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Interpersonal Relations Chapter 4: Emotions, Stress, and Human Relations Flashcards

These flashcards cover all terms from Human Relations: The Art and Science of Building Effective Relationships, Chapter 4

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1410204607	Activating Event	event that is meaningful to the person experiencing it	0
1410204608	Cognitive Appraisal	interpretation of an event in the context of our individual belief system, expectations, needs, and past experiences	1
1410204609	Self-Talk	internal thoughts that reinforce our interpretation of an activating event	2
1410204610	Catastrophizing	Exaggerating the importance of a negative event	3
1410204611	Overgeneralization	Exaggerating the frequency of an event,or making broad assumptions based on limited evidence	4
1410204612	Myth of Causation	Belief that one person's emotions are the direct result of another person actions	5
1410204613	Need for Approval	Belief that you are okay only if everyone else approves of you!	6
1410204614	Tyranny of shoulds	Belief that other people, or the world in general, ought to think and act in a way that fits your belief system	7
1410204615	Perfectionism	Expecting yourself to achieve perfection in tasks, relationships,communication, or other tasks	8
1410204616	Myth of Helplessness	Assuming that when you are stuck in a bad situation that you cannot so anything about it	9
1410204617	Anger	A normal human emotion that provides a signal that something is wrong	10
1410204618	Aggression	A behavior that is destructive or hostile	11
1410204619	Direct Expression of anger	Expressing your anger directly toward the object of your anger	12
1410204620	Indirect Expression of anger	Channeling your anger in a direction other than the object of your anger	13
1410204621	Catharsis	The theory that releasing pent-up hostilities will return us to a peaceful stay	14
1410204622	Emotional Intelligence	Self- awareness,emotional self-control, persistence, empathy, and social competence	15
1410204623	Self-Awareness	An ongoing attention to one's internal states	16
1410204624	Regulating emotions	Managing the intensity and duration of feelings and the ability to delay gratification	17
1410204625	Persistence	Continuing to work towards goals despite setbacks and frustrations	18
1410204626	Empathy	Feeling and understanding the emotions of another person	19
1410204627	General Adaptation Syndrome	(GAS) The human body's response to stressful or threatening situations	20
1410204628	Acute Stressors	Stressful situations that require immediate response and are short-term	21
1410204629	Chronic Stressors	Stressful situations not resolved quickly that are long term	22
1410204630	Alarm phase	Fight or flight response	23
1410204631	Resistance phase	Our bodies work to keep our immune systems at a peak and to repair damage while we continue to combat the threat	24
1410204632	Exhaustion phase	Our resistance level drops to a point that is below normal, because our resources have been depleted and can no longer combat the threat	25
1410204633	Stressors	Stressful events or situations	26
1410204634	Stress	the feeling of arousal and the resulting physiological and psychological effects of being exposed to the stressor	27
1410204635	Control	The general belief that you can influence your life and your situations	28
1410204636	Optimism	The tendency to focus on the positive aspect of a situation	29
1410204637	Hardiness	A personality style that consists of three components: control, commitment, and challenge	30
1410204638	Problem-focused coping	Taking specific action toward reducing the threat presented by the stressor	31
1410204639	Emotion focused coping	An attempt to regulate the emotional impact of the stress	32
1410204640	Social support	The awareness that one is cared for, valued, and a part of a network of communication and mutual support	33
1410204641	Downward comparisons	Identifying and acknowledging situations in which people are worse off than you are	34
1410204642	Situational reconstruction	Imagining ways that the situation could be worse, ways the situation could be better, and forming an action plan that lists steps to take to improve the stressful situation	35
1410204643	Focusing	Digging deep into feelings about situations in search of new insights that may lie at the heart of what is causing the stress	36
1410204644	Compensatory self-improvement	Identifying something related to the stressor that was previously ignored, and taking action in that related area	37

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Chapter 14: Mendellian Genetics Flashcards

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1039766375	Blending Hypothesis	traits were of parents were blended, once blended could not be "unblended"	0
1039766376	preformationism	the idea that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves	1
1039766377	why are pea plants an excellent model system?	1. several varieties available 2. easy to self and cross fertilize 3. relatively fast generation time 4. produce many offspring	2
1039766378	Mendel's Discoveries	1. alleles are alternative versions of a gene 2. a diploid organism has 2 alleles for each gene, one from each parent 3. there are two types of alleles: dominant allele can mask presence of recessive allele 4. law of segregation: a diploid organism has 2 alleles for each gene, & these 2 alleles separate during gamete formation in anaphase I of meiosis	3
1039766379	What is a test cross and why is it used?	breeding an individual with unknown genotype with recessive homozygote -used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype	4
1039766380	Law of Independent Assortment	2 different genes assort independently during gamete formation in metaphase I of meiosis -there are exceptions to this rule	5
1039766381	what is a monohybrid?	heterozygous for the one particular character being followed in the cross	6
1039766382	what is a monohybrid cross?	cross used to observe one trait	7
1039766383	What is a dihybrid cross?	a cross used to observe two traits	8
1039766384	what is a character?	heritable feature that varies among individuals ie. flower color	9
1039766385	what is a trait?	each variant for a character ie. purple, white	10
1039766386	what kind of characters did Mendel choose?	characters that occurred in 2 distinct forms (no intermediate)	11
1039766387	what is true breeding?	organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination	12
1039766388	what is hybridization?	crossing of 2 true breeding varieties	13
1039766389	what is the F1 generation?	first filial generation, hybrid offspring of the P generation	14
1039766390	what is the F2 generation?	offspring of the F1 hybrids self pollinating with other F1 hybrids	15
1039766391	Results of Mendel's key experiment	both purple and white flowered plants appeared in F2 generation; ratio = 3:1	16
1039766392	Conclusion from Mendel's key experiment	-heritable factor for recessive trait was masked by the presence of the factor for the purple flower, which is the dominant trait -refuted blending model -traits are not always inherited together	17
1039766393	If blending model of inheritance were correct..	the F1 hybrids from a cross between purple and white flowers would have been pale purple flowers	18
1039766394	Degrees of Dominance	complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance	19
1039766395	what is complete dominance?	phenotype of heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable -only 1 allele dominant for each trait -only two phenotypes possible	20
1039766396	what is incomplete dominance? what is an example?	neither allele is completely dominant over the other, and the F1 hybrids have phenotype somewhere between the 2 parental varieties ex.) red and white snapdragon can produce pink offspring	21
1039766397	Is incomplete dominance an example of blending?	No, because they can also produce red or white offspring	22
1039766398	what is co dominance? give example	alleles each affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways -exhibited in a gene with more than two alleles -more than one allele may be dominant ex.) AB0 blood types	23
1039766399	ABO blood types	type A: I^A I^A or I^A I^i type B: I^B I^B or I^B I^i type AB: I^A I^B type O: ii	24
1039766400	Addition Rule for Probability	"either/or" -mutually exclusive events	25
1039766401	Multiplication Rule for Probability	"and" -used for independent events	26
1039766402	melanocytes	cells that make pigment	27
1039766403	eye color with no pigment	blue	28
1039766404	eye color with some pigment	hazel	29
1039766405	eye color with a lot of pigment	brown	30
1039766406	How many genes are involved in eye color?	at least 8	31
1039766407	what kind of genes are responsible for eye color?	OCA2 gene, EYCL3 gene, EYCL1 gene	32
1039766408	OCA2 gene is responsible for..	brown to blue spectrum -depends on how much OCA2 protein is made	33
1039766409	EYCL3 (BEY2) gene	B=brown b=blue	34
1039766410	EYCL1 (GEY) gene	G = green g = blue	35
1039766411	why do people have 2 different eye colors?	1.events in fetal development -some melanocytes are missing or non-functional 2. mosaicism -mutation early in development 3. injury	36
1039766412	what is Epistasis? give an example	-when the phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters a gene at a second locus -involves 2 or more genes affecting one trait ex.) labrador coat color	37
1039766413	B gene (labrador coat color)	for making hair pigment -B black -b brown	38
1039766414	E gene (labrador coat color)	-for depositing hair pigment -E (color) -e (no color) -at least one copy of E is needed for dark colors	39
1039766415	polygenic inheritance	the additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character -usually affects quantitative effects	40
1039766416	quantitative character; ex)	a heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or-fashion ex.) skin color	41
1039766417	Effects of the environment ex.)	-environment can affect phenotype ex.) hydrangea flower color ranges from blue-violet to pink with the shade intensity of color depending on the acidity and aluminum content of the soil	42
1039766418	pleitropy ex.)	-the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects ex.) PKU disease is caused by defective gene for phenylalanine hydroxylase	43
1039766419	PKU disease	-converts phenylalanine to tyrosine -can cause mental retardation -eye color -skin color	44
1039766420	Recessively Inherited Disorders; results in..	-2 copies of recessive alleles are required -results in non functional protein or no protein	45
1039766421	heterozygotes of recessively inherited disorders	-have normal phenotypes -make enough functional protein -serve as carriers for disorder	46
1039766422	example of a recessively inherited disorder	albinism	47
1039766423	albinism caused by..	-defect in melanin production -tyrosinase is responsible for melanin production	48
1039766424	dominantly inherited disorders	-only one copy of dominant allele required -heterozygotes have disease phenotype -dominant allele is rare in population -disease not as common	49
1039766425	Anchondroplasia	-dominantly inherited disorder -dwarfism due to bone disorder -99.99% of population is homozygous recessive	50

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Biology Chapter 14 Test Flashcards

Stone's Biology Test on chapter 14!

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678705763	Karyotype	A picture of an organism's chromosomes	0
678705764	Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism	Sex chromosomes	1
678705765	What are the sex chromosomes?	X and Y	2
678705766	___ Determines sex of baby	Dad	3
678705767	Body Cells =	Somatic Cells	4
678705768	Genetic disorders result in what?	They result in changes in the DNA code so that non-functioning proteins are produced.	5
678705769	Examples of Autosomal Recessive genetic disorders	PKU, Tay-Sachs Disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Albinism	6
678705770	Full name of PKU	Phenylketonuria	7
678705771	Cause of PKU	Mutation in gene for an enzyme that breaks down an amino acid called phenylalanine.	8
678705772	Build up causes..	Mental retardation	9
678705773	PKU Patients should avoid what food?	Proteins	10
678705774	Tay Sachs Disease cause	Mutation in a gene for an enzyme that breaks down a kind of lipid in the developing brain. Causes early death	11
678705775	Tay Sachs is found more commonly in people of what descent?	Jewish, Mediterranean, and Middle Eastern ancestry.	12
678705776	Cystic Fibrosis Cause	Loss of 3 DNA bases in a gene for the protein that transports CI- ions so salt balance is upset	13
678705777	What does CF lead to?	It leads to respiratory and digestive complications, and increased susceptibility to infections	14
678705778	CF is found more commonly in what people?	Caucasians	15
678705779	Albinism	Causes a lack of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes.	16
678705780	How do biologists make a karyotype?	They make one by photographing a cell in mitosis, cutting the chromosomes from the picture and grouping them together into pairs	17
678705781	What does a pedigree chart show?	It shows the relationships within a family	18
678705782	What is the advantage for being heterozygous for the sickle cell allele?	People heterozygous for that allele are generally healthy & have the benifit of being resistant to Malaria	19
678705783	All _______ Alleles are expressed in males, even if they are recessive	X-Linked	20
678705784	What is a Barr Body?	It is a dense region in the nucleus that is formed by the turning off of the X Chromosome	21
678705785	What is Downs Syndrome also called?	Trisomy 21	22
678705786	Mutation in the blood clotting protein makes this person unable to stop bleeding after an injury	Hemophilia	23
678705787	Mutation in hemoglobin causes red blood cells to change shape and clog up blood vessels.	Sickle cell anemia	24
678705788	Mutation that causes mental retardation if foods containing phenylalanine are eaten	PKU	25
678705789	Three #21 Chromosomes are present causing mental retardation	Down Syndrome	26
678705790	Mutation in ion channel protein causes thick mucus to clog up lungs and digestive organs	Cystic Fibrosis	27
678705791	Gradual deterioration of the brain that appears during middle age	Huntington's Disease	28
678705792	Progressive weakening of muscle proteins resulting in inability to walk and eventually early death	Muscular Distrophy	29
678705793	Inability to distinguish between the colors red and green	Colorblindness	30
678705794	Only on X and no Y chromosome	Turner's Syndrom	31
678705795	THREE X-Linked Disorders	Muscular Distrophy, Colorblindness, Hemophilia	32
678705796	What is PKU	Autosoml recessive	33
678705797	What is Downs Syndrome	Autosomal chromosomal	34
678705798	What is sickle cell anemia?	Autosomal Codominant	35
678705799	What is Klinefelter's Syndrome?	sex chromosome chromosomal disorder	36
678705800	What is Huntington's?	Autosomal Dominant	37
678705801	Males with an extra X chromosme (XXY or XXXY) some female features; infertility	Klinefelter Syndrome	38
678705802	Build up of lipids in the brain the causes blindness, retardation, and early death	Tay-Sach's Disease	39
678705803	Autosomal Dominant Disorders	Huntington's or Achondroplasia (Dwarfism)	40
678705804	3 Disorders that are Autosomal Recessive?	PKU, Tay Sachs, CF	41
678705805	3 Disorders that are caused by chromosomal disorders?	Down's, Turner's, Klinefelter's	42
678705806	ABO Blood type codes for how many different alleles?	3. IA, IB, and i	43
678705807	RH Blood type codes for how many possible alleles?	RH+ and RH-	44
678705808	Can germ cell mutations be passed on to offspring?	YES!	45
681392121	what are the 2 sex chromosome chromosomal disorders	turners, klinefelter's	46

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Chapter 08 - America Secedes from the Empire, 1775-1783 Flashcards

