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Chapter 14 Social Psychology Flashcards

Chapter 14 vocabulary on Social Psychology
Mr. Magnusen's AP Psychology Class

163707046	Social Psychology	the branch of psychology that studies the effects of social variables and cognitions on individual behavior and social interactions	0
163707047	Social Context	the combination of people, activities, interactions, setting, and expectations that influence behavior	1
163707048	Situationalism	the view that environmental conditions influence people as much or more than their personality	2
163707049	Dispositionism	the tendency to attribute behavior to internal factors such as genes and personality	3
163707050	Social Role	one of several socially defined patterns of behavior that are wxpected of persons in a given setting or group.	4
163707051	Script	a cluster of knowledge about the sequence of events and actions expected to occur in a particular setting	5
163707052	Social Norms	unwritten rules of society that dictate attitudes and behaviors	6
163707053	Asch Effect	the influence of a group majority on an inviduals judgement (applies to conformity)	7
163707054	Conformity	the tendency for people to adopt the behaviors, attitudes, and opinions of members of a group.	8
163707055	Groupthink	individual conforms his opinions to that of the group	9
163707056	Diffusion of Responsibility	weakening of each group member's obligation to act when responsibility is perceived to be shared with all group members	10
163707057	Social Reality	an individual's subjective interpretation of other people and of relationships with them	11
163707058	Reward Theory of Attraction	view that says we search for the most rewarding relationships that cost us the least	12
163707059	Principle of Proximity	the notion that we are more attracted to those nearby us	13
163707060	Similarity principle	the notion that people are attracted to people most similar to them	14
163707061	Matching Hypothesis	the prediction that most people find friends and lovers that are on the same "level" of attractiveness	15
163707062	Expectancy-value theory	a thery saying people weigh the benefits of a relationship against the negatives and predict if it will be successful before persuing it	16
163707063	Cognitive Dissonance	a highly motivating state in which people have conflicting cognitions, especially when their voluntary actions conflict with their attitudes	17
163707064	Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)	the tendency to ignore external factors and emphasize internal cause	18
163707065	Self-Serving Bias	one takes credit for success but denies responsibilty of failure	19
163707066	Prejudice	a negative attitude toward an individual based on membership of a group	20
163707067	Discrimination	a negative action taken against an individual based on membership of a group	21
163707068	In-group	the group with which an individual identifies	22
163707069	Social Distance	the perceived difference or similarity between oneself and another person	23
163707070	Out-group	the outside group with which an individual identifies	24
163707071	Scapegoating	blaming an innocent individual or group for one's own troubles	25
163707072	Social Facilitation	an increase of an individual's performance based on being in a group	26
163707073	Social Loafing	a decrease in performance based on being in a group	27
163707074	Deindividualism	Occurs when group members lose their sense of personal identity and responsibility and the group "assumes" responsibility for their behavior	28
163707075	Group Polarization	when individuals in a group have similar, though not identical, views, their opinions become more extreme	29
163707076	Romantic Love	a temporary and highly emotional condition based on infatuation and sexual desire	30
163707077	Triangular Theory of Love	a theory that describes various kinds of love based on three components - passion(erotic attraction) , intimacy(sharing feelings and confiding), and commitment (dedication to putting the relationship before one's life)	31
163707078	Violence and Aggression	terms that refer to behavior that is intended to cause harm	32
163707079	Cohesiveness	solidarity, loyalty, and a sense of group membership	33
163707080	Mutual interdependence	a shared sense that individuals or groups need each other in order to achieve common goals	34

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Locksmith Flashcards

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399542407	Blade of Key	The blade of a key is that portion of the key that inserts into the keyhole,	1
399542408	Bow of Key	The bow of a key is that portion of the key that does not insert into the keyhole, the part that is held onto and which often has identifying information on it. Sometimes a code number is stamped on the bow of a key.	2
