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America Past & Present Vol. 2; 9th Ed. Chapter 18 Flashcards

History II Exam 2 Prep.

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CH. 10 - Launching the New Ship of State- APUSH American Pageant Flashcards

Chapter 10 Terms from American Pageant, 13th Edition / AP Edition. Mr. Walters AP US History Class, Edison High School, Huntington Beach.

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1760578301	James Madison	Took it upon himself to draft the Bill of Rights, and then drafted them through congress in order to prevent another Constitutional Convention,	0
1760937943	Washington's First Cabinet	Henry Knox as Secretary of War, Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury, and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State	1
1760627887	First Federal Congress	(1789) Made the Bill of Rights and the Judiciary Act of 1789.	2
1760627888	Judiciary Act of 1789	Established structure for the Supreme Court: A chief justice, 5 associates, a federal district, circuit courts. Also established the position of Attorney General.	3
1760627889	John Jay	First Chief Justice, and negotiator in Jay's Treaty. A federalist and anglophile.	4
1760627890	Alexander Hamilton	First Secretary of the Treasury from the British West Indies. A federalist, he advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.	5
1760628896	Assumption	When the government taking on state debts. Was supported by states with massive debts like Massachusetts, but opposed by states with little debt, like Virginia.	6
1760635017	Strict Construction	A theory propelled by Jefferson that all powers not specifically granted to the central government were reserved to the states under the Constitution. Thought the constitution should be interpreted literally, and what the Constitution did not permit it forbade.	7
1760645886	Loose Construction	A theory that held that the constitution has a broad interpretation, and should not be taken literally. What the constitution does not forbid it permits. Invoked the "elastic clause."	8
1760704857	Elastic Clause	A section of the constitution stating that Congress may pass any laws that are "necessary" and "proper." This gave the federal government enormous powers.	9
1760704858	Whiskey Rebellion	(1794) Pennsylvania. Brewers rebelled against high excise taxes, seeing whiskey as a commodity (they used it as currency sometimes) not a luxury. Tax officers were tarred and feathered. Washington harshly crushed the rebellion, bringing both respect and ridicule (by anti-federalists) to his administration.	10
1760704859	Neutrality Proclamation of 1793	Boldly issued by Washington proclaiming the US government's official neutrality, and urging citizens to be so also. This enraged Democratic-Republican Jeffersonians.	11
1760704860	Edmond Genêt	Landed in South Carolina advocating a Franco-American alliance during the French Revolution. He mistakenly thought most Americans opposed the Neutrality Proclamation. He even started arranging troops. After he criticized Washington, he was replaced.	12
1760704861	Miami Confederacy	An alliance of eight native tribes, who terrorized Americans by invading their lands.	13
1760713456	Little Turtle	The leader of the Miami Confederacy, who regarded the Ohio River as the US's Northwestern border.	14
1760746856	Josiah Harmar and Arthur St. Clair	Brutally defeated by Little Turtle in 1790 and 1791.	15
1760786943	"Mad Anthony" Wayne	Led the Battle of Fallen Timbers.	16
1760749065	Battle of Fallen Timbers	(1794) An attack against the natives of the Miami Confederacy led by American General "Mad Anthony" Wayne. The British refused to shelter natives fleeing from the battle, ending the alliance between the Natives and the British. This also led the Natives to offer peace to "Mad Anthony."	17
1760786944	Treaty of Grenville	(1795) August. The Natives gave up much of the "Old Northwest" (most of modern Indiana and Ohio) for $20,000 and had to pay $9000 per year to hunt in the land they ceded. Most importantly, they got recognition of their sovereign status in the territory they managed to retain.	18
1760786945	Jay's Treaty	(1794) John Jay was sent by Washington to negotiate terms after the French Revolution. Hamilton gave the British America's bargaining strategy to avoid war. Jay won few concessions. Britain promised to evacuate the chain of posts on U.S soil, and pay damages for the recent seizures on American ships. U.S had to pay pre revolutionary debts.	19
1760796465	Pinckney's Treaty of 1795	As a result of the recent Jay's treaty between the US and Britain, Spain feared an Anglo-American Alliance. So they hastily granted America the land north of Florida they had greatly disputed, and free navigation of the Mississippi.	20
1760803866	Washington's Farewell	Left a two term tradition for American presidents. He wrote a farewell address, which was published in newspapers September 1796 (His presidency ended March 1797) and advised the United States to avoid forming permanent political alliances and other foreign entanglements.	21
1760813384	XYZ Affair	(1798) A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.	22
1760819374	Talleyrand	Crafty French foreign minister who refused to meet with American envoys in Paris in 1797 (XYZ Affair). He later let it be known that if the Americans would send a new minister, he would be received with proper respect (because the French could not afford another enemy).	23
1760822669	Convention of 1800	AKA Treaty of Mortefontaine. Napoleon invited new American representatives after the XYZ Affair. The old Franco-American Alliance of 1778 was absolved and America agreed to pay damage claims from American shippers.	24
1760886775	Naturalization Act of 1798	A 14 year requirement to vote instead of 5 was initiated by federalists. One of the Alien Acts.	25
1760886776	Alien Laws	Included the 1798 Naturalization Act and gave the president power to deport foreigners in times of peace and imprison foreigners in times of conflict.	26
1760886777	Sedition Acts	(1798) A federalist policy restricting freedom of speech and freedom of the press by saying that anyone impeding government policies or falsely defaming its officers would be arrested and fined.	27
1760886778	Compact Theory	The political theory on which Jefferson and Madison based their antifederalist resolutions declaring that the thirteen sovereign states had created the Constitution. This made the states the final judges if the government had overstepped its constitutional authority.	28
1760886779	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.	29

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Chap 18 America past and present Flashcards