The American Pageant 14th Edition

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540745774	Second Continental Congress	met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775; no real intention of independence, merely a desire to continue fighting in the hope that the king and Parliament would consent to a redress of grievances; sent another list of grievances to Parliament; adopted measures to raise money for an army and a navy; selected George Washington to command the army	0
540745775	George Washington	chosen b/c he was a tall figure who looked like a leader, radiated patience, courage, self-discipline, and a sense of justice, and though he insisted on working without pay, he did keep a careful expense account amounting to more than $100,000	1
540745776	Ethan Allen	led a tiny American force called the Green Mountain Boys with Benedict Arnold and they surprised and captured the British garrisons at Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point	2
540745777	Benedict Arnold	led a tiny American force called the Green Mountain Boys with Ethan Allen and they surprised and captured the British garrisons at Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point; turned traitor in 1780 and joined the British cause.	3
540745778	Fort Ticonderoga	Fort on Lake Champlain in northeastern New York; patriots led by Ethan Allen & Benedict Arnold surprise an outpost on Lake Champlain and capture cannons for the Americans	4
540745779	Battle of Bunker Hill	June 1775; first major battle of the Revolution; it showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat; Americans lost due to needing more ammo	5
540745780	"Olive Branch Petition"	On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances. It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.	6
540745781	Hessians	German mercenaries hired by the King; these mercenaries however, because they were lured by booty and not duty, had large numbers desert and remained in America to become respectful citizens	7
540745782	"Evacuation Day"	the day in 1776 when the British were forced to leave (evacuate) Boston	8
540745783	Thomas Paine	wrote the pamphlet Common Sense, which urged colonials to stop this war of inconsistency, stop pretending loyalty, and just fight; nowhere in the universe did a smaller body control a larger one, so Paine argued, saying it was unnatural for tiny Britain to control gigantic America; he called King George III "the Royal Brute of Great Britain."	9
540745784	Common Sense	a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain	10
540745785	republic	a form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting	11
540745786	"citizen virtue"	Individuals needed to make sacrifices for the common good; a component many colonists in America felt was fundamental to any successful republican government	12
540745787	"natural aristocracy"	an aristocracy which arises out of work and competition rather than birth, education, or special privilege	13
540745788	Richard Henry Lee	leader of the American Revolution who proposed the resolution calling for independence of the American colonies	14
540745790	Loyalists	also known as Tories; American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence	15
540745791	Patriots	also known as Whigs; American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won	16
540745792	Battle of Trenton	December 26, 1776; Washington crosses Deleware River and takes advantage of he Hessians celebrating Christmas; takes the Hessians by suprise and its a victory for the Continental Army	17
540745793	Valley Forge	Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778; a ton of troops died here from disease and malnutrition; Baron von Steuben comes and trains troops to keep them healthy	18
540883340	General "Gentleman Johnny" Burgoyne	commander of British army and German mercenaries, marched from Canada into colonies; defeated at Battle of Saratoga	19
540883341	Battle of Saratoga	turning point of the American Revolution; very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support; ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain	20
540883342	Comte de Rochambeau	French general who commanded French troops in the American Revolution, notably at Yorktown	21
540883343	Treaty of Armed Neutrality	alliance of Catherine the Great of Russia who did not declare war but assumed a hostile neutrality toward Britain	22
540883344	Battle of King's Mountain	Patriots succeeded in capturing this on Oct.7,1780; victory boosted morale and breathed new life to Patriots in the south; Jefferson called this "the turn of the tide" for the South	23
540883345	Battle of Cowpens	1781 battle in South Carolina where Americans won a important victory over the British	24
540883346	General Charles Cornwallis	British general who fought the Patriots in the south; surrounded at Yorktown and surrendered to George Washington	25
540883347	General Nathaniel Greene	"The Fighting Quaker"; famous Patriot General; best-known for his actions in the south; led outnumbered and outgunned Patriots in a long strategic retreat; this strategy of running away confused Cornwallis, and his forces were defeated by the Patriots at the battle of Cowpens	26
540883348	Francis Marion	South Carolina militia leader nicknamed the "Swamp Fox" for his hit-and-run attacks on the British during the American Revolution	27
540883349	"hair buyers"	British who allegedly paid Native Americans for rebel scalps	28
540883350	Chief Joseph Brandt	A Mohawk Chief who believed if the British won the war, that would protect Indian land from frontiersmen. He attacked the frontier so heavily that 1777 was called the "bloody year."	29
540883351	Lexington, Kentucky	pioneers camping out in Kentucky got news of the Battle of Lexington and in the American spirit named their campsite after it	30
540883352	John Paul Jones	Patriot naval leader who commanded the American ship Bonhomme Richard, which defeated the British ship Serapis in 1779	31
540883353	Admiral de Grasse	French admiral; had a powerful fleet in the West Indies that he offered to Washington to help in an attack on Cornwallis at Yorktown.	32
540883354	Treaty of Paris, 1783	3 American delegates: Joh Jay, Ben Franklin, & John Adams, went to Paris to discuss; Britain formally recognized U.S. independence and granted generous boundaries; retained a share in the priceless fisheries of Newfoundland	33

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Chapter 18: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity Campbell Biology Flashcards

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1274564991	Animals are	multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes	0
1274564993	Ingestion	eating food	1
1274564995	Animal cells are held together by	extracellular structural proteins	2
1274564997	The most abundant structural protein holding animal cells together are	collagen	3
1274564999	M&F adult animals make haploid gametes by	meiosis	4
1274565001	The zygote divides by	mitosis	5
1274565003	The dividing of the of the zygote forms an early embryonic stage called a:	blastula	6
1274565005	Hollow ball of cells	blastula	7
1274565007	One side of the blastula folds inward forming stage called	gastrula	8
1274565009	The internal sac formed by gastrulation becomes the	digestive tract	9
1274565011	What lines the digestive tract	endoderm	10
1274565012	an outer cell layer that gives rise to the outer covering of the animal and, in some phyla, to the central nervous system	ectoderm	11
1274565013	third embryonic layer in animals which forms the muscles an most internal organs	mesoderm	12
1274565014	an immature individual that looks different from the adult animal	larva	13
1274565015	a major change of body form	metamorphosis	14
1274565016	The transformation of a zygote into an adult animal is controlled by clusters of	homeotic genes	15
1274565017	Animal diversification began more than	.5 billion years ago	16
1274565018	The lineage that gave rise to animals is thought to have diverged from a	flagellated unikont	17
1274565019	flagellated unikonts may have resembled modern	choanoflagellates	18
1274565020	colonial protist that are the closest living relatives of animals	choanoflagellates	19
1274565021	The oldest generally accepted animal fossils that have yet been found are how old	575-550 million years old	20
1274565022	animals that lack a vertebral column	invertebrates	21
1274565023	Edicaran fossil animals had what type of bodies	soft	22
1274565024	Cambrian animals had what types of fossil bodies	hard	23
1274565025	animals can be characterized by basic features of their	body plan	24
1274565026	prominent feature of the body plan	symmetry	25
1274565027	the body parts radiate from the center like the spokes of a bicycle wheel	radial symmetry	26
1274565028	What type of symmetry has a top and body but no left and right sides	radial	27
1274565029	mirror-image right and left sides, a distinct head and tail, also a back and bottom	bilateral symmetry	28
1274565030	head	anterior	29
1274565031	tail	posterior	30
1274565032	dorsal surface	back	31
1274565033	bottom	ventral surface	32
1274565034	The symmetry of a animal reflects its	lifystyle	33
1274565035	What type of animal is typically sedentary or passively drifting, meeting its environment equally on all sides	radial	34
1274565036	The brain, sense organs, and mouth are usually located in the head of what type of symmetric animal	bilateral	35
1274565037	Collections of specialized cells	true tissues	36
1274565038	sponges lack	true tissues	37
1274565039	The cell layers formed during gastrulation give rise to	true tissues, organs	38
1274565040	Three tissue layers	ectoderm endoderm mesoderm	39
1274565041	Animals arising from embryos with three tissue layers may be characterized by the presence or lack of a	body cavity	40
1274565042	Fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall cushions the internal organs and enables them to grow and move independently of the body wall	body cavity	41
1274565043	In soft-bodied animals, a noncompressible fluid in the body cavity form a	hydrostatic skeleton	42
1274565044	body cavitiy completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm	true coelom	43
1274565045	Not completely lined by tissue made from mesoderm, functions like coeloms	pseudocoelom	44
1274565046	Animals that arise from three tissue layers can be separated into two groups base on details of their	embryonic development	45
1274565047	Two types of bilateral animals	protostomes deuterostomes	46
1274565048	In _______the opening formed during gastrulation becomes a mouth	protostomes	47
1274565049	In _______ the opening formed during gastrulatin becomes a anus and the mouth forms a second opening	deuterostomes	48
1274565050	Differences between protostomes and deuterostomes	pattern of early cell division, the way the coelom forms	49
1274565051	animals with true tissues (true animals)	eumetazoans	50
1274565052	Animals that have bilateral symmetry belong to the clade	bilaterians	51
1274565053	The bilaterians are divided into two clades based on	embryology	52
1274565054	The two clades of bilaterians are	protostomes and deutrostomes	53
1274565055	The simplest of all animals	sponges	54
1274565056	Some sponges are radially symmetric but most lack	body symmetry	55
1274565057	The body of a sponge consist of two layers of cells separated by a	gelatinous region	56
1274565058	cells which help sweep water through the sponges body are called	choanocytes	57
1274565059	Wander through the middle body region, produce supportive skeletal fibers composed of a flexible protein called spongin are called	amoebocytes	58
1274565060	Most sponges have both types of	skeletal components	59
1274565061	Example of a suspension feeder	sponges	60
1274565062	animals that collect food particles from h2o passed through some type of food-trapping equipment	suspension feeders	61
1274565063	A sponge must filter roughly _________kg of seawater to obtain enough food	1,000	62
1274565064	What traps food particles in mucus on the membraneous collars hat surround the base of their flagella then engulf the food by phagocytosis	choanocytes	63
1274565065	pick up food in packaged vacuoles choanocytes	amoebocytes	64
1274565066	Means they are anchored in place	sessile	65
1274565067	Radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells, two tissue layers	cnidarians	66
1274565068	Phylum containing hydras, sea anemones, corals, and jellies	cnidaria	67
1274565069	Two types of radial body forms of cnidarians	polyp medusa	68
1274565070	Common in freshwater ponds and lakes	hydras	69
1274565071	Have a cylindrical body with tentacles projecting from one end	hydras and sea anemones	70
1274565072	mostly stationary	polyps	71
1274565073	move freely about in water and shaped like an umbrella with a fringe of tentacles	medusas	72
1274565074	cnidarians capture small animals and protist and are considered	carnivores	73
1274565075	In a ______ the mouth is on the top of the body at the hub of radiating tentacles	polyp	74
1274565076	In a ____________the mouth is in the center of the undersurface	medusa	75
1274565077	Fluid in the ______________________ circulates nutrients an oxygen to internal cells and removes metabolic waste	gastrovascular cavity	76
1274565078	cnidarian have unique stinging cells called	cnidocytes	77
1274565079	cnidocytes contain a	fine thread coiled within a capsule	78
1274565080	coral animals are	polyp form cnidarians	79
1274565081	Flatworms are the simplest	bilateral animals	80
1274565082	length of flatworms range from	1mm-20m	81
1274565083	Three major groups of flatworms	free-living flukes tapeworms	82
1274565084	Worms called the planarians represent	free living flatworms	83
1274565085	has a head with a pair of light-sensitive eyecups and a flap at each side that detects chemicals	planarian	84
1274565086	Planarians feed through a mouth located	mid-ventral surface of the body	85
1274565087	Live on the undersurfaces of rocks in freshwater ponds and streams	planarians	86
1274565088	second type of flat worm that lives as parasites in other animals	flukes	87
1274565089	have complex life cycles that facilitate dispersal of offspring to new host	flukes	88
1274565090	Spend part of their life cycle in snails (blood flukes)	schistosomes	89
1274565091	anterior end of a tapeworm	scolex	90
1274565092	tapeworms have no _________ mouth they _______nutrients across their body surface and have no ____________	mouth absorb digestive tract	91
1274565093	complex life cycle involving more that one host (like flukes)	tapeworms	92
1274565094	Flatworms and cnidarians differ in symmetry with flatworms being _____- and cnidarians being ____ but the animals of both phyla have a ________	bilateral radial gastrovascular cavity	93
1274565095	roundworms	nematodes	94
1274565096	Nematodes have a	pseudocoelom and a complete digestive tract	95
1274565097	Nematodes make up the phylum	nematoda	96
1274565098	True/False nematodes are bilaterians	true	97
1274565099	Cylindrical with a blunt head and tapered tail	nematodes	98
1274565100	tough nonliving material covering roundworms body	cuticle	99
1274565101	Extension of a tube from the mouth to the anus near the tip of the tail	complete digestive tract	100
1274565102	fluid in the __________ distributes nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract throughout the body	pseudocoelom	101
1274565103	free-living nematodes live virtually everywhere there is	rotting organic matter	102
1274565104	other nematodes thrive as ____ in the moist tissues of plants and in the body fluids and tissues of animals	parasites	103
1274565105	the dog heartworm is a	nematode	104
1274565106	humans are host to at least how many nematode species	50	105
1274565107	snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids are a few	molluscs	106
1274565108	soft bodied animals usually protected by a hard shell	molluscs	107
1274565109	three main parts of a mollusc	foot visceral mass mantle	108
1274565110	functions in locomotion of a mollusc	muscular foot	109
1274565111	contains most of the organs of a mollusc	visceral mass	110
1274565112	a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell in molluscs such as clams and snails	mantle	111
1274565113	the mantle extends beyond the visceral mass producing water filled chamber called the	mantle cavity	112
1274565114	unique rasping organ in mollusc	radula	113
1274565115	the radula is used to scrape up	food	114
1274565116	most molluscs have separate	sexes	115
1274565117	reproductive oragans of molluscs are located in the	visceral mass	116
1274565118	the life cycle of many marine molluscs includes a	ciliated larval or trochophore	117
1274565119	flatworms have no body cavity, nematodes have pseudocoelom molluscs have a	true coelom	118
1274565120	unlike flatworms and nematodes molluscs have a	circulatory system	119
1274565121	three different groups of molluscs determined by body features	gastropods, bivalves, cepalopods	120
1274565122	the largest group of molluscs	gastropods	121
1274565123	found in fresh water, salt water, terrestrial environments. The only molluscs that live on land	gastropods	122
1274565124	gastropodsare protected by a single spiraled	shell	123
1274565125	most gastropods are ____ and shell collectors delight in their variety	marine	124
1274565126	includes numerous species of clams, oysters, mussels and scallops	bivalves	125
1274565127	they have shells divided into two halves that are hinged together	bivalves	126
1274565128	most bivalves are what kind of feeders	suspension	127
1274565129	gills in bivalves are used for feeding as well as	gas exchange	128
1274565130	most bivalves live in sand or mud and are considered	sedentary	129
1274565131	use beak like jaws and a radula to crush or rip prey apart	cephalopods	130
1274565132	all cephalopods have	large brains and sophisticated sense organs	131
1274565133	cephalopod eyes are considered the most	complex	132
1274565134	annelids are	segmented worms	133
1274565135	segmented body resembling a series of fused rings is the hallmark of	phylum annelida	134
1274565136	subdivision of the body along its length into a series of repeated parts	segmentation	135
1274565137	segmented body allows for greater	flexibility and mobility	136
1274565138	three main groups of annelids	earthworms, polychaetes, leeches	137
1274565139	earthworms do not fertilize their own eggs but they are	hermaphrodites	138
1274565140	undigested material mixed with mucus secreted into the digestive tract is eliminated as	castings	139
1274565141	mostly marine and form the largest group of annelids	polychates	140
1274565142	most live in tubes and extend feathery appendages coated with mucus that trap suspended food particles	polychaetes	141
1274565143	segmented animals with jointed appendages	arthropods	142
1274565144	most successful animal phulum	arthoropoda	143
1274565145	diversity and success of arthropods are largely related to their	segmentation exoskeleton and jointed appendages	144
1274565146	exoskeleton is considered a	cuticle	145
1274565147	exoskeleton is hardened by layers of	protein and chitin	146
1274565148	the exoskeleton of the head and thorax is partly fused forming a body region called the	cephalothorax	147
1274565149	like molluscs arthropods have an	open circulatory system	148
1274565150	most aquatic species have	gills	149
1274565151	terrestrial insects have _________ that branch through out the body	air sacs	150
1274565152	horseshoe crab is a member of the	chelicerates	151
1274565153	collectively called _______scorpions,spiders ticks and mites are members of _________--	arachnids chelicerates	152
1274565154	wormlike terrestrial creatures that eat decaying plant matter classified as a arthropod	millipede	153
1274565155	terrestrial carnivores with a pair of poison claws used in defense and to paralyze prey	centipedes	154
1274565156	the crustaceans are nearly all	aquatic	155
1274565157	lobsters and crayfish are in which group	crustaceans	156
1274565158	_____ are marine crustaceans with a cuticle that is hardened into a shell containing ______	barnacles calcium carbonate	157
1274565159	four lineages of arthropods	chelicerates millipedes and centipedes crustaceans insects	158
1274565160	most successful group of animals	insects	159
1274565161	study insects	entomologists	160
1274565162	only the adult insect is	sexually mature and has wings	161
1274565163	percentage of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis	80	162
1274565164	larval stage is specialized for	eating and growing	163
1274565165	transition from larva t adult is achieved through_____ but with out forming a _____	multiple molts pupa	164
1274565166	molts multiple times and does form a pupa	complete metamorphosis	165
1274565167	insects have three distinct body parts	head thorax abdomen	166
1274565168	most adult insects have __ pairs of legs	three	167
1274565169	insects are the only invertebrates that can	fly	168
1274565170	sea stars and sand dollars, slow moving or sessile marine animals	echinoderms	169
1274565171	unique to echinoderms	water vascular system	170
1274565172	network of water filled canals that branch into extensions called tube feet	water vascular system	171
1274565173	tube feet function in	locomotion feeding and gas exchange	172
1274565174	some echinoderms are capable of	regeneration	173
1274565175	sea stars are ______ and sea urchins eat _____	carnivores algae	174
1274565176	a flexible supportive longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord	notochord	175
1274565177	located in the pharynx the region just behind the mouth	pharyngeal slits	176
1274565178	small bladelike chordates that live in marine sands	lancelets	177
1274565179	four chordate characteristics in summary	nerve cord notochord pharyngeal slits tail	178
1274565180	master control genes (body building genes ) are called	homeotic genes	179