399542409	Codes, Keys	Often times keys can be made by a Locksmith from the code number of a lock. This is common with vehicles, padlocks, filing cabinets, etc.	3
399542410	Combination	A sequence of numbers, along with corresponding directions of rotation (clockwise, counter-clockwise) and iterations (frequency with which each number of the sequence is dialed).	4
399542411	Combination Lock	A lock which is operated by dialing (rotating a numbered dial) the correct combination.	5
399542412	Key Lock	A lock which requires a key to operate, as contrasted to a combination lock.	6
399542413	Keyed Alike	Locks are said to be keyed-alike (KA) when one and only one key operates all of them.	7
399542414	Keyed-Different	Locks in a group of locks that are "keyed-different" each require their own individual keys to operate. No individual key will operate more than one lock in the group.	8
399542415	Keyway	The configuration of grooves, millings, along the blade of a key.	9
399542416	Locksmith / Security Associations	organizations committed to safeguarding the trust society has placed in Security Professionals, and the Security Industry. This is pursued in a number of ways, varying from Association to Association and from State to State. Some principle ways are: * Accountability - through security checks, background investigations, fingerprinting, licensing, etc. * Training - through ongoing hands-on classes at the local, state and national levels, including Manufacturer and Supplier sponsored classes and seminars. * Education - through Association bulletins and top-notch National-level Journals, Books and Manuals.	10
399542417	Lost Keys	Lost keys are one of those facts of life that make things, well interesting.	11
399542418	Master Key	a key that is designed to operate all the locks in a specific group of locks.	12
399542419	Master-Keyed	In a group of locks that are Master-keyed (MK) each lock is operable by both it's own individual key and the Master-Key. Each individual key operates it's own lock only. The Master-Key operates all the locks in the group.	13
399542420	Padlock Combinations	If you've forgotten the combination of a combination-type padlock you can contact your local Locksmith.	14
399542421	Rekeying	Rekeying (changing) a lock is the process of replacing the tumblers (pins, pin tumblers) of a lock cylinder with other tumblers of different sizes.	15
399542422	Skeleton Key	An old-fashioned key used in warded locks. there is a great variety of this type of key.	16
399542423	Tumblers	are those parts inside a lock (key lock or safe lock) that have to be aligned to precise positions in order for the lock to operate. With a key lock, the tumblers are aligned by using the correct key.	17
399647700	Milling	On a key blank, the milling refers to the grooves engraved into the blade.	18
399674069	The Cole System	The Cole Company uses an abbreviation that usually contains one or two letters and one or two digits to identify keys. The letter or letters are the initials of the manufacturer.	19
399674070	The EZ System	is a sort of "universal" key identification system that has been adopted by many manufacturers. The EZ system is based on the Cole system. An EZ identification number contains one or two letters and one or two digits	20
399674071	The Ilco System	uses four numbers along with several letters as either prefixes or suffixes. Ilco key blank #1176 fits a Kwikset lock Ilco blank #1092B fits a Master lock *Ilco blank #S1167FD fits a Ford automobile lock.	21
399746346	silhouettes	outlines of the keysmade by that manufacturer	22
399746347	end view	the way the key looks when you hold it up straight in front of your eyes and look directly at the end.	23
399746348	lock	any device installed or attached to improve security	24
399746349	lock mechanism	the assembly of parts inside a lock that makes it work	25
399773066	key-operated lock mechanism	type of lock that's opened and closed by inserting and turning a KEY.	26
399773067	Warded Mechanism	(Ward) is a metal barrier inside a lock mechanism that prevents just any key from opening the lock. The ward ensures that only the proper key will engage the mechanism and open the lock.	27
403618400	plug follower	a tool used to allow removal of the cylinder plug while retaining the top pins, springs, and/or other components within the shell	28
403618401	case ward	Protrusions that stick out of the sides of the keyway to allow entry of only the correct type of key blank.	29
403618402	cam lock	A lock that has an attached cam that serves as the lock's bolt. Cam locks are often used on cabinets, file cabinets and drawers.	30

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US History H final exam Flashcards

2012-2013 us history final exam.

