B) Traits are inherited in discrete units, and are not the results of "blending." C) Recessive genes occur more frequently in the F1 generation than do dominant ones. D) Genes are composed of DNA. E) An organism that is homozygous for many recessive traits is at a disadvantage.	B	2
1007378838	4) How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 32 E) 64	B	3
1007378839	The individual with genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make many kinds of gametes. Which of the following is the major reason? A) segregation of maternal and paternal alleles B) recurrent mutations forming new alleles C) crossing over during prophase I D) different possible alignments of chromosomes E) the tendency for dominant alleles to segregate together	D	4
1007378840	Why did Mendel continue some of his experiments to the F2 or F3 generation? A) to obtain a larger number of offspring on which to base statistics B) to observe whether or not a recessive trait would reappear C) to observe whether or not the dominant trait would reappear D) to distinguish which alleles were segregating E) to be able to describe the frequency of recombination	B	5
1007378841	Which of the following differentiates between independent assortment and segregation? A) The law of independent assortment requires describing two or more genes relative to one another. B) The law of segregation requires describing two or more genes relative to one another. C) The law of segregation requires having two or more generations to describe. D) The law of independent assortment is accounted for by observations of prophase I. E) The law of segregation is accounted for by anaphase of mitosis.	A	6
1007592363	Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. What does this suggest? A) that the parents were true-breeding for contrasting traits B) that the trait shows incomplete dominance C) that a blending of traits has occurred D) that the parents were both heterozygous for a single trait E) that each offspring has the same alleles for each of two traits	D	7
1007592366	A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism? A) tt B) Hh C) HhTt D) T E) HT	E	8
1007592368	When crossing an organism that is homozygous recessive for a single trait with a heterozygote, what is the chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75% E) 100%	C	9
1007592370	Mendel accounted for the observation that traits which had disappeared in the F1 generation reappeared in the F2 generation by proposing that A) new mutations were frequently generated in the F2 progeny, "reinventing" traits that had been lost in the F1. B) the mechanism controlling the appearance of traits was different between the F1 and the F2 plants. C) traits can be dominant or recessive, and the recessive traits were obscured by the dominant ones in the F1. D) the traits were lost in the F1 due to dominance of the parental traits. E) members of the F1 generation had only one allele for each trait, but members of the F2 had two alleles for each trait.	C	10
1007592372	The fact that all seven of the pea plant traits studied by Mendel obeyed the principle of independent assortment most probably indicates which of the following? A) None of the traits obeyed the law of segregation. B) The diploid number of chromosomes in the pea plants was 7. C) All of the genes controlling the traits were located on the same chromosome. D) All of the genes controlling the traits behaved as if they were on different chromosomes. E) The formation of gametes in plants occurs by mitosis only.	D	11
1007592376	Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell division? A) prophase I of meiosis B) anaphase II of meiosis C) metaphase I of meiosis D) anaphase I of meiosis E) anaphase of mitosis	D	12
1007592378	Mendel was able to draw his ideas of segregation and independent assortment because of the influence of which of the following? A) His reading and discussion of Darwin's Origin of Species. B) The understanding of particulate inheritance he learned from renowned scientists of his time. C) His discussions of heredity with his colleagues at major universities. D) His experiments with the breeding of plants such as peas and fuchsia. E) His reading of the scientific literature current in the field.	E	13
1007592380	Mendel's second law of independent assortment has its basis in which of the following events of meiosis I? A) synapsis of homologous chromosomes B) crossing over C) alignment of tetrads at the equator D) separation of homologs at anaphase E) separation of cells at telophase	C	14
1007592382	Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails? A) 1/16 B) 3/16 C) 3/8 D) 1/2 E) 9/16	D	15
1007592384	In certain plants, tall is dominant to short. If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous tall plant, what is the probability that the offspring will be short? A) 1 B) 1/2 C) 1/4 D) 1/6 E) 0	E	16
1007592386	In the cross AaBbCc × AaBbCc, what is the probability of producing the genotype AABBCC? A) 1/4 B) 1/8 C) 1/16 D) 1/32 E) 1/64	E	17
1007592389	Given the parents AABBCc × AabbCc, assume simple dominance for each trait and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent? A) 1/4 B) 1/8 C) 3/4 D) 3/8 E) 1	C	18