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Biology Chapter 18: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity Flashcards

Biology Concepts and Connections 7e - Biology Chapter 18: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity

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1529619531	ingestion	The act of eating; the first main stage of food processing in animals.	0
1529619532	blastula	An embryonic stage that marks the end of cleavage during animal development; a hollow ball of cells in many species.	1
1529619533	gastrula	The embryonic stage resulting from gastrulation in animal development. Most animals have a gastrula made up of three layers of cells: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.	2
1529619534	ectoderm	The outer layer of three embryonic cell layers in a gastrula; forms the skin of the gastrula and gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system in the adult.	3
1529619535	mesoderm	The middle layer of the three embryonic cell layers in a gastrula. It gives rise to muscles, bones, the dermis of the skin, and most other organs in the adult.	4
1529619536	larva	(plural, larvae) A free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult in morphology, nutrition, and habitat.	5
1529619537	metamorphosis	The transformation of a larva into an adult.	6
1529619538	invertebrate	An animal that lacks a backbone.	7
1529619539	radial symmetry	An arrangement of the body parts of an organism like pieces of a pie around an imaginary central axis. Any slice passing longitudinally through a radially symmetrical organism's central axis divides it into mirror-image halves.	8
1529619540	bilateral symmetry	An arrangement of body parts such that an organism can be divided equally by a single cut passing longitudinally through it. A bilaterally symmetrical organism has mirror-image right and left sides.	9
1529619541	anterior	Pertaining to the front, or head, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.	10
1529619542	posterior	Pertaining to the rear, or tail, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.	11
1529619543	dorsal	Pertaining to the back of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.	12
1529619544	ventral	Pertaining to the underside, or bottom, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.	13
1529619545	body cavity	A fluid-containing space between the digestive tract and the body wall.	14
1529619546	hydrostatic skeleton	A skeletal system composed of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment; the main skeleton of most cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids.	15
1529619547	true coelom	A body cavity completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm.	16
1529619548	psuedocoelom	A body cavity that is not lined with mesoderm and is in direct contact with the wall of the digestive tract.	17
1529619549	protostome	An animal with a coelom that develops from solid masses of cells that arise between the digestive tube and the body wall of the embryo. The protostomes include the molluscs, annelids, and arthropods.	18
1529619550	deuterostomes	An animal with a coelom that forms from hollow outgrowths of the digestive tube of the early embryo. The deuterostomes include the echinoderms and the chordates.	19
1529619551	eumetazoan	Member of the clade of "true animals," the animals with true tissues (all animals except sponges).	20
1529619552	bilaterian	Member of the clade of animals Bilateria exhibiting bilateral symmetry.	21
1529619553	sponge	An aquatic animal characterized by a highly porous body.	22
1529619554	choancyte	A flagellated feeding cell found in sponges. Also called a collar cell, it has a collar-like ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum.	23
1529619555	amoebocyte	An amoeba-like cell that moves by pseudopodia, found in most animals; depending on the species, may digest and distribute food, dispose of wastes, form skeletal fibers, fight infections, and change into other cell types.	24
1529619556	suspension feeder	An aquatic animal that sifts small food particles from the water.	25
1529619557	sessile	An organism that is anchored to its substrate.	26
1529619558	cnidarian	An animal characterized by cnidocytes, radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity, and a polyp and medusa body form. Cnidarians include the hydras, jellyfishes, sea anemones, corals, and related animals.	27
1529619559	polyp	One of two types of cnidarian body forms; a columnar, hydra-like body.	28
1529619560	medusa	One of two types of cnidarian body forms; an umbrella-like body form.	29
1529619561	gastrovascular cavity	A digestive compartment with a single opening, the mouth; may function in circulation, body support, waste disposal, and gas exchange, as well as digestion.	30
1529619562	cnidocyte	A specialized cell for which the phylum Cnidaria is named; consists of a capsule containing a fine coiled thread, which, when discharged, functions in defense and prey capture.	31
1529619563	flatworm	A member of the phylum Platyhelminthes.	32
1529619564	free-living flatworms	One of a group of nonparasitic flatworms.	33
1529619565	flukes	One of a group of parasitic flatworms.	34
1529619566	tapeworms	A parasitic flatworm characterized by the absence of a digestive tract.	35
1529619567	nematode	A roundworm, characterized by a pseudocoelom, a cylindrical, wormlike body form, and a tough cuticle.	36
1529619568	cuticle	(1) In animals, a tough, nonliving outer layer of the skin. (2) In plants, a waxy coating on the surface of stems and leaves that helps retain water.	37
1529619569	complete digestive tract	A digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and an anus.	38
1529619570	molluscs	A soft-bodied animal characterized by a muscular foot, mantle, mantle cavity, and radula; includes gastropods (snails and slugs), bivalves (clams, oysters, and scallops), and cephalopods (squids and octopuses).	39
1529619571	foot	In an invertebrate animal, a structure used for locomotion or attachment, such as the muscular organ extending from the ventral side of a mollusc.	40
1529619572	visceral mass	One of the three main parts of a mollusc, containing most of the internal organs.	41
1529619573	mantle	In a mollusk, the outgrowth of the body surface that drapes over the animal. The mantle produces the shell and forms the mantle cavity.	42
1529619574	radula	A toothed, rasping organ used to scrape up or shred food; found in many molluscs.	43
1529619575	circulatory system	The organ system that transports materials such as nutrients, O2, and hormones to body cells and transports CO2 and other wastes from body cells.	44
1529619576	gastropod	A member of the largest group of molluscs, including snails and slugs.	45
1529619577	bivalve	A member of a group of molluscs that includes clams, mussels, scallops, and oysters.	46
1529619578	cephalopods	A member of a group of molluscs that includes squids and octopuses.	47
1529619579	segmentation	Subdivision along the length of an animal body into a series of repeated parts called segments.	48
1529619580	annelid	A segmented worm. Annelids include earthworms, polychaetes, and leeches.	49
1529619581	open circulatory system	A circulatory system in which blood is pumped through open-ended vessels and bathes the tissues and organs directly. In an animal with an open circulatory system, blood and interstitial fluid are one and the same.	50
1529619582	closed circulatory system	A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.	51
1529619583	polychaetes	A member of the largest group of annelids.	52
1529619584	arthropod	A member of the most diverse phylum in the animal kingdom. Arthropods include the horseshoe crab, arachnids (for example, spiders, ticks, scorpions, and mites), crustaceans (for example, crayfish, lobsters, crabs, and barnacles), millipedes, centipedes, and insects. Arthropods are characterized by a chitinous exoskeleton, molting, jointed appendages, and a body formed of distinct groups of segments.	53
1529619585	exoskeleton	A hard, external skeleton that protects an animal and provides points of attachment for muscles.	54
1529619586	molting	The process of shedding an old exoskeleton or cuticle and secreting a new, larger one.	55
1529619587	horseshoe crab	A bottom-dwelling marine chelicerate, a member of the phylum Arthropoda.	56
1529619588	chelicerate	A lineage of arthropods that includes horseshoes crabs, scorpions, ticks, and spiders.	57
1529619589	arachnid	A member of a major arthropod group (chelicerates) that includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites.	58
1529619590	millipede	A terrestrial arthropod that has two pairs of short legs for each of its numerous body segments and that eats decaying plant matter.	59
1529619591	centipedes	A carnivorous terrestrial arthropod that has one pair of long legs for each of its numerous body segments, with the front pair modified as poison claws.	60
1529619592	crustacean	A member of a major arthropod group that includes lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles.	61
1529619593	complete metamorphosis	A type of development in certain insects in which development from larva to adult is achieved by multiple molts that are followed by a pupal stage. While encased in its pupa, the body rebuilds from clusters of embryonic cells that have been held in reserve. The adult emerges from the pupa.	62
1529619594	incomplete metamorphosis	A type of development in certain insects in which development from larva to adult is achieved by multiple molts, but without forming a pupa.	63
1529619595	echinoderm	Member of a phylum of slow-moving or sessile marine animals characterized by a rough or spiny skin, a water vascular system, an endoskeleton, and radial symmetry in adults. Echinoderms include sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars.	64
1529619596	endoskeleton	A hard skeleton located within the soft tissues of an animal; includes spicules of sponges, the hard plates of echinoderms, and the cartilage and bony skeletons of vertebrates.	65
1529619597	water vascular system	In echinoderms, a radially arranged system of water-filled canals that branch into extensions called tube feet. The system provides movement and circulates water, facilitating gas exchange and waste disposal.	66
1529619598	dorsal, hollow nerve cord	One of the four hallmarks of chordates, a tube that forms on the dorsal side of the body, above the notochord.	67
1529619599	notochord	A flexible, cartilage-like, longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and nerve cord in chordate animals; present only in embryos in many species.	68
1529619600	pharyngeal gill slits	A gill structure in the pharynx; found in chordate embryos and some adult chordates.	69
1529619601	post-anal tail	A tail posterior to the anus; found in chordate embryos and most adult chordates.	70
1529619602	tunicate	One of a group of invertebrate chordates.	71
1529619603	lancelet	One of a group of invertebrate chordates.	72

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Chapter 18: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity Campbell Biology Flashcards

