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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Flashcards

Chapter 12
Cell Division / Mitosis
Vocabulary: gene, cell division, chromosomes, somatic cells, gametes, chromatin, sister chromatids, centromere, mitosis, cytokinesis, meiosis, mitotic phase, interphase, centrosome, aster, kinetochore, cleavage furrow, cell plate, mitotic spindle, binary fission, transformation, benign tumor, malignant tumor, metastasis
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define gene as it relates to the genetic material in a cell.
2. Describe the composition of the genetic material in bacteria, in archaea, and in eukaryotic cells.
3. State the location of the genetic material in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. Distinguish between the structure of the genetic material as chromatin and as
chromosomes.
5. Distinguish between the function of the genetic material as chromatin and as
chromosomes.
6. Relating to eukaryotic cells:
a. Describe the centromere region in the genetic material.
b. State the role of cohesins in duplicated genetic material.
c. Describe the sister chromatids of a duplicated chromosome.
d. State the role of the kinetochores on the chromatids at the centromere of a duplicated
chromosome.
e. Describe spindle fibers and state their role in the separation of chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division.
f. Describe the role of centrosomes in the formation of the spindle apparatus.
g. Distinguish between a gene and an allele.
h. Describe homologous chromosomes.
i. Distinguish between an individual's genome and karyotype.
j. State the number of chromosomes in human haploid cells and in human diploid cells.
k. State which cells in humans are haploid, which cells are diploid, and which cells are neither.
7. State the two major parts of the cell cycle.
8. Describe the differences of growth characteristics between a cancerous (transformed) cell and a normal cell.
8. Relating to the prokaryotic cell cycle:
a. State the number of chromosomes in a prokaryotic cell.
b.

Terms : Hide Images

1815510014	Cell Cycle	An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell	0
1815510015	Mitosis	A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.	1
1815510016	What are the five stages of mitosis?	PPMAT Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase	2
1815510017	Prophase	The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact.	3
1815510018	Prometaphase	The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.	4
1815510019	Metaphase	The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate.	5
1815510020	Anaphase	The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.	6
1815510021	Telophase	The fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.	7
1815510022	Cytokinesis	The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.	8
1815510056	Concept 12.1 Most Cell Division results in genetically identical daughter cells	...	9
1815510023	Cell Division	The reproduction of cells	10
1815510024	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequence	11
1815510025	Chromosomes	A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	12
1815510026	Chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	13
1815510027	Somatic Cells	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	14
1815510028	Gametes	A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	15
1815510029	Sister Chromatids	Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteis at the centromere and sometimes, along the arms. While joined, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome. Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II	16
1815510030	Centromere	In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome. (An uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has a single centromere, identified by its DNA sequence.)	17
1815510031	How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome?	2	18
1815510057	12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle	...	19
1815510032	mitotic (M) phase	The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.	20
1815510033	interphase	The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.	21
1815510034	mitotic spindle	An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.	22
1815510058	Transformation	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer	23
1815510035	anchorage dependence	The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.	24
1815510036	aster	A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis.	25
1815510059	benign tumor	A mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable of surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor's origin.	26
1815510037	binary fission	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.	27
1815510038	cleavage	(1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells.	28
1815510060	density-dependent inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.	29
1815510061	growth factor	(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.	30
1815510039	kinetochore	A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.	31
1815510062	malignant tumor	A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Malignant tumors can impair the functions of one or more organs.	32
1815510040	Metaphase plate	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.	33
1815510041	Metastasis	The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.	34
1815510063	MPF	Maturation-promoting factor (or M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase.	35
1815510064	origin of replication	Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.	36
1815510065	somatic cell	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	37
1815510066	transformation	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.	38
1815510067	Word Roots: ana-	up, throughout, again (anaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell)	39
1815510068	Word Roots: bi-	two (binary fission: a type of cell division in which a cell divides in half)	40
1815510069	Word Roots: centro-	= the center;	41
1815510070	Word Roots: chroma-	= colored (chromatin: DNA and the various associated proteins that form eukaryotic chromosomes)	42
1815510071	Word Roots: cyclo-	a circle (cyclin: a regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically)	43
1815510072	Word Roots: cyto-	= cell;	44
1815510073	Word Roots: -kinet	= move (cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm)	45
1815510074	Word Roots: gamet-	= a wife or husband (gamete: a haploid egg or sperm cell)	46
1815510075	Word Roots: gen-	= produce (genome: a cell's endowment of DNA)	47
1815510076	Word Roots: inter-	= between (interphase: time when a cell metabolizes and performs its various functions)	48
1815510077	Word Roots: mal-	= bad or evil (malignant tumor: a cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair functions of one or more organs)	49
1815510078	Word Roots: meio-	= less (meiosis: a variation of cell division that yields daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell)	50
1815510079	Word Roots: meta-	between (metaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell, at the metaphase plate)	51
1815510080	Word Roots: mito-	a thread (mitosis: the division of the nucleus)	52
1815510081	Word Roots: pro-	before (prophase: the first mitotic stage in which the chromatin is condensing)	53
1815510082	Word Roots: soma-	body (centrosome: a nonmembranous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules)	54
1815510083	Word Roots: telos-	= an end (telophase: the final stage of mitosis in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun)	55
1815510084	Word Roots: trans-	= across; -form shape (transformation: the process that converts a normal cell into a cancer cell)	56
1815510085	Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis. a plant cell in metaphase. an animal cell in the S phase of the cell cycle. a bacterial cell dividing. an animal cell in the process of cytokinesis.	a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis.	57
1815510086	Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the assembly of micro-tubules, its effectiveness must be related to inhibition of DNA synthesis. suppression of cyclin production. inhibition of regulatory protein phosphorylation. myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow formation. disruption of mitotic spindle formation.	disruption of mitotic spindle formation.	58
1815510087	One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells cannot function properly because they are affected by density-dependent inhibition. are arrested at the S phase of the cell cycle. are unable to synthesize DNA. continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together. are always in the M phase of the cell cycle.	continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together.	59
1815510088	The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is due to decreased synthesis of Cdk. the accumulation of cyclin. the destruction of the protein kinase Cdk. the degradation of cyclin. synthesis of DNA.	the degradation of cyclin.	60
1815510089	In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytoki-nesis. This will result in cells with more than one nucleus. cells lacking nuclei. cells that are unusually small. destruction of chromosomes. cell cycles lacking an S phase.	cells with more than one nucleus.	61
1815510090	Which of the following does not occur during mitosis? condensation of the chromosomes spindle formation separation of the spindle poles separation of sister chromatids replication of the DNA	replication of the DNA	62
1815510091	A particular cell has half as much DNA as some other cells in a mitotically active tissue. The cell in question is most likely in prophase. metaphase. G1. anaphase. G2.	G1.	63
1815510092	The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. Which of the following aspects of the animal cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B? cell elongation during anaphase spindle formation spindle attachment to kinetochores cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis DNA synthesis	cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis	64
1815510093	asexual reproduction	A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.	65
1815510094	How does Mitosis work?	Mitosis makes it possible for organisms to reproduce asexually, by producing cells that carry the same genes as the parent cells. Note that all the chromosomes of the parent cell are replicated and passed on to the offspring cells. An offspring is literally a "chip off the old block" since its cells are genetically identical to those of the parent.	66
1815510095	What is the advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?	Sexual reproduction produces greater genetic variation than asexual reproduction. Each offspring inherits a particular combination of genes from two parents; so many combinations are possible that each offspring is essentially unique, differing from its siblings and both parents.	67
1815510096	sexual reproduction	A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.	68
1815510097	diploid cell	A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.	69
1815510098	haploid cell	A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).	70
1815510099	Meiosis	Meiosis is essential to sex, because it enables each parent to contribute one set of chromosomes-- half the total-- to each diploid offspring.	71
1815510100	What happens in Meiosis I?	In meiosis I homologous chromosomes pair up, and each pair separates, producing two haploid cells with their sister chromatids still joined.	72
1815510101	What happens in Meiosis II?	Meiosis II is like mitosis; sister chromatids separate and four haploid cells are formed. Note that each has half the chromosomes of the parent cell. These cells differ genetically from each other and from the cells of the parents.	73
1815510102	What happens in Interphase?	During the interphase prior to meiosis, chromosomes replicate.	74
1815510103	What is Mitosis?	Cell division that generates new cells for growth and repair. The division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells	75
1815510104	What are the three roles of Mitosis?	Growth Asexual Reproduction Replacement	76
1815510105	What are the 7 Phases of the Cell Cycle?	Interphase -S- Phase -G2 Phase Mitotic Phase -Mitosis -Cytokinesis G1	77
1815510106	What happens in the mitotic phase?	Cell division occurs during this short phase, which generally involves two discrete processes: the contents of the nucleus (mainly the duplicated chromosomes) are evenly distributed to two daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divides in two.	78
1815510107	What happens in the S Phase?	DNA synthesis (or replication) occurs during this phase. At the beginning of the phase, each chromosome is single. At the end, after DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.	79
1815510108	What happens during Interphase?	Typically, this phase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. It is a time of high metabolic activity. The cell grows by producing proteins and organelles, and chromosomes are replicated.	80
1815510109	What happens during mitosis?	This is when division of the nucleus occurs. The chromosomes that have been replicated are distributed to two daughter nuclei.	81
1815510110	What happens during G2?	This third subphase of interphase is a period of metabolic activity and growth. During this phase the cell makes final preparations for division.	82
1815510111	What happens during G1?	This is the portion of the cell cycle just after division, but before DNA synthesis. During this time the cell grows by producing proteins and organelles.	83
1815510112	What happens during cytokinesis?	This is the step in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides in two.	84
1815510113	Of what two processes does cell division consist of?	Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cell division consists of two processes: mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis— division of the nucleus and its chromosomes— is divided into five phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis, when the cytoplasm splits to form two separate daughter cells.	85
1815510114	What happens during prophase?	1. The nucleoli disappear 2. Chromatin fibers coil up to become discrete chromosomes. 3. Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids, joined at the centromere. 4. Microtubules grow out from the centrosomes, initiating formation of the mitotic spindle.	86
1815510115	What happens during prometaphase?	1. The nuclear envelope breaks into fragments. 2. Some of the spindle fibers reach the chromosomes and attach to kinetochores, structures made of proteins and specific sections of DNA at the centromeres. 3. Nonkinetochore microtubules overlap with those coming from the opposite pole.	87
1815510116	What happens during metaphase?	1. The mitotic spindle is fully formed 2. The microtubules attached to kinetochores move the chromosomes to the metaphase plate, an imaginary plane equidistant from the poles.	88
1815510117	What happens during anaphase?	1. The two centromeres of each chromosome come apart, separating the sister chromatids. 2. Once separate, each sister chromatid is considered a full-fledged daughter chromosome. 3. Motor proteins of the kinetochores "walk" the daughter chromosomes along the spindle microtubules toward opposite poles 4. Microtubules shorten. 5. At the same time, the spindle microtubules not attached to chromosomes lengthen, pushing the two poles farther apart and elongating the cell.	89
1815510118	What happens during Telophase?	1. nuclear envelopes form around the identical sets of chromosomes at the two poles of the cell. 2. The chromosomes uncoil 3. Nucleoli appear in the two new nuclei. 4. Meanwhile, cytokinesis begins, splitting the cytoplasm and separating the two daughter cells.	90
1815510119	How is Cytokinesis different in Animal Cells?	In animal cells, cytokinesis begins with the formation of a cleavage furrow. At the site of the furrow, a ring of microfilaments contracts, much like the pulling of drawstrings. The cell is pinched in two, creating two identical daughter cells.	91
1815510120	How is cytokinesis different in plant cells?	In plant cells, cytokinesis begins when vesicles containing cell-wall material collect in the middle of the cell. The vesicles fuse, forming a large sac called the cell plate. The cell plate grows outward until its membrane fuses with the plasma membrane, separating the two daughter cells. The cell plate's contents join the parental cell wall. The result is two daughter cells, each bounded by its own continuous plasma membrane and cell wall.	92
1815510121	G1 Phase	The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.	93
1815510122	S Phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.	94
1815510123	G2 Phase	The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.	95
1815510124	Centrosome	A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.	96
1815510125	Metaphase Plate	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.	97
1815510126	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	98
1815510127	Cell Plate	A membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.	99
1815510128	Binary Fission	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.	100
1815510129	Compare cytokinesis in animal cells and in plant cells	...	101
1815510130	What is the function of nonkinetichore microtubules?	...	102
1815510131	Compare the roles of tubulin and actin during eukaryotic cell division with the roles of tubulin like and actin like proteins during bacterial binary fission	...	103
1815510132	12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated using a molecular control system	...	104
1815510133	Cell cycle control system	A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.	105
1815510042	Checkpoint	A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.	106
1815510043	G0 Phase	A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.	107
1815510044	Cyclin	A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.	108
1815510045	Cyclin-dependent kinases	A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin.	109
1815510134	Growth Factor	(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.	110
1815510135	Density Dependent Inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.	111
1815510136	Anchorage Dependence	The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.	112
1815510137	How does MPF allow a cell to pass the G2 Phase checkpoint and enter mitosis?	...	113
1815510046	What phase are most of your body cells in?	Most body cells are in a nondividing state called G0	114
1815510138	Compare and contrast a benign tumor with a malignant tumor	...	115
1815510139	Differentiate between the terms Chromosome, Chromatin and chromatid	...	116
1815510140	In which of the three subphases of interphase and the stages of mitosis do chromosomes exist as a single DNA molecule?	...	117
1815510141	Explain the significance of the G1, G2, and M checkpoints and the go-ahead signals involved in the cell cycle control system	...	118
1815510142	The person credited with first recognizing (in the 1860s) that living cells cannot arise spontaneously, but arise only from previously existing cells, is _____. ( Overview) Robert Hooke Rudolf Virchow Louis Pasteur Anton van Leeuwenhoek Watson	Rudolf Virchow	119
1815510143	The function of the mitotic cell cycle is to produce daughter cells that _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	are genetically identical to the parent cell (assuming no mutation has occurred)	120
1815510047	The region of a chromosome holding the two double strands of replicated DNA together is called _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	a centromere	121
1815510048	The centromere is a region in which _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	sister chromatids are attached to one another in prophase	122
1815510144	How many maternal chromosomes are present in a somatic human cell not engaged in cell division? (eText Concept 12.1)	23 Human somatic cells contain a total of 46 chromosomes, half of which are maternally derived.	123
1815510049	"Cytokinesis" refers to _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	division of the cytoplasm Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm that follows the mitotic division of the nucleus.	124
1815510145	If a somatic human cell is just about to divide, it has _____ chromatids. (eText Concept 12.2)	92 Correct. Human somatic cells have 92 chromatids just prior to cell division due to the replication of the 46 chromosomes that occurred during the S phase.	125
1815510146	In telophase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle breaks down and the chromatin uncoils. This is essentially the opposite of what happens in _____. (eText Concept 12.2)	Prophase During prophase, we observe the formation of the spindle, the condensation of chromatin, and the disappearance of the nucleolus.	126
1815510147	What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor? (eText Concept 12.3)	Cells of benign tumors do not metastasize; those of malignant tumors do.	127
1815510148	Which of the following is false regarding sister chromatids? ( Concept 12.1) Both of the sister chromatids end up in the same daughter cell after cytokinesis has occurred. Sister chromatids are attached to one another at the centromere. Sister chromatids are separated during mitosis. Sister chromatids are created when DNA is replicated. Sister chromatids form in the S-phase stage of the cell cycle.	Both of the sister chromatids end up in the same daughter cell after cytokinesis has occurred. This statement is false. Each of the sisters ends up in a different cell after cell division.	128
1815510050	The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	chromatin	129
1815510149	A cell entering the cell cycle with 32 chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each with _____. ( Concept 12.1) 64 chromosomes 32 pairs of chromosomes 64 pairs of chromosomes 16 chromosomes None of the listed responses is correct.	None of the listed responses is correct.	130
1815510150	Chromatids are _____. ( Concept 12.1) found only in aberrant chromosomes composed of RNA identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome held together by the centrioles the bacterial equivalent of eukaryotic chromosomes	identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome	131
1815510151	If a cell contains 60 chromatids at the start of mitosis, how many chromosomes will be found in each daughter cell at the completion of the cell cycle? ( Concept 12.2) 120 45 60 30 15	30 At the completion of the cell cycle, each daughter cell will have the same chromosomal complement as the parent cell.	132
1815510051	A biochemist measured the amount of DNA in cells growing in the laboratory and found that the quantity of DNA in the cells doubled _____. (eText Concept 12.2)	between the G1 and G2 phases	133
1815510152	A cell biologist carefully measured the quantity of DNA in grasshopper cells growing in cell culture. Cells examined during the G2 phase of the cell cycle contained 200 units of DNA. What would be the amount of DNA at G1 of the cell cycle in one of the grasshopper daughter cells? (eText Concept 12.2)	100 units	134
1815510052	During interphase, the genetic material of a typical eukaryotic cell is _____. (eText Concept 12.2)	dispersed in the nucleus as long strands of chromatin	135
1815510053	DNA replication occurs in _____. ( Concept 12.2) the G1 phase of interphase in reproductive cells only the cytokinesis portion of the cell's life cycle prophase of both mitosis and meiosis the S phase of interphase in both somatic and reproductive cells metaphase of meiosis only	the S phase of interphase in both somatic and reproductive cells	136
1815510153	Down syndrome is characterized by cells having three copies of chromosome 21. As a cell in an individual with Down syndrome prepares to enter mitosis, how many chromatids would be present? ( Concept 12.2) 23 94 46 98 92	94	137
1815510054	During what phase in the cell cycle would you find the most DNA per cell? (eText Concept 12.2)	G2	138
1815510055	Binary Fission	More than likely mitosis evolved from Binary Fission	139