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643401022	What factors influenced the growth of America industry	abundance of natural resources:coal iron timber petroleum waterpower 2labor was abundant 3 expanded markets both national and international 4 European and American investors provided large amounts of capital.5 American system of government committed to the concept of private property and a reluctance o regulate industrial activity.	0
643401023	What 19th century areas saw a revolution	transportation (steamboats and RR) and communications(telegraph )	1
643401024	how did the rr contribute to the social and economic life?	more direct routes 2 greater speed 3 greater safety and confort 4 more dependable schedules and 5 year-round service.	2
643401025	How did the RR use the land that the local and federal government gave them?	Sometimes they sold it which was frequently difficult as it was distant but most often they used it as security for bonds or loans.	3
643401026	Credit Mobilier	a construction company controlled by Union Pacific for kick backs	4
643401027	Finance company	controlled by Central Pacific both companies avoided congressional investigation by bribing	5
643401028	Gauges	the distance between the rails ranging from 4 feet x 8 1/2 inches (which became the standard) to 6 feet	6
643401029	`In the Northeast what were the 4 great trunk lines?	B & O Baltimore and Ohio went to Chicago Erie Railroad went from NY to Chicago New York Central NY to Buffalo and Chicago Pennsylvania Railroad Philadelphia to Pittsburgh; later to Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis and Chicago	7
643401030	How did the RR change time?	in 1883 they divided the contry into four time zones and adopted the modern system of standard time.	8
643974996	first labor union and its goals	several unions of skilled workers united by William H. Sylvis sought long term humanitarian reforms as opposed to bread and butter goals. the National Labor Union did not long survive its founder who died in 1869.	9
643974997	second union, but first to endure was----- and was founded by--- goals?	Uriah S Stephens and a group of Philadelphia garment workers founded the Noble and Holy Order of Knights of Labor, a secret order. Terence V Powderly, elected Grand Master Workman and considered founder, ended secrecy and started recruitment of all workers (women and blacks) the Knights grouped people into two groups, producers and non-producers. Employers were producers and because of the mutual goals of employers and employees, strikes were frowned upon. the Knights worked for 8 hr. day and abolition of child labor. Powderly had even more idealistic goals of making every man his own employer, by having employee owned factories. Membership soared and then crashed about 1890 and the knights were defunct in a few years.	10
643974998	What union still in existance today was founded in 1886, a loose alliance of national craft unions.	American Federation of Labor (AFL) Founder: Samuel Gompers and president until death (in 1924) was pragmatic in that he accepted capitalism and wanted for workers practical considerations; higher wages, shorter hours and better working conditions. To management the AFL offered a stable labor force as long as they obtained fair wages. The most important group in America in 1890. Membership: informal exclusion practices limited or outright denied membership to blacks and women.	11
643974999	iron law of wages	supply and demand (not welfare of worker-today we call it 'living wage) dictated wages.	12
643975000	cour injunction	forbade workers to intetfete with their employers business. Broke the great Pullman strike of 1894	13
643975001	Debs (1895)	Supreme Court Decision upholding the use of the injunction	14
643975002	Holden v. Hardy (1898) Lochner v. New York (1905)	Holden upheld a low limiting working hours for miners because their work was dangerous and long hours might increase injuries. Lochner struck it down for bakery workers because baking was safer and the Court saw no reason to interfere with the right of bakers to sell their labor freely.	15
643975003	great RR strike of 1877	paralyzed RR from West Virginia to California more than 100 died Federal troops had to be called in to suppress it.	16
643975004	Haymarket Square	worst incident worker wanted 8-hr day. Police intervening in a strike at the McCormic Harvester works shot and killed two workers. A protest meeting was called by labor leaders at Haymarket Square (near downtown Chicago). 3000 peaceful protesters were ordered to disperse by police. Someone threw a dynamite bomb killing 1 police and 6 others. Police fired into the crowd killing 4. Labor Radicalism allowed police and armories to increase and allowed Chicago police toy round up 8 anarchist and convict them of murder without evidence. 4--hanged 1--suicide 3--jailed until 1893 when pardoned by governor.	17
643975005	Homestead Strike	1892 Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick (his partner) cut wages nearly 20% at the Homestead steel plant.-workers struck- Management locked them out of plant. Workers surrounded it-Management hired Pinkerton but they were spotted and a gunfight erupted 3 Pinkerton and 10 miners killed. Pennsylvania governor ordered the state militia to impose peace at Homestead. July 23, two weeks later, anarchist, Alexander Berkman shot 2x and stabbed several Frick. called Dr. bandaged wounds and worked till closing time.	18
643975006	America post civil war 1900	Became leading industrial nation in world. National wealth $16 B to $88B	19
643975007	Negative side of industrialization	rapid change, social instability, exploitation of labor, growing disparity in income. Control rested in fewer and fewer hands.	20
643975008	Typical work week in 1900	10hr day-6 day week. Skilled .20 per hour--unskilled .10. Average worker $400-$500 per year. A family of 4 could live decently on $600 per year Safety standards low to non Few holidays or vacations	21
643975009	feminization	a process that occured in professions that women entered; women became the majority-a small number of men took management roles, but most men left for other jobs, lowering the profrssion's status.	22
643975010	What was Menly Park	Menlo Park, New Jersey, the site of Edison's laboratory	23
643975011	wh does one of Edison's phonographs bear his teeth marks?	he was so deaf that he had to lean his head on the machine and/or bite it to "hear" the vibrations passed through his jaw to his inner ear.	24
643975012	why did it take until the late 1800's (1862-4) for Congress to move to build the first transcontinental RR?	Sectional quarrels over the route stopped any action, but with the south out of the picture, actually the transcontinental RR was one of many things Congress was able to move forward on.	25
643975013	Who received the charters?	Union Pacific RR Co. to build westward from Nebraska and Central Pacific RR Co to build eastward from the Pacific Coast.	26
643975014	What were payment arrangements?	Each mile 20 square miles of land in alternate sections 30-year loan of $16,000, $32,000, or $48,000 depending of the difficulty of the terrain.	27
643975015	Who was in charge?	General Grenville M. Dodge construction chier for the Union Pacific and Charles Crocker for Central Pacific crew. He had the more difficult conditions andafter severa experiments he hired 6 thousand Chinese laborers.	28
643975016	when and where did they meet?	May 10, 1869 at Promontory, Utah, near the northern tip of the Great Salt Lake. Dodge 1086 miles Crockers 689	29
643975017	How did America differ from Europe in the financing of the RR?	Europe expected private enterprise to build the RR. American government offered grants as a lure for building across the rugged unsettled West.	30
643975018	How did RR subsidies differ from those to other carriers?	The expected in return for the RR to carry government freight, troops, and mail at substantially reduced rates saving the government of almoat on billion. this was not a requirement pf canals, highways, or airlines.	31
643975019	In an age of 'robber barons' why was Gould looked upon as corrupt?	while many managers attempted to improve service, Gould was famous (or infamous) for watering his stock, milking their assets. and when arranging pooling agreements ( a way to control competition by sharing traffic, a way that was legally unenforceable,a handshake agreement) Gould did not always keep his word.	32
643975020	Self-sustaining systems	a way to consolidate through purchase, lease, and merger thaey attempted to dominate entire regions.	33
643975021	Panic of 1893	1/4 of RR were victims and were bankrupt.	34
644171622	Who rescued the RR	J. Pierpoint Morgan and a few bankers refinanced ailing RR taking control of the industry. by 1900 he was a dominant figure in American RRing.	35
644171623	the industrial empire was based on what industry?	RR and steel	36
644171624	After 1870 what was the worldwide accepted measure of industrial progress?	steel output	37
644171625	Who emerged master of the steel industry?	Andrew Carnegie partners were Henry Clay Frick and Charles M. Schwab	38
644171626	To whom did Carnegie sell his steel works?	J.P. Morgan who combined more than 200 other companys to create United States Steel Corporation.	39
644171627	How did Rockefeller triumphed over his competitors?	By marketing products of high quality at the lowest unit cost. He employed intimidation as well!	40

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The American Pageant - Chapter 14 Flashcards

Chapter 14 Vocab of The American Pageant

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1846093352	Self Reliance	What was the name of Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay describing a defining characteristic of American frontier life?	0
1846093353	Rendezvous System	What was the term for the method of fur trade created on the frontier in the 19th century?	1
1846093354	George Catlin	father of the American park system?	2
1846093358	Commonwealth v. Hunt	What was the Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that legalized labor unions in that state?	3
1846093359	Teaching	What profession became open to women after the tireless work of Catharine Beecher?	4
1846093360	Cult of domesticity	What was the term for the widespread cultural belief that glorified women as homemakers?	5
1846093361	John Deere	Who was the American innovator who produced an effective steel plow?	6
1846093362	Lancaster Turnpike	What was the first profitable private major road in America?	7
1846093363	National (Cumberland) Road	What was the only national interstate constructed prior to the American Civil War?	8
1846093364	Clipper ships	What was the name of the long, narrow, sail laden craft that sacrificed cargo space for speed?	9
1846093365	Pony Express	What was the mail delivery system established in 1860 to provide postal service from Missouri to California?	10
1846093366	Transportation Revolution	What is the term for the period in which turnpikes, canals, and railroads emerged that transformed the American economy?	11
1846093367	Market Revolution	What is the term for the period in which American was transformed from a subsistence economy of scattered farms and workshops into a national network of industry and commerce?	12
1846093368	American Dream	What is the term for the ability to move up the class system from poverty to wealth that the text states is often exaggerated in American legend?	13
1846136806	Samuel Slater	"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.	14
1846136807	Cyrus McCormick	United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical harvester (1809-1884)	15
1846136808	Eli Whitney	An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged	16
1846136809	Carl Schurz	He was a German immigrant who fought for political freedom in his home country, and against slavery and unfair treatment of the Native Americans in America	17
1846136810	Robert Fulton	American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)	18
1846136811	DeWitt Clinton	Governor of New York who began the Erie Canal project	19
1846136812	Catherine Beecher	A writer and lecturer, she worked on behalf of household arts and education of the young. She established two schools for women and emphasized better teacher training. She opposed women's suffrage.	20
1846136813	industrial revolution	A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods	21
1846136814	limited liability	A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.	22
1846136815	nativism	An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.	23
1846136816	Clermont	Fulton's steamboat	24
1846155183	Ancient Order of Hiberians	Semisecret Irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding Irish immigrants in America	25
1846155184	Boston Associates	15 Boston families that dominated textile, railroad, insurance, and banking industries	26
1846155185	Molly Maguires	An active, militant Irish organization of farmers based in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal fields who are believed responsible for much violence	27
1846155186	General Incorporation Law	allows corporations to be formed without a charter from the legislature. It also refers to a law enabling a certain type of corporation, such as a railroad, to exercise eminent domain and other special rights without a charter from the legislature.	28
1846155187	Commonwealth v Hunt	Massachusetts supreme court case that ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies	29
1846155188	Tammany Hall	Political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed.	30
1846155189	Order of the Star-Spangled Banner	was an oath-bound secret society in NYC created by Charles Allen in 1849 to protest the rise of the Irish, Roman Catholic, and German immigration into the U.S. They were also known as the "Know-nothings" because they kept the society a secret.	31
1846155190	sewing machine	Elias Howe invented this machine in 1846, which would very quickly be replaced by Isaac Merrit Signer	32

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Aphug Religion Test Questions Flashcards