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1409762804	Animals are	multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes	0
1409762808	Ingestion	eating food	1
1409762816	Animal cells are held together by	extracellular structural proteins	2
1409762817	The most abundant structural protein holding animal cells together are	collagen	3
1409762818	M&F adult animals make haploid gametes by	meiosis	4
1409762819	The zygote divides by	mitosis	5
1409762821	The dividing of the of the zygote forms an early embryonic stage called a:	blastula	6
1409762823	Hollow ball of cells	blastula	7
1409762826	One side of the blastula folds inward forming stage called	gastrula	8
1409762828	The internal sac formed by gastrulation becomes the	digestive tract	9
1409762830	What lines the digestive tract	endoderm	10
1409762832	an outer cell layer that gives rise to the outer covering of the animal and, in some phyla, to the central nervous system	ectoderm	11
1409762836	third embryonic layer in animals which forms the muscles an most internal organs	mesoderm	12
1409762839	an immature individual that looks different from the adult animal	larva	13
1409762841	a major change of body form	metamorphosis	14
1409762845	The transformation of a zygote into an adult animal is controlled by clusters of	homeotic genes	15
1409762846	Animal diversification began more than	.5 billion years ago	16
1409762847	The lineage that gave rise to animals is thought to have diverged from a	flagellated unikont	17
1409762853	flagellated unikonts may have resembled modern	choanoflagellates	18
1409762854	colonial protist that are the closest living relatives of animals	choanoflagellates	19
1409762855	The oldest generally accepted animal fossils that have yet been found are how old	575-550 million years old	20
1409762856	animals that lack a vertebral column	invertebrates	21
1409762857	Edicaran fossil animals had what type of bodies	soft	22
1409762858	Cambrian animals had what types of fossil bodies	hard	23
1409762859	animals can be characterized by basic features of their	body plan	24
1409762860	prominent feature of the body plan	symmetry	25
1409762861	the body parts radiate from the center like the spokes of a bicycle wheel	radial symmetry	26
1409762862	What type of symmetry has a top and body but no left and right sides	radial	27
1409762863	mirror-image right and left sides, a distinct head and tail, also a back and bottom	bilateral symmetry	28
1409762864	head	anterior	29
1409762865	tail	posterior	30
1409762866	dorsal surface	back	31
1409762867	bottom	ventral surface	32
1409762868	The symmetry of a animal reflects its	lifystyle	33
1409762869	What type of animal is typically sedentary or passively drifting, meeting its environment equally on all sides	radial	34
1409762870	The brain, sense organs, and mouth are usually located in the head of what type of symmetric animal	bilateral	35
1409762871	Collections of specialized cells	true tissues	36
1409762872	sponges lack	true tissues	37
1409762873	The cell layers formed during gastrulation give rise to	true tissues, organs	38
1409762874	Three tissue layers	ectoderm endoderm mesoderm	39
1409762875	Animals arising from embryos with three tissue layers may be characterized by the presence or lack of a	body cavity	40
1409762876	Fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall cushions the internal organs and enables them to grow and move independently of the body wall	body cavity	41
1409762877	In soft-bodied animals, a noncompressible fluid in the body cavity form a	hydrostatic skeleton	42
1409762878	body cavitiy completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm	true coelom	43
1409762879	Not completely lined by tissue made from mesoderm, functions like coeloms	pseudocoelom	44
1409762880	Animals that arise from three tissue layers can be separated into two groups base on details of their	embryonic development	45
1409762881	Two types of bilateral animals	protostomes deuterostomes	46
1409762882	In _______the opening formed during gastrulation becomes a mouth	protostomes	47
1409762883	In _______ the opening formed during gastrulatin becomes a anus and the mouth forms a second opening	deuterostomes	48
1409762884	Differences between protostomes and deuterostomes	pattern of early cell division, the way the coelom forms	49
1409762885	animals with true tissues (true animals)	eumetazoans	50
1409762886	Animals that have bilateral symmetry belong to the clade	bilaterians	51
1409762887	The bilaterians are divided into two clades based on	embryology	52
1409762888	The two clades of bilaterians are	protostomes and deutrostomes	53
1409762889	The simplest of all animals	sponges	54
1409762890	Some sponges are radially symmetric but most lack	body symmetry	55
1409762891	The body of a sponge consist of two layers of cells separated by a	gelatinous region	56
1409762892	cells which help sweep water through the sponges body are called	choanocytes	57
1409762893	Wander through the middle body region, produce supportive skeletal fibers composed of a flexible protein called spongin are called	amoebocytes	58
1409762894	Most sponges have both types of	skeletal components	59
1409762895	Example of a suspension feeder	sponges	60
1409762896	animals that collect food particles from h2o passed through some type of food-trapping equipment	suspension feeders	61
1409762897	A sponge must filter roughly _________kg of seawater to obtain enough food	1,000	62
1409762898	What traps food particles in mucus on the membraneous collars hat surround the base of their flagella then engulf the food by phagocytosis	choanocytes	63
1409762899	pick up food in packaged vacuoles choanocytes	amoebocytes	64
1409762900	Means they are anchored in place	sessile	65
1409762901	Radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells, two tissue layers	cnidarians	66
1409762902	Phylum containing hydras, sea anemones, corals, and jellies	cnidaria	67
1409762903	Two types of radial body forms of cnidarians	polyp medusa	68
1409762904	Common in freshwater ponds and lakes	hydras	69
1409762905	Have a cylindrical body with tentacles projecting from one end	hydras and sea anemones	70
1409762906	mostly stationary	polyps	71
1409762907	move freely about in water and shaped like an umbrella with a fringe of tentacles	medusas	72
1409762908	cnidarians capture small animals and protist and are considered	carnivores	73
1409762909	In a ______ the mouth is on the top of the body at the hub of radiating tentacles	polyp	74
1409762910	In a ____________the mouth is in the center of the undersurface	medusa	75
1409762911	Fluid in the ______________________ circulates nutrients an oxygen to internal cells and removes metabolic waste	gastrovascular cavity	76
1409762912	cnidarian have unique stinging cells called	cnidocytes	77
1409762913	cnidocytes contain a	fine thread coiled within a capsule	78
1409762914	coral animals are	polyp form cnidarians	79
1409762915	Flatworms are the simplest	bilateral animals	80
1409762916	length of flatworms range from	1mm-20m	81
1409762917	Three major groups of flatworms	free-living flukes tapeworms	82
1409762918	Worms called the planarians represent	free living flatworms	83
1409762919	has a head with a pair of light-sensitive eyecups and a flap at each side that detects chemicals	planarian	84
1409762920	Planarians feed through a mouth located	mid-ventral surface of the body	85
1409762921	Live on the undersurfaces of rocks in freshwater ponds and streams	planarians	86
1409762922	second type of flat worm that lives as parasites in other animals	flukes	87
1409762923	have complex life cycles that facilitate dispersal of offspring to new host	flukes	88
1409762924	Spend part of their life cycle in snails (blood flukes)	schistosomes	89
1409762925	anterior end of a tapeworm	scolex	90
1409762926	tapeworms have no _________ mouth they _______nutrients across their body surface and have no ____________	mouth absorb digestive tract	91
1409762927	complex life cycle involving more that one host (like flukes)	tapeworms	92
1409762928	Flatworms and cnidarians differ in symmetry with flatworms being _____- and cnidarians being ____ but the animals of both phyla have a ________	bilateral radial gastrovascular cavity	93
1409762929	roundworms	nematodes	94
1409762930	Nematodes have a	pseudocoelom and a complete digestive tract	95
1409762931	Nematodes make up the phylum	nematoda	96
1409762932	True/False nematodes are bilaterians	true	97
1409762933	Cylindrical with a blunt head and tapered tail	nematodes	98
1409762934	tough nonliving material covering roundworms body	cuticle	99
1409762935	Extension of a tube from the mouth to the anus near the tip of the tail	complete digestive tract	100
1409762936	fluid in the __________ distributes nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract throughout the body	pseudocoelom	101
1409762937	free-living nematodes live virtually everywhere there is	rotting organic matter	102
1409762938	other nematodes thrive as ____ in the moist tissues of plants and in the body fluids and tissues of animals	parasites	103
1409762939	the dog heartworm is a	nematode	104
1409762940	humans are host to at least how many nematode species	50	105
1409762941	snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids are a few	molluscs	106
1409762942	soft bodied animals usually protected by a hard shell	molluscs	107
1409762943	three main parts of a mollusc	foot visceral mass mantle	108
1409762944	functions in locomotion of a mollusc	muscular foot	109
1409762945	contains most of the organs of a mollusc	visceral mass	110
1409762946	a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell in molluscs such as clams and snails	mantle	111
1409762947	the mantle extends beyond the visceral mass producing water filled chamber called the	mantle cavity	112
1409762948	unique rasping organ in mollusc	radula	113
1409762949	the radula is used to scrape up	food	114
1409762950	most molluscs have separate	sexes	115
1409762951	reproductive oragans of molluscs are located in the	visceral mass	116
1409762952	the life cycle of many marine molluscs includes a	ciliated larval or trochophore	117
1409762953	flatworms have no body cavity, nematodes have pseudocoelom molluscs have a	true coelom	118
1409762954	unlike flatworms and nematodes molluscs have a	circulatory system	119
1409762955	three different groups of molluscs determined by body features	gastropods, bivalves, cepalopods	120
1409762956	the largest group of molluscs	gastropods	121
1409762957	found in fresh water, salt water, terrestrial environments. The only molluscs that live on land	gastropods	122
1409762958	gastropodsare protected by a single spiraled	shell	123
1409762959	most gastropods are ____ and shell collectors delight in their variety	marine	124
1409762960	includes numerous species of clams, oysters, mussels and scallops	bivalves	125
1409762961	they have shells divided into two halves that are hinged together	bivalves	126
1409762962	most bivalves are what kind of feeders	suspension	127
1409762963	gills in bivalves are used for feeding as well as	gas exchange	128
1409762964	most bivalves live in sand or mud and are considered	sedentary	129
1409762965	use beak like jaws and a radula to crush or rip prey apart	cephalopods	130
1409762966	all cephalopods have	large brains and sophisticated sense organs	131
1409762967	cephalopod eyes are considered the most	complex	132
1409762968	annelids are	segmented worms	133
1409762969	segmented body resembling a series of fused rings is the hallmark of	phylum annelida	134
1409762970	subdivision of the body along its length into a series of repeated parts	segmentation	135
1409762971	segmented body allows for greater	flexibility and mobility	136
1409762972	three main groups of annelids	earthworms, polychaetes, leeches	137
1409762973	earthworms do not fertilize their own eggs but they are	hermaphrodites	138
1409762974	undigested material mixed with mucus secreted into the digestive tract is eliminated as	castings	139
1409762975	mostly marine and form the largest group of annelids	polychates	140
1409762976	most live in tubes and extend feathery appendages coated with mucus that trap suspended food particles	polychaetes	141
1409762977	segmented animals with jointed appendages	arthropods	142
1409762978	most successful animal phulum	arthoropoda	143
1409762979	diversity and success of arthropods are largely related to their	segmentation exoskeleton and jointed appendages	144
1409762980	exoskeleton is considered a	cuticle	145
1409762981	exoskeleton is hardened by layers of	protein and chitin	146
1409762982	the exoskeleton of the head and thorax is partly fused forming a body region called the	cephalothorax	147
1409762983	like molluscs arthropods have an	open circulatory system	148
1409762984	most aquatic species have	gills	149
1409762985	terrestrial insects have _________ that branch through out the body	air sacs	150
1409762986	horseshoe crab is a member of the	chelicerates	151
1409762987	collectively called _______scorpions,spiders ticks and mites are members of _________--	arachnids chelicerates	152
1409762988	wormlike terrestrial creatures that eat decaying plant matter classified as a arthropod	millipede	153
1409762989	terrestrial carnivores with a pair of poison claws used in defense and to paralyze prey	centipedes	154
1409762990	the crustaceans are nearly all	aquatic	155
1409762991	lobsters and crayfish are in which group	crustaceans	156
1409762992	_____ are marine crustaceans with a cuticle that is hardened into a shell containing ______	barnacles calcium carbonate	157
1409762993	four lineages of arthropods	chelicerates millipedes and centipedes crustaceans insects	158
1409762994	most successful group of animals	insects	159
1409762995	study insects	entomologists	160
1409762996	only the adult insect is	sexually mature and has wings	161
1409762997	percentage of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis	80	162
1409762998	larval stage is specialized for	eating and growing	163
1409762999	transition from larva t adult is achieved through_____ but with out forming a _____	multiple molts pupa	164
1409763000	molts multiple times and does form a pupa	complete metamorphosis	165
1409763001	insects have three distinct body parts	head thorax abdomen	166
1409763002	most adult insects have __ pairs of legs	three	167
1409763003	insects are the only invertebrates that can	fly	168
1409763004	sea stars and sand dollars, slow moving or sessile marine animals	echinoderms	169
1409763005	unique to echinoderms	water vascular system	170
1409763006	network of water filled canals that branch into extensions called tube feet	water vascular system	171
1409763007	tube feet function in	locomotion feeding and gas exchange	172
1409763008	some echinoderms are capable of	regeneration	173
1409763009	sea stars are ______ and sea urchins eat _____	carnivores algae	174
1409763010	a flexible supportive longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord	notochord	175
1409763011	located in the pharynx the region just behind the mouth	pharyngeal slits	176
1409763012	small bladelike chordates that live in marine sands	lancelets	177
1409763013	four chordate characteristics in summary	nerve cord notochord pharyngeal slits tail	178
1409763014	master control genes (body building genes ) are called	homeotic genes	179

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Campbell Biology; Tenth Edition; Chapter 13; Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Flashcards

Key Concepts:

• Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes.
• Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles.
• Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid.
• Genetic variations produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution.