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829751051	Black power movement	started in LA in 1966; involved Stokely Carmichael, Bobby Seale, Huey Newton; Carmichael encouraged blacks to carry guns for self-defense; founded the Black Panthers to promote black community and to combat police brutality; fostered racial pride and splintered Civil Rights Movement	1
829751052	Civil Rights Act of 1964	This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.	2
829751053	Brown v. Board of Education	Kansas: US Supreme Court ruled against "separate but equal"; widely celebrated but bitterly despised in the deep South	3
829751054	Montgomery Bus Boycott	Alabama: After Parks' arrest, MLK Jr. led the boycott that lasted for more than a year; Supreme court finally ruled that local bus segregation was unconstitutional	4
829751055	"Little Rock Nine"	Arkansas: Prompted by White Citizens' Council, Gov. Faubus ordered National Guard troops to prevent 9 black students from entering Central High; President Eisenhower considered this unconstitutional and sent federal soldiers to Arkansas to protect the students	5
829751056	Greensboro sit-ins	North Carolina: Four black college students from SNCC sat in at a public lunch counter	6
829751057	SNCC	Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee	7
829751058	Freedom Rides	In the South: Both whites and blacks (from CORE and SNCC) traveled throughout the South to test southern compliance with Supreme Court's ruling in Boynton v. VA; Attorney General Kennedy sent federal marshals to protect riders and pressured Federal Commerce Commission to prohibit segregation in all interstate transportation	8
829751059	CORE	Congress of Racial Equality; founded 1942; pioneered sit-in protests	9
829751060	Birmingham Protest/March	Alabama: MLK Jr. counted on police chief Connor's violent response in leading his march; televised violence led to national outrage; "Letter from Birmingham Jail" by MLK Jr.; President Kennedy threatened to send federal troops, but riots continued.	10
829751061	Eugene "Bull" Connor	Police chief during Birmingham protest, the violence of which sparked national outrage	11
829751062	March on Washington	D.C.: March on Washington in support of President Kennedy's proposed civil rights bill; MLK Jr.'s "I Have a Dream"	12
829751063	"Freedom Summer"	In the South: civil rights workers spread throughout South to assist in registering black voters; some violence, but blacks managed to vote certain racist officials out of office	13
829751064	Selma March "Bloody Sunday"	Alabama: MLK Jr. led march to call attention to voting rights; sheriff Clark ordered state troopers to beat protesters, some killed; President Johnson order state national guard to protect marchers, and Congress later passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965	14
829751065	Watts riots	California: worst racial uprising in nation's history; Moynihan Report (about breakdown of black urban families); riots throughout the "long hot summer"	15
829751066	MLK Jr. Assassination	Tennessee: MLK Jr. led march in support of striking sanitation workers; "I See the Promised Land" speech; shot and killed by James Earl Ray; presidential candidate Robert Kennedy assassinated later that year; marked the end of the Civil Rights Movement	16
829751067	Orval Faubus	Governor during "Little Rock Nine"; ordered National Guard troops to prevent the Nine from entering the school	17
829751068	Assassination of Robert Kennedy	Occurred after assasssination of MLK Jr.; marked the end of the Civil Rights Movement	18
829751069	George Wallace	1919-1998. Four time governor of Alabama. Most famous for his pro-segregation attitude and as a symbol for states' rights.	19
829751070	James Meredith	With NAACP help, he sued Ole Miss for admission; violence erupted and President Kennedy sent federal marshals to escort him.	20
829751071	Malcolm X	Black Muslim leader who said Blacks needed to have separate society from whites, but later changed his views. He was assasinated in 1965; affiliated with Black Power movement and black nationalism	21
829751072	Martin Luther King, Jr.	Leader of the Civil Rights Movement from , 1950s; civil rights leader advocated non-violence and civil disobedience as tools for change; organized protests such as the March on Washington, as well as indirectly inspired sit-ins and protests across the nation; affiliated with SCLC	22
829751073	Stokely Carmichael	Became the leader of SNCC in 1966, popularizing the term "Black power". He initially favored integration and nonviolence, but grew more militant after he became the leader of the Black Panthers.	23
829751074	Thurgood Marshall	the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his activity in the Little Rock 9 and his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education	24
829751075	Voting Rights Act of 1965	designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage	25