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1150578966	with respect to the relationship between culture, religion, and the physical environment	religious ideas may be responsible for some of the changes people make in the physical environment	0
1150578967	which of the following best describes the situation of religion in tibet?	its spiritual leader is in exile and the government discourages observance	1
1150578968	religion is a particularly good example of tension between globalization and local diversity because	religion represents core cultural values and beliefs that may conflict with others	2
1150578969	a large and fudamental divison within. religion is a	branch	3
1150578970	an ethnic religion is	appealing mostly to one group of people in one place	4
1150578971	a relatively small group that has broken away from an established church is a	sect	5
1150578972	a universalizing religion	appeals to people living in a wide variety of locations	6
1150578973	the worlds largest ethnic religion is	hinduism	7
1150578974	which is a branch of christianity	eastern orthodox	8
1150578975	almost 90 percent of people in the western hemisphere claim adherence to	christianity	9
1150578976	which characteristics distinguishes religion in latin america from north america	having a roman catholic majority	10
1150578977	baptists are clustered in the ________ United States	southern	11
1150578978	Lutherans are clustered in the ________ United states	upper midwestern	12
1150578979	roman catholics are clustered in the _______ United states	northeastern and southwestern	13
1150578980	roman catholics are clustered in the u.s. southwest primarily because of migration of	roman catholics from latin america	14
1150578981	which of the following is not a universalizing religion	judaism	15
1150578982	eastern orthodoxy is an example of a christian	branch	16
1150578983	lutheranism is an example of christian	denomination	17
1150578984	muslims are clustered in	the middle east	18
1150578985	the dominant branch of islam is	sunni	19
1150578986	the dominant branch of islam in iran is	shiite	20
1150578987	what is the holiest book in hinduism	none of the above	21
1150578988	mahayanists, in contrast tp theravadists, emphasize buddha's	compassion	22
1150578989	adherents of which religion are also likely to believe in other religions simultaneously?	buddhism	23
1150578990	animists believe that	inanimate objects and natural events have spirits	24
1150578991	which is not an ethnic asian religion?	buddhism	25
1150578992	especially important in confucianism is to	perform public servic	26
1150578993	especially importamt im daoism is to	reflect on the mystical and magival aspects of life	27
1150578994	the belief in the existence of only one god is	monotheism	28
1150578995	followers of which relgious branch do not trace their origin to abraham?	mahayana	29
1150578996	judaism is classified as an ethnic rather than a universalizing religion, primarily because	its rituals derive from the agricultural cycle in israel	30
1150578997	christianity first diffused from its hearth through	relocation diffusion	31
1150578998	adherents of which religion controlled much of present-day spain until 1592, but now since then?	Islam	32
1150578999	which of the following is currently the most important religion in the homeland of man who founded it?	Islam	33
1150579000	Unlike other universalizing relgions, buddhism	remained concentrated in one region of the world	34
1150579001	the agricultural calandar is relatively unimportant to which type of religions?	universalizing	35
1150579002	for most of the past 2000 years, most jews have been	dispersed around the world	36
1150579003	the concept of a ghetto originally referred to the area of a city	where jews were forced to live	37
1150579004	beliefs concerning the origin of the universe are	cosmogony	38
1150579005	which ethnic religion follows a lunar calemdar	judaism	39
1150579006	the people of quebec are distinguished from residents of neighboring canadian provinces and the united states because they	frequently use religious topynyms	40
1150579007	which is not a characteristic pf a hierarchial religion?	it encourages each congregation to be self-sufficient	41
1150579008	a mosque differs from a church because a mosque	is not a sanctified place	42
1150579009	worship in hinduism is most likely to take place	at home	43
1150579010	cremation is more important tham burial in which religion?	hinduism	44
1150579011	protestants in ireland are	highly clustered in ome part of the island	45
1150579012	the goal of the majority of people living in northern ireland is to	remain part of the united kingdom	46
1150579013	hinduism's caste system	assigns everyone to a distinct class	47
1150579014	the united nations partition plan dividing palestine placed jerusalem under	united nations administration	48
1150579015	the situation in northern ireland is a result of	all of the above: counties in northern ireland voting to remain in uk, catholic protest against discrimination by protestants, british colonial control whcih contributed to poor economic conditions, violence commited by extreme partisans on both sides	49
1150579016	palestinians include all but which of the following groups?	jewish citizens of israel	50
1150579017	israel has controlled all of jerusalem since	the six-day war in 1967	51
1150579018	adherents of which religion have controlled the holy land for most of the past 1500 years	islam	52
1150579019	jerusalems geography represents a particularly difficult religious conflict to resolve because	sacred sites to jews and muslims are literally built one on top the other	53
1150579020	which religion is one of the three most important in lebanon	druze	54
1150579021	which of these penalties were imposed by the taliban in afghanistan?	all of the above: men were beaten for shaving their beards, homosexuals were buried alive, prostitues were hanged in public, and men were stoned for commiting adultery, thieves hands were cut off, and women with nail polish had their fingers cut off.	55
1150579022	the barrier between israel and the west bank	has been ruled as illegal by both israeli and internation courts	56
1150579023	what policy did the british follow in india?	they encouraged the abolishment of the caste system	57
1150579024	from the russian revolution to the fall of the communist government, what was the policy of the government towards religion?	churches remaines open but played a limited role	58
1150579025	the worlds latges universalizing religion is	christianity	59

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards

Vocabulary: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent, oxidizing agent, redox reaction, electron transport chain, NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), glycolysis, Kreb cycle (citric acid cycle), oxidative phosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase, cytochromes, proton-motive force, obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, beta oxidation, biosynthesis
Objectives: After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define cellular respiration.
a. State which organisms undergo cellular respiration.
b. Distinguish between the site of cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.
c. Distinguish between the terms aerobic and anaerobic.
d. Write the general chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration.
e. Write the general chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
f. Write the general chemical equation for alcohol fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
2. Relating to cellular energy:
a. Explain the chemical energy relationship between glucose and ATP.
b. Explain the chemical energy role of ATP in driving cellular reactions.
c. Describe the structure of ATP, ADP, and AMP.
d.Explain why ATP is considered the "energy currency" of the cell and glucose is not.
e. State how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during:
* aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells
* aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells
* fermentation
3. Describe the making of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
4. Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis):
a. Define oxidation and reduction and describe the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
b.