Terms : Hide Images

1783919245	Alternation of Generations	a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae	0
1783919246	Asexual Reproduction	the generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts); in most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent	1
1786293556	Chiasma (plural, Chiasmata)	the X-shaped, microscopically visible region where crossing over has occurred earlier in prophase I between homologous nonsister chromatids; chiasmata become visible after synapsis ends, with the two homologs remaining associated due to sister chromatid cohesion	2
1786293557	Clone	(1) a lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells; (2) in popular usage, an individual that is genetically identical to another individual; (3) as a verb, to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell; see also gene cloning	3
1786293558	Crossing Over	the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis	4
1786293559	Gamete	a haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm; gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote	5
1786293560	Gene	a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)	6
1786293561	Genetic Variation	differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments	7
1786293562	Genetics	the scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation	8
1786293563	Haploid Cell	a cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n)	9
1786293564	Heredity	the transmission of traits from one generation to the next	10
1786293565	Homologous Chromosomes (or Homologs)	a pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci; one homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother; also called a homologous pair	11
1786293566	Karyotype	a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape	12
1786293567	Life Cycle	the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism	13
1786293568	Locus	a specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located	14
1786293569	Meiosis	a modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication; it results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell	15
1786293570	Meiosis I	the first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell	16
1786293571	Meiosis II	the second division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell	17
1786293572	Recombinant Chromosome	a chromosome created when crossing over combines DNA from two parents into a single chromosome	18
1786293573	Sex Chromosome	a chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual	19
1786293574	Sexual Reproduction	a type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes	20
1786293575	Somatic Cell	any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors	21
1786293576	Synapsis	the pairing and physical connection of duplicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis	22
1786293577	Synaptonemal	complex	23
1786293578	Zygote	the diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg	24
1828784001	How many genes are present in the human genome? a. 23 b. 46 c. hundreds d. tens of thousands e. a virtually infinite number	tens of thousands Each chromosome has hundreds or thousands of genes; the entire human genome has on the order of 20,000 to 25,000 genes.	25
1828784002	What is a locus? a. the precise location of a gene on a chromosome b. a structure that appears during prophase I and consists of two paired genes c. the precise DNA sequence of a gene d. a type of spore made only by fungi e. a cell with two chromosome sets	the precise location of a gene on a chromosome The location of a gene within the genome, including the identity of the particular chromosome that it maps to and its specific position on that chromosome, is called its locus.	26
1828784003	Sexual and asexual reproduction are alike in that __________. a. they both give rise to genetically distinct offspring b. they both involve two parents c. they both require meiosis to complete the reproductive cycle d. they can both occur in multicellular organisms e. in both cases, every parent transmits all of its genes to its progeny	they can both occur in multicellular organisms Examples of both sexual and asexual reproduction have been observed in multicellular organisms.	27
1828784004	A clone is the product of __________. a. asexual reproduction b. sexual reproduction c. mitosis d. meiosis e. asexual reproduction and mitosis f. sexual reproduction and meiosis	asexual reproduction and mitosis In asexual reproduction, an organism produces genetically identical progeny, or clones, by mitosis.	28
1828784005	Unless the chromosomes were stained to show band patterns, a karyotype would be LEAST likely to show which of the following? a. an extra chromosome b. a large part of a chromosome duplicated c. a missing chromosome d. part of a chromosome turned around e. the attachment of a large part of a chromosome to another chromosome	part of a chromosome turned around An inversion, which affects neither the number of chromosomes nor the length of a chromosome, is generally difficult to detect without staining to show chromosomal bands.	29
1828784006	A karyotype is __________. a. the physical traits a person has b. a method of identifying crossover events c. all the possible gametes a person could produce d. a photograph of all the chromosomes in a single cell from an individual e. a list of all the genes a person carries	a photograph of all the chromosomes in a single cell from an individual Karyotypes, ordered displays of an individual's chromosomes, are useful in identifying chromosomal abnormalities.	30
1828784007	Fertilization produces __________. a. a haploid zygote in some life cycles and a diploid zygote in others b. a haploid zygote c. a diploid zygote d. a diploid zygote, except during the gametophyte stage of alternation of generations e. a multicellular haploid organism in a life cycle with an alternation of generations	a diploid zygote Fertilization always involves the fusion of gametes and produces a diploid zygote.	31
1828784008	Which, if any, of the following statements is true? a. Diploid cells can divide by mitosis. b. Diploid cells can divide by meiosis. c. Haploid cells can divide by mitosis. d. Haploid cells cannot divide by meiosis. e. All of the above responses are correct.	All of the above responses are correct. Diploid cells can divide by either mitosis or meiosis, but haploid cells can divide only by mitosis.	32
1828784009	Which of the following is part of the life cycle called alternation of generations? a. multicellular haploid stage (gametophyte) b. multicellular diploid stage (sporophyte) c. zygote d. spores e. All of the listed responses are correct.	All of the listed responses are correct. In alternation of generations, zygotes give rise to multicellular, diploid sporophytes, and spores give rise to multicellular, haploid gametophytes.	33
1828784010	The sexual cycle of the diploid, multicellular algal genus Fucus involves __________. a. mitosis only b. both mitosis and meiosis but not fertilization c. both mitosis and fertilization but not meiosis d. only meiosis and fertilization e. mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization	mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization All multicellular organisms undergo mitosis, and all diploid, sexually reproducing organisms undergo meiosis and fertilization, which are complementary processes.	34
1828784011	A life cycle in which the only multicellular form is haploid is most typical of __________. a. primates b. plants c. fungi d. prokaryotes e. fish	fungi In most fungi, the multicellular form is haploid, and fertilization (and creation of a zygote) is immediately followed by meiosis.	35
1828784012	In sexually reproducing species, the chromosome number remains stable over time because __________ and __________ always alternate. a. meiosis ... fertilization b. meiosis ... mitosis c. mitosis ... fertilization d. meiosis ... interphase e. meiosis I ... meiosis II	meiosis ... fertilization Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half, and fertilization restores the number to the diploid state.	36
1828784013	The egg (ovum) of a rabbit contains 22 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the somatic (body) cells of a rabbit? a. 11 b. 22 c. 44 d. 88 e. 132	44 Haploid sex cells contain half as many chromosomes as diploid somatic cells.	37
1828784014	In a diploid cell containing 10 chromosomes, meiosis results in the formation of daughter cells containing __________ chromosomes. a. 0 b. 5 c. 10 d. 20 e. 40	5 Haploid sex cells contain half as many chromosomes as diploid somatic cells.	38
1828784015	How many pairs of autosomes do humans have? a. 23 b. 22 c. 2 d. 1 e. It depends on the sex of the individual.	22 Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.	39
1828784016	Sister chromatids __________. a. are involved in mitosis only b. are pairs of chromosomes, one of which comes from the father and one of which comes from the mother c. are identical copies of each other formed through DNA synthesis d. have the same gene loci but may have different alleles of some genes e. are involved in meiosis only	are identical copies of each other formed through DNA synthesis Sister chromatids are identical and participate in both mitosis and meiosis.	40
1828784017	Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is correct? a. They are found in animal cells but not in plant cells. b. They have genes for the same traits at the same loci. c. They pair up in prophase II. d. They are found in haploid cells. e. They are found in the cells of human females but not in those of human males.	They have genes for the same traits at the same loci. The chromosomes that make up a pair are called homologous chromosomes, and they carry genes controlling the same inherited characters.	41
1828784018	When we say that an organism is haploid, we mean that __________. a. its cells each have one chromosome b. it has one half of a chromosome c. its cells have a single set of chromosomes d. its cells have two sets of chromosomes e. its cells have half of one set of chromosomes	its cells have a single set of chromosomes Many fungi and some protists exist as haploid organisms, and plants and some algae also have a haploid stage (called a gametophyte) as part of the life cycle called alternation of generations.	42
1828784019	Which of the following is a function of mitosis in humans? a. production of eggs b. production of sperm c. decreasing the number of chromosomes d. multiplication of body cells e. increasing genetic variability	multiplication of body cells This is a function of mitosis in humans. It is mitosis that enables a multicellular adult to form from a fertilized egg and produces cells for growth and tissue repair.	43
1828784020	Somatic cells in humans contain __________ set(s) of chromosomes and are therefore termed __________. a. one ... diploid b. two ... haploid c. one ... haploid d. two ... diploid e. three ... triploid	two ... diploid Somatic cells in interphase contain the characteristic diploid chromosome number.	44
1828784021	Nearly all life cycles have both haploid and diploid phases. Usually, the transition from haploid to diploid takes place __________. a. during crossing over in meiosis b. when DNA is replicated during the S phase of the cell cycle c. when mitotic cytokinesis occurs d. at fertilization, when gametes fuse e. during embryonic development	at fertilization, when gametes fuse The union of haploid gametes at fertilization produces the zygote, or fertilized egg, which marks the beginning of the diploid phase of the life cycle.	45
1828784022	Spores and gametes are different in that __________. a. gametes never resemble spores morphologically b. gametes are always haploid whereas spores are diploid c. gametes can fuse to form a zygote, but spores can develop into independent organisms without first forming a zygote d. only the formation of gametes contributes to genetic variation e. gametes are derived directly from sporophytes to form gametophytes	gametes can fuse to form a zygote, but spores can develop into independent organisms without first forming a zygote Unlike a gamete, a spore gives rise to a multicellular organism without fusing with another cell.	46
1828784023	Humans have 46 chromosomes. This number of chromosomes will be found in __________. a. all cells in anaphase of mitosis b. all the egg and sperm cells c. all gamete-producing cells after meiosis I d. liver cells e. all the cells of the body	liver cells Liver cells are somatic cells, and they contain the characteristic diploid chromosome number.	47
1828784024	Which of the following results in cells that contain half the parental chromosome number? a. cytokinesis b. mitosis c. meiosis d. interphase e. metaphase	meiosis The two cell divisions of meiosis, I and II, produce four haploid daughter cells.	48
1828784025	At the end of telophase I of meiosis and the first cytokinesis, there are __________. a. four haploid cells b. two diploid cells c. four diploid cells d. one haploid ovum and three polar bodies e. two haploid cells	two haploid cells Each of these cells carries a haploid set of chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids.	49
1828784026	What is the typical result when a diploid cell has completed meiosis? a. two diploid cells b. two haploid cells c. four diploid cells d. four haploid cells e. two haploid cells and two diploid cells	four haploid cells The two cell divisions of meiosis, I and II, produce four haploid daughter cells, which are not genetically identical to the diploid parent cell.	50
1828784027	Synapsis occurs during __________. a. anaphase I b. prophase I c. cytokinesis d. prophase II e. metaphase I	prophase I Synapsis is the pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I.	51
1828784028	Which of the following occurs during anaphase II? a. Homologs separate and migrate toward opposite poles. b. Sister chromatids separate and migrate toward opposite poles. c. Nuclei re-form. d. Chromosomes line up on one plate. e. The synaptonemal complex disappears.	Sister chromatids separate and migrate toward opposite poles. This occurs during anaphase II.	52
1828784029	Which of the following occurs during anaphase I? a. Homologs separate and migrate toward opposite poles. b. Sister chromatids separate and migrate toward opposite poles. c. Nuclei re-form. d. Chromosomes line up on one plate. e. The cell is haploid.	Homologs separate and migrate toward opposite poles. This occurs during anaphase I.	53
1828784030	Cytokinesis is the __________. a. exchange of homologous regions of nonsister chromatids b. formation of tetrads c. independent assortment of chromosomes d. lining up of tetrads at the metaphase plate e. division of the cytoplasm to create two cells	division of the cytoplasm to create two cells Cytokinesis normally accompanies both telophase I and telophase II, as well as the telophase of mitosis.	54
1828784031	What is the function of meiosis? a. to make exact copies of the parent cell b. to make one cell with twice the number of chromosomes as the parent pairs c. to make four cells with the same chromosome number as the parent d. to make cells with a haploid (half that of the parents) number of chromosomes e. to make diploid spores	to make cells with a haploid (half that of the parents) number of chromosomes The two cell divisions of meiosis, I and II, produce four haploid daughter cells, which are not genetically identical to the diploid parent cell.	55
1828784032	Crossing over occurs during __________. a. cytokinesis b. metaphase I c. prophase II d. metaphase II e. prophase I	prophase I Crossing over, resulting in genetic recombination, occurs during synapsis in prophase I.	56
1828784033	Regions of chromosomes where nonsister chromatids cross over are called __________. a. mutations b. homologs c. kinetochores d. chiasmata e. tetrads	chiasmata Chiasmata are regions where crossing over has occurred.	57
1828784034	The synaptonemal complex __________. a. physically connects homologous chromosomes during prophase I b. physically connects homologous chromosomes during mitosis c. is broken down by enzymes during anaphase II d. is another name for chiasmata e. is formed by a protein called cohesin	physically connects homologous chromosomes during prophase I The synaptonemal complex helps to line up homologous chromosomes gene by gene.	58
1828784035	An organism has a haploid chromosome number n = 4. How many tetrads will form during meiosis? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 8 e. 16	4 Because of the synapsis of homologous chromosomes, the number of tetrads in meiosis I will be the same as the haploid number of chromosomes.	59
1828784036	Which event occurs only during prophase I of the first meiotic division? a. Homologous chromosomes line up at the center of the cell. b. Synapsis of homologous pairs occurs. c. The nuclear membrane breaks down. d. Replication of DNA takes place. e. A spindle of microtubules forms.	Synapsis of homologous pairs occurs. Synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs at prophase of meiosis I.	60
1828784037	Which of the following occurs in meiosis, but NOT mitosis? a. The cells formed have the same combination of genes as found in the initial cell. b. Homologous chromosomes separate. c. The nuclear envelope disappears. d. Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the spindle. e. A spindle apparatus forms.	Homologous chromosomes separate. Homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I; this is the event that produces haploid cells.	61
1828784038	Which function makes meiosis lengthier and more complex than mitosis? a. decreasing the chromosome number to haploid b. introducing genetic variation among the daughter cells c. ensuring that each daughter cell gets a single, complete set of chromosomes d. undergoing two rounds of cytokinesis e. All of the listed responses are correct.	All of the listed responses are correct. Meiosis involves two divisions that typically result in four daughter cells (instead of two). Each cell has half the number of chromosomes of the original parent cell, and is, of course, not genetically identical to the parent cell.	62
1828784039	Ignoring crossover events, how many kinds of gametes can be produced by an organism with a diploid number of 8? a. 2 b. 4 c. 8 d. 16 e. 32	16 The number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes during meiosis is 2n, where n is the haploid number of chromosomes.	63
1828784040	Which of the following contributes to genetic variation in sexually reproducing species? a. crossing over, internal fertilization, independent assortment b. independent assortment, spindle formation, random fertilization c. random fertilization, DNA synthesis, independent assortment d. random fertilization, independent assortment, crossing over e. internal fertilization, spindle formation, crossing over	random fertilization, independent assortment, crossing over These three aspects of sexual reproduction increase genetic variation.	64
1828784041	In humans, the haploid number of chromosomes is 23. Independent assortment has the possibility of producing __________ different types of gametes. a. 232 b. 1 million c. 223 d. 24 e. 100,000	223 For each gamete there are two possibilities for each chromosome (the paternal or the maternal chromosome), and there are 23 different chromosomes per gamete.	65
1828784042	The diploid number of chromosomes in a certain animal is 8 (2n = 8). How do the four pairs of homologous chromosomes align and separate during meiosis? a. All of the maternal chromosomes always move to one pole, and all the paternal chromosomes always move to the other pole. b. All 16 chromatids move together. c. Exactly two maternal and two paternal chromosomes always move to each of the two poles. d. The first to move influences all the others. e. They align and assort independently to form any of 16 different combinations.	They align and assort independently to form any of 16 different combinations. Because each pair of homologous chromosomes is positioned independently in metaphase I, the first meiotic division results in the independent assortment of paternal and maternal chromosomes into daughter cells. In a case in which 2n = 8, 16 combinations of chromosomes are possible for gametes.	66
1828784043	In a diploid set of chromosomes, one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes is derived from the father (paternal), and the other comes from the mother (maternal). If 2n = 6, what is the probability that a particular gamete will contain only paternal chromosomes? a. 1/4 b. 1/8 c. 1/16 d. 1/32 e. The answer cannot be determined from these data.	1/8 The chance of any one paternal chromosome ending up in a particular gamete is 1/2, so the chance that all three would be of paternal origin would be (1/2)n, where n = 3.	67
1828784044	The major contribution of sex to evolution is that __________. a. it is the only mechanism for species to reproduce b. it provides a method to increase genetic variation c. it provides a way in which somatic mutations can be inherited d. it is the only mechanism for species to reproduce and it provides a method to increase genetic variation e. it provides a method to increase genetic variation and it provides a way in which somatic mutations can be inherited	it provides a method to increase genetic variation Sexual life cycles produce enormous genetic variation among offspring.	68
1828784045	Which of the following answers is NEITHER involved with crossing over NOR an outcome of crossing over? a. The DNA in two nonsister chromatids is broken by specific proteins at exact points. b. Chiasmata indicate where crossing over is occurring between homologs. c. the random alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes at metaphase I d. formation of chromosomes containing paternal and maternal alleles e. All of the listed responses pertain to the process of crossing over.	the random alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes at metaphase I This process is not related to crossing over but is an outcome of independent assortment.	69
1828784046	Which of the following statements reflects an advantage that sexual reproduction likely provides over asexual reproduction? a. In terms of energetic costs, sexual reproduction is a cheaper strategy than asexual reproduction for generating genetic variation in a population. b. Although sexual and asexual reproduction both offer opportunities for increasing genetic variation, sexual reproduction is comparatively lower in its energetic costs to the organism. c. Although energetically more costly than asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction leads to different combinations of alleles that could provide adaptability in a changing environment. d. Sexual reproduction maintains the same combination of alleles and does not run the risk of losing successful combinations of alleles as is observed to occur in asexually reproducing organisms. e. Although both reproductive strategies perpetuate the same combination of alleles within individuals in a population, sexual reproduction is energetically less costly than asexual reproduction.	Although energetically more costly than asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction leads to different combinations of alleles that could provide adaptability in a changing environment. Asexual reproduction is energetically cheaper than sexual reproduction but perpetuates the same combination of alleles in individuals over generations; thus, it does not provide the capacity for adaptation as do sexually reproducing organisms.	70
1828784047	Although __________ is nearly universal among animals, bdelloid rotifers __________. a. asexual reproduction ... have achieved great diversity by using sexual reproduction b. sexual reproduction ... reproduce asexually and achieve genetic diversity by mutations alone c. sexual reproduction ... reproduce asexually because they inhabit very stable environments and the production of gametes would be an inefficient use of energy d. sexual reproduction ... reproduce asexually but can increase genetic variation present in a population by means of the uptake of DNA from other rotifers	sexual reproduction ... reproduce asexually but can increase genetic variation present in a population by means of the uptake of DNA from other rotifers Although bdelloid rotifers are incapable of sexual reproduction, they can carry out a form of "horizontal gene transfer" in which they take up DNA from the environment and incorporate it into their genome. This adaptation demonstrates that asexually reproducing animals are not limited to mutation alone in generating genetic diversity in a population.	71
1828784048	A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is a. a sperm. b. a somatic cell of a female. c. a zygote. d. an egg. e. a somatic cell of a male.	a sperm	72
1828784049	Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during a. binary fission. b. meiosis I. c. mitosis. d. fertilization. e. meiosis II.	meiosis I	73
1828784050	Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that a. sister chromatids separate during anaphase. b. homologous chromosomes synapse. c. the chromosome number is reduced. d. DNA replicates before the division. e. the daughter cells are diploid.	sister chromatids separate during anaphase	74
1828784051	If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be a. 0.25x. b. 0.5x. c. x. d. 2x. e. 4x.	2x	75
1828784052	If we continued to follow the cell lineage from question 4, then the DNA content of a single cell at metaphase of meiosis II would be a. 0.25x. b. 0.5x. c. x. d. 2x. e. 4x.	x	76