829751076	Great Society	President Johnson's program to reduce poverty and racial injustice and to promote a better quality of life in the US	26
829751077	Lyndon B. Johnson	Became president after Kennedy's assassination and reelected in 1964; Democrat; signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, promoted his "Great Society" plan, part of which included the "war on poverty", Medicare and Medicaid established; Vietnam: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Tet Offensive	27
829751078	War on Poverty	President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly	28
829751079	Rachel Carson	Biologist; wrote "Silent Spring" which argued that humans and environment are interdependent for survival.	29
829751080	Counterculture	Rejection of social norms by adopting alternative lifestyle; viewed modern life as dehumanizing	30
829751081	Betty Friedan	author of "Feminine Mystique"; founded the National Organization for Women in 1966	31
829751082	Equal Rights Amendment	1972; constitutional amendment passed to guarantee equal rights to women; never ratified by the states	32
829751083	Feminism	Movement that worked to achieve equal rights and free choice for women.	33
829751084	Hippies	Members of counterculture; valued simple, natural lifestyle and personal fulfillment.	34
829751085	Woodstock	1969; week-long music festival that captured the appeal of 60's youth (hippies)	35
829751086	Arab Oil Embargo	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cut oil sales to US because of US support of Israel during Yom Kippur War; led to gas shortages and recession in 1974-75	36
829751087	Camp David Accords	1977; peace treaty between Egypt and Israel; Carter's greatest achievement as president	37
829751088	Gerald Ford	1974-77; replaced Nixon as President; only President to be unelected	38
829751089	Iran hostage crisis	1979-81; mobs opposed to US-backed leader seized 53 Americans hostage; released on the day Carter left office	39
829751090	Jimmy Carter	1977-81; Democrat elected as Washington outsider; intelligent but unpopular and unable to deal with economic and political crises	40
829751091	OPEC	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; currently 12 members	41
829751092	Vietnam Policy of Richard Nixon	37th President of the United States (1969-1974) and the only president to resign the office. He initially escalated the Vietnam War, overseeing secret bombing campaigns, but soon withdrew American troops and successfully negotiated a ceasefire with North Vietnam, effectively ending American involvement in the war. Watergate Scandal.	42
829751093	Watergate Scandal	1972-74; Nixon involved in a conspiracy to cover-up politically-motivated break-in at Democratic HQ at Watergate Hotel in DC; Nixon forced to resign	43
829751094	Grandfather clause	A device used by southern states to disenfranchise African Americans. It restricted voting to those whose grandfathers had voted before 1867.	44
829751095	Jim Crow Segregation	State and local laws enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated segregation in all public facilities, with a "separate but equal" status for black Americans and members of other non-white racial groups.	45
829751096	Literacy Test	A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote	46
829751097	Lynching	The practice of an angry mob hanging a percieved criminal without regard to due process. In the South, blacks who did not behave as the inferiors to whites might be lynched by white mobs.	47
829751098	NAACP	1909; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; to fight segregation and discrimination	48
829751099	Poll taxes	Required citiens to pay tax before voting; prevented African Americans from voting	49
829751100	W.E.B. duBois	1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910	50
829751101	Clayton Antitrust Act	law that weakened monopolies and upheld the rights of unions and farm organizations	51
829751102	Federal Reserve System	The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money and interest rates	52
829751103	Initiative	Process by which citizens put a proposed new law on the ballot in the next election by collecting signatures in the form of a petition.	53
829751104	Muckrakers	Journalists who exposed poor working conditions.	54
829751105	19th Amendment	Granted women the right to vote.	55
829751106	Goals of Progressivism	1. Make government more accountable 2.Government should curb influence of wealthy 3.Government needs expanded powers to improve citizens' lives 4.Government should be more efficient and less corrupt	56
829751107	Prohibition	The period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment	57
829751108	Pure Food and Drug Act	1906; The act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment or impure of falsely labeled food and drugs	58
829751109	Recall	Procedure that permits voters to remove public officials from office before their next election.	59
829751110	Referendum	Allows citizens to reject or approve a law passed by legislature.	60