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Krebs cycle / TCA cycle / Citric Acid Cycle Flashcards

[Click Info tab for entire description] Hello! This is my set about the Krebs Cycle, by Fadil Nohur, aka fiddle_n. The Krebs cycle is also known as the TCA cycle or the Citric Acid cycle. It is called the Krebs cycle after Hans Adolf Krebs, the guy who discovered it. When it is called the TCA cycle, TCA stands for tricarboxylic acid cycle. Citric acid, isocitric acid and aconitic acid are all tricarboxylic acids, and their conjugate bases, citrate, isocitrate, and cis-aconitate, are all in this cycle. This also explains why this cycle is sometimes called the Citric Acid cycle. The Krebs cycle/TCA cycle/Citric Acid cycle is difficult to learn, so I hope this set helps. Oh, and if you like my set, please feel free to give me a high five! :)

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1888778971	(Step 1) Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate → Citrate is catalysed by	Citrate synthase	0
1888778972	(Step 1) Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate → Citrate produces	CoA	1
1888778973	(Step 1) Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate are condensed to produce	Citrate	2
1888778974	(Step 2A) Citrate → cis-Aconitate is catalysed by	Aconitase	3
1888778975	(Step 2A) Citrate is dehydrated to produce the intermediate compound	cis-Aconitate	4
1888778976	(Step 2A) Is H₂O added or removed in the Citrate → cis-Aconitate reaction?	Removed	5
1888778977	(Step 2B) cis-Aconitate → Isocitrate is catalysed by	Aconitase	6
1888778978	(Step 2B) cis-Aconitate is hydrated to produce	Isocitrate	7
1888778979	(Step 2B) Is H₂O added or removed in the cis-Aconitate → Isocitrate reaction?	Added	8
1888778980	(Step 3) Isocitrate → α-Ketoglutarate is catalysed by	Isocitrate dehydrogenase	9
1888778981	(Step 3) Isocitrate and NAD⁺ → NADH + CO₂ (oxidative decarboxylation) leads to	α-Ketoglutarate	10
1888778982	(Step 3) Isocitrate → α-Ketoglutarate half reaction?	NAD⁺ → NADH	11
1888778983	(Step 3) What is produced in the Isocitrate → α-Ketoglutarate reaction?	NADH and CO₂	12
1888778984	(Step 4) α-Ketoglutarate → Succinyl CoA is catalysed by	α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex	13
1888778985	(Step 4) α-Ketoglutarate and CoA + NAD⁺ → CO₂ + NADH (oxidative decarboxylation) leads to the energy rich	Succinyl CoA	14
1888778986	(Step 4) What are added into the α-Ketoglutarate → Succinyl CoA reaction?	NAD⁺ and CoA	15
1888778987	(Step 4) What are removed from the α-Ketoglutarate → Succinyl CoA reaction?	NADH and CO₂	16
1888778988	(Step 5) Succinyl CoA → Succinate is catalysed by	Succinyl CoA synthetase	17
1888778989	(Step 5) Succinyl CoA → Succinate produces what two things?	CoA and GTP	18
1888778990	(Step 5) Succinyl CoA undergoes substrate-level phosphorylation to produce	Succinate	19
1888778991	(Step 6) Succinate → Fumarate is catalysed by	Succinate dehydrogenase	20
1888778992	(Step 6) Succinate and FAD → to FADH₂ (Dehydrogenation) produces	Fumarate	21
1888778993	(Step 6) Succinate → Fumarate half reaction?	FAD → FADH₂	22
1888778994	(Step 7) Fumarate → Malate is catalysed by	Fumarase (Fumarate hydratase)	23
1888778995	(Step 7) Fumarate is hydrated to produce	Malate	24
1888778996	(Step 8) Malate → Oxaloacetate is catalysed by	Malate dehydrogenase	25
1888778997	(Step 8) Malate and NAD⁺ → NADH (Dehydrogenation) produces	Oxaloacetate	26
1888778998	(Step 8) Malate → Oxaloacetate half reaction?	NAD⁺ → NADH	27
1888778999	Which step does CoA get removed from? (Step 1)	Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate → Citrate	28
1888779000	Which step does H₂O get removed from? (Step 2A)	Citrate → cis-Aconitate	29
1888779001	Which step does H₂O get added into? (Step 2B)	cis-Aconitate → Isocitrate	30
1888779002	Which step does NAD⁺ get added into, and CO₂ and NADH get removed from? (Step 3)	Isocitrate → α-Ketoglutarate	31
1888779003	Which step does CoA and NAD⁺ get added into, and CO₂ and NADH get removed from? (Step 4)	α-Ketoglutarate → Succinyl CoA	32
1888779004	Which step does CoA get removed from? (Step 5)	Succinyl CoA → Succinate	33
1888779005	Which step produces GTP?	Succinyl CoA → Succinate	34
1888779006	Which step produces FADH₂ from FAD?	Succinate → Fumarate	35
1888779007	Which step does H₂O get added into? (Step 7)	Fumarate → Malate	36
1888779008	Which step does NAD⁺ → NADH occur? (Step 8)	Malate → Oxaloacetate	37
1888779009	Purpose of Krebs cycle?	Provide reducing power	38
1888779010	Overall function of Krebs cycle?	Oxidise 2 carbon atoms of Acetyl CoA to CO₂	39
1888779011	Produces how many CO₂?	2	40
1888779012	Produces how many NADH?	3	41
1888779013	Produces how many FADH₂?	1	42
1888779014	Produces how many ATP/GTP?	1	43
1888779015	Name a silly mnemonic to help you remember the Krebs cycle?	Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer? (Citrate, Isositrate, Alpha-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate)	44