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Campbell Biology; Tenth Edition; Chapter 13; Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Flashcards

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1783919245	Alternation of Generations	a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae	0
1783919246	Asexual Reproduction	the generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts); in most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent	1
1786293556	Chiasma (plural, Chiasmata)	the X-shaped, microscopically visible region where crossing over has occurred earlier in prophase I between homologous nonsister chromatids; chiasmata become visible after synapsis ends, with the two homologs remaining associated due to sister chromatid cohesion	2
1786293557	Clone	(1) a lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells; (2) in popular usage, an individual that is genetically identical to another individual; (3) as a verb, to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell; see also gene cloning	3
1786293558	Crossing Over	the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis	4
1786293559	Gamete	a haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm; gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote	5
1786293560	Gene	a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)	6
1786293561	Genetic Variation	differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments	7
1786293562	Genetics	the scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation	8
1786293563	Haploid Cell	a cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n)	9
1786293564	Heredity	the transmission of traits from one generation to the next	10
1786293565	Homologous Chromosomes (or Homologs)	a pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci; one homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother; also called a homologous pair	11
1786293566	Karyotype	a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape	12
1786293567	Life Cycle	the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism	13
1786293568	Locus	a specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located	14
1786293569	Meiosis	a modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication; it results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell	15
1786293570	Meiosis I	the first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell	16
1786293571	Meiosis II	the second division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell	17
1786293572	Recombinant Chromosome	a chromosome created when crossing over combines DNA from two parents into a single chromosome	18
1786293573	Sex Chromosome	a chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual	19
1786293574	Sexual Reproduction	a type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes	20
1786293575	Somatic Cell	any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors	21
1786293576	Synapsis	the pairing and physical connection of duplicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis	22
1786293577	Synaptonemal	complex	23
1786293578	Zygote	the diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg	24
1828784001	How many genes are present in the human genome? a. 23 b. 46 c. hundreds d. tens of thousands e. a virtually infinite number	tens of thousands Each chromosome has hundreds or thousands of genes; the entire human genome has on the order of 20,000 to 25,000 genes.	25
1828784002	What is a locus? a. the precise location of a gene on a chromosome b. a structure that appears during prophase I and consists of two paired genes c. the precise DNA sequence of a gene d. a type of spore made only by fungi e. a cell with two chromosome sets	the precise location of a gene on a chromosome The location of a gene within the genome, including the identity of the particular chromosome that it maps to and its specific position on that chromosome, is called its locus.	26
1828784003	Sexual and asexual reproduction are alike in that __________. a. they both give rise to genetically distinct offspring b. they both involve two parents c. they both require meiosis to complete the reproductive cycle d. they can both occur in multicellular organisms e. in both cases, every parent transmits all of its genes to its progeny	they can both occur in multicellular organisms Examples of both sexual and asexual reproduction have been observed in multicellular organisms.	27
1828784004	A clone is the product of __________. a. asexual reproduction b. sexual reproduction c. mitosis d. meiosis e. asexual reproduction and mitosis f. sexual reproduction and meiosis	asexual reproduction and mitosis In asexual reproduction, an organism produces genetically identical progeny, or clones, by mitosis.	28
1828784005	Unless the chromosomes were stained to show band patterns, a karyotype would be LEAST likely to show which of the following? a. an extra chromosome b. a large part of a chromosome duplicated c. a missing chromosome d. part of a chromosome turned around e. the attachment of a large part of a chromosome to another chromosome	part of a chromosome turned around An inversion, which affects neither the number of chromosomes nor the length of a chromosome, is generally difficult to detect without staining to show chromosomal bands.	29
1828784006	A karyotype is __________. a. the physical traits a person has b. a method of identifying crossover events c. all the possible gametes a person could produce d. a photograph of all the chromosomes in a single cell from an individual e. a list of all the genes a person carries	a photograph of all the chromosomes in a single cell from an individual Karyotypes, ordered displays of an individual's chromosomes, are useful in identifying chromosomal abnormalities.	30
1828784007	Fertilization produces __________. a. a haploid zygote in some life cycles and a diploid zygote in others b. a haploid zygote c. a diploid zygote d. a diploid zygote, except during the gametophyte stage of alternation of generations e. a multicellular haploid organism in a life cycle with an alternation of generations	a diploid zygote Fertilization always involves the fusion of gametes and produces a diploid zygote.	31
1828784008	Which, if any, of the following statements is true? a. Diploid cells can divide by mitosis. b. Diploid cells can divide by meiosis. c. Haploid cells can divide by mitosis. d. Haploid cells cannot divide by meiosis. e. All of the above responses are correct.	All of the above responses are correct. Diploid cells can divide by either mitosis or meiosis, but haploid cells can divide only by mitosis.	32
1828784009	Which of the following is part of the life cycle called alternation of generations? a. multicellular haploid stage (gametophyte) b. multicellular diploid stage (sporophyte) c. zygote d. spores e. All of the listed responses are correct.	All of the listed responses are correct. In alternation of generations, zygotes give rise to multicellular, diploid sporophytes, and spores give rise to multicellular, haploid gametophytes.	33
1828784010	The sexual cycle of the diploid, multicellular algal genus Fucus involves __________. a. mitosis only b. both mitosis and meiosis but not fertilization c. both mitosis and fertilization but not meiosis d. only meiosis and fertilization e. mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization	mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization All multicellular organisms undergo mitosis, and all diploid, sexually reproducing organisms undergo meiosis and fertilization, which are complementary processes.	34
1828784011	A life cycle in which the only multicellular form is haploid is most typical of __________. a. primates b. plants c. fungi d. prokaryotes e. fish	fungi In most fungi, the multicellular form is haploid, and fertilization (and creation of a zygote) is immediately followed by meiosis.	35
1828784012	In sexually reproducing species, the chromosome number remains stable over time because __________ and __________ always alternate. a. meiosis ... fertilization b. meiosis ... mitosis c. mitosis ... fertilization d. meiosis ... interphase e. meiosis I ... meiosis II	meiosis ... fertilization Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half, and fertilization restores the number to the diploid state.	36
1828784013	The egg (ovum) of a rabbit contains 22 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the somatic (body) cells of a rabbit? a. 11 b. 22 c. 44 d. 88 e. 132	44 Haploid sex cells contain half as many chromosomes as diploid somatic cells.	37
1828784014	In a diploid cell containing 10 chromosomes, meiosis results in the formation of daughter cells containing __________ chromosomes. a. 0 b. 5 c. 10 d. 20 e. 40	5 Haploid sex cells contain half as many chromosomes as diploid somatic cells.	38
1828784015	How many pairs of autosomes do humans have? a. 23 b. 22 c. 2 d. 1 e. It depends on the sex of the individual.	22 Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.	39
1828784016	Sister chromatids __________. a. are involved in mitosis only b. are pairs of chromosomes, one of which comes from the father and one of which comes from the mother c. are identical copies of each other formed through DNA synthesis d. have the same gene loci but may have different alleles of some genes e. are involved in meiosis only	are identical copies of each other formed through DNA synthesis Sister chromatids are identical and participate in both mitosis and meiosis.	40
1828784017	Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is correct? a. They are found in animal cells but not in plant cells. b. They have genes for the same traits at the same loci. c. They pair up in prophase II. d. They are found in haploid cells. e. They are found in the cells of human females but not in those of human males.	They have genes for the same traits at the same loci. The chromosomes that make up a pair are called homologous chromosomes, and they carry genes controlling the same inherited characters.	41
1828784018	When we say that an organism is haploid, we mean that __________. a. its cells each have one chromosome b. it has one half of a chromosome c. its cells have a single set of chromosomes d. its cells have two sets of chromosomes e. its cells have half of one set of chromosomes	its cells have a single set of chromosomes Many fungi and some protists exist as haploid organisms, and plants and some algae also have a haploid stage (called a gametophyte) as part of the life cycle called alternation of generations.	42
1828784019	Which of the following is a function of mitosis in humans? a. production of eggs b. production of sperm c. decreasing the number of chromosomes d. multiplication of body cells e. increasing genetic variability	multiplication of body cells This is a function of mitosis in humans. It is mitosis that enables a multicellular adult to form from a fertilized egg and produces cells for growth and tissue repair.	43
1828784020	Somatic cells in humans contain __________ set(s) of chromosomes and are therefore termed __________. a. one ... diploid b. two ... haploid c. one ... haploid d. two ... diploid e. three ... triploid	two ... diploid Somatic cells in interphase contain the characteristic diploid chromosome number.	44
1828784021	Nearly all life cycles have both haploid and diploid phases. Usually, the transition from haploid to diploid takes place __________. a. during crossing over in meiosis b. when DNA is replicated during the S phase of the cell cycle c. when mitotic cytokinesis occurs d. at fertilization, when gametes fuse e. during embryonic development	at fertilization, when gametes fuse The union of haploid gametes at fertilization produces the zygote, or fertilized egg, which marks the beginning of the diploid phase of the life cycle.	45
1828784022	Spores and gametes are different in that __________. a. gametes never resemble spores morphologically b. gametes are always haploid whereas spores are diploid c. gametes can fuse to form a zygote, but spores can develop into independent organisms without first forming a zygote d. only the formation of gametes contributes to genetic variation e. gametes are derived directly from sporophytes to form gametophytes	gametes can fuse to form a zygote, but spores can develop into independent organisms without first forming a zygote Unlike a gamete, a spore gives rise to a multicellular organism without fusing with another cell.	46
1828784023	Humans have 46 chromosomes. This number of chromosomes will be found in __________. a. all cells in anaphase of mitosis b. all the egg and sperm cells c. all gamete-producing cells after meiosis I d. liver cells e. all the cells of the body	liver cells Liver cells are somatic cells, and they contain the characteristic diploid chromosome number.	47
1828784024	Which of the following results in cells that contain half the parental chromosome number? a. cytokinesis b. mitosis c. meiosis d. interphase e. metaphase	meiosis The two cell divisions of meiosis, I and II, produce four haploid daughter cells.	48
1828784025	At the end of telophase I of meiosis and the first cytokinesis, there are __________. a. four haploid cells b. two diploid cells c. four diploid cells d. one haploid ovum and three polar bodies e. two haploid cells	two haploid cells Each of these cells carries a haploid set of chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids.	49
1828784026	What is the typical result when a diploid cell has completed meiosis? a. two diploid cells b. two haploid cells c. four diploid cells d. four haploid cells e. two haploid cells and two diploid cells	four haploid cells The two cell divisions of meiosis, I and II, produce four haploid daughter cells, which are not genetically identical to the diploid parent cell.	50
1828784027	Synapsis occurs during __________. a. anaphase I b. prophase I c. cytokinesis d. prophase II e. metaphase I	prophase I Synapsis is the pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I.	51
1828784028	Which of the following occurs during anaphase II? a. Homologs separate and migrate toward opposite poles. b. Sister chromatids separate and migrate toward opposite poles. c. Nuclei re-form. d. Chromosomes line up on one plate. e. The synaptonemal complex disappears.	Sister chromatids separate and migrate toward opposite poles. This occurs during anaphase II.	52
1828784029	Which of the following occurs during anaphase I? a. Homologs separate and migrate toward opposite poles. b. Sister chromatids separate and migrate toward opposite poles. c. Nuclei re-form. d. Chromosomes line up on one plate. e. The cell is haploid.	Homologs separate and migrate toward opposite poles. This occurs during anaphase I.	53
1828784030	Cytokinesis is the __________. a. exchange of homologous regions of nonsister chromatids b. formation of tetrads c. independent assortment of chromosomes d. lining up of tetrads at the metaphase plate e. division of the cytoplasm to create two cells	division of the cytoplasm to create two cells Cytokinesis normally accompanies both telophase I and telophase II, as well as the telophase of mitosis.	54
1828784031	What is the function of meiosis? a. to make exact copies of the parent cell b. to make one cell with twice the number of chromosomes as the parent pairs c. to make four cells with the same chromosome number as the parent d. to make cells with a haploid (half that of the parents) number of chromosomes e. to make diploid spores	to make cells with a haploid (half that of the parents) number of chromosomes The two cell divisions of meiosis, I and II, produce four haploid daughter cells, which are not genetically identical to the diploid parent cell.	55
1828784032	Crossing over occurs during __________. a. cytokinesis b. metaphase I c. prophase II d. metaphase II e. prophase I	prophase I Crossing over, resulting in genetic recombination, occurs during synapsis in prophase I.	56
1828784033	Regions of chromosomes where nonsister chromatids cross over are called __________. a. mutations b. homologs c. kinetochores d. chiasmata e. tetrads	chiasmata Chiasmata are regions where crossing over has occurred.	57
1828784034	The synaptonemal complex __________. a. physically connects homologous chromosomes during prophase I b. physically connects homologous chromosomes during mitosis c. is broken down by enzymes during anaphase II d. is another name for chiasmata e. is formed by a protein called cohesin	physically connects homologous chromosomes during prophase I The synaptonemal complex helps to line up homologous chromosomes gene by gene.	58
1828784035	An organism has a haploid chromosome number n = 4. How many tetrads will form during meiosis? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 8 e. 16	4 Because of the synapsis of homologous chromosomes, the number of tetrads in meiosis I will be the same as the haploid number of chromosomes.	59
1828784036	Which event occurs only during prophase I of the first meiotic division? a. Homologous chromosomes line up at the center of the cell. b. Synapsis of homologous pairs occurs. c. The nuclear membrane breaks down. d. Replication of DNA takes place. e. A spindle of microtubules forms.	Synapsis of homologous pairs occurs. Synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs at prophase of meiosis I.	60
1828784037	Which of the following occurs in meiosis, but NOT mitosis? a. The cells formed have the same combination of genes as found in the initial cell. b. Homologous chromosomes separate. c. The nuclear envelope disappears. d. Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the spindle. e. A spindle apparatus forms.	Homologous chromosomes separate. Homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I; this is the event that produces haploid cells.	61
1828784038	Which function makes meiosis lengthier and more complex than mitosis? a. decreasing the chromosome number to haploid b. introducing genetic variation among the daughter cells c. ensuring that each daughter cell gets a single, complete set of chromosomes d. undergoing two rounds of cytokinesis e. All of the listed responses are correct.	All of the listed responses are correct. Meiosis involves two divisions that typically result in four daughter cells (instead of two). Each cell has half the number of chromosomes of the original parent cell, and is, of course, not genetically identical to the parent cell.	62
1828784039	Ignoring crossover events, how many kinds of gametes can be produced by an organism with a diploid number of 8? a. 2 b. 4 c. 8 d. 16 e. 32	16 The number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes during meiosis is 2n, where n is the haploid number of chromosomes.	63
1828784040	Which of the following contributes to genetic variation in sexually reproducing species? a. crossing over, internal fertilization, independent assortment b. independent assortment, spindle formation, random fertilization c. random fertilization, DNA synthesis, independent assortment d. random fertilization, independent assortment, crossing over e. internal fertilization, spindle formation, crossing over	random fertilization, independent assortment, crossing over These three aspects of sexual reproduction increase genetic variation.	64
1828784041	In humans, the haploid number of chromosomes is 23. Independent assortment has the possibility of producing __________ different types of gametes. a. 232 b. 1 million c. 223 d. 24 e. 100,000	223 For each gamete there are two possibilities for each chromosome (the paternal or the maternal chromosome), and there are 23 different chromosomes per gamete.	65
1828784042	The diploid number of chromosomes in a certain animal is 8 (2n = 8). How do the four pairs of homologous chromosomes align and separate during meiosis? a. All of the maternal chromosomes always move to one pole, and all the paternal chromosomes always move to the other pole. b. All 16 chromatids move together. c. Exactly two maternal and two paternal chromosomes always move to each of the two poles. d. The first to move influences all the others. e. They align and assort independently to form any of 16 different combinations.	They align and assort independently to form any of 16 different combinations. Because each pair of homologous chromosomes is positioned independently in metaphase I, the first meiotic division results in the independent assortment of paternal and maternal chromosomes into daughter cells. In a case in which 2n = 8, 16 combinations of chromosomes are possible for gametes.	66
1828784043	In a diploid set of chromosomes, one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes is derived from the father (paternal), and the other comes from the mother (maternal). If 2n = 6, what is the probability that a particular gamete will contain only paternal chromosomes? a. 1/4 b. 1/8 c. 1/16 d. 1/32 e. The answer cannot be determined from these data.	1/8 The chance of any one paternal chromosome ending up in a particular gamete is 1/2, so the chance that all three would be of paternal origin would be (1/2)n, where n = 3.	67
1828784044	The major contribution of sex to evolution is that __________. a. it is the only mechanism for species to reproduce b. it provides a method to increase genetic variation c. it provides a way in which somatic mutations can be inherited d. it is the only mechanism for species to reproduce and it provides a method to increase genetic variation e. it provides a method to increase genetic variation and it provides a way in which somatic mutations can be inherited	it provides a method to increase genetic variation Sexual life cycles produce enormous genetic variation among offspring.	68
1828784045	Which of the following answers is NEITHER involved with crossing over NOR an outcome of crossing over? a. The DNA in two nonsister chromatids is broken by specific proteins at exact points. b. Chiasmata indicate where crossing over is occurring between homologs. c. the random alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes at metaphase I d. formation of chromosomes containing paternal and maternal alleles e. All of the listed responses pertain to the process of crossing over.	the random alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes at metaphase I This process is not related to crossing over but is an outcome of independent assortment.	69
1828784046	Which of the following statements reflects an advantage that sexual reproduction likely provides over asexual reproduction? a. In terms of energetic costs, sexual reproduction is a cheaper strategy than asexual reproduction for generating genetic variation in a population. b. Although sexual and asexual reproduction both offer opportunities for increasing genetic variation, sexual reproduction is comparatively lower in its energetic costs to the organism. c. Although energetically more costly than asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction leads to different combinations of alleles that could provide adaptability in a changing environment. d. Sexual reproduction maintains the same combination of alleles and does not run the risk of losing successful combinations of alleles as is observed to occur in asexually reproducing organisms. e. Although both reproductive strategies perpetuate the same combination of alleles within individuals in a population, sexual reproduction is energetically less costly than asexual reproduction.	Although energetically more costly than asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction leads to different combinations of alleles that could provide adaptability in a changing environment. Asexual reproduction is energetically cheaper than sexual reproduction but perpetuates the same combination of alleles in individuals over generations; thus, it does not provide the capacity for adaptation as do sexually reproducing organisms.	70
1828784047	Although __________ is nearly universal among animals, bdelloid rotifers __________. a. asexual reproduction ... have achieved great diversity by using sexual reproduction b. sexual reproduction ... reproduce asexually and achieve genetic diversity by mutations alone c. sexual reproduction ... reproduce asexually because they inhabit very stable environments and the production of gametes would be an inefficient use of energy d. sexual reproduction ... reproduce asexually but can increase genetic variation present in a population by means of the uptake of DNA from other rotifers	sexual reproduction ... reproduce asexually but can increase genetic variation present in a population by means of the uptake of DNA from other rotifers Although bdelloid rotifers are incapable of sexual reproduction, they can carry out a form of "horizontal gene transfer" in which they take up DNA from the environment and incorporate it into their genome. This adaptation demonstrates that asexually reproducing animals are not limited to mutation alone in generating genetic diversity in a population.	71
1828784048	A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is a. a sperm. b. a somatic cell of a female. c. a zygote. d. an egg. e. a somatic cell of a male.	a sperm	72
1828784049	Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during a. binary fission. b. meiosis I. c. mitosis. d. fertilization. e. meiosis II.	meiosis I	73
1828784050	Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that a. sister chromatids separate during anaphase. b. homologous chromosomes synapse. c. the chromosome number is reduced. d. DNA replicates before the division. e. the daughter cells are diploid.	sister chromatids separate during anaphase	74
1828784051	If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be a. 0.25x. b. 0.5x. c. x. d. 2x. e. 4x.	2x	75
1828784052	If we continued to follow the cell lineage from question 4, then the DNA content of a single cell at metaphase of meiosis II would be a. 0.25x. b. 0.5x. c. x. d. 2x. e. 4x.	x	76