1007592391	Which of the following is the best statement of the use of the addition rule of probability? A) the probability that two or more independent events will both occur B) the probability that two or more independent events will both occur in the offspring of one set of parents C) the probability that either one of two independent events will occur D) the probability of producing two or more heterozygous offspring E) the likelihood that a trait is due to two or more meiotic events	C	19
1007592394	Which of the following calculations require that you utilize the addition rule? A) Calculate the probability of black offspring from the cross AaBb × AaBb, when B is the symbol for black. B) Calculate the probability of children with both cystic fibrosis and polydactyly when parents are each heterozygous for both genes. C) Calculate the probability of each of four children having cystic fibrosis if the parents are both heterozygous. D) Calculate the probability of a child having either sickle-cell anemia or cystic fibrosis if parents are each heterozygous for both. E) Calculate the probability of purple flower color in a plot of 50 plants seeded from a self-fertilizing heterozygous parent plant.	D	20
1007592396	In cattle, roan coat color (mixed red and white hairs) occurs in the heterozygous (Rr) offspring of red (RR) and white (rr) homozygotes. Which of the following crosses would produce offspring in the ratio of 1 red:2 roan:1 white? A) red × white B) roan × roan C) white × roan D) red × roan E) The answer cannot be determined from the information provided.	B	21
1007592398	Which of the following describes the ability of a single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects? A) incomplete dominance B) multiple alleles C) pleiotropy D) epistasis	C	22
1007592400	Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs, resulting in symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to recurrent infections. Which of the following terms best describes this? A) incomplete dominance B) multiple alleles C) pleiotropy D) epistasis E) codominance	C	23
1007592402	Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance? A) pink flowers in snapdragons B) the ABO blood group in humans C) Huntington's disease in humans D) white and purple flower color in peas E) skin pigmentation in humans	E	24
1007592404	Hydrangea plants of the same genotype are planted in a large flower garden. Some of the plants produce blue flowers and others pink flowers. This can be best explained by which of the following? A) the knowledge that multiple alleles are involved B) the allele for blue hydrangea being completely dominant C) the alleles being codominant D) the fact that a mutation has occurred E) environmental factors such as soil pH	E	25
1007592406	Which of the following provides an example of epistasis? A) Recessive genotypes for each of two genes (aabb) results in an albino corn snake. B) The allele b17 produces a dominant phenotype, although b1 through b16 do not. C) In rabbits and many other mammals, one genotype (cc) prevents any fur color from developing. D) In Drosophila (fruit flies), white eyes can be due to an X-linked gene or to a combination of other genes. E) In cacti, there are several genes for the type of spines.	C	26
1007592408	Most genes have many more than two alleles. However, which of the following is also true? A) At least one allele for a gene always produces a dominant phenotype. B) Most of the alleles will never be found in a live-born organism. C) All of the alleles but one will produce harmful effects if homozygous. D) There may still be only two phenotypes for the trait. E) More than two alleles in a genotype is considered lethal.	D	27
1007592409	How could you best predict the maximum number of alleles for a single gene whose polypeptide product is known? A) Search the population for all phenotypic variants of this polypeptide. B) Count the number of amino acids in the polypeptide. C) Mate all known genotypes and collect all possible offspring different from the parents. D) Measure the rate of new mutations in the species and estimate the number since it first evolved. E) Count the number of DNA nucleotides that are in the code for the polypeptides.	E	28
1007592411	An ideal procedure for fetal testing in humans would have which of the following features? A) the procedure that can be performed at the earliest time in the pregnancy B) lowest risk procedure that would provide the most reliable information C) the procedure that can test for the greatest number of traits at once D) a procedure that provides a three-dimensional image of the fetus E) a procedure that could test for the carrier status of the fetus	A	29
1007592413	A scientist discovers a DNA-based test for one allele of a particular gene. This and only this allele, if homozygous, produces an effect that results in death at or about the time of birth. Of the following, which is the best use of this discovery? A) Screen all newborns of an at-risk population. B) Design a test for identifying heterozygous carriers of the allele. C) Introduce a normal allele into deficient newborns. D) Follow the segregation of the allele during meiosis. E) Test school-age children for the disorder.	B	30
1007592414	An obstetrician knows that one of her patients is a pregnant woman whose fetus is at risk for a serious disorder that is detectable biochemically in fetal cells. The obstetrician would most reasonably offer which of the following procedures to her patient? A) CVS B) ultrasound imaging C) amniocentesis D) blood transfusion E) X-ray	C	31