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AP US History Chapter 16: The Last West and the New South 1865-1900 Flashcards

Created by Matthew Piccolella

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357909281	Settlement of the Last Frontier	after Civil War Americans turned attention west, Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, Western Plateau, huge bison population was wiped out by 1900, were fenced in by homesteads and ranches, steel rails, new towns, ten new western states, Native Americans paid a huge price	0
357909282	Great American Desert	lands between Mississippi and the Pacific Coast, referred to by green valleys of Oregon and goldfields of California	1
357909283	Mining Frontier	discovery of gold in California caused flood west, Gold also found in Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, South Dakota, silver was also found	2
357909284	Pike's Peak	discovery of gold in Colorado in 1859 that brought nearly 100,000 miners to Colorado	3
357909285	Comstock Lode	discovery which produced over $340 million in gold and silver, responsible for Nevada entering the Union	4
357909286	California Gold Rush	1849 set the pattern for what happened elsewhere, individual prospectors would look for traces of gold in mountain streams, led way to deep-shaft mining that required expensive equipment	5
357909287	Placer Mining	using simple tools such as shovels and washing pans	6
357909288	Boomtowns	towns that became infamous for saloons, dance-hall girls, vigilante justice, theaters, churches, newspapers, schools, libraries, railroads, law enforcement, many became lonely ghost towns within their first few years, others became large commercial centers, like San Francisco, Sacramento, and Denver	7
357909289	Immigrant Workers	most industrial towns saw experienced miners from Europe, Latin America, and China working, 1/3 Chinese immigrants, native-born Americans resented the competition, Miner's Tax of $20 a month on foreign-born miners	8
357909290	Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882	prohibited further immigration to the US by Chinese laborers, renewed ten years later, first major act of Congress to restrict immigration on the basis of race and nationality	9
357909291	Effects of Mining	stimulated economy of west, but had huge impact on America, vast increase in silver caused a crisis over the relative value of gold and silver backed currency, left environmental scars, had disastrous effect on Native Americans	10
357909292	Cattle Frontier	economic potential of open grasslands reached from Texas to Canada by cattlemen, cattle business was borrowed from Mexicans, after war Teas cattle business was easy to get into	11
357909293	Vaqueros	Mexican cowboys who raised and rounded up cattle in Texas	12
357909294	Joseph G. McCoy	realized huge profits to be made at the end of the line in Chicago where cattle could be sold per head, built the first stockyards to ship out cattle to Chicago	13
357909295	Railroads	linked together cities to ship cattle, built stockyards to shift cattle to Chicago, cowboys received a few dollars a day	14
357909296	Chisholm/Goodnight-Loving	trails out of Texas during the 1860s and 1870s	15
357909297	End of Cattle Drives	in the 1880s overgrazing destroyed the grass and a winter blizzard and drought, arrival of homesteaders and barbed wire cut of access to the formerly open range, developing huge ranches and using scientific ranching techniques, changed American eating habits o beef	16
357909298	Homestead Act of 1862	encouraged farming on the Great Plains by offering 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for a period five years	17
357909299	Farming Frontier	promise of free land induced hundreds of thousands of native-born families to attempt to farm the great planes, 500,000 families moved west	18
357909300	Sodbusters	settlers on the dry and treeless plains built homes out of sod bricks	19
357909301	Problems of Frontier Life	extremes of hot and cold weather, grasshoppers, lonesome life plagued life, scarce water, no wood, families didn't realize 160 acres wasn't good, severe weather led to falling prices of crops and cost of new machinery, dams and irrigation saved many farmers	20
357909302	Joseph Glidden	invented barbed wire, helped farmers fence in their lands on the lumber-scare plains	21
357909303	Dry-Farming	those who managed to survive adopted these techniques, use moisture available, learned to plant hardy strains of Russian wheat	22
357909304	Oklahoma Territory	opened for settlement in 1889, hundreds of homesteaders took last great land rush in West	23
357909305	Frederick Jackson Turner	responded to the 1890 ruling that the frontier had been eliminated, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"	24
357909306	Turner's Thesis	argued that 300 years of frontier experience ha played a fundamental role in shaping the unique character of American society, frontier experience had fostered a habit of independence and individualism, acted as a powerful social leveler, broke down class distinctions and fostered social and political democracy, challenges of frontier life forced them to be inventive, would America be forsaken now frontier was gone?	25
357909307	Pueblo Groups	Hopi and Zuni, lived in permanent settlements as farmers raising corn and livestock	26
357909308	Navajo/Apache	Southwest peoples, nomadic hunter-gatherers who adapted a more settled-way of life	27
357909309	Chinook/Shasta	tribes in Pacific Northwest, developed complex communities based on abundant fish and game	28
357909310	Great Plains Tribes	Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, Comanche, had become skillful horsemen and developed a way of life centered on the hunting of buffalo, lived in groups of 300-500	29
357909311	Reservation Policy	as settlers moved west, trails like the Oregon Trail proved Jackson's idea of moving the tribes west was impractical	30
357909312	Fort Laramie/Fort Atkinson	the federal government began to assign plains tribes large tracts of land with definite boundaries, tribes refused to restrict their movements to the reservations	31
357909313	Indian Wars	as thousands of miners, cattlemen, and homesteads moved west, war was inevitable, increasing treaties pledged Americans would stay off land, proved failure after gold was found	32
357909314	Sand Creek	1864 Colorado militia massacred an encampment of Cheyenne women	33
357909315	Sioux War	1866 tables were turned when an army column under William Fetterman was wiped out by Sioux warriors	34
357909316	William Fetterman	his army column was wiped out by Sioux warriors	35
357909317	Red River War	war against the Comanche	36
357909318	Second Sioux War	led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse	37
357909319	Little Big Horn	destroyed Colonel George Custer's command in 1876	38
357909320	Chief Joseph	led a courageous effort to lead a band of Nez Perce into Canada, ended in defeat and surrender	39
357909321	A Century of Dishonor	1881 written by Helen Hunt Jackson, chronicled the injustices done to Native Americans, created sympathy for the Native Americans	40
357909322	Carlisle School	Pennsylvania, set up to segregate Native American children from their people and teach them white culture and farming and industrial skills	41
357909323	Dawes Severalty Act	1887 designed to break up tribal organizations which Americans believed kept them from being "civilized", divided tribal lands into plots of 160 acres or less, depending on family size, citizenship after 25 years on land, 47 million acres was distributed, 90 million acres were sold, new policy was a failure, disease and poverty reduced population drastically	42
357909324	Ghost Dance Movement	Native Americans' last efforts to resist US domination, drive whites from their ancestral lands, Sitting Bull was killed in the government's campaign to suppress movement	43
357909325	Massacre at Wounded Knee	December 1890 200 Native Americans were gunned down by the US army in the Dakotas, marked the end of the Indian Wars	44
357909326	Indian Reorganization Act	1934 Indian New Deal, promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture	45
357909327	Henry Grady	spread the idea of the New South, editor of the Atlanta Constitution	46
357909328	New South	argued for economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism, tax exemptions to attract investors in new industries, cheap labor was an incentive	47
357909329	Economic Progress	Birmingham grew into leading steel center, Memphis prospered as lumber, Richmond became tobacco capital, cheaper labor rates in Georgia, NC, SC, railroads boosted emerge of New South, integrated railway was established by 1890	48
357909330	Continued Poverty	South remained largely agricultural, Northern investors controlled capital and railroads, workers earned half of the national average and worked more hours, resulted from South's late start at industrialization, poorly educated workforce, only small number of citizens had skills, didn't invest in technical schools, etc.	49
357911673	Agriculture	South remained tied to cotton, increased productivity led to declining cotton prices, per capita income decreased, many of the regions' farmers were tenant farmers, strained to make a living, shortage of credit forced them to borrow supplies	50
357911674	Crop Liens	mortgages on crops to be paid at harvest	51
357911675	George Washington Carver	African-American scientist at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, promoted growing of crops like peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans	52
357911676	Farmers' Southern Alliance	one million members, resulted from the poverty and debt and discontent from bad harvests	53
357911677	Colored Farmers' National Alliance	250,000 members, separate section of larger alliance, many problems, organized political reforms to solve farmers' economic problems	54
357911678	Redeemers	won support from business community and white supremacists, used race as a rallying cry to deflect attention away from real concerns of working poor, could gain political power by playing on racial fears of whites	55
357911679	Civil Rights Cases	1883 Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens, which included railroads, hotels, other businesses	56
357916339	Plessy v. Ferguson	Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law requiring "separate but equal accomodations" for white and black passengers on railroads, wave of segregation laws ensued	57
357916340	Jim Crow Laws	segregation laws, required segregated washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, other facilities	58
357916341	Loss of Voting Rights	disenfranchisement of blacks, various political and legal devices invented to prevent southern blacks from voting, literacy tests, poll taxes, white-only primaries, Supreme Court upheld these policies	59
357916342	Grandfather Clauses	allowed a man to vote only if his grandfather had cast ballots in elections before Reconstruction	60
357916343	Loss of Civil Rights	African-Americans barred from serving on juries, given stiffer penalties for crimes than whites were, lynchings, economic discrimination, etc.	61
357916344	International Migration Society	formed by Henry Turner in 1894 to help American blacks emigrate to Africa	62
357916345	Bishop Henry Turner	formed International Migration Society	63
357916346	Ida B. Wells	editor of Free Speech, devoted her efforts to campaigning against lynching and Jim Crow laws, death threats forced her to move to the North	64
357916347	Booker T. Washington	graduated from the Hampton Institute, former slave, established the Tuskegee Institute, wanted to teach southern African-Americans skilled trades, the virtues of hard work and moderation, earning money was a ballot cast	65
357916348	Tuskegee Institute	the largest and best-known industrial school in the nation, founded by Booker T. Washington	66
357916349	National Negro Business League	established by Booker T., established 320 chapters across the country to support businesses owned and operated by African-Americans	67
357916350	Atlanta Compromise	speech delivered by Booker T. Washington, argued the agitations of social equality is "folly", criticized by many to be a sellout to segregation and discrimination	68
357916351	Changes in Agriculture	farming became increasingly commercialized, Northern farmers concentrated on raising single cash crops, people bought food from markets and manufactured goods from mail-order catalog, became more dependent on large and expensive machines	69
357916352	Falling Prices	increased American production as well as global competition drove prices down for wheat, deflation arose from static money supply, lower prices, predictable results of vicious circle of debts, etc.	70
357916353	Rising Costs	industrial corporations raised prices as result of monopolistic trusts, middlemen took their cut, railroads charged discriminatory rates, etc.	71
357916354	National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry	organized in 1868 by Oliver H. Kelley, used as a social educational organization for farmers and families, had organized economic ventures and took political action to defend members against railroads, etc., greatest strength was Midwest, farmers took on storage fees and freight rates, lobbied state legislatures to pass laws regulating the rates charged by railroads and elevators	72
357916355	Cooperatives	businesses owned and run by farmers to save the costs charged by middlemen	73
357916356	Granger Laws	made it illegal for railroads to fix prices by means of pools and to give rebates to privileged customers, lobbied legislatures to pass laws regulating the rates charged by elevators and railroads	74
357916357	Munn v. Illinois	Supreme Court upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads	75
357920288	Wabash v. Illinois	individual states could not regulate interstate commerce, court's decision nullified many of the state regulations achieved by the Grangers	76
357920289	Interstate Commerce Act of 1886	regulated railroad rates to be "reasonable and just", set up the ICC	77
357920290	Interstate Commerce Commission	had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, other discriminator practices, first US regulatory commission helped railroads more than farmers, found it useful in helping stabilize rates and destructive competition	78
357920291	Farmers' Alliances	discontent was on the rise as crop prices fell to new lows, 1 million farmers had joined them, separate alliances for separate needs, etc., serious potential for turning into an independent political party	79
357920292	Ocala Platform	meeting of the National Alliance, direct election of US senators, lower tariff rates, graduated income tax, new banking system regulated by the federal government, demanded Treasury notes and silver used to increase amount of money for inflation, proposed federal storage for crops, reform ideas would become part of the Populist movement	80
357920293	National Alliance	Late-nineteenth century groups that worked to improve the condition of farmers in the West and the South	81