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Campbell Biology; Tenth Edition; Chapter 13; Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Flashcards

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1783919245	Alternation of Generations	a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae	0
1783919246	Asexual Reproduction	the generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts); in most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent	1
1786293556	Chiasma (plural, Chiasmata)	the X-shaped, microscopically visible region where crossing over has occurred earlier in prophase I between homologous nonsister chromatids; chiasmata become visible after synapsis ends, with the two homologs remaining associated due to sister chromatid cohesion	2
1786293557	Clone	(1) a lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells; (2) in popular usage, an individual that is genetically identical to another individual; (3) as a verb, to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell; see also gene cloning	3
1786293558	Crossing Over	the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis	4
1786293559	Gamete	a haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm; gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote	5
1786293560	Gene	a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)	6
1786293561	Genetic Variation	differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments	7
1786293562	Genetics	the scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation	8
1786293563	Haploid Cell	a cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n)	9
1786293564	Heredity	the transmission of traits from one generation to the next	10
1786293565	Homologous Chromosomes (or Homologs)	a pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci; one homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother; also called a homologous pair	11
1786293566	Karyotype	a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape	12
1786293567	Life Cycle	the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism	13
1786293568	Locus	a specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located	14
1786293569	Meiosis	a modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication; it results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell	15
1786293570	Meiosis I	the first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell	16
1786293571	Meiosis II	the second division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell	17
1786293572	Recombinant Chromosome	a chromosome created when crossing over combines DNA from two parents into a single chromosome	18
1786293573	Sex Chromosome	a chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual	19
1786293574	Sexual Reproduction	a type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes	20
1786293575	Somatic Cell	any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors	21
1786293576	Synapsis	the pairing and physical connection of duplicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis	22
1786293577	Synaptonemal	complex	23
1786293578	Zygote	the diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg	24
1828784001	How many genes are present in the human genome? a. 23 b. 46 c. hundreds d. tens of thousands e. a virtually infinite number	tens of thousands Each chromosome has hundreds or thousands of genes; the entire human genome has on the order of 20,000 to 25,000 genes.	25
1828784002	What is a locus? a. the precise location of a gene on a chromosome b. a structure that appears during prophase I and consists of two paired genes c. the precise DNA sequence of a gene d. a type of spore made only by fungi e. a cell with two chromosome sets	the precise location of a gene on a chromosome The location of a gene within the genome, including the identity of the particular chromosome that it maps to and its specific position on that chromosome, is called its locus.	26
1828784003	Sexual and asexual reproduction are alike in that __________. a. they both give rise to genetically distinct offspring b. they both involve two parents c. they both require meiosis to complete the reproductive cycle d. they can both occur in multicellular organisms e. in both cases, every parent transmits all of its genes to its progeny	they can both occur in multicellular organisms Examples of both sexual and asexual reproduction have been observed in multicellular organisms.	27
1828784004	A clone is the product of __________. a. asexual reproduction b. sexual reproduction c. mitosis d. meiosis e. asexual reproduction and mitosis f. sexual reproduction and meiosis	asexual reproduction and mitosis In asexual reproduction, an organism produces genetically identical progeny, or clones, by mitosis.	28
1828784005	Unless the chromosomes were stained to show band patterns, a karyotype would be LEAST likely to show which of the following? a. an extra chromosome b. a large part of a chromosome duplicated c. a missing chromosome d. part of a chromosome turned around e. the attachment of a large part of a chromosome to another chromosome	part of a chromosome turned around An inversion, which affects neither the number of chromosomes nor the length of a chromosome, is generally difficult to detect without staining to show chromosomal bands.	29
1828784006	A karyotype is __________. a. the physical traits a person has b. a method of identifying crossover events c. all the possible gametes a person could produce d. a photograph of all the chromosomes in a single cell from an individual e. a list of all the genes a person carries	a photograph of all the chromosomes in a single cell from an individual Karyotypes, ordered displays of an individual's chromosomes, are useful in identifying chromosomal abnormalities.	30
1828784007	Fertilization produces __________. a. a haploid zygote in some life cycles and a diploid zygote in others b. a haploid zygote c. a diploid zygote d. a diploid zygote, except during the gametophyte stage of alternation of generations e. a multicellular haploid organism in a life cycle with an alternation of generations	a diploid zygote Fertilization always involves the fusion of gametes and produces a diploid zygote.	31
1828784008	Which, if any, of the following statements is true? a. Diploid cells can divide by mitosis. b. Diploid cells can divide by meiosis. c. Haploid cells can divide by mitosis. d. Haploid cells cannot divide by meiosis. e. All of the above responses are correct.	All of the above responses are correct. Diploid cells can divide by either mitosis or meiosis, but haploid cells can divide only by mitosis.	32
1828784009	Which of the following is part of the life cycle called alternation of generations? a. multicellular haploid stage (gametophyte) b. multicellular diploid stage (sporophyte) c. zygote d. spores e. All of the listed responses are correct.	All of the listed responses are correct. In alternation of generations, zygotes give rise to multicellular, diploid sporophytes, and spores give rise to multicellular, haploid gametophytes.	33
1828784010	The sexual cycle of the diploid, multicellular algal genus Fucus involves __________. a. mitosis only b. both mitosis and meiosis but not fertilization c. both mitosis and fertilization but not meiosis d. only meiosis and fertilization e. mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization	mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization All multicellular organisms undergo mitosis, and all diploid, sexually reproducing organisms undergo meiosis and fertilization, which are complementary processes.	34
1828784011	A life cycle in which the only multicellular form is haploid is most typical of __________. a. primates b. plants c. fungi d. prokaryotes e. fish	fungi In most fungi, the multicellular form is haploid, and fertilization (and creation of a zygote) is immediately followed by meiosis.	35
1828784012	In sexually reproducing species, the chromosome number remains stable over time because __________ and __________ always alternate. a. meiosis ... fertilization b. meiosis ... mitosis c. mitosis ... fertilization d. meiosis ... interphase e. meiosis I ... meiosis II	meiosis ... fertilization Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half, and fertilization restores the number to the diploid state.	36
1828784013	The egg (ovum) of a rabbit contains 22 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the somatic (body) cells of a rabbit? a. 11 b. 22 c. 44 d. 88 e. 132	44 Haploid sex cells contain half as many chromosomes as diploid somatic cells.	37
1828784014	In a diploid cell containing 10 chromosomes, meiosis results in the formation of daughter cells containing __________ chromosomes. a. 0 b. 5 c. 10 d. 20 e. 40	5 Haploid sex cells contain half as many chromosomes as diploid somatic cells.	38
1828784015	How many pairs of autosomes do humans have? a. 23 b. 22 c. 2 d. 1 e. It depends on the sex of the individual.	22 Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.	39
1828784016	Sister chromatids __________. a. are involved in mitosis only b. are pairs of chromosomes, one of which comes from the father and one of which comes from the mother c. are identical copies of each other formed through DNA synthesis d. have the same gene loci but may have different alleles of some genes e. are involved in meiosis only	are identical copies of each other formed through DNA synthesis Sister chromatids are identical and participate in both mitosis and meiosis.	40
1828784017	Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is correct? a. They are found in animal cells but not in plant cells. b. They have genes for the same traits at the same loci. c. They pair up in prophase II. d. They are found in haploid cells. e. They are found in the cells of human females but not in those of human males.	They have genes for the same traits at the same loci. The chromosomes that make up a pair are called homologous chromosomes, and they carry genes controlling the same inherited characters.	41
1828784018	When we say that an organism is haploid, we mean that __________. a. its cells each have one chromosome b. it has one half of a chromosome c. its cells have a single set of chromosomes d. its cells have two sets of chromosomes e. its cells have half of one set of chromosomes	its cells have a single set of chromosomes Many fungi and some protists exist as haploid organisms, and plants and some algae also have a haploid stage (called a gametophyte) as part of the life cycle called alternation of generations.	42
1828784019	Which of the following is a function of mitosis in humans? a. production of eggs b. production of sperm c. decreasing the number of chromosomes d. multiplication of body cells e. increasing genetic variability	multiplication of body cells This is a function of mitosis in humans. It is mitosis that enables a multicellular adult to form from a fertilized egg and produces cells for growth and tissue repair.	43
1828784020	Somatic cells in humans contain __________ set(s) of chromosomes and are therefore termed __________. a. one ... diploid b. two ... haploid c. one ... haploid d. two ... diploid e. three ... triploid	two ... diploid Somatic cells in interphase contain the characteristic diploid chromosome number.	44
1828784021	Nearly all life cycles have both haploid and diploid phases. Usually, the transition from haploid to diploid takes place __________. a. during crossing over in meiosis b. when DNA is replicated during the S phase of the cell cycle c. when mitotic cytokinesis occurs d. at fertilization, when gametes fuse e. during embryonic development	at fertilization, when gametes fuse The union of haploid gametes at fertilization produces the zygote, or fertilized egg, which marks the beginning of the diploid phase of the life cycle.	45
1828784022	Spores and gametes are different in that __________. a. gametes never resemble spores morphologically b. gametes are always haploid whereas spores are diploid c. gametes can fuse to form a zygote, but spores can develop into independent organisms without first forming a zygote d. only the formation of gametes contributes to genetic variation e. gametes are derived directly from sporophytes to form gametophytes	gametes can fuse to form a zygote, but spores can develop into independent organisms without first forming a zygote Unlike a gamete, a spore gives rise to a multicellular organism without fusing with another cell.	46
1828784023	Humans have 46 chromosomes. This number of chromosomes will be found in __________. a. all cells in anaphase of mitosis b. all the egg and sperm cells c. all gamete-producing cells after meiosis I d. liver cells e. all the cells of the body	liver cells Liver cells are somatic cells, and they contain the characteristic diploid chromosome number.	47
1828784024	Which of the following results in cells that contain half the parental chromosome number? a. cytokinesis b. mitosis c. meiosis d. interphase e. metaphase	meiosis The two cell divisions of meiosis, I and II, produce four haploid daughter cells.	48