1007592415	The frequency of heterozygosity for the sickle-cell anemia allele is unusually high, presumably because this reduces the frequency of malaria. Such a relationship is related to which of the following? A) Mendel's law of independent assortment B) Mendel's law of segregation C) Darwin's explanation of natural selection D) Darwin's observations of competition E) the malarial parasite changing the allele	C	32
1007592416	Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a recessive human disorder in which an individual cannot appropriately metabolize a particular amino acid. The amino acid is not otherwise produced by humans. Therefore, the most efficient and effective treatment is which of the following? A) Feed them the substrate that can be metabolized into this amino acid. B) Transfuse the patients with blood from unaffected donors. C) Regulate the diet of the affected persons to severely limit the uptake of the amino acid. D) Feed the patients the missing enzymes in a regular cycle, such as twice per week. E) Feed the patients an excess of the missing product.	C	33
1007592417	Hutchinson-Gilford progeria is an exceedingly rare human genetic disorder in which there is very early senility and death, usually from coronary artery disease, at an average age of approximately 13. Patients, who look very old even as children, do not live to reproduce. Which of the following represents the most likely assumption? A) All cases must occur in relatives; therefore, there must be only one mutant allele. B) Successive generations of a family will continue to have more and more cases over time. C) The disorder may be due to mutation in a single protein-coding gene. D) Each patient will have had at least one affected family member in a previous generation. E) The disease is autosomal dominant.	C	34
1007592418	One of two major forms of a human condition called neurofibromatosis (NF 1) is inherited as a dominant gene, although it may range from mildly to very severely expressed. If a young child is the first in her family to be diagnosed, which of the following is the best explanation? A) The mother carries the gene but does not express it at all. B) One of the parents has very mild expression of the gene. C) The condition skipped a generation in the family. D) The child has a different allele of the gene than the parents.	B	35
1007592419	In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by gene locus D. Plants with at least one allele D have dark green leaves, and plants with the homozygous recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A true-breeding dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-leaved one, and the F1 offspring is allowed to self-pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F2 is diagrammed in the Punnett square shown in Figure 14.1, where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the genotypes corresponding to each box within the square. 37) Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants with dark leaves? A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 C) 2 and 3 D) 4 only E) 1, 2, and 3	E	36
1007592420	Which of the boxes correspond to plants with a heterozygous genotype? A) 1 B) 1 and 2 C) 1, 2, and 3 D) 2 and 3 E) 2, 3, and 4	D	37
1007592421	Which of the plants will be true-breeding? A) 1 and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1, 2, 3, and 4 D) 1 only E) 1 and 2 only	A	38
1007592422	The following questions refer to the pedigree chart in Figure 14.2 for a family, some of whose members exhibit the dominant trait, W. Affected individuals are indicated by a dark square or circle. What is the genotype of individual II-5? A) WW B) Ww C) ww D) WW or ww E) ww or Ww	C	39
1007592423	What is the likelihood that the progeny of IV-3 and IV-4 will have the trait? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75% E) 100%	C	40
1007592424	What is the probability that individual III-1 is Ww? A) 3/4 B) 1/4 C) 2/4 D) 2/3 E) 1	E	41
1007592425	Use the following pedigree (Figure 14.3) for a family in which dark-shaded symbols represent individuals with one of the two major types of colon cancer. Numbers under the symbols are the individual's age at the time of diagnosis. A) homozygous for a gene for colon cancer B) homozygous for both cancer alleles from his mother C) heterozygous for a gene for colon cancer D) affected by the same colon cancer environmental factor as his mother E) carrier of all of the several known genes for colon cancer	C	42
1007592426	In each generation of this family after generation I, the age at diagnosis is significantly lower than would be found in nonfamilial (sporadic) cases of this cancer (~ 63 years). What is the most likely reason? A) Members of this family know to be checked for colon cancer early in life. B) Hereditary (or familial) cases of this cancer typically occur at earlier ages than do nonfamilial forms. C) This is pure chance; it would not be expected if you were to look at a different family. D) This cancer requires mutations in more than this one gene. E) Affected members of this family are born with colon cancer, and it can be detected whenever they are first tested.	B	43
1007592427	From this pedigree, how does this trait seem to be inherited? A) from mothers B) as an autosomal recessive C) as a result of epistasis D) as an autosomal dominant E) as an incomplete dominant	D	44