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American Pageant 14th edition Chapter 9, 10, & 11 vocab Flashcards

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1716729619	disestablish	To withdraw exclusive state recognition/ support from a church	0
1716729620	emancipation	The freeing of a slave	1
1716729621	chattel	An article of tangible property; a slave	2
1716729622	abolitionist	A person who advocated the abolition of slavery	3
1716729623	ratification	The act of confirmation	4
1716729624	bill of rights	A formal statement of the rights of the people	5
1716729625	speculators (speculation)	a person who is engaged in commercial or financial contemplation, propoganda	6
1716729626	township	A unit of local government found in most US states	7
1716729627	territory	A region or district of the US not admitted to statehood	8
1716729628	annex	To incorporate (territory) into a domain of a city, county, or state	9
1716729629	requisition	A demand made	10
1716729630	foreclosure	The act of confiscating one's property	11
1716729631	quorum	The number of members of a group required to present a business legally	12
1716729632	anarchy	a state or society without any form of government or law	13
1716729633	bicameral	a governmental system having two branches or houses as a legislative body	14
1716729634	unicameral	A governmental system having one branch or house as a legislative system	15
1716729635	census	An official count of population	16
1716729636	public debt	The accumulation of the debt owed by a country and its people	17
1716729637	cabinet	An advisatory body to the president	18
1716729638	circuit court	The court of general jurisdiction in a number of the US states	19
1716729639	fiscal	Pertaining to the public treasury of revenues	20
1716729640	assumption	Something taken for granted or supposed	21
1716729641	excise	A tax on certain commodities levied on their manufactured sale or consumption within the country	22
1716729642	medium of exchange	Anything generally accepted as representing a standard of value and exchangeable for goods or services	23
1716729643	despositism	the exercise of absolute tyranny/ authority	24
1716729644	impress	To affect deeply or strongly in mind or feeling; influence in opinion	25
1716729645	assimilation	The act/process of absorbing information/ experiences	26
1716729646	witch-hunt	A rigorous campaign to round up those threatening the welfare of the public	27
1716729647	compact	Designed to be small i size and economical in operation	28
1716729648	nullification	The act or instance of declaring something legally void or inoperative	29
1716729649	lame duck	A president who is completing a term of office and chooses not to run or is ineligible to run for re-election	30
1716729650	commission	A document granting a certain authority	31
1716729651	writ	A formal order under seal issued under the name of the government issuing a command for someone to refrain from doing something	32
1716729652	impeachment	An action by the House of Representatives to accuse the president, vice president, or other civil officers of the United States of committing "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."	33
1716729653	pacifist	one who is in opposition of war or violence	34
1716729654	consulate (consul)	a place where a government representative is stationed in a foreign country but not the main headquarters of diplomatic representation headed by an ambassador (the embassy).	35
1716729655	cede	To surrender	36
1716729656	precedent	an example that may serve as a basis for imitation or later action	37
1716729657	secession	Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation	38
1716729658	conscription	A military draft	39
1716729659	embargo	A government order imposing a trade barrier	40

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APUSH 14th Edition Scenna Flashcards

Chapter 1-11 14th Edition

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293857644	Great Ice Age	extended period when glaciers covered most of the North American Continent	0
293857645	Maize	staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian Civilizations	1
293857646	Cahokia	important Mississippian culture site, near present-day East St. Louis, Illinois	2
293857647	Portugal	first European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa	3
293857648	Mali	flourishing West African kingdom that had its capital and university at Timbuktu	4
293857649	"Indies"	mistaken term that the first European explorers gave to American lands because of the false belief that they were off the coast of Asia	5
293857650	horses	animal introduced by Europeans that transformed the Indian way of life on the Great Plains	6
293857651	Small pox	one of the major European diseases that devastated Native American populations after 1492	7
293857652	Syphilis	disease originating in the Americas that was transmitted back to Europeans after 1492	8
293857653	Treaty of Tordesillas	treaty that proclaimed a spanish title to lands in the Americas by dividing them with Portugal	9
293857654	Tenochtitlan	wealthy capital of the Aztec empire	10
293857655	Mestizo	person of mixed European and Indian ancestry	11
293857656	Pope's Rebellion	Indian uprising in New Mexico caused by Spanish efforts to suppress Indian religion	12
293857657	Pueblo	Indian people of the Rio Grande Valley who were cruelly oppressed by the Spanish conquerors	13
293857658	Franciscan Friars	Roman Catholic religious order of friars that organized a chain of missions in California	14
293857659	Ireland	nation where English Protestant rulers employed brutal tactics against the local Catholic populations	15
293857660	Roanoke	island colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580s	16
293857661	Spanish Armada	naval invaders defeated by English "sea dogs" in 1588	17
293857662	Virginia Joint-Stock	forerunner of the modern corporation that enabled investors to pool financial capital for colonial ventures	18
293857663	Anglo-Powhatan Wars	name of two wars fought in 1614 and 1644; between the English in Jamestown and the nearby Indian leader	19
293857664	Barbados Slave Code	the harsh system of laws governing African labor, first developed in Barbados and later officially adopted by South Carolina in 1696	20
293857665	Charter	royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens	21
293857666	Indentured Servants	penniless people obligated to engage in unpaid labor for a fixed amount of time, usually in exchange for passage to the New World or other benefits	22
293857667	Iroquois Confederacy	powerful Indian confederation that dominated New York and the eastern Great Lakes area; comprised of several peoples (not the Algonquians)	23
293857668	Squatters	poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil	24
293857669	Royal Colony	term for a colony under direct control of the English king or queen	25
293857670	Tobacco	the primary staple crop of early Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina	26
293857671	North Carolina	the only southern colony with a slave majority	27
293857672	Rice	primary plantation crop of South Carolina	28
293857673	Savannah	melting-pot town in early colonial Georgia	29
293857674	Families	early Maryland and Virginia settlers had difficulty creating them and even more difficulty making them last	30
293857675	Disease	primary cause of death among tobacco-growing settlers	31
293857676	"Headright System"	Maryland and Virginia's system of granting land to anyone who would pay trans-atlantic passage for laborers	32
293857677	Execution	fate of many of Nathaniel Bacon's followers, though not of Bacon himself	33
293857678	Rhode Island	American colony that was home to the Newport slave market and many slave traders	34
293857679	Royal African Company	English company that lost its monopoly on the slave trade in 1698	35
293857680	Gullah	African American dialect that blended English with Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa	36
293857681	Slave Revolt	uprisings that occurred in NYC in 1712 and in South Carolina in 1739	37
293857682	FFV	first families of Virginia; wealthy extended clans like the Fitzhughs, Lees, and Washingtons that dominated politics in the most populous colony	38
293857683	Early 20's	approximate marriage age of most New England women	39
293857684	Town Assemblies	basic local political institution of New England, in which all freemen gathered to elect officials and debate local affairs	40
293857685	Halfway Covenant	formula devised by Puritan ministers in 1662 to offer partial church membership to people who had not experienced conversion	41
293857686	Salem Witch Trials	late seventeenth-century judicial event that inflamed popular feelings, led to the deaths of 20 people, and weakened the Puritan clergy's prestige	42
293857687	Farmers	primary occupation of most seventeenth-century Americans	43
293857688	Dutch	corruption of a German word used as a term for German immigrants in Pennsylvania	44
293857689	Scots-Irish	Ethnic group that had already relocated once before immigrating to America and settling largely on the Western frontier of the middle and southern colonies	45
293857690	Regulator Movement	Rebellious movement of frontiersmen in the southern colonies that included future President Andrew Jackson	46
293857691	Jayle Birds	popular term for convicted criminals dumped on colonies by British authorities	47
293857692	Praying Towns	Term for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized	48
293857693	Lawyer	a once despised profession that rose in prestige after 1750 because its practitioners defended colonial rights	49
293857694	Triangular Trade	small but profitable trade route that linked New England, Africa, and the West Indies	50
293857695	Taverns	Popular colonial centers of recreation, gossip, and political debate	51
293857696	Established	term for tax-supported condition of congregational and anglican churches, but not of baptists, quakers, and roman catholics	52
293857697	Great Awakening	Spectacular, emotional religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s	53
293857698	New Lights	ministers who supported the Great Awakening against the "old light" clergy who rejected it	54
293857699	Colleges	Institutions that were founded in greater numbers as a result of the Great Awakening, although a few had been founded earlier	55
293857700	Zenger Case	The case that established the precedent that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel	56
293857701	Council	The upper house of colonial legislature, appointed by the crown or the proprietor	57
293857702	Poor Richard's Almanac	Benjamin Franklin's highly popular collection of information, parables, and advice	58
293857703	Huguenots	French Protestants who were granted toleration by the Edict of Nantes in 1598 but not permitted to settle in New France	59
293857704	Louis XIV	absolute Monarch of France who reigned for 72 years	60
293857705	Beaver	Animal whose pelt provided great profits for the French empire and enhanced European fashion at enormous ecological cost	61
293857706	Jesuits	French Catholic missionary order that explored the North American interior and sought to protect and convert the Indians.	62
293857707	Coureurs de Bois	Far-running, high-living French fur trappers	63
293857708	Jenkin's Ear	Part of a certain British naval officer's anatomy that set off an imperial war with Spain.	64
293857709	Louisbourg	strategic French fortress conquered by New England settlers, handed back to the French, and finally conquered again by the British in 1759	65
293857710	Ohio Valley	Inland river territory, scene of fierce competition between the French and land-speculating English colonists	66
293857711	Germany	Bloodiest European theater of the Seven Years' War, where Frederick the Great's troops drained French strength away from North America	67
293857712	Albany Congress	Unification effort that Benjamin Franklin nearly led to success by his eloquent leadership and cartoon artistry	68
293857713	George Washington	Military aide of British General Braddock and defender of the frontier after Braddock's defeat.	69
293857714	Quebec	fortress boldly assaulted by General Wolfe, spelling doom for New France	70
293857715	Militia	the "buckskin" colonials whose military success did nothing to alter British officer's contempt	71
293857716	Indians	Allies of the French against the British, who continued to fight under Pontiac even after the peace settlement in 1763	72
293857717	Seven Years' War	The larger European struggle of which the French and Indian War was part	73
293857718	Mercantilism	the basic economic and political theory by which seventeenth and eighteenth century European powers governed their overseas colonies	74
293857719	Navigation Acts	The set of Parliamentary laws, first passed in 1650, that restricted colonial trade and directed it to the benefit of Britain	75
293857720	Enumerated Goods	term for products, such as tobacco, that could be shipped only to England & not to foreign markets	76
293857721	Admirality Courts	Hated British courts in which juries were not allowed and defendants were assumed guilty until proven innocent	77
293857722	Virtual Representation	British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members	78
293857723	Non-Importation Agreements	The effective form of organized resistance against the Stamp Act, which made homespun clothing fashionable	79
293857724	Tea	The product taxed under the Townshend Acts that generated the greatest colonial resistance	80
293857725	Committees of Correspondence	Underground networks of communication and propaganda, established by Samuel Adams, that sustained colonial resistance	81
293857726	Catholicism	Religion that was granted toleration in the trans-Allegheny West by the Quebec Act, arousing deep colonial hostility	82
293857727	English Whigs	British political party opposed to Lord North's Tories and generally more sympathetic to the colonial cause	83
293857728	Hessians	German mercenaries hired by George III to fight the American revolutionaries	84
293857729	Continentals	paper currency authorized by Congress to finance the Revolution depreciated to near worthlessness	85
293857730	The Association	effective organization created by the First Continental Congress to provide a total, unified boycott of all British goods	86
293857731	Minute Men	Rapidly mobilized colonial militiamen whose refusal to disperse sparked the first battle of the Revolution	87
293857732	Ruffians	popular term for British regular troops, scorned as "lobster backs" and "bloody backs" by Bostonians and other colonials	88
293857733	Continental Congress	the body that chose George Washington commander of the Continental Army	89
293857734	Canada	the British colony that Americans invaded in hopes of adding it to the rebellious 13	90
293857735	Common Sense	The inflammatory pamphlet that demanded independence and heaped scorn on "the Royal Brute of Great Britain"	91
293857736	Declaration of Independence	the document that provided a lengthy explanation and justification of Richard Henry Lee's resolution that was passed by Congress on July 2, 1776	92
293857737	Loyalist	another name for AMerican Tories	93
293857738	Anglican	the church body most closely linked with Tory sentiment, except in Virginia	94
293857739	Hudson	The river valley that was the focus of Britain's early military strategy and the scene of Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga in 1777	95
293857740	Arms of Neutrality	term for the alliance of Catherine the Great of Russia and other European powers who did not declare war but assumed a hostile neutrality towards Britain	96
293857741	South	The region that saw some of the Revolution's most bitter fighting, from 1780 to 1782, between American General Greene and British General Cornwallis	97
293857742	Privateers	"legalized pirates," more than a thousand strong, who inflicted heavy damage on British shipping	98
293857743	Mississippi	River which was the western boundary of the U.S. after the Revolutionary War established in the Treaty of Paris	99
293857744	Holland	The other European nation besides France and Spain that supported the American Revolution by declaring war on Britain	100
293857745	Protestant Episcopal Church	New name for the Anglican Church after it was disestablished and de-Anglicized in Virginia and elsewhere	101
293857746	Republican Motherhood	The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children	102
293857747	Constitutional Convention	A type of special assembly, originally developed in Massachusetts, for drawing up a fundamental law that would be superior to ordinary law	103
293857748	Articles of Confederation	the first constitution of the US	104
293857749	Old Northwest	The territory north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi governed by the acts of 1785 and 1787	105
293857750	Township	A 6-by-6 mile area containing 36 sections each 1 mile square. A division of land in the rectangular survey method of land description.	106
293857751	Territory	The status of a western area under the Northwest Ordinance after it established an organized government but before it became a state	107
293857752	Shay's Rebellion	a failed revolt in 1786 by poor debtor farmers that raised fears of "mobocracy"	108
293857753	Large State Plan	The plan proposed by Virginia at the constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with representation based on population	109
293857754	Small State Plan	The plan proposed by New Jersey for a unicameral legislature with equal representation of states regardless of size and population	110
293857755	3/5 Compromise	A compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes.	111
293857756	Anti-Federalists	opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states	112
293857757	Federalist Papers	a masterly series of pro-Constitution articles printed in NYC by Jay, Madison, and Hamilton	113
293857758	President	the official under the new Constitution who would be the commander in chief of the armed forces, appoint judges and other officials, and have the power to veto legislation	114
293857759	Bill of Rights	A list of guarantees that federalists promised to add to the Constitution in order to win ratification	115
293868399	Electoral College	the official body designated to choose the President under the new Constitution, which in 1789 unanimously elected George Washington	116