1828784025	At the end of telophase I of meiosis and the first cytokinesis, there are __________. a. four haploid cells b. two diploid cells c. four diploid cells d. one haploid ovum and three polar bodies e. two haploid cells	two haploid cells Each of these cells carries a haploid set of chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids.	49
1828784026	What is the typical result when a diploid cell has completed meiosis? a. two diploid cells b. two haploid cells c. four diploid cells d. four haploid cells e. two haploid cells and two diploid cells	four haploid cells The two cell divisions of meiosis, I and II, produce four haploid daughter cells, which are not genetically identical to the diploid parent cell.	50
1828784027	Synapsis occurs during __________. a. anaphase I b. prophase I c. cytokinesis d. prophase II e. metaphase I	prophase I Synapsis is the pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I.	51
1828784028	Which of the following occurs during anaphase II? a. Homologs separate and migrate toward opposite poles. b. Sister chromatids separate and migrate toward opposite poles. c. Nuclei re-form. d. Chromosomes line up on one plate. e. The synaptonemal complex disappears.	Sister chromatids separate and migrate toward opposite poles. This occurs during anaphase II.	52
1828784029	Which of the following occurs during anaphase I? a. Homologs separate and migrate toward opposite poles. b. Sister chromatids separate and migrate toward opposite poles. c. Nuclei re-form. d. Chromosomes line up on one plate. e. The cell is haploid.	Homologs separate and migrate toward opposite poles. This occurs during anaphase I.	53
1828784030	Cytokinesis is the __________. a. exchange of homologous regions of nonsister chromatids b. formation of tetrads c. independent assortment of chromosomes d. lining up of tetrads at the metaphase plate e. division of the cytoplasm to create two cells	division of the cytoplasm to create two cells Cytokinesis normally accompanies both telophase I and telophase II, as well as the telophase of mitosis.	54
1828784031	What is the function of meiosis? a. to make exact copies of the parent cell b. to make one cell with twice the number of chromosomes as the parent pairs c. to make four cells with the same chromosome number as the parent d. to make cells with a haploid (half that of the parents) number of chromosomes e. to make diploid spores	to make cells with a haploid (half that of the parents) number of chromosomes The two cell divisions of meiosis, I and II, produce four haploid daughter cells, which are not genetically identical to the diploid parent cell.	55
1828784032	Crossing over occurs during __________. a. cytokinesis b. metaphase I c. prophase II d. metaphase II e. prophase I	prophase I Crossing over, resulting in genetic recombination, occurs during synapsis in prophase I.	56
1828784033	Regions of chromosomes where nonsister chromatids cross over are called __________. a. mutations b. homologs c. kinetochores d. chiasmata e. tetrads	chiasmata Chiasmata are regions where crossing over has occurred.	57
1828784034	The synaptonemal complex __________. a. physically connects homologous chromosomes during prophase I b. physically connects homologous chromosomes during mitosis c. is broken down by enzymes during anaphase II d. is another name for chiasmata e. is formed by a protein called cohesin	physically connects homologous chromosomes during prophase I The synaptonemal complex helps to line up homologous chromosomes gene by gene.	58
1828784035	An organism has a haploid chromosome number n = 4. How many tetrads will form during meiosis? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 8 e. 16	4 Because of the synapsis of homologous chromosomes, the number of tetrads in meiosis I will be the same as the haploid number of chromosomes.	59
1828784036	Which event occurs only during prophase I of the first meiotic division? a. Homologous chromosomes line up at the center of the cell. b. Synapsis of homologous pairs occurs. c. The nuclear membrane breaks down. d. Replication of DNA takes place. e. A spindle of microtubules forms.	Synapsis of homologous pairs occurs. Synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs at prophase of meiosis I.	60
1828784037	Which of the following occurs in meiosis, but NOT mitosis? a. The cells formed have the same combination of genes as found in the initial cell. b. Homologous chromosomes separate. c. The nuclear envelope disappears. d. Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the spindle. e. A spindle apparatus forms.	Homologous chromosomes separate. Homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I; this is the event that produces haploid cells.	61
1828784038	Which function makes meiosis lengthier and more complex than mitosis? a. decreasing the chromosome number to haploid b. introducing genetic variation among the daughter cells c. ensuring that each daughter cell gets a single, complete set of chromosomes d. undergoing two rounds of cytokinesis e. All of the listed responses are correct.	All of the listed responses are correct. Meiosis involves two divisions that typically result in four daughter cells (instead of two). Each cell has half the number of chromosomes of the original parent cell, and is, of course, not genetically identical to the parent cell.	62
1828784039	Ignoring crossover events, how many kinds of gametes can be produced by an organism with a diploid number of 8? a. 2 b. 4 c. 8 d. 16 e. 32	16 The number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes during meiosis is 2n, where n is the haploid number of chromosomes.	63
1828784040	Which of the following contributes to genetic variation in sexually reproducing species? a. crossing over, internal fertilization, independent assortment b. independent assortment, spindle formation, random fertilization c. random fertilization, DNA synthesis, independent assortment d. random fertilization, independent assortment, crossing over e. internal fertilization, spindle formation, crossing over	random fertilization, independent assortment, crossing over These three aspects of sexual reproduction increase genetic variation.	64
1828784041	In humans, the haploid number of chromosomes is 23. Independent assortment has the possibility of producing __________ different types of gametes. a. 232 b. 1 million c. 223 d. 24 e. 100,000	223 For each gamete there are two possibilities for each chromosome (the paternal or the maternal chromosome), and there are 23 different chromosomes per gamete.	65
1828784042	The diploid number of chromosomes in a certain animal is 8 (2n = 8). How do the four pairs of homologous chromosomes align and separate during meiosis? a. All of the maternal chromosomes always move to one pole, and all the paternal chromosomes always move to the other pole. b. All 16 chromatids move together. c. Exactly two maternal and two paternal chromosomes always move to each of the two poles. d. The first to move influences all the others. e. They align and assort independently to form any of 16 different combinations.	They align and assort independently to form any of 16 different combinations. Because each pair of homologous chromosomes is positioned independently in metaphase I, the first meiotic division results in the independent assortment of paternal and maternal chromosomes into daughter cells. In a case in which 2n = 8, 16 combinations of chromosomes are possible for gametes.	66
1828784043	In a diploid set of chromosomes, one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes is derived from the father (paternal), and the other comes from the mother (maternal). If 2n = 6, what is the probability that a particular gamete will contain only paternal chromosomes? a. 1/4 b. 1/8 c. 1/16 d. 1/32 e. The answer cannot be determined from these data.	1/8 The chance of any one paternal chromosome ending up in a particular gamete is 1/2, so the chance that all three would be of paternal origin would be (1/2)n, where n = 3.	67
1828784044	The major contribution of sex to evolution is that __________. a. it is the only mechanism for species to reproduce b. it provides a method to increase genetic variation c. it provides a way in which somatic mutations can be inherited d. it is the only mechanism for species to reproduce and it provides a method to increase genetic variation e. it provides a method to increase genetic variation and it provides a way in which somatic mutations can be inherited	it provides a method to increase genetic variation Sexual life cycles produce enormous genetic variation among offspring.	68
1828784045	Which of the following answers is NEITHER involved with crossing over NOR an outcome of crossing over? a. The DNA in two nonsister chromatids is broken by specific proteins at exact points. b. Chiasmata indicate where crossing over is occurring between homologs. c. the random alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes at metaphase I d. formation of chromosomes containing paternal and maternal alleles e. All of the listed responses pertain to the process of crossing over.	the random alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes at metaphase I This process is not related to crossing over but is an outcome of independent assortment.	69
1828784046	Which of the following statements reflects an advantage that sexual reproduction likely provides over asexual reproduction? a. In terms of energetic costs, sexual reproduction is a cheaper strategy than asexual reproduction for generating genetic variation in a population. b. Although sexual and asexual reproduction both offer opportunities for increasing genetic variation, sexual reproduction is comparatively lower in its energetic costs to the organism. c. Although energetically more costly than asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction leads to different combinations of alleles that could provide adaptability in a changing environment. d. Sexual reproduction maintains the same combination of alleles and does not run the risk of losing successful combinations of alleles as is observed to occur in asexually reproducing organisms. e. Although both reproductive strategies perpetuate the same combination of alleles within individuals in a population, sexual reproduction is energetically less costly than asexual reproduction.	Although energetically more costly than asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction leads to different combinations of alleles that could provide adaptability in a changing environment. Asexual reproduction is energetically cheaper than sexual reproduction but perpetuates the same combination of alleles in individuals over generations; thus, it does not provide the capacity for adaptation as do sexually reproducing organisms.	70
1828784047	Although __________ is nearly universal among animals, bdelloid rotifers __________. a. asexual reproduction ... have achieved great diversity by using sexual reproduction b. sexual reproduction ... reproduce asexually and achieve genetic diversity by mutations alone c. sexual reproduction ... reproduce asexually because they inhabit very stable environments and the production of gametes would be an inefficient use of energy d. sexual reproduction ... reproduce asexually but can increase genetic variation present in a population by means of the uptake of DNA from other rotifers	sexual reproduction ... reproduce asexually but can increase genetic variation present in a population by means of the uptake of DNA from other rotifers Although bdelloid rotifers are incapable of sexual reproduction, they can carry out a form of "horizontal gene transfer" in which they take up DNA from the environment and incorporate it into their genome. This adaptation demonstrates that asexually reproducing animals are not limited to mutation alone in generating genetic diversity in a population.	71
1828784048	A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is a. a sperm. b. a somatic cell of a female. c. a zygote. d. an egg. e. a somatic cell of a male.	a sperm	72
1828784049	Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during a. binary fission. b. meiosis I. c. mitosis. d. fertilization. e. meiosis II.	meiosis I	73
1828784050	Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that a. sister chromatids separate during anaphase. b. homologous chromosomes synapse. c. the chromosome number is reduced. d. DNA replicates before the division. e. the daughter cells are diploid.	sister chromatids separate during anaphase	74
1828784051	If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be a. 0.25x. b. 0.5x. c. x. d. 2x. e. 4x.	2x	75
1828784052	If we continued to follow the cell lineage from question 4, then the DNA content of a single cell at metaphase of meiosis II would be a. 0.25x. b. 0.5x. c. x. d. 2x. e. 4x.	x	76

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