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1632109545	Explain concept 9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels	Catabolic pathways are a set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy	0
1632109546	Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration	Both processes include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidated phosphorylation. In aerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is molecular oxygen O2; in anaerobic respiration the final electron Accceptor is a different substance.	1
1632109547	Describe the difference between the two processes in cellular respiration that produce ATP: oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation	Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration come from oxidative phosphorylation, in which the energy released from redox reactions in an electron transport chain is used to produce ATP. In substrate level phosphorylation, an enzyme dirctly transfers a phosphate group to ADP fro an intermediate substrate. All ATP production in glycolysis occurs by substrate-level phosphorylation, this form of ATP production also occurs at one step in the citric acid cycle.	2
1632109648	Explain concept 9.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate	...	3
1632109548	During the redox reaction in glycolysis, which molecule acts as the oxidizing agent? Which molecule acts as the reducing agent?	NAD+ acts as the oxidizing agent in step 6, accepting electrons from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which thus acts as the reducing agent	4
1632109549	During the redox reaction in glycolysis, Which molecule acts as the reducing agent?	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which acts as the reducing agent	5
1632109649	What is the source of energy for the formation of ATP and NADH in glycolysis?	The oxidation of the three carbon sugar glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, yields energy. In this oxidation, electrons and H+ are transferred to NAD+, forming NADH, and a phosphate group is attached to the oxidized substrate. ATP is then formed b y substrate level phosphorylation when this phosphate group is transferred to ADP	6
1632109550	Explain concept 9.3: After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy yielding oxidation of organic molecules	...	7
1632109650	Name the molecules that conserve most of the energy from the citric acid cycle's redox reactions. How is this energy converted to a form that can be used to make ATP?	NADH and FADH2; they will donate electrons to the electron transport chain	8
1632109551	What processes in your cells produce the CO2 that you exhale	CO2 is released from the pyruvate that is the end product of glycoloysis, and CO2 is also released during the citric acid cycle	9
1632109552	What molecular products indicate the complete oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration?	...	10
1632109553	Explain concept 9.4: During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis	...	11
1632109651	What effect would an absence of O2 have on the process shown in figure 9.15?	...	12
1632109652	Briefly explain the mechanism by which ATP synthase produces ATP. List three locations in which ATP synthases are found.	...	13
1632109653	Explain concept 9.5: Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen	...	14
1632109554	Consider the NADH formed during glycolysis. What is the final acceptor for its electrons during fermentation?	...	15
1632109555	Consider the NADH formed during glycolysis. What is the final acceptor for its electrons during aerobic respiration?	...	16
1632109556	Which process yields more ATP, fermentation, or anaerobic respiration?	...	17
1632109557	Explain concept 9.6: Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways	...	18
1632109558	Compare the structure of a fat with that of a carbohydrate, what features of their structure make fat a much better fuel?	...	19
1632109559	Under what circumstances might your body synthesize fat molecules	...	20
1632109560	Describe how catabolic pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intersect with anabolic pathways in the metabolism of a cell.	...	21
1632109561	As it pertains to cellular respiration, state which organisms undergo cellular respiration.	...	22
1632109562	As it pertains to cellular respiration, distinguish between the site of cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.	ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.	23
1632109563	As it pertains to cellular respiration, distinguish between the terms aerobic and anaerobic.	...	24
1632109564	As it pertains to cellular respiration, write the general chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration.	...	25
1632109565	As it pertains to cellular respiration, write the general chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.	...	26
1632109566	As it pertains to cellular respiration, write the general chemical equation for alcohol fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.	...	27
1632109567	Relating to cellular energy: explain the chemical energy relationship between glucose and ATP.	...	28
1632109568	Relating to cellular energy: explain the chemical energy role of ATP in driving cellular reactions.	...	29
1632109569	Relating to cellular energy: describe the structure of ATP, ADP, and AMP.	...	30
1632109570	Relating to cellular energy: explain why ATP is considered the "energy currency" of the cell and glucose is not.	...	31
1632109571	Relating to cellular energy: state how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells	...	32
1632109572	Relating to cellular energy: state how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells	...	33
1632109573	Relating to cellular energy: state how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during fermentation	...	34
1632109574	Describe the making of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.	...	35
1632109575	Describe how organic molecules other than glucose (specifically proteins, fats, and nucleic acids) can be a source of energy by being broken down and used during glycolysis, the transition reaction, or the Krebs cycle.	...	36
1632109654	Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): define oxidation and reduction and describe the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.	...	37
1632109576	Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate the redox reactions of an electron transport chain to the active transport of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane.	...	38
1632109577	Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate the active transport of H+ ions across a membrane to the formation of an electrochemical gradient.	...	39
1632109655	Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate the electrochemical gradient to the facilitated diffusion of H+ ions across a membrane.	...	40
1632109656	Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate facilitated diffusion of H+ ions through the ATP synthase protein channel to the making of ATP.	...	41
1632109578	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the molecules ATP and NADH and distinguish between the different energy-storing roles of each.	...	42
1632109657	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the process of glycolysis, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced.	...	43
1632109579	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the process of the transition reaction, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced.	...	44
1632109658	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the process of the Krebs cycle, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced, and explain why the Krebs cycle is considered a cycle.	...	45
1632109659	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the roles of NADH, FADH2, and O2 in the electron transport chain part of oxidative phosphorylation	...	46
1632109660	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: show the relationship between the electron transport chain, active transport, and facilitated diffusion in the oxidative phosphorylation process of making ATP.	...	47
1632109580	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: state the specific locations of glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidative-phosphorylation process in eukaryotic cells.	...	48
1632109581	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: state the specific locations of glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidative-phosphorylation process in prokaryotic cells.	...	49
1632109661	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: state the number of ATPs produced during glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidative-phosphorylation process.	...	50
1632109582	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: explain why aerobic cellular respiration results in 36 ATPs per glucose in eukaryotic cells and 38 ATPs per glucose in prokaryotic cells.	...	51
1632109583	Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: relate glycolysis to lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.	...	52
1632109662	Fermentation	Partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen	53
1632109663	Aerobic Respiration	Catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel	54
1632109664	Cellular Respiration	Includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes	55
1632109665	Redox Reactions	A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction-oxidation reaction	56
1632109666	Oxidation	The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction	57
1632109667	Reduction	The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction	58
1632109668	Reducing Agent	The electron donor in a redox reaction	59
1632109669	Oxidizing Agent	The electron receptor in a redox reaction	60
1632109670	NAD+	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier.	61
1632109671	Electron Transport Chain	A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP	62
1632109672	Glycolysis	A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration	63
1632109584	The Citric Acid Cycle	A chemical cycle involving eight steps taht completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidyzing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon diozide; occcurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second majoy stage in cellular respiration.	64
1632109673	Oxidative Phosphorylation	The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration	65
1632109674	Substrate-level phosphorylation	The enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism	66
1632109675	Acetyl CoA	Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.	67
1632109676	Cytochromes	An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells	68
1632109677	ATP Synthase	A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.	69
1632109678	Chemiosmosis	An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work; such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.	70
1632109679	Protonmotive Force	The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.	71
1632109680	Alcohol Fermentation	Glycolysis followed by the reduction pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide	72
1632109681	Lactic Acid Fermentation	Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of of carbon dioxide.	73
1632109682	Obligate Anaerobes	An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. cannot use oxygen and may be poisoned by it	74
1632109683	Facultative Anaerobes	An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present	75
1632109684	Beta Oxidation	A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA	76
1632109585	In cellular respiration, where does Glycolysis occur?	In the cytosol	77
1632109685	What is pyruvate?	- The end product of glycolysis -The first step in cellular respiration - Stands in the junction between anaerobic and aerobic pathways	78
1632109586	The Citric Acid Cycle also known as the Krebs cycle serves what purpose?	...	79
1632109587	OIL RIG	Oxidation is Loss of Electrons (OIL) RIG (Reduction is a Gain of Electrons)	80
1632109588	Which process or processes return carbon to the atmosphere?	Cellular Respiration	81
1632109589	What are the 4 major steps of cellular respiration?	1.Glycolysis- (occurs in the cytosol) 2. Pyruvate Oxidation - Formation of Acetyl Co-enzyme A (occurs in the mitochondrion) 3. TCA/Kreb's Cycle/ Citric Acid Cycle 4. Oxidative phosphorylation - Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis - (occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion)	82
1632109590	In the Cellular Respiration Process, which coenzymes is an electron carrier?	NADH and FADH2	83
1632109591	How many ATP are produced by the citric acid cycle for each molecule of glucose?	2	84
1632109592	What is the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.	glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain	85
1632109593	What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?	C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy	86
1632109594	What is the correct basic equation for cellular respiration?	Glucose + 6 Oxygen leads to 6 Carbon Dioxide +6 Water + 1 ATP	87
1632109595	Which of the part of the cellular respiration process takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?	Glycolysis	88
1632109596	In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?	The Mitochondrion	89
1632109597	How would you describe glycolysis?	This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.	90
1632109598	How would you describe the citric acid cycle	This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.	91
1632109599	How would you describe the electron transport chain?	This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration	92
1632109600	Which part of a eukaryotic cell is involved in cellular respiration?	Mitochondria	93
1632109601	Glucose and _______ are consumed during cellular respiration	Oxygen	94
1632109602	In a eukaryotic cell, most of the ATP derived from glucose during cellular respiration is produced by ...	The Electron Transport Chain	95
1632109603	How much does a single glucose molecule produce in glycoloysis alone?	a single glucose molecule in glycolysis produces a total of: 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of water	96
1632109604	The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the	H+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase.	97
1632109605	Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?	glycolysis	98
1632109606	In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions	provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient.	99
1632109607	The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is	oxygen.	100
1632109608	What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H+ S Lactate + NAD+	pyruvate	101
1632109609	When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs? ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport. The pH of the matrix increases.	The pH of the matrix increases.	102
1632109610	Most CO2 from catabolism is released during	the citric acid cycle.	103
1632109611	A molecule becomes more oxidized when it _	Loses an electron. During oxidation, an electron is removed.	104
1632109612	In the overall process of glycolysis and cellular respiration, _____ is oxidized and _____ is reduced.	glucose ... oxygen In cellular respiration, electrons and hydrogen are removed from glucose and added to oxygen.	105
1632109613	Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration comes from which of the following processes?	...	106
1632109614	Which of the following is a correct description of the events of cellular respiration and the sequence of events in cellular respiration? (eText Concept 9.1) oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; reduction of pyruvate; TCA cycle; oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis; oxidative phosphorylation; TCA cycle; oxidation of pyruvate. oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidation of pyruvate; oxidation of acetyl-coA; oxidative phosphorylation oxidation of pyruvate; TCA cycle; oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis; reduction of pyruvate; TCA cycle; oxidative phosphorylation	1. oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; 2. oxidation of pyruvate; 3. oxidation of acetyl-coA; 4. oxidative phosphorylation	107
1632109615	Oxygen gas (O2) is one of the strongest oxidizing agents known. The explanation for this is that _____. (eText Concept 9.1) oxygen gas contains a double bond oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration the oxygen atom is very electronegative oxygen is so abundant in the atmosphere oxygen gas is composed of two atoms of oxygen	The oxygen atom is very electronegative. The high electronegativity of the oxygen atom is the reason that oxygen is such a good oxidizing agent (why it can oxidize so many compounds).	108
1632109616	The function of cellular respiration is to _____. (eText Concept 9.1) reduce CO2 produce carbohydrates extract CO2 from the atmosphere synthesize macromolecules from monomers extract usable energy from glucose	Extract usable energy from glucose. The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway is cellular respiration, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant, along with the organic fuel (frequently glucose).	109
1632109617	During the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, which compound is reduced as a result of the reaction? (eText Concept 9.1) carbon dioxide oxygen water glucose both glucose and carbon dioxide	oxygen	110
1632109618	Each ATP molecule contains about 1% of the amount of chemical energy available from the complete oxidation of a single glucose molecule. Cellular respiration produces about 32 ATP from one glucose molecule. What happens to the rest of the energy in glucose? (eText Concept 9.1) It is converted to starch. It is converted to heat. It is released as carbon dioxide and water It is stored as fat. It is used to make water from hydrogen ions and oxygen.	It is converted to heat.	111
1632109619	A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis by which of the following processes? (eText Concept 9.1) transfer of electrons and hydrogen atoms to NAD+ transport of electrons through a series of carriers attachment of a free inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to ADP to make ATP transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation harnessing energy from the sun	Transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation	112
1632109620	Where do the reactions of glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell? (eText Concept 9.1) the cytosol across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion the matrix of the mitochondrion in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion the inner membrane of the mitochondrion	Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.	113
1632109621	Most of the NADH that delivers electrons to the electron transport chain comes from which of the following processes? (eText Concept 9.3) substrate-level phosphorylation the citric acid cycle glycolysis anabolic pathways oxidative phosphorylation	The citric acid cycle Both NADH and FADH2 are produced during the citric acid cycle.	114
1632109622	In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occurs? (eText Concept 9.3) Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated, and the removed electrons are used to reduce an NAD+ to an NADH. Pyruvate is reduced and decarboxylated, and the resulting electrons oxidize an NAD+ to an NADH Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated, and the resulting electrons are donated to NADH to produce NAD+. Pyruvate is reduced to acetyl-coA, which involves the reduction of pyruvate, the addition of a carbon dioxide from the environment, and its reduction by NADH. Pyruvate is ionized directly to acetyl-coA.	Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated, and the removed electrons are used to reduce an NAD+ to an NADH.	115
1632109623	Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle? (eText Concept 9.3)	The four-carbon acid that accepts the acetyl CoA in the first step of the cycle is regenerated by the last step of the cycle.	116
1632109624	In the citric acid cycle, for each pyruvate that enters the cycle, one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2 are produced. For each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, how many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cycle? (eText Concept 9.3)	two ATP, six NADH, two FADH2	117
1632109625	Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?	The matrix of the mitochondrion The citric acid cycle, which takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, completes the degradation of glucose.	118
1632109626	How many molecules of ATP are gained by substrate-level phosphorylation from the complete breakdown of a single molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen? (eText Concept 9.3)	Four There is a net gain of two ATP from glycolysis and one per each molecule of acetyl CoA oxidized in the citric acid cycle for a total of four per glucose.	119
1632109627	What is the major (but not the only) energy accomplishment of the citric acid cycle? (eText Concept 9.3)	The formation of NADH and FADH2 Each turn of the citric acid cycle releases carbon dioxide, forms one ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, and passes electrons to three NAD+ and one FAD.	120
1632109628	After completion of the citric acid cycle, most of the usable energy from the original glucose molecule is in the form of _____.	NADH The citric acid cycle produces three NADH per turn of the cycle.	121
1632109629	Which of the following accompanies the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA before the citric acid cycle? (eText Concept 9.3) regeneration of NAD+ removal of coenzyme A release of CO2 and synthesis of NADH formation of CO2 and synthesis of ATP release of CO2 and release of coenzyme A	release of CO2 and synthesis of NADH	122
1632109630	If significant amounts of materials are removed from the citric acid cycle to produce amino acids for protein synthesis, which of the following will result? (eText Concept 9.6) Less ATP will be produced by the cell. Less CO2 will be produced by the cell. The four-carbon compound that combines with acetyl CoA will have to be made by some other process. The first two answers are correct. The first three answers are correct.	The first three answers are correct.	123
1632109631	A gram of fat oxidized by respiration produces approximately twice as much ATP as a gram of carbohydrate. Which of the following best explains this observation? (eText Concept 9.6) Fats are better electron donors to oxygen than are sugars. Fats do not form true macromolecules as sugars do. Fats are closely related to lipid molecules, the basic building blocks of cellular membranes. Fats are less soluble in water than sugars. Fats are produced when cells take in more food than they need.	Fats are better electron donors to oxygen than are sugars. Correct. Fats contain more hydrogen and less oxygen than sugars—it is the transfer of electrons from good donors such as hydrogen atoms to good acceptors such as oxygen that provides the energy in respiration.	124
1632109632	When protein molecules are used as fuel for cellular respiration, _____ are produced as waste. (eText Concept 9.6) ethanol and CO2 molecules of lactate fatty acids amino groups sugar molecules	amino groups The amino group is a residual product of amino acid catabolism.	125
1632109633	Of the metabolic pathways listed below, which is the only pathway found in all organisms? (eText Concept 9.5) the electron transport chain cellular respiration fermentation the citric acid cycle glycolysis	glycolysis Ancient prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP long before oxygen was present in Earth's atmosphere. Glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway.	126
1632109634	If muscle cells in the human body consume O2 faster than it can be supplied, which of the following is likely to result? (eText Concept 9.5) The muscle cells will have more trouble making enough ATP to meet their energy requirements. The cells will not be able to carry out oxidative phosphorylation. The cells will consume glucose at an increased rate. Only the first two answers are correct. The first three answers are correct.	The first three answers are correct. The muscle cells will have more trouble making enough ATP to meet their energy requirements. The cells will not be able to carry out oxidative phosphorylation. The cells will consume glucose at an increased rate.	127
1632109635	In brewing beer, maltose (a disaccharide of glucose) is _____.	the substrate for alcoholic fermentation	128
1632109636	In glycolysis in the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound? (eText Concept 9.5)	NAD+	129
1632109637	Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of which of the following compounds? (eText Concept 9.5)	lactate. In humans, muscle cells switch to lactate fermentation after becoming anaerobic.	130
1632109638	Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step _____. (eText Concept 9.5)	enables the cell to recycle the reduced NADH to oxidized NAD+	131
1632109639	During respiration in eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in or on the _____. (eText Concept 9.4)	inner membrane of the mitochondrion	132
1632109640	Which of the following is the source of the energy that produces the chemiosmotic gradient in mitochondria? (eText Concept 9.4)	Electrons moving down the electron transport chain	133
1632109641	Which of the following best describes the electron transport chain? (eText Concept 9.4) Acetyl CoA is fully oxidized to CO2. Glucose is broken down to a three-carbon compound in preparation for the citric acid cycle. Electrons are passed from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step. Hydrogen atoms are added to CO2 to make an energy-rich compound. Electrons are pumped across a membrane by active transport.	Electrons are passed from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step.	134
1632109642	During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used for which of the following purposes? (eText Concept 9.4) at the end of glycolysis to oxidize pyruvate at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to split a carbon from pyruvate, producing CO2 as a source of O2 in every reaction that produces CO2 at the end of the citric acid cycle to regenerate citric acid	at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O	135
1632109643	Word Roots: aero-	air (aerobic: chemical reaction using oxygen)	136
1632109644	Word Roots: an-	not (anaerobic: chemical reaction not using oxygen)	137
1632109645	Word Roots: chemi-	chemical (chemiosmosis: the production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen ion gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP)	138
1632109646	Word Roots: glyco-	sweet;	139
1632109647	Word Roots: -lysis	split (glycolysis: the splitting of glucose into pyruvate)	140