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Biology Chapter 13 Flashcards

Biology Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

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353490906	Genetics	The scientific study of heredity and variation	0
353490907	Heredity	The transmission of traits from one generation to the next	1
353490908	Variation	Differences between members of the same species	2
353490909	Gene	A discreet unit of heredity information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RN, in some viruses)	3
353490910	Locus	A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located. A location on a certain chromosome.	4
353490911	Asexual reproduction	A single individual passes genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.	5
353490912	Clone	A group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent. A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells.	6
353490913	Sexual reproduction	Two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents via the gametes.	7
353490914	Somatic cells	2n body - produce more somatic cells for growth and repair (mitosis).	8
353490915	Germ cells	2n reproductive - produce haploid (n) gametes to produce a new individual (meiosis).	9
353490916	Life cycle	The generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism.	10
353490917	Human somatic cells	have 23 pairs of chromosomes	11
353490918	Karyotype	An ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell. A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.	12
353490919	Homologous chromosomes	A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. Also called homologs.	13
353490920	Sex chromosome	A chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual and are called X and Y.	14
353490921	Human females	have a homologous pair of X chromosomes (XX).	15
353490922	Human males	have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).	16
353490923	Autosome	A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex, not a sex chromosome, the remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes.	17
353490924	Diploid cell	A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set from each parent.	18
353490925	Humans	The diploid number is 46 (2n=46) and the haploid number is 23 (n=23).	19
353490926	Haploid cell	A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n). A gamete contains a single set of chromosomes.	20
353490927	Ovum	An unfertilized female egg cell, the sex chromosome is X.	21
353490928	Sperm	A male gamete, the sex chromosome may either be X or Y.	22
353490929	Fertilization	The union of haploid gametes (sperm and egg) to produce a diploid zygote.	23
353490930	Zygote	The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg. It has one set of chromosomes from each parent.	24
353490931	Sexual maturity	The ovaries and testes produce haploid gametes.	25
353490932	Sporophyte	In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes. The diploid organism makes haploid spores by meiosis.	26
353490933	Gametophyte	In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis.	27
353490934	Meiosis	A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell.	28
353490935	Meiosis I	The first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell. Homologs pair up and separate, resulting in two haploid daughter cells with replicated chromosomes.	29
353490936	Meiosis II	The second division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell. Sister chromatids separate.	30
353490937	Four haploid daughter cells	The result of meiosis I and meiosis II.	31
353490938	Synapsis	Homologous chromosomes loosely pair up, aligned gene by gene during prophase I of meiosis.	32
353490939	Crossing over	The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis. It produces recombinant chromosomes, which combine DNA inherited from each parent.	33
353490940	Tetrad	A group of four chromatids.	34
353490941	Chiasmata	a cross-shaped configuration (X-shaped regions) of paired chromatids where crossing over occurred in prophase I of meiosis.	35
353490942	Prophase I	Chromosomes begin to condense; synapsis occurs, crossing over occurs, and it occupies more than 90% of the time required for meiosis.	36
353490943	Metaphase I	Homologous chromosomes randomly line up at the spindle equator in a process known as "random assortment"; this is another source of variation.	37
353490944	Anaphase I	Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate, one chromosome moves toward each pole, guided by the spindle apparatus, sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere and move as one unit toward the pole.	38
353490945	Telophase I and Cytokinesis	Each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes; each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids. No chromosome replication occurs between the end of meiosis I and the beginning of meiosis II because the chromosomes are already replicated. The result is two haploid cells.	39
353490946	Prophase II	A spindle apparatus forms and the chromosomes (each still composed of two chromatids) move toward the metaphase plate. Chromosomes condense.	40
353490947	Metaphase II	The sister chromatids (no longer genetically identical) are arranged at the metaphase plate and the kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to microtubules extending from opposite poles.	41
353490948	Anaphase II	The sister chromatids separate and are now renamed daughter chromosomes.	42
353490949	Telophase II and Cytokinesis	Nuclei form and the chromosomes begin decondensing. The cytoplasm separates. The result is four daughter cells each with a haploid set of unreplicated chromosomes. Each daughter cell is genetically distinct from the others and from the parent cell.	43
353490950	Allele	Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects. Mutations of different versions of genes.	44
353490951	Independent assortment of chromosomes, synapsis and crossing over, and random fertilization	Three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation.	45
353490952	Independent assortment of chromosomes	Homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly at metaphase I of meiosis. Each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologues into daughter cells independently of other pairs. The number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes is 2ⁿ, where n is the haploid number. For humans, (n=23), there are more than 8 million possible combinations of chromosomes.	46
353490953	2	If a cell undergoes Meiosis I, how many cells result?	47
353490954	4	If a cell undergoes Meiosis II, how many cells result?	48
353490955	Gametogenesis	The formation of male and female sex cells (n) or gametes from germ cells (2n). The process by which gametes are produced. Gamete formation.	49
353490956	Oogenesis	The process in the ovary that results in the production of female gametes - one functional egg per oogonium.	50
353490957	Spermatogenesis	The continuous and prolific production of mature sperm cells in the testis - four functional sperm per spermatogonium (diploid reproductive cell).	51
353490958	Spermatogonium	A cell that divides mitotically to form spermatocytes.	52
353490959	Oogonium	A cell that divides mitotically to form oocytes.	53
353490960	Phenotype	The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.	54
353490961	Cell number	1 → 2 → 4 1 → meiosis I → meiosis II	55
353490962	Chromosome number	2n → n → n 2n → meiosis I → meiosis II	56

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AP Biology Chapter 6 Flashcards

AP Biology Chapter 6

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934430923	Metabolism	The collection of chemical reactions that occur in an organism	0
934430924	Metabolic Pathways	Series of linked, enzymatically controlled chemical reactions.	1
934430925	Catabolic	A process in which large molecules are broken down	2
934430926	Anabolic	A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules	3
934430927	Energy	The capacity to cause change	4
934430928	Kinetic Energy	Energy associated with motion.	5
934430929	Thermal Energy	Energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules	6
934430930	Heat	Thermal energy in transfer from one object to another	7
934430931	Potential Energy	Energy related to the location or structure of matter	8
934430932	Chemical Energy	A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.	9
934430933	The First Law Of Thermodynamics	Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed	10
934430934	Second Law Of Thermodynamics	Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe	11
934430935	Spontaneous Processes	Processes that require no outside input of energy	12
934430936	Entropy	The measure of the disorder or chaos of the universe	13
934430937	Free Energy	Energy that can do work under cellular conditions	14
934430938	Exergonic	Chemical reactions that release energy	15
934430939	Endergonic	A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to proceed	16
934430940	ATP	(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work	17
934430941	Energy Coupling	The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one	18
934430942	Phosphorylated Intermediate	A molecule with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive that the unphosphorylated molecule	19
934430943	Active Site	Region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits and reacts	20
934430944	Substrate	A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme	21
934430945	Induced Fit	The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate	22
934430946	Competitive Inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics	23
934430947	Noncompetitive Inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate	24
934430948	Allosteric Regulation	The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site	25
934430949	Cooperativity	A form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity	26
934430950	Feedback Inhibition	A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway	27