1007592428	The affected woman in generation IV is thinking about her future and asks her oncologist (cancer specialist) whether she can know whether any or all of her children will have a high risk of the same cancer. The doctor would be expected to advise which of the following? I. genetic counseling II. prenatal diagnosis when/if she becomes pregnant III. testing to see whether she has the allele IV. testing to see whether her future spouse or partner has the allele A) I only B) II only C) I and II only D) I, II, and III only E) III and IV only	C	45
1007592429	Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and location assort independently. 47) If 1,000 F2 offspring resulted from the cross, approximately how many of them would you expect to have red, terminal flowers? A) 65 B) 190 C) 250 D) 565 E) 750	B	46
1007592430	Among the F2 offspring, what is the probability of plants with white axial flowers? A) 9/16 B) 1/16 C) 3/16 D) 1/8 E) 1/4	C	47
1007592431	Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or yellow. In a cross of a black female with a brown male, results can be either all black puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or 3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies. 49) These results indicate which of the following? A) Brown is dominant to black. B) Black is dominant to brown and to yellow. C) Yellow is dominant to black. D) There is incomplete dominance. E) Epistasis is involved.	E	48
1007592432	How many genes must be responsible for these coat colors in Labrador retrievers? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5	B	49
1007592433	In one type cross of black × black, the results were as follows: 9/16 black 4/16 yellow 3/16 brown The genotype aabb must result in which of the following? A) black B) brown C) yellow D) a lethal result E) white	C	50
1007592434	Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being the dominant characteristic. 52) If true-breeding red long radishes are crossed with true-breeding white oval radishes, the F1 will be expected to be which of the following? A) red and long B) red and oval C) white and long D) purple and long E) purple and oval	D	51
1007592435	In the F2 generation of the above cross, which of the following phenotypic ratios would be expected? A) 9:3:3:1 B) 9:4:3 C) 1:1:1:1 D) 1:1:1:1:1:1 E) 6:3:3:2:1:1	E	52
1007592436	The flower color trait in radishes is an example of which of the following? A) a multiple allelic system B) sex linkage C) codominance D) incomplete dominance E) epistasis	D	53
1007592437	Drosophila (fruit flies) usually have long wings (+) but mutations in two different genes can result in bent wings (bt) or vestigial wings (vg). 55) If a homozygous bent wing fly is mated with a homozygous vestigial wing fly, which of the following offspring would you expect? A) all +bt +vg heterozygotes B) 1/2 bent and 1/2 vestigial flies C) all homozygous + flies D) 3/4 bent to 1/4 vestigial ratio E) 1/2 bent and vestigial to 1/2 normal	A	54
1007592438	If flies that are heterozygous for both the bent wing gene and the vestigial wing gene are mated, what is the probability of offspring with bent wings only? A) 1/8 B) 3/8 C) 1/4 D) 9/16 E) 3/16	E	55
1007592439	A dwarf, red snapdragon is crossed with a plant homozygous for tallness and white flowers. What are the genotype and phenotype of the F1 individuals? A) ttRr—dwarf and pink B) ttrr—dwarf and white C) TtRr—tall and red D) TtRr—tall and pink E) TTRR—tall and red	D	56
1007592440	If snapdragons are heterozygous for height as well as for flower color, a mating between them will result in what ratio? A) 9:3:3:1 B) 6:3:3:2:1:1 C) 1:2:1 D) 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1 E) 9:4:3	B	57
1007592441	Skin color in a certain species of fish is inherited via a single gene with four different alleles. 59) How many different types of gametes would be possible in this system? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 8 E) 16	C	58
1007592442	One fish of this type has alleles 1 and 3 (S1S3) and its mate has alleles 2 and 4 (S2S4). If each allele confers a unit of color darkness such that S1 has one unit, S2 has two units, and so on, then what proportion of their offspring would be expected to have five units of color? A) 1/4 B) 1/5 C) 1/8 D) 1/2 E) 0	D	59
1007592443	Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all. 61) The relationship between genes S and N is an example of A) incomplete dominance. B) epistasis. C) complete dominance. D) pleiotropy. E) codominance.	B	60
1007592444	A cross between a true-breeding sharp-spined cactus and a spineless cactus would produce A) all sharp-spined progeny. B) 50% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined progeny. C) 25% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined, 25% spineless progeny. D) all spineless progeny. E) It is impossible to determine the phenotypes of the progeny.	A	61
1007592445	If doubly heterozygous SsNn cactuses were allowed to self-pollinate, the F2 would segregate in which of the following ratios? A) 3 sharp-spined:1 spineless B) 1 sharp-spined:2 dull-spined:1 spineless C) 1 sharp-spined:1 dull-spined:1 spineless D) 1 sharp-spined:1 dull-spined E) 9 sharp-spined:3 dull-spined:4 spineless	E	62
1007592446	Feather color in budgies is determined by two different genes, Y and B, one for pigment on the outside and one for the inside of the feather. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white. 64) A blue budgie is crossed with a white budgie. Which of the following results is not possible? A) green offspring only B) yellow offspring only C) blue offspring only D) green and yellow offspring E) a 9:3:3:1 ratio	D	63