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Early America- Actions of the 1st Congress to Effects of the War of 1812 (chapter 6 Flashcards

War of 1812 trtack star
lewis and Clark: The Great Journey West
Precedents by George Washington
Adams FOreign Policy Questions
Washington's Farewell Address
Hamilton's Plan

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1425102575	precedent	(civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions	1
1425102576	Cabinet	A group of advisers to the president.	2
1425102577	tariff	A government tax on imports or exports	3
1425102578	strict construction	A judicial philosophy that looks to the "letter of the law" when interpreting the Constitution or a particular statute.	4
1425102579	loose construction	Belief that the government can do anything that the Constitution does not prohibit	5
1425102580	elastic clause	you can do anything not forbode	6
1425102581	Whiskey Rebellion	response to Hamilton's tax on whiskey, PA farmers refused to pay tax, washington shot down because the farmers werent organized	7
1425102582	political party	A group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy	8
1425102583	Democratic Republican	Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank	9
1425102584	XYZ Affair	-foreign Minister for France's Agents -France demanded a loan and apology from Adams for saying anti French things -Adams publicized this swaying the public to dislike France	10
1425102585	Alien and Sedition Acts	-Congress with adams passed to help efforts(raised time to become citizen to 14 years =longer time to vote) -"disloyal"imigrants arrested and deported	11
1425102586	Virginia and Kentucky Resoluton	-Written by Jefferson and Madison (response to Alien and sedition acts) -created state's right theory -Delared alien and sedition acts illegal	12
1425102587	bureauucracy	nonelected government officials	13
1425102588	judicial review	Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws	14
1425102589	Marbury vs Madison	-one of the most important supreme court cases ever and established judicial review -	15
1425102590	John Marshell	Served for 35 years as chief justice	16
1425102591	Louisiana Purchase	1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US. 4 cense an acer	17
1425102592	Lewis and Clark Expedition	1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition traveled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.	18
1425102593	Barbary War	Jefferson response to pirate attacks on USA trading ships on north african coast, after failing to achieve most military objectives administration sighned 1805 treaty ending war	19
1426336391	impressment	British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service	20
1426336392	embargo	A ban on trade	21
1426336393	battle of Tippecanoe	Native Americans led by Tecumseh resist American expansion; American victory weakens Native American movement	22
1426336394	War Hawks	young members of congress took the lead in calling for war a (JM), Henry Clay and Calhoun, one of the members of congress from the south and the west who called for war with Britian prior to the war of 1812	23
1426336395	War of 1812	Americans blame Britain for various problems; War strengthens national unity; defeat of Native Americans open up vast lands for settlements.	24
1426336396	"The Star-Spangled Banner"	-wrote by franscis scott key - written in response to british attacking for mcennly	25
1426336397	Battle of New Orleans	A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.	26
1426336398	Treaty of Ghent (neglogators, final terms of treaty)	- neglogators:Henry Clay, Jo Nathan, Russel, John Quincy dams, Albert Gallatin, Hames Aston Bayard -REturn to same status before war but without obression	27
1426556028	Hartford Convention	Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence	28
1426556029	Federal Judiciary Act of 1789	The act that created a court system and divided authority between the state and federal courts	29
1426556030	Capitalism	An economic system based on private ownership of capital	30
1426669943	George Washington (precedent, and farewell address)	-set bar high in office, stopped after 2nd term -farewell adress: don't form alliances, don't have political parties	31
1426669944	John Jay	1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington	32
1426669945	Aaron Burr	Jefferson's Vice President; killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel, moved to louisianna and tried to start his own country	33
1426669946	John Adams	2nd president of united states of america, a french delegate	34
1426669947	Thomas Jefferson	-3rd president, negotiated the louisiana purchase and sent Lew and Clark on expedition -liked limited government	35
1426669948	Alexander Hamilton	1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.	36
1426669949	James Madison	"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.	37
1426669950	Andrew Jackson	(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process. (7th president)	38
1426669951	William Henry Harrison	9th president of the united states an American military officer and politician and the first president to die in office	39
1426669952	Francis Scott Key	wrote Star spangled banner and went to saint johns	40
1426669953	Henry Clay	A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.	41
1426669954	Meriwether Lewis	Army captain appointed by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory and lands west to the Pacific Ocean	42
1426669955	William Clark	A captain of the Corps of Discovery who made maps.	43
1426669956	Sacagawea	A Shoshone woman whose language skills and knowledge of geography helped Lewis and Clark	44
1426669957	Tecumseh	A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.	45