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1900213364	Cell Cycle	An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell	0
1900213365	Mitosis	A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.	1
1900213366	What are the five stages of mitosis?	PPMAT Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase	2
1900213367	Prophase	The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact.	3
1900213368	Prometaphase	The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.	4
1900213369	Metaphase	The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate.	5
1900213370	Anaphase	The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.	6
1900213371	Telophase	The fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.	7
1900213372	Cytokinesis	The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.	8
1900213406	Concept 12.1 Most Cell Division results in genetically identical daughter cells	...	9
1900213373	Cell Division	The reproduction of cells	10
1900213374	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequence	11
1900213375	Chromosomes	A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	12
1900213376	Chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	13
1900213377	Somatic Cells	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	14
1900213378	Gametes	A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	15
1900213379	Sister Chromatids	Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteis at the centromere and sometimes, along the arms. While joined, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome. Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II	16
1900213380	Centromere	In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome. (An uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has a single centromere, identified by its DNA sequence.)	17
1900213381	How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome?	2	18
1900213407	12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle	...	19
1900213382	mitotic (M) phase	The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.	20
1900213383	interphase	The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.	21
1900213384	mitotic spindle	An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.	22
1900213408	Transformation	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer	23
1900213385	anchorage dependence	The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.	24
1900213386	aster	A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis.	25
1900213409	benign tumor	A mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable of surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor's origin.	26
1900213387	binary fission	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.	27
1900213388	cleavage	(1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells.	28
1900213410	density-dependent inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.	29
1900213411	growth factor	(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.	30
1900213389	kinetochore	A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.	31
1900213412	malignant tumor	A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Malignant tumors can impair the functions of one or more organs.	32
1900213390	Metaphase plate	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.	33
1900213391	Metastasis	The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.	34
1900213413	MPF	Maturation-promoting factor (or M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase.	35
1900213414	origin of replication	Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.	36
1900213415	somatic cell	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	37
1900213416	transformation	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.	38
1900213417	Word Roots: ana-	up, throughout, again (anaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell)	39
1900213418	Word Roots: bi-	two (binary fission: a type of cell division in which a cell divides in half)	40
1900213419	Word Roots: centro-	= the center;	41
1900213420	Word Roots: chroma-	= colored (chromatin: DNA and the various associated proteins that form eukaryotic chromosomes)	42
1900213421	Word Roots: cyclo-	a circle (cyclin: a regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically)	43
1900213422	Word Roots: cyto-	= cell;	44
1900213423	Word Roots: -kinet	= move (cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm)	45
1900213424	Word Roots: gamet-	= a wife or husband (gamete: a haploid egg or sperm cell)	46
1900213425	Word Roots: gen-	= produce (genome: a cell's endowment of DNA)	47
1900213426	Word Roots: inter-	= between (interphase: time when a cell metabolizes and performs its various functions)	48
1900213427	Word Roots: mal-	= bad or evil (malignant tumor: a cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair functions of one or more organs)	49
1900213428	Word Roots: meio-	= less (meiosis: a variation of cell division that yields daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell)	50
1900213429	Word Roots: meta-	between (metaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell, at the metaphase plate)	51
1900213430	Word Roots: mito-	a thread (mitosis: the division of the nucleus)	52
1900213431	Word Roots: pro-	before (prophase: the first mitotic stage in which the chromatin is condensing)	53
1900213432	Word Roots: soma-	body (centrosome: a nonmembranous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules)	54
1900213433	Word Roots: telos-	= an end (telophase: the final stage of mitosis in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun)	55
1900213434	Word Roots: trans-	= across; -form shape (transformation: the process that converts a normal cell into a cancer cell)	56
1900213435	Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis. a plant cell in metaphase. an animal cell in the S phase of the cell cycle. a bacterial cell dividing. an animal cell in the process of cytokinesis.	a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis.	57
1900213436	Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the assembly of micro-tubules, its effectiveness must be related to inhibition of DNA synthesis. suppression of cyclin production. inhibition of regulatory protein phosphorylation. myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow formation. disruption of mitotic spindle formation.	disruption of mitotic spindle formation.	58
1900213437	One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells cannot function properly because they are affected by density-dependent inhibition. are arrested at the S phase of the cell cycle. are unable to synthesize DNA. continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together. are always in the M phase of the cell cycle.	continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together.	59
1900213438	The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is due to decreased synthesis of Cdk. the accumulation of cyclin. the destruction of the protein kinase Cdk. the degradation of cyclin. synthesis of DNA.	the degradation of cyclin.	60
1900213439	In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytoki-nesis. This will result in cells with more than one nucleus. cells lacking nuclei. cells that are unusually small. destruction of chromosomes. cell cycles lacking an S phase.	cells with more than one nucleus.	61
1900213440	Which of the following does not occur during mitosis? condensation of the chromosomes spindle formation separation of the spindle poles separation of sister chromatids replication of the DNA	replication of the DNA	62
1900213441	A particular cell has half as much DNA as some other cells in a mitotically active tissue. The cell in question is most likely in prophase. metaphase. G1. anaphase. G2.	G1.	63
1900213442	The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. Which of the following aspects of the animal cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B? cell elongation during anaphase spindle formation spindle attachment to kinetochores cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis DNA synthesis	cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis	64
1900213443	asexual reproduction	A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.	65
1900213444	How does Mitosis work?	Mitosis makes it possible for organisms to reproduce asexually, by producing cells that carry the same genes as the parent cells. Note that all the chromosomes of the parent cell are replicated and passed on to the offspring cells. An offspring is literally a "chip off the old block" since its cells are genetically identical to those of the parent.	66
1900213445	What is the advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?	Sexual reproduction produces greater genetic variation than asexual reproduction. Each offspring inherits a particular combination of genes from two parents; so many combinations are possible that each offspring is essentially unique, differing from its siblings and both parents.	67
1900213446	sexual reproduction	A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.	68
1900213447	diploid cell	A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.	69
1900213448	haploid cell	A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).	70
1900213449	Meiosis	Meiosis is essential to sex, because it enables each parent to contribute one set of chromosomes-- half the total-- to each diploid offspring.	71
1900213450	What happens in Meiosis I?	In meiosis I homologous chromosomes pair up, and each pair separates, producing two haploid cells with their sister chromatids still joined.	72
1900213451	What happens in Meiosis II?	Meiosis II is like mitosis; sister chromatids separate and four haploid cells are formed. Note that each has half the chromosomes of the parent cell. These cells differ genetically from each other and from the cells of the parents.	73
1900213452	What happens in Interphase?	During the interphase prior to meiosis, chromosomes replicate.	74
1900213453	What is Mitosis?	Cell division that generates new cells for growth and repair. The division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells	75
1900213454	What are the three roles of Mitosis?	Growth Asexual Reproduction Replacement	76
1900213455	What are the 7 Phases of the Cell Cycle?	Interphase -S- Phase -G2 Phase Mitotic Phase -Mitosis -Cytokinesis G1	77
1900213456	What happens in the mitotic phase?	Cell division occurs during this short phase, which generally involves two discrete processes: the contents of the nucleus (mainly the duplicated chromosomes) are evenly distributed to two daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divides in two.	78
1900213457	What happens in the S Phase?	DNA synthesis (or replication) occurs during this phase. At the beginning of the phase, each chromosome is single. At the end, after DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.	79
1900213458	What happens during Interphase?	Typically, this phase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. It is a time of high metabolic activity. The cell grows by producing proteins and organelles, and chromosomes are replicated.	80
1900213459	What happens during mitosis?	This is when division of the nucleus occurs. The chromosomes that have been replicated are distributed to two daughter nuclei.	81
1900213460	What happens during G2?	This third subphase of interphase is a period of metabolic activity and growth. During this phase the cell makes final preparations for division.	82
1900213461	What happens during G1?	This is the portion of the cell cycle just after division, but before DNA synthesis. During this time the cell grows by producing proteins and organelles.	83
1900213462	What happens during cytokinesis?	This is the step in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides in two.	84
1900213463	Of what two processes does cell division consist of?	Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cell division consists of two processes: mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis— division of the nucleus and its chromosomes— is divided into five phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis, when the cytoplasm splits to form two separate daughter cells.	85
1900213464	What happens during prophase?	1. The nucleoli disappear 2. Chromatin fibers coil up to become discrete chromosomes. 3. Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids, joined at the centromere. 4. Microtubules grow out from the centrosomes, initiating formation of the mitotic spindle.	86
1900213465	What happens during prometaphase?	1. The nuclear envelope breaks into fragments. 2. Some of the spindle fibers reach the chromosomes and attach to kinetochores, structures made of proteins and specific sections of DNA at the centromeres. 3. Nonkinetochore microtubules overlap with those coming from the opposite pole.	87
1900213466	What happens during metaphase?	1. The mitotic spindle is fully formed 2. The microtubules attached to kinetochores move the chromosomes to the metaphase plate, an imaginary plane equidistant from the poles.	88
1900213467	What happens during anaphase?	1. The two centromeres of each chromosome come apart, separating the sister chromatids. 2. Once separate, each sister chromatid is considered a full-fledged daughter chromosome. 3. Motor proteins of the kinetochores "walk" the daughter chromosomes along the spindle microtubules toward opposite poles 4. Microtubules shorten. 5. At the same time, the spindle microtubules not attached to chromosomes lengthen, pushing the two poles farther apart and elongating the cell.	89
1900213468	What happens during Telophase?	1. nuclear envelopes form around the identical sets of chromosomes at the two poles of the cell. 2. The chromosomes uncoil 3. Nucleoli appear in the two new nuclei. 4. Meanwhile, cytokinesis begins, splitting the cytoplasm and separating the two daughter cells.	90
1900213469	How is Cytokinesis different in Animal Cells?	In animal cells, cytokinesis begins with the formation of a cleavage furrow. At the site of the furrow, a ring of microfilaments contracts, much like the pulling of drawstrings. The cell is pinched in two, creating two identical daughter cells.	91
1900213470	How is cytokinesis different in plant cells?	In plant cells, cytokinesis begins when vesicles containing cell-wall material collect in the middle of the cell. The vesicles fuse, forming a large sac called the cell plate. The cell plate grows outward until its membrane fuses with the plasma membrane, separating the two daughter cells. The cell plate's contents join the parental cell wall. The result is two daughter cells, each bounded by its own continuous plasma membrane and cell wall.	92
1900213471	G1 Phase	The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.	93
1900213472	S Phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.	94
1900213473	G2 Phase	The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.	95
1900213474	Centrosome	A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.	96
1900213475	Metaphase Plate	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.	97
1900213476	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	98
1900213477	Cell Plate	A membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.	99
1900213478	Binary Fission	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.	100
1900213479	Compare cytokinesis in animal cells and in plant cells	...	101
1900213480	What is the function of nonkinetichore microtubules?	...	102
1900213481	Compare the roles of tubulin and actin during eukaryotic cell division with the roles of tubulin like and actin like proteins during bacterial binary fission	...	103
1900213482	12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated using a molecular control system	...	104
1900213483	Cell cycle control system	A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.	105
1900213392	Checkpoint	A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.	106
1900213393	G0 Phase	A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.	107
1900213394	Cyclin	A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.	108
1900213395	Cyclin-dependent kinases	A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin.	109
1900213484	Growth Factor	(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.	110
1900213485	Density Dependent Inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.	111
1900213486	Anchorage Dependence	The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.	112
1900213487	How does MPF allow a cell to pass the G2 Phase checkpoint and enter mitosis?	...	113
1900213396	What phase are most of your body cells in?	Most body cells are in a nondividing state called G0	114
1900213488	Compare and contrast a benign tumor with a malignant tumor	...	115
1900213489	Differentiate between the terms Chromosome, Chromatin and chromatid	...	116
1900213490	In which of the three subphases of interphase and the stages of mitosis do chromosomes exist as a single DNA molecule?	...	117
1900213491	Explain the significance of the G1, G2, and M checkpoints and the go-ahead signals involved in the cell cycle control system	...	118
1900213492	The person credited with first recognizing (in the 1860s) that living cells cannot arise spontaneously, but arise only from previously existing cells, is _____. ( Overview) Robert Hooke Rudolf Virchow Louis Pasteur Anton van Leeuwenhoek Watson	Rudolf Virchow	119
1900213493	The function of the mitotic cell cycle is to produce daughter cells that _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	are genetically identical to the parent cell (assuming no mutation has occurred)	120
1900213397	The region of a chromosome holding the two double strands of replicated DNA together is called _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	a centromere	121
1900213398	The centromere is a region in which _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	sister chromatids are attached to one another in prophase	122
1900213494	How many maternal chromosomes are present in a somatic human cell not engaged in cell division? (eText Concept 12.1)	23 Human somatic cells contain a total of 46 chromosomes, half of which are maternally derived.	123
1900213399	"Cytokinesis" refers to _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	division of the cytoplasm Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm that follows the mitotic division of the nucleus.	124
1900213495	If a somatic human cell is just about to divide, it has _____ chromatids. (eText Concept 12.2)	92 Correct. Human somatic cells have 92 chromatids just prior to cell division due to the replication of the 46 chromosomes that occurred during the S phase.	125
1900213496	In telophase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle breaks down and the chromatin uncoils. This is essentially the opposite of what happens in _____. (eText Concept 12.2)	Prophase During prophase, we observe the formation of the spindle, the condensation of chromatin, and the disappearance of the nucleolus.	126
1900213497	What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor? (eText Concept 12.3)	Cells of benign tumors do not metastasize; those of malignant tumors do.	127
1900213498	Which of the following is false regarding sister chromatids? ( Concept 12.1) Both of the sister chromatids end up in the same daughter cell after cytokinesis has occurred. Sister chromatids are attached to one another at the centromere. Sister chromatids are separated during mitosis. Sister chromatids are created when DNA is replicated. Sister chromatids form in the S-phase stage of the cell cycle.	Both of the sister chromatids end up in the same daughter cell after cytokinesis has occurred. This statement is false. Each of the sisters ends up in a different cell after cell division.	128
1900213400	The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	chromatin	129
1900213499	A cell entering the cell cycle with 32 chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each with _____. ( Concept 12.1) 64 chromosomes 32 pairs of chromosomes 64 pairs of chromosomes 16 chromosomes None of the listed responses is correct.	None of the listed responses is correct.	130
1900213500	Chromatids are _____. ( Concept 12.1) found only in aberrant chromosomes composed of RNA identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome held together by the centrioles the bacterial equivalent of eukaryotic chromosomes	identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome	131
1900213501	If a cell contains 60 chromatids at the start of mitosis, how many chromosomes will be found in each daughter cell at the completion of the cell cycle? ( Concept 12.2) 120 45 60 30 15	30 At the completion of the cell cycle, each daughter cell will have the same chromosomal complement as the parent cell.	132
1900213401	A biochemist measured the amount of DNA in cells growing in the laboratory and found that the quantity of DNA in the cells doubled _____. (eText Concept 12.2)	between the G1 and G2 phases	133
1900213502	A cell biologist carefully measured the quantity of DNA in grasshopper cells growing in cell culture. Cells examined during the G2 phase of the cell cycle contained 200 units of DNA. What would be the amount of DNA at G1 of the cell cycle in one of the grasshopper daughter cells? (eText Concept 12.2)	100 units	134
1900213402	During interphase, the genetic material of a typical eukaryotic cell is _____. (eText Concept 12.2)	dispersed in the nucleus as long strands of chromatin	135
1900213403	DNA replication occurs in _____. ( Concept 12.2) the G1 phase of interphase in reproductive cells only the cytokinesis portion of the cell's life cycle prophase of both mitosis and meiosis the S phase of interphase in both somatic and reproductive cells metaphase of meiosis only	the S phase of interphase in both somatic and reproductive cells	136
1900213503	Down syndrome is characterized by cells having three copies of chromosome 21. As a cell in an individual with Down syndrome prepares to enter mitosis, how many chromatids would be present? ( Concept 12.2) 23 94 46 98 92	94	137
1900213404	During what phase in the cell cycle would you find the most DNA per cell? (eText Concept 12.2)	G2	138
1900213405	Binary Fission	More than likely mitosis evolved from Binary Fission	139