1007592447	Two blue budgies were crossed. Over the years, they produced 22 offspring, 5 of which were white. What are the most likely genotypes for the two blue budgies? A) yyBB and yyBB B) yyBB and yyBb C) yyBb and yyBb D) yyBB and yybb E) yyBb and yybb	C	64
1007592448	A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles M and N. 66) Which of the following is a possible partial genotype for the son? A) IBIB B) IBIA C) ii D) IBi E) IAIA	D	65
1007592449	Which of the following is a possible genotype for the mother? A) IAIA B) IBIB C) ii D) IAi E) IAIB	D	66
1007592450	Which of the following is a possible phenotype for the father? A) A negative B) O negative C) B positive D) AB negative E) impossible to determine	C	67
1007592451	If both children are of blood type M, which of the following is possible? A) Each parent is either M or MN. B) Each parent must be type M. C) Both children are heterozygous for this gene. D) Neither parent can have the N allele. E) The MN blood group is recessive to the ABO blood group.	A	68
1007592452	Humanoids on the newly explored planet Brin (in a hypothetical galaxy in ~50 years from the present) have a gene structure similar to our own, but many very different plants and animals. 70) One species of a small birdlike animal has an extremely variable tail length, which is a highly polymorphic trait. Geneticists have come to realize that there are eight separate genes for tail length per haploid genome, with each gene having two alleles. One allele for each gene (a, b, and so on) increases the length by 1 cm, whereas the other allele (a2, b2, and so on) increases it by 0.5 cm. One bird was analyzed and found to have the following genotype: a1a1b2b2c1c2d1d2e2e2f1f2g1g1h1h2 What is the length of its tail? A) 6 cm B) 8 cm C) 12 cm D) 24 cm E) 36 cm	C	69
1007592453	One species of green plant, with frondlike leaves, a spine-coated stem, and purple cup-shaped flowers, is found to be self-pollinating. Which of the following is true of this species? A) The species must be haploid. B) Its reproduction is asexual. C) All members of the species have the same genotype. D) Some of the seeds would have true-breeding traits. E) All of its dominant traits are most frequent.	B	70
1007592454	If the environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, atmosphere, sunlight, and so on, are mostly Earthlike, which of the following do you expect of its types of leaves, stems, and flowers? A) The genes for them would have originated on Earth. B) Genes for these traits would have a common ancestor with those from Earth. C) Such plants could be safely eaten by humans. D) Genotypes for these traits would be identical to Earth plants with the same traits. E) Phenotypes would be selected for or against by these environmental factors.	E	71
1007592455	Marfan syndrome in humans is caused by an abnormality of the connective tissue protein fibrillin. Patients are usually very tall and thin, with long spindly fingers, curvature of the spine, sometimes weakened arterial walls, and sometimes ocular problems, such as lens dislocation. Which of the following would you conclude about Marfan syndrome from this information? A) It is recessive. B) It is dominant. C) It has a late age of onset (> 60). D) It is pleiotropic. E) It is epistatic.	D	72

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Human Relations Flashcards

Allied: Human Relations Vocabuary

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255313936	Human Relations	the ability to interact with others by utilizing our communication skills (To form a relationship you need to be in close proximity with others.)	0
255313937	Employer	hires you, is the person you work for, and directs you on what you should be doing	1
255313938	Co-Worker	a colleague (someone you work with)	2
255313939	Short-Term Goal	something achievable within a day, week, or a month.	3
255313940	Long-Term Goal	is something you want to accomplish, which will take longer than a month	4
255313941	Traits of an Employee	- competence - honesty - no fraud or deception - loyalty - attitude - trustworthiness	5
255313942	Competence	the ability to do a required task	6
255313943	Honesty:	truthfulness and integrity are qualities of honesty	7
255313944	No Fraud or Deception	being yourself and not trying or pretending to be someone else	8
255313945	Loyalty	a feeling of obligation to one's job	9
255313946	Attitude	a feeling or action concerning a situation	10
255313947	Trustworthiness	dependable and worthy of confidence	11
255313948	Personality	a combination of personal traits that make you different from others	12
255313949	Consideration	the thoughtful and sympathetic regard for another	13
255313950	Self-Image	what you think/feel about yourself	14
255313951	Positive Self-Image	you believe you are capable of doing the job	15
255313952	Negative Self-Image	you believe you are inadequate for the job	16
255313953	Technical Knowledge	what you know about the job itself	17
255313954	Assertiveness:	bold or confident behavior	18
255313955	Flattery	giving insincere praise or excessive praise	19
255313956	Bypassing	the word or express has different meanings to the speaker and the receiver	20

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