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War of 1812 Key Terms Flashcards

Part of the Jefferson's Presidency, War of 1812, Era of Good Feelings Terms

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529592088	War hawks	1. Included John C. Calhoun, Richard M. Johnson, William King. 2. Led by Henry Clay 3. Preferred war to peace.	0
529592089	Tecumseh	1. Formidable opponent of white expansion. 2. Shawnee chief. 3. Sought to unite several tribes in Ohio and the Indiana territory against American settlers. 4. Outraged by Treaty of Fort Wayne	1
529592090	William Henry Harrison	1. Governor of Indiana Territory 2. Eager to acquire Indian lands 3. Disregarded instructions from Washington to negotiate only with Indians who claimed the land they were ceding. 4. Attacked by Shawnee at the Battle of Tippecanoe.	2
529592091	Battle of Tippecanoe	1. Made Harrison a national hero. 2. Discredited Tenskwatawa 3. Elevated Tecumseh into a position of leadership among the western tribes. 4. Persuaded Tecumseh to form an alliance with Britain to stop American spreading.	3
529592092	Andrew Jackson	1. 7th President of the US 2. successfully defended New Orleans from the British in 1815. 3. Opposed the Bank of the United States.	4
529592093	Treaty of Ghent	1. Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. 2. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. 3. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.	5
529592094	Hartford Convention	1. Meeting by Federalists dissatisfied with the war 2. Purpose to draft a new Constitution 3. Resulted in seemingly traitorous Federalist party's collapse	6
529592095	sectionalism	1. Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). 2. This can lead to conflict. 3. Overly loyal to a certain region of the country.	7
529592096	Second Bank of the U.S.	1. New national bank created to stabilize the economy and distribute scarce money across the country. 2. Rejected by President Jackson. 3. Modeled after Hamilton's original BUS	8
529592097	Era of Good Feeling	1. A name for President Monroe's two terms 2. A period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. 3. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.	9
529592098	John C. Calhoun	1. Formerly Jackson's vice-president 2. A South Carolina senator. 3. Said the North should grant the South's demands and keep quiet about slavery to keep the peace.	10
529592099	The Prophet	1. Tecumseh's brother. 2. Tried to help unite the Northwest Indian tribes in their struggle against the onslaught of US settlers. 3. Discredited after the Battle of Tippecanoe.	11
529592100	Fort McHenry	1. Defended Baltimore 2. Unsuccessfully bombarded by British in War of 1812 3. Inspiration for Francis Scott Key's "The Star-Spangled Banner"	12
529592101	Battle of New Orleans	1. Large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jackson's troops at New Orleans. 2. Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. 3. This victory inspired American nationalism	13
529592102	Election of 1800	1. Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College 2. The House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. 3. Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.	14
529592103	Election of 1804	1. Thomas Jefferson ran as a Democratic-Republican and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney ran as a Federalist. 2. Jefferson easily defeated Pinckney. 3. George Clinton won for Vice President.	15
529592104	Election of 1808	1. James Madison (Republican) 2. Thomas Pickney (Federalist) 3. Madison won	16
529592105	Election of 1812	1. James Madison elected 2. Majority wanted war and did not want to change presidents in the middle of a war. 3. Occurred during War of 1812.	17
529592106	Election of 1816	1. Election when Rufus King (federalist candidate) was brutally defeated by Monroe. 2. Rufus King was a strong advocate for the abolition of slavery. 3. His loss signified the 'death' of the federalist party	18
529592107	Election of 1820	1. James Monroe elected. 2. Receive all the electoral votes except one. 3. New Hampshire elector cast a single ballot for John Quincy Adams to ensure that Washington would be the only president elected unanimously.	19
529592108	Rush-Bagot Agreement	1. Treaty between the United States and Britain enacted in 1817 . 2. The treaty provided for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, 3. Many British naval arrangements and forts still remained there until treaty.	20
529592109	Tariff of 1816	1. First tariff instituted primarily for protection rather than revenue. 2. Helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods. 3. Protective tariff.	21
529592110	Daniel Webster	1. Famous American politician and orator. 2. Advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. 3. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System.	22
529592111	Panic of 1819	1. End of Era of Good Feeling. 2. Post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. 3. Generally blamed on the National Bank.	23
529592112	Henry Clay	1. Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise. 2. A war hawk in the War of 1812. 3. Ran for president five times.	24
529592113	Francis Scott Key	1. United States lawyer and poet. 2. Wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. 3. Poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.	25
529592114	Battle of Horseshoe Bend	1. Fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. 2. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks. 3. Effectively ending the Creek War. 4. Turning point of War of 1812.	26
529592115	nationalism	1. Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation. 2. Strong sense of patriotism. 3. Felt during the Era of good feeling.	27
529592116	Clay's American System	1. Proposed after the War of 1812. 2. Included using federal money for internal improvements. 3. Strengthened the national bank.	28
529592117	wildcat banks	1. The banks of the western frontier. 2. These banks were hit hard by the Panic of 1819. 3. BUS' response to the panic of 1819 made the nationalist bank a financial devil in the eyes of wildcat banks.	29

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The Age of Andrew Jackson Flashcards