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1900213364	Cell Cycle	An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell	0
1900213365	Mitosis	A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.	1
1900213366	What are the five stages of mitosis?	PPMAT Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase	2
1900213367	Prophase	The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact.	3
1900213368	Prometaphase	The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.	4
1900213369	Metaphase	The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate.	5
1900213370	Anaphase	The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.	6
1900213371	Telophase	The fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.	7
1900213372	Cytokinesis	The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.	8
1900213406	Concept 12.1 Most Cell Division results in genetically identical daughter cells	...	9
1900213373	Cell Division	The reproduction of cells	10
1900213374	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequence	11
1900213375	Chromosomes	A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	12
1900213376	Chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	13
1900213377	Somatic Cells	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	14
1900213378	Gametes	A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	15
1900213379	Sister Chromatids	Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteis at the centromere and sometimes, along the arms. While joined, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome. Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II	16
1900213380	Centromere	In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome. (An uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has a single centromere, identified by its DNA sequence.)	17
1900213381	How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome?	2	18
1900213407	12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle	...	19
1900213382	mitotic (M) phase	The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.	20
1900213383	interphase	The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.	21
1900213384	mitotic spindle	An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.	22
1900213408	Transformation	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer	23
1900213385	anchorage dependence	The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.	24
1900213386	aster	A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis.	25
1900213409	benign tumor	A mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable of surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor's origin.	26
1900213387	binary fission	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.	27
1900213388	cleavage	(1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells.	28
1900213410	density-dependent inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.	29
1900213411	growth factor	(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.	30
1900213389	kinetochore	A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.	31
1900213412	malignant tumor	A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Malignant tumors can impair the functions of one or more organs.	32
1900213390	Metaphase plate	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.	33
1900213391	Metastasis	The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.	34
1900213413	MPF	Maturation-promoting factor (or M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase.	35
1900213414	origin of replication	Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.	36
1900213415	somatic cell	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	37
1900213416	transformation	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.	38
1900213417	Word Roots: ana-	up, throughout, again (anaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell)	39
1900213418	Word Roots: bi-	two (binary fission: a type of cell division in which a cell divides in half)	40
1900213419	Word Roots: centro-	= the center;	41
1900213420	Word Roots: chroma-	= colored (chromatin: DNA and the various associated proteins that form eukaryotic chromosomes)	42
1900213421	Word Roots: cyclo-	a circle (cyclin: a regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically)	43
1900213422	Word Roots: cyto-	= cell;	44
1900213423	Word Roots: -kinet	= move (cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm)	45
1900213424	Word Roots: gamet-	= a wife or husband (gamete: a haploid egg or sperm cell)	46
1900213425	Word Roots: gen-	= produce (genome: a cell's endowment of DNA)	47
1900213426	Word Roots: inter-	= between (interphase: time when a cell metabolizes and performs its various functions)	48
1900213427	Word Roots: mal-	= bad or evil (malignant tumor: a cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair functions of one or more organs)	49
1900213428	Word Roots: meio-	= less (meiosis: a variation of cell division that yields daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell)	50
1900213429	Word Roots: meta-	between (metaphase: the mitotic stage in which the chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell, at the metaphase plate)	51
1900213430	Word Roots: mito-	a thread (mitosis: the division of the nucleus)	52
1900213431	Word Roots: pro-	before (prophase: the first mitotic stage in which the chromatin is condensing)	53
1900213432	Word Roots: soma-	body (centrosome: a nonmembranous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules)	54
1900213433	Word Roots: telos-	= an end (telophase: the final stage of mitosis in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun)	55
1900213434	Word Roots: trans-	= across; -form shape (transformation: the process that converts a normal cell into a cancer cell)	56
1900213435	Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis. a plant cell in metaphase. an animal cell in the S phase of the cell cycle. a bacterial cell dividing. an animal cell in the process of cytokinesis.	a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis.	57
1900213436	Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the assembly of micro-tubules, its effectiveness must be related to inhibition of DNA synthesis. suppression of cyclin production. inhibition of regulatory protein phosphorylation. myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow formation. disruption of mitotic spindle formation.	disruption of mitotic spindle formation.	58
1900213437	One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells cannot function properly because they are affected by density-dependent inhibition. are arrested at the S phase of the cell cycle. are unable to synthesize DNA. continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together. are always in the M phase of the cell cycle.	continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together.	59
1900213438	The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is due to decreased synthesis of Cdk. the accumulation of cyclin. the destruction of the protein kinase Cdk. the degradation of cyclin. synthesis of DNA.	the degradation of cyclin.	60
1900213439	In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytoki-nesis. This will result in cells with more than one nucleus. cells lacking nuclei. cells that are unusually small. destruction of chromosomes. cell cycles lacking an S phase.	cells with more than one nucleus.	61
1900213440	Which of the following does not occur during mitosis? condensation of the chromosomes spindle formation separation of the spindle poles separation of sister chromatids replication of the DNA	replication of the DNA	62
1900213441	A particular cell has half as much DNA as some other cells in a mitotically active tissue. The cell in question is most likely in prophase. metaphase. G1. anaphase. G2.	G1.	63
1900213442	The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. Which of the following aspects of the animal cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B? cell elongation during anaphase spindle formation spindle attachment to kinetochores cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis DNA synthesis	cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis	64
1900213443	asexual reproduction	A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.	65
1900213444	How does Mitosis work?	Mitosis makes it possible for organisms to reproduce asexually, by producing cells that carry the same genes as the parent cells. Note that all the chromosomes of the parent cell are replicated and passed on to the offspring cells. An offspring is literally a "chip off the old block" since its cells are genetically identical to those of the parent.	66
1900213445	What is the advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?	Sexual reproduction produces greater genetic variation than asexual reproduction. Each offspring inherits a particular combination of genes from two parents; so many combinations are possible that each offspring is essentially unique, differing from its siblings and both parents.	67
1900213446	sexual reproduction	A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.	68
1900213447	diploid cell	A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.	69
1900213448	haploid cell	A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).	70
1900213449	Meiosis	Meiosis is essential to sex, because it enables each parent to contribute one set of chromosomes-- half the total-- to each diploid offspring.	71
1900213450	What happens in Meiosis I?	In meiosis I homologous chromosomes pair up, and each pair separates, producing two haploid cells with their sister chromatids still joined.	72
1900213451	What happens in Meiosis II?	Meiosis II is like mitosis; sister chromatids separate and four haploid cells are formed. Note that each has half the chromosomes of the parent cell. These cells differ genetically from each other and from the cells of the parents.	73
1900213452	What happens in Interphase?	During the interphase prior to meiosis, chromosomes replicate.	74
1900213453	What is Mitosis?	Cell division that generates new cells for growth and repair. The division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells	75
1900213454	What are the three roles of Mitosis?	Growth Asexual Reproduction Replacement	76
1900213455	What are the 7 Phases of the Cell Cycle?	Interphase -S- Phase -G2 Phase Mitotic Phase -Mitosis -Cytokinesis G1	77
1900213456	What happens in the mitotic phase?	Cell division occurs during this short phase, which generally involves two discrete processes: the contents of the nucleus (mainly the duplicated chromosomes) are evenly distributed to two daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divides in two.	78
1900213457	What happens in the S Phase?	DNA synthesis (or replication) occurs during this phase. At the beginning of the phase, each chromosome is single. At the end, after DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.	79
1900213458	What happens during Interphase?	Typically, this phase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. It is a time of high metabolic activity. The cell grows by producing proteins and organelles, and chromosomes are replicated.	80
1900213459	What happens during mitosis?	This is when division of the nucleus occurs. The chromosomes that have been replicated are distributed to two daughter nuclei.	81
1900213460	What happens during G2?	This third subphase of interphase is a period of metabolic activity and growth. During this phase the cell makes final preparations for division.	82
1900213461	What happens during G1?	This is the portion of the cell cycle just after division, but before DNA synthesis. During this time the cell grows by producing proteins and organelles.	83
1900213462	What happens during cytokinesis?	This is the step in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides in two.	84
1900213463	Of what two processes does cell division consist of?	Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cell division consists of two processes: mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis— division of the nucleus and its chromosomes— is divided into five phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis, when the cytoplasm splits to form two separate daughter cells.	85
1900213464	What happens during prophase?	1. The nucleoli disappear 2. Chromatin fibers coil up to become discrete chromosomes. 3. Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids, joined at the centromere. 4. Microtubules grow out from the centrosomes, initiating formation of the mitotic spindle.	86
1900213465	What happens during prometaphase?	1. The nuclear envelope breaks into fragments. 2. Some of the spindle fibers reach the chromosomes and attach to kinetochores, structures made of proteins and specific sections of DNA at the centromeres. 3. Nonkinetochore microtubules overlap with those coming from the opposite pole.	87
1900213466	What happens during metaphase?	1. The mitotic spindle is fully formed 2. The microtubules attached to kinetochores move the chromosomes to the metaphase plate, an imaginary plane equidistant from the poles.	88
1900213467	What happens during anaphase?	1. The two centromeres of each chromosome come apart, separating the sister chromatids. 2. Once separate, each sister chromatid is considered a full-fledged daughter chromosome. 3. Motor proteins of the kinetochores "walk" the daughter chromosomes along the spindle microtubules toward opposite poles 4. Microtubules shorten. 5. At the same time, the spindle microtubules not attached to chromosomes lengthen, pushing the two poles farther apart and elongating the cell.	89
1900213468	What happens during Telophase?	1. nuclear envelopes form around the identical sets of chromosomes at the two poles of the cell. 2. The chromosomes uncoil 3. Nucleoli appear in the two new nuclei. 4. Meanwhile, cytokinesis begins, splitting the cytoplasm and separating the two daughter cells.	90
1900213469	How is Cytokinesis different in Animal Cells?	In animal cells, cytokinesis begins with the formation of a cleavage furrow. At the site of the furrow, a ring of microfilaments contracts, much like the pulling of drawstrings. The cell is pinched in two, creating two identical daughter cells.	91
1900213470	How is cytokinesis different in plant cells?	In plant cells, cytokinesis begins when vesicles containing cell-wall material collect in the middle of the cell. The vesicles fuse, forming a large sac called the cell plate. The cell plate grows outward until its membrane fuses with the plasma membrane, separating the two daughter cells. The cell plate's contents join the parental cell wall. The result is two daughter cells, each bounded by its own continuous plasma membrane and cell wall.	92
1900213471	G1 Phase	The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.	93
1900213472	S Phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.	94
1900213473	G2 Phase	The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.	95
1900213474	Centrosome	A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.	96
1900213475	Metaphase Plate	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.	97
1900213476	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	98
1900213477	Cell Plate	A membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.	99
1900213478	Binary Fission	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.	100
1900213479	Compare cytokinesis in animal cells and in plant cells	...	101
1900213480	What is the function of nonkinetichore microtubules?	...	102
1900213481	Compare the roles of tubulin and actin during eukaryotic cell division with the roles of tubulin like and actin like proteins during bacterial binary fission	...	103
1900213482	12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated using a molecular control system	...	104
1900213483	Cell cycle control system	A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.	105
1900213392	Checkpoint	A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.	106
1900213393	G0 Phase	A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.	107
1900213394	Cyclin	A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.	108
1900213395	Cyclin-dependent kinases	A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin.	109
1900213484	Growth Factor	(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.	110
1900213485	Density Dependent Inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.	111
1900213486	Anchorage Dependence	The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.	112
1900213487	How does MPF allow a cell to pass the G2 Phase checkpoint and enter mitosis?	...	113
1900213396	What phase are most of your body cells in?	Most body cells are in a nondividing state called G0	114
1900213488	Compare and contrast a benign tumor with a malignant tumor	...	115
1900213489	Differentiate between the terms Chromosome, Chromatin and chromatid	...	116
1900213490	In which of the three subphases of interphase and the stages of mitosis do chromosomes exist as a single DNA molecule?	...	117
1900213491	Explain the significance of the G1, G2, and M checkpoints and the go-ahead signals involved in the cell cycle control system	...	118
1900213492	The person credited with first recognizing (in the 1860s) that living cells cannot arise spontaneously, but arise only from previously existing cells, is _____. ( Overview) Robert Hooke Rudolf Virchow Louis Pasteur Anton van Leeuwenhoek Watson	Rudolf Virchow	119
1900213493	The function of the mitotic cell cycle is to produce daughter cells that _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	are genetically identical to the parent cell (assuming no mutation has occurred)	120
1900213397	The region of a chromosome holding the two double strands of replicated DNA together is called _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	a centromere	121
1900213398	The centromere is a region in which _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	sister chromatids are attached to one another in prophase	122
1900213494	How many maternal chromosomes are present in a somatic human cell not engaged in cell division? (eText Concept 12.1)	23 Human somatic cells contain a total of 46 chromosomes, half of which are maternally derived.	123
1900213399	"Cytokinesis" refers to _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	division of the cytoplasm Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm that follows the mitotic division of the nucleus.	124
1900213495	If a somatic human cell is just about to divide, it has _____ chromatids. (eText Concept 12.2)	92 Correct. Human somatic cells have 92 chromatids just prior to cell division due to the replication of the 46 chromosomes that occurred during the S phase.	125
1900213496	In telophase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle breaks down and the chromatin uncoils. This is essentially the opposite of what happens in _____. (eText Concept 12.2)	Prophase During prophase, we observe the formation of the spindle, the condensation of chromatin, and the disappearance of the nucleolus.	126
1900213497	What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor? (eText Concept 12.3)	Cells of benign tumors do not metastasize; those of malignant tumors do.	127
1900213498	Which of the following is false regarding sister chromatids? ( Concept 12.1) Both of the sister chromatids end up in the same daughter cell after cytokinesis has occurred. Sister chromatids are attached to one another at the centromere. Sister chromatids are separated during mitosis. Sister chromatids are created when DNA is replicated. Sister chromatids form in the S-phase stage of the cell cycle.	Both of the sister chromatids end up in the same daughter cell after cytokinesis has occurred. This statement is false. Each of the sisters ends up in a different cell after cell division.	128
1900213400	The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called _____. (eText Concept 12.1)	chromatin	129
1900213499	A cell entering the cell cycle with 32 chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each with _____. ( Concept 12.1) 64 chromosomes 32 pairs of chromosomes 64 pairs of chromosomes 16 chromosomes None of the listed responses is correct.	None of the listed responses is correct.	130
1900213500	Chromatids are _____. ( Concept 12.1) found only in aberrant chromosomes composed of RNA identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome held together by the centrioles the bacterial equivalent of eukaryotic chromosomes	identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome	131
1900213501	If a cell contains 60 chromatids at the start of mitosis, how many chromosomes will be found in each daughter cell at the completion of the cell cycle? ( Concept 12.2) 120 45 60 30 15	30 At the completion of the cell cycle, each daughter cell will have the same chromosomal complement as the parent cell.	132
1900213401	A biochemist measured the amount of DNA in cells growing in the laboratory and found that the quantity of DNA in the cells doubled _____. (eText Concept 12.2)	between the G1 and G2 phases	133
1900213502	A cell biologist carefully measured the quantity of DNA in grasshopper cells growing in cell culture. Cells examined during the G2 phase of the cell cycle contained 200 units of DNA. What would be the amount of DNA at G1 of the cell cycle in one of the grasshopper daughter cells? (eText Concept 12.2)	100 units	134
1900213402	During interphase, the genetic material of a typical eukaryotic cell is _____. (eText Concept 12.2)	dispersed in the nucleus as long strands of chromatin	135
1900213403	DNA replication occurs in _____. ( Concept 12.2) the G1 phase of interphase in reproductive cells only the cytokinesis portion of the cell's life cycle prophase of both mitosis and meiosis the S phase of interphase in both somatic and reproductive cells metaphase of meiosis only	the S phase of interphase in both somatic and reproductive cells	136
1900213503	Down syndrome is characterized by cells having three copies of chromosome 21. As a cell in an individual with Down syndrome prepares to enter mitosis, how many chromatids would be present? ( Concept 12.2) 23 94 46 98 92	94	137
1900213404	During what phase in the cell cycle would you find the most DNA per cell? (eText Concept 12.2)	G2	138
1900213405	Binary Fission	More than likely mitosis evolved from Binary Fission	139