1828-1844, Age of Andrew Jackson

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239180691	The Era of Good Feelings	A period of history referring to the Presidency of James Monroe, where the bitter rivalry between the Federalists and Republicans ended. 1816-1824	0
239180692	Missouri Compromise	an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories	1
239180693	Denmark Vesey	United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)	2
239180694	The Corrupt Bargain	Name for the deal struck between Adams and Clay that if Adams makes Clay Secretary of State, Adams will be guaranteed victory.	3
239180695	Monroe Doctrine	an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers	4
239180696	Erie Canal	A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.	5
239180697	Five Civilized Tribes	collective name for the Creeks, Choctaws, Cherokees, Chickasaws and Seminoles	6
239180698	Market Economy	an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices	7
239180699	Transportation Revolution	a period of time rapid improvement in the speed and convenience of transportation	8
239180700	Gibbons v. Ogden	This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.	9
239180701	Eli Whitney	United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)	10
239180702	Waltham and Lowe ll Textile Mills	was a labor and production model employed in the United States, particularly in New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in the early 19th Century.	11
239180703	Richard Allen	an african american preacher who helped start the free african society and the african methodist episcopal church	12
239180704	African Methodist Episcopal church	a predominantly African American Methodist denomination based in the United States. It was founded by the Rev. Richard Allen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1816 from several black Methodist congregations in the mid-Atlantic area that wanted independence from white Methodists. Allen was elected its first bishop in 1816	13
239180705	Catherine Beecher	Female reformer that pushed for female employment as teachers; however, she still embraced the role of a good homemaker for women. She was an example of the fact that not all women were pushing for radical reforms.	14
239180706	Separate Spheres	Middle-class ideal where home life was strictly separated from the workplace and womens roles were separate from mens, with women running the household and men earning money outside it.	15
239180707	Horizontal and Vertical Allegiances	Vertical Alliances: authority flows from the top down. Horizontal Alliances are the opposite.	16
237060171	Seneca Falls Convention	Founded by Lucrecia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton because of screen-off at World's Anti-Slavery Movement. Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.	17
237060172	Dorothea Dix and Penitentiary Reform	In 1841, she discovered insane people in an unheated room in a jail in East Cambridge, Massachusetts. She then investigated jails and almshouses across the state, which led her to pushed for the creation of insane asylums by the state legislature with the help of Horace Mann and Samuel G. Howe.	18
237060173	Charles G. Finney	He grew up in Burned-Over District. He is considered the father of modern revivalism and his ideas dominated "evangelical Protestanism", which maintained the importance of emotional religious conversions and the idea that you control your own destiny. He advocated the notion of a "self-made" individual in which human behavior can be changed for the better.	19
237060174	Second Great Awakening	A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.	20
237060175	Joseph Smith and Mormons	He was the founder of the Mormons and he translated the Book of Mormons that tells of Lehi whose descendants came to America and went against God's teachings. As a result they were punished with dark skin (Native Americans). They wanted Indian converts, lay separate from society, practiced polygamy. Founder was charged with treason and killed after announcing candidacy for presidency.	21
237060176	Mother Ann Lee and the Shakers	She was the founder of this religious community. They were renown for their furniture, but they were hostile to materialism. They banned marriage within their community (separate from society), sexual intercourse, and relied on converts and adoption to maintain membership.	22
237060177	American Temperance Society	1826, Protestant ministers and others concerned with the high rate of alcohol consumption and the effects of such excessive drinking, founded this society and wanted people to completely abstain. Drinking problems caused by high production of spirits because of cheap transportation of grains across the Appalachian Mts.	23
237060178	Horace Mann	Elected first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education in 1837. He presided over sweeping reforms to transform schools into institutions that occupied most of a child's time and energy. Goals: shifting financial support from parents to the state, extending school term to 10 months, standardized textbooks, and classifying students into grades based on age and attainment.	24
237060179	Angelina and Sarah Grimke	1837: embarked on an antislavery lecture tour of New England, but they were controversial because they lectured crowds that had men in them. The criticism of women teaching rather than obeying men contrubuted to the cause for women's rights. Sarah produced "Letters on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes and Angelina contributed "Letters to Catharine E. Breecher".	25
237060180	Lucretia Mott	Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 because she was screened-off at the World's Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840.	26
237060181	Utopian Communities	Alternative communities to the competitive economy and these communities first surfaced in the 1820s. The key to perfecting social arrangements lay in the creation of small, planned communities that had a perfect balance of social, religious, and political groups. For example: Hopedale, Fruitlands, Brook Farm, and Oneidan.	27
237060182	The American Renaissance	After 1820, The Us experienced a flowing of literature with leading figures like James Cooper, Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Edgar Allan Poe. Depicted the features of the US in literature and art. The work was both distinctively American and an outgrowth of the European romantic movement. The themes of the writing were universal and the settings and characters American.	28
237060183	Edgar Allan Poe	He wrote fiction and poetry and was part of the American Renaissance. He paid little attention to Emerson's call for a literature that would comprehend the everyday experiences of ordinary Americans. He set several of his short stories like "The Maurble Faun"(1859) and "The Cask of Amontillado"(1846) in Europe.	29
237060184	Walt Whitman	He wrote about his belief that America was to be embodyment of a new citizen whose natural virtue would flourish despite European corruption. He wrote neither in rhyme or meter and his poems were blunt. He wrote "Song of Myself" because he believed he embodies the democratic American.	30
237060185	Transcendentalism	An American offshoot of romanticism that led Emerson to contend that our ideas of God and freedom are inborn and that learned people had no special advantage in pursuing truth. Everyone had a chance to find truth. Also, it maintained that the US could produce great literature and art like Europe.	31
237060186	Henry David Thoreau	American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support the Mexican War because he thought it was a southern conspiracy to spread slavery. He bore the uncomfortable truth that material and moral goodness were not as connected as Americans believed.	32
237060187	McCormick reaper	Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots; 1831; fueled the large-scale establishment of commercial agriculture in the Midwest. Invented by Cyrus McCormick.	33
237899752	American System of Manufacturing	Involved semi-skilled labor using machine tools and jigs to make standardized, identical, interchangeable parts, manufactured to a tolerance, which could be assembled with a minimum of time and skill, requiring little to no fitting.	34
237899753	New York Stock Exchange	The largest stock exchange located in New York City, most of the companies on this exchange are larger companies with higher-priced stock.	35
237919484	Epidemics	occurs when new cases of a certain disease affects people in the same place at the same time	36
237919485	Penny Press	Newspapers that, because of technological innovations in printing, were able to drop their price to one cent, therefore making papers affordable to working and middle classes	37
237919486	Minstrel Shows	white actors wearing blackface mimicked and ridiculed African American culture, became increasingly popular.	38
237919487	P.T. Barnum	Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 - April 7, 1891) was an American showman, businessman, scam artist and entertainer; he is remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the circus that became the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.	39
237919488	Margaret Fuller	(May 23, 1810 - July 19, 1850) was an American journalist, critic, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalism movement. She was the first full-time American female book reviewer in journalism.	40
237919489	Herman Melville & Moby Dick	(August 1, 1819 - September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet; known as the greatest American writer of his era, his most important novel, published in 1851, was the story of Ahab, captain of a whaling vessel, who was obsessed with his search of Moby Dick, the great white whale that had once maimed him. This is a story of courage and the strength of human will, but also a tragedy of pride and revenge.	41
237931559	Ralph Waldo Emerson	May 25, 1803 - April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He emphasized freedom and self-reliance in essays which still make him a force today.	42
237931560	Hudson River School	A mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism; their works are characterized by a highly romantic treatment of landscape, especially along the Hudson River.	43
237931561	Frederick Law Olmstead	(April 26, 1822 - August 28, 1903) was an American journalist, social critic, public administrator, and landscape designer. He is popularly considered to be the father of American landscape and drew the plan for Greensward, more recently known as Central Park	44
237931562	Specie	gold or silver; hard money	45
237931563	Antebellum	belonging to a period before a war especially the American Civil War	46
237936488	Squatter	someone who settles on land without permission or right	47
237936489	Economic Boom	period of growth for production, distribution and consumption of goods and services, during this time period, people buy more, invest in business, and industries / businesses grow	48
237936490	Artisan	a skilled worker who practices some trade or handicraft; one who is good with their hands	49
237936491	Pauper	an extremely poor person	50
238869323	Political democratization	Between 1824-1832 America experienced a growth of people able to vote. Starting in the West then gradually East, property was no longer needed to vote along with written ballots that replaced "stand-up" voting.	51
238869324	Henry Clay	"The Great Compromiser". Supported the emancipation of slaves and opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts. As speaker of the House of Representatives he was a War Hawk who was a peace commissioner at the negotiations that ended the War of 1812. Forged the Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850. Became secretary of state in 1824 by John Quincy Adams.	52
238869325	Spoils System	(patronage system) when a political party wins a election and gives government jobs to it's supporters. Used by Andrew Jackson after winning the election of 1828.	53
238869326	Second Bank of the United Sates	Chartered for twenty years in 1816. The Bank acted more a privately owned corporation owned by few citizens (the elite). The recharter was denounced by Jackson in 1832 claiming it only made the rich richer.	54
238869327	Whig Party	1830-1850's. Whig meaning opposing tyranny as they viewed Jackson having too much power. Made by supporters of Jeffersonian democracy such as Henry Clay.	55
238869328	Jedediah Smith	1799-1831. A mountain man who rediscovered the South Pass which helped the settlement of Oregon and California. One of the first to travel to California.	56
238869329	James Fenimore Cooper	(September 15, 1789 - September 14, 1851). An American novelist who wrote sea and historical stories. One of his most famous works was The Last of the Mohicans.	57
238869330	Maysville Road Veto	May 27, 1830. Jackson vetoed a bill that will allow government to buy stock from the Maysville, Washington, Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Road Company that wanted to build a railroad that was mostly in Turkey. Jackson argued that the State should fund it.	58
238869331	Indian Removal Act	signed by Jackson in 1830. Supported mostly in the South where farmers wanted land inhabited by the Cherokee nation. The Cherokees were forced to leave their homes to Oklahoma.	59
238869332	Trail of Tears	The relocation of Natives after the Indian Removal Act. Many died from exposure, disease, and starvation	60
238869333	The Nullification Crisis	came from the belief that a state doesn't have to follow a federal law when a tariff was passed in 1828 that raised taxes on imports. South Carolina almost seceded from the Union if it wasn't a compromise in 1833.	61
238869334	Nat Turner's Rebellion	Nat Turner was a slave in Virginia who believed he was chosen by God to lead a revolt. Him and several others killed about 50 whites hoping it will start a massive rebellion which didn't. After being captured by the state military he was executed on 11th November, 1831.	62
238869335	The Bank War	Jackson vs. The Second Bank of the United Sates. Jackson ordered no more government deposits be put in the bank. He took money out and put it in state banks	63
238869336	Panic of 1837	May 1837, prices began to decrease which led to banks suspending specie payments and the Bank of the United States failed. Wages dropped by 1/3 and many were convinced the end of the world was coming.	64
238869337	Second Party System	1837 to 1852. Characterized by a rising number of voters and loyalty to a political party. Majors parties at the times were the Democratic and Whig party.	65
238869338	William Lloyd Garrison & Abolition Movement	1830's-1870's The Abolition Movement was mostly supported by Blacks with few whites. Garrison became the most famous and controversial white abolitionist who wanted immediate emancipation.	66
238869716	the spoils system	this was a system, in which the new president recently elected, would choose to replace all of the previous president's employees, and to employ the new people solely on the basis that they were loyal to the current president. This would allow for the president to have complete support of all of those who were under his charge. This was also to show an exertion of his authority, and this was used as a way to reward those who were loyal to him as he worked hard to get into office.	67