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APag - (14) Forging the National Economy Flashcards

This is America's economy in the works throughout the 19th century.

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432302473	Self-Reliance	Emerson's book on the exaltation of "rugged individualism"	0
432302474	rendezvous	In French, meeting point; beavers of West (France) traded with goods of East (America)	1
432302475	ecological imperialism	humans are targeting animals and their habitats. Raised ecological preservation initiatives like founding of Yellowstone National Park	2
432302476	Ancient Order of Hibernians	Irish secret society to help out the poor and fight injustice	3
432302477	Molly Maguires	Irish secret miners' union	4
432302478	Tammany Hall	Irish man in NY who gained political influence. Got Washington looking more into labor conditions.	5
432302479	Know-Nothing Party	Nativist secret society against immigration	6
432302480	Awful Disclosures (1839)	Mania Monk talks trash about immigration and feeds nativist fervor.	7
432302481	cotton gin	Eli Whitney's magical invention that dramatically increased cotton production.	8
432302482	Patent Office	patents are received, innovations secured with copyright acts.	9
432302483	limited liability	Boston Associates allowed investors to risk no more than they invest.	10
432302484	Commonwealth v. Hunt	a case in which labor unions became legalized.	11
432302485	cult of domesticity	Women's influence in the household.	12
432302486	McCormick reaper	Revolutionized plowing in the fields by replacing manpower with steel-grade technology.	13
432302487	turnpike	toll booth in the borders	14
432302488	Erie Canal	man-made waterway linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic.	15
432302489	clipper ships	American ships known for its compact size and swiftness. Too bad it didn't make the cut against British ships.	16
432302490	Pony Express	The legendary mailing system of ponies and men. Telegraph superseded this.	17
432302491	transportation revolution	Travel and commerce became alight with railroads and steamboats.	18
432302492	market revolution	The market transformed from government charter-regulated to competitive capitalism.	19
432302493	Samuel Slater	introduced factory system. Dubbed "father of the industrial revolution"	20
432302494	Eli Whitney	invented the cotton gin	21
432302495	Elias Howe & Isaac Singer	the two invented the sewing machine.	22
432302496	Samuel F.B. Morse	invented the telegraph	23
432302497	John Deere	invented the steel plow	24
432302498	Cyrus McCormick	invented the McCormick reaper	25
432302499	Robert Fulton	invented the first steamboat.	26
432302500	DeWitt Clinton	oversaw the creation of the Erie Canal	27
432302501	Cyrus Field	laid the first trans-Atlantic telegraph line	28
432302502	John Jacob Astor	millionare fur trader and real estate speculator who left an estate of $30 million on deathbed.	29

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