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APUSH Chp 24 The New Era Flashcards

The New Era

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1389885978	Normalcy	A return to "normal" life after the war.	1
1389885979	Little Steel	Referring to Steel Companies who were not under the direct control of US Steel Corp. Referred to small steel companies such as U.S. Steel	2
1389885980	General Motors	surpassed Ford as world's largest car manufacturer by introducing the concept of the annual model change in 1926. Example of new corporate Organization. Founded by William Durant	3
1389885981	Trade Association	An interest group composed of companies in the same business or industry (the same "trade") that lobbies for policies that will benefit members of the group.	4
1389885982	Welfare capitalism	An approach to labor relations in which companies meet some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, thus preventing strikes and keeping productivity high	5
1389885983	William Green	United States labor leader who was president of the American Federation of Labor and former president of the United Mine Workers. He led the struggle with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (1873-1952). He watched over the AFL as its membership was cut in half over the 1920's	6
1389885984	A Phillip Randolph	organized the largeset labor union for blacks and wants to appeal to Roosevelt for black work rights and he threatens to have a march on Washington street.	7
1389885985	Leo Frank	He was a Jewish superintendent of a company that was charged with the murder of Mary Phagan, a 14 year old girl. He was at first sentenced to be hanged, but the sentence was changed to life in prison. Soon, armed men broke into the prison and lynched Leo near Mary Phagan's home.	8
1389885986	The Jazz singer	1927 - The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson.	9
1389885987	Will Hays	ran the production office "Hays Office" that cleaned up movies (ex: no sexual connotations allowed, no God's name in vain, no men & women in bed together unless the man had one foot on the floor)	10
1389885988	Scopes Trial	1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools	11
1389885989	Herbert Hoover	31st President of the United States, Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community; failed.	12
1389885990	Warren Harding	29th president of the US; Republican; "Return to Normalcy" (life as it had been before WWI-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal	13
1389885991	Ohio Gang	A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.	14
1389885992	Sheppard Towner Act	U.S. Act of Congress providing federal funding for maternity and child care, a response to the lack of adequate medical care for women and children	15
1389885993	League of Women Voters	League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws	16
1389885994	Campanionate marriage	a form of marriage in which the partners agree not to have children and can be divorced by mutual consent, leaving neither spouse legally responsible for the financial welfare of the other.	17
1389885995	New Professional Women	A widely publicized image during these times, portraying women as consistently working, but in reality, most women remained at home.	18
1389885996	Harlem Renaissance	A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished	19
1389885997	Langston Hughes	African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.	20
1389885998	I'll Take My Stand	collection of essays published in 1930 that glorified the Southern agrarian lifestyle. Denounced as reactionary, but was above all a critique of industrialization.	21
1389885999	The Noble Experiment	the term for prohibition laws against the sale and production of alcohol in order to cure many of society's evils- ultimately a failure.	22
1389886000	Al Capone	A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs. He was not convicted of any wrongdoing, however, until a judge in a federal court convicted him of income-tax evasion and sent him to jail in 1931.	23
1389886001	Fundamentalists	Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation.	24
1389886002	Modernists	An artist who rejected enlightenment thinking and tried to reshape, and improve on the surrounding world. It developed partly in response to WWI in that it stands out against technology.	25
1389886003	Billy Sunday	American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups.	26
1389886004	ACLU	The American Civil Liberties Union. It defends and preserves the individual rights and liberties that the Constitution and laws of the United States guarantee everyone in this country.	27
1389886005	Behaviourists	focus on the environmental rewards and punishers that maintain or discourage specific behaviors; Believe personality develops as a function of learning history	28
1389886006	Henry Ford	1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents	29
1389886007	Ernest Hemingway	Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms	30
1389886008	HL Mencken	wrote monthly magazine American Mercury that assailed marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, and middle class American	31
1389886009	Sinclair Lewis	United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street (1885-1951)	32
1389886010	Andrew Mellon	Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs	33
1389886011	Self Made Man	according to this idea, those who achieved success in America did so not as a result of hereditary privilege or government favoritism, but through their own intelligence and hard work. As thought by John Jacob Astor.	34
1389886012	Thomas Edison	American inventor best known for developing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures, as it was work of other people who originally created this ideas or worked on the prototype	35
1389886013	Charles Lindergh	First pilot to fly straight from NY to Paris without stopping. He flew the spirit of St.Louis across the Atlantic.	36
1389886014	Lost Generation	A group of American writers that rebelled against America's lack of cosmopolitan culture in the early 20th century. Many moved to cultural centers such as London in Paris in search for literary freedom. Prominent writers included T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway among others.	37
1389886015	Birth of a Nation	Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.	38
1389886016	The New Klan	the social tensions of the 1920s were also expressed in the growth of the ku klux klan. the whites only klan scorned not just blacks but also immigrants, catholics, and jews. the organizations' power spread from the south to the midwest and the west. in oregon and indiana, klan-backed candidates were elected as governers.	39
1389886017	Barrios	where many Mexican and Mexican Americans of the California region ended up living as the lower end of the state's working class, mostly in Los Angeles.	40
1389886018	The American Plan	A reaction to the "closed-shop" industries where only union members could be employed. In an open shop, union membership is not required and was sometimes forbidden. Business leaders launched this open-shop campaign and called it the American Plan. Unions unsuccessfully fought the american Plan.	41
1389886019	Parity	equality, as in amount, status, or value	42
1389886020	McNary - Haugen Bill	A plan to rehabilitate American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products *Effects of the protective tariff and burdens of debt and taxation had created a serious agricultural depression and grew steadily worse	43
1389886021	Al Smith	A Catholic who ran for Pres of U.S. in 1928 and warned Americans that if a Catholic were elected to the Presidency democracy would disappear and Pope would run the country. (he lost)	44
1389886022	Margaret Sanger	American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.	45
1389886023	Flappers	carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.	46
1389886024	National Women's Party	A militant feminist group led by Alice Paul that argued the Nineteenth Amendment was not adequate enough to protect women's rights. They believed they needed a more constitutional amendment that would clearly provide legal protection of their rights and prohibit sex-based discrimination.	47
1389886025	Alice Paul	head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.	48
1389886026	John Dewey	He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."	49
1389886027	Lochner vs. New York 1905	Supreme Court ruled that states could not restrict ordinary workers' hours (NY had a law giving bakers a 10hr day), Supreme Court ruled that states could not restrict ordinary workers' hours	50
1389886028	Teapot Dome Scandal	Scandal during the Harding administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money	51
1389886029	The Man Nobody Knows - Bruce F. Barton.	published in 1925 Barton presents Jesus as "the founder of modern business," in an effort to make the Christian story accessible to businessmen of the time. One of the best selling non-fiction books of the 20th century. The book was controversial because it depicted Jesus as being "the world's greatest business executive", the opposite description usually given.	52
1389886030	National Origins Act of 1924	A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.	53

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1205189960	Explain the factors that caused rapid industrial growth in the 19th century U.S. (p. 444)	Abundance of natural resources, and labor.	0
1205189961	List the elements in the transportation and communications revolutions. (p. 444)	Railroads, telegraphs, and telephones.	1
1222746224	Explain the advantages of the railroads in promoting economic growth. (p. 444-445)	...	2
1222746225	Describe how post-Civil War railroads were constructed and their political and economic impact on society. (p. 445-447)	...	3
1222746226	Name the major Northeast trunk lines. (p. 447)	...	4
1222746227	Explain how the first Pacific railroad was constructed and financed. (p. 448-449)	...	5
1222746228	Describe the economic results of railroad growth in the U.S. (p. 450)	...	6
1222746229	Explain why the steel industry grew in the 1870's and 1880's. (p. 451)	...	7
1222746230	Evaluate why Andrew Carnegie triumphed in the steel industry to 1901. (p. 451-452)	...	8
1222746231	Describe why John D. Rockefeller triumphed in the oil industry. (p. 453-454)	...	9
1222746232	List the two MOST important innovations of the late 19th century. (p. 454)	...	10
1222746233	Describe the changes that took place in the selling or merchandizing of products in the late 19th century. (p. 458)	...	11
1222746234	Discuss the working conditions of the late 19th century wage earner. (p. 459)	...	12
1222746235	Describe the workplace conditions for 19th century women. (p. 459-460)	...	13
1222746236	List the major components of the 19th century labor movement. (p. 461-463)	...	14

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