829751111	Teddy Roosevelt	Progressive president that believed government should be more involved in business. He was known as a trustbuster because he broke-up the monopolies.	61
829751112	United Mine Workers' Strike	1919 strike for pay increases and better working hours that further weakened public support for unions	62
829751113	United State Forest Service	Teddy Roosevelt; 1906; to manage nation's water and timber resources	63
829751114	Upton Sinclair	Wrote "The Jungle" and raised awareness of poor working conditions of meat packing industry.	64
829751115	Women's suffrage	National American Woman Suffrage Association formed in 1910 carries cause of women's suffrage to victory, granted suffrage in the 19th amendment, women also began to replace men in industries during the war	65
829751116	Woodrow Wilson	U.S. President, who led USA into WWI. He proposed the 14 points. He attended the peace conference at Versailles.	66
829751117	Alliances' contribution to war	The alliances overlapped and led to quick outbreak of war	67
829751118	Allied Powers	Russia, France, Serbia, Great Britain	68
829751119	Central Powers	Germany, Austris-Hungary, Ottoman Empire	69
829751120	Espionage Act	Law in 1917 that made it illegal to interfere with the draft	70
829751121	14 Points	Woodrow Wilson's peace plan to end WWI. It calls for free trade; an end to secret pacts between nations; freedom of the seas; arms reduction; and the creation of a world organization - called the League of Nations	71
829751122	Great Migration	Large number of blacks moved from South to North to work in factories	72
829751123	League of Nations	1920; internationl organization intended to ensure peace around the world	73
829751124	Russian Revolution	Czar Nicholas II gave up the throne for a republican government; removal of autocracy made it more ideal for US to join Allied Powers with Russia.	74
829751125	Sedition Act	Amendment to the Espionage Act; made it illegal to speak against the American way of life	75
829751126	Treaty of Versailles	The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland.	76
829751127	U-boats	German ships that attacked British ships to keep food and ammo from reaching Great Britain; attacked passenger ships	77
829751128	War bonds	WWI; certificates sold by the United States government to pay for the war.	78
829751129	War Industries Board	Headed by Baruch; oversaw war-related production; distributed raw materials; fixed prices; outlined production rates	79
829751130	Goals of Woodrow Wilson	Peace; 14 points	80
829751131	Al Capone	Chicago mobster who thrived off of illegal sales of alcohol and other murderous stuff.	81
829751132	Babe Ruth	Baseball player who united the country because everyone loved him	82
829751133	F. Scott Fitzgerald	"The Great Gatsby"; portrayed the shallowness of Jazz Age America	83
829751134	Flappers	symbolized the social revolution that stemmed from questioning of attitudes and ideas that started WWI; brought women toward equality; inspired fashion change	84
829751135	Harlem Renaissance	African American literary/musical awakening of the 1920s	85
829751136	James Weldon Johnson	leading write of the Harlem Group; executive secretary of the NAACP during their most active period	86
829751137	Jazz	Grew out of African American music of the South, including ragtime and blues; represented new age of radio	87
829751138	KKK	Revived in 1915 and expanded to oppose and un-American (Jews, immigrants); died down 1927	88
829751139	Langston Hughes	poet, short story writer, journalist; clear voice about struggles of being human, American and black.	89
829751140	Marcus Garvey	Leader of Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA); inspired the middle working class and racial pride; back to Africa movement	90
829751141	Effects of mass media	Evolution of print, film, and broadcast methods improved communication and made information available to many more people	91
829751142	Causes of the Twenties	Prosperity following WWI	92
829751143	Scopes Monkey Trial	1925; Clarence Darrow (free speech) and William Jennings Bryan (fundamentalist) debated issue of evolution in public schools	93
829751144	Speakeasies	Underground bars in the 20s that illegally sold alcohol	94
829751145	Zora Neale Hurston	1925; part of the Harlem Renaissance movement; "Their eyes were watching God"	95
829751146	Buying on Margin	People bought what they couldn't afford; contributed largely to the Great Depression	96
829751147	Communism	An economic system in which the central government directs all major economic decisions; prompted Red Scare in US	97
829751148	Consumer economy	An economy that depends on a large amount of spending by consumers	98
829751149	Henry Ford	auto maker; assembly line; mass-produced automobiles and made it affordable for the common person	99
829751150	Isolationism	Hoover wanted to stay out of Europe's stuff; contributed to Great Depression	100
829751151	Kellog-Briand Pact	Agreement between 15 nations that renounced war as a means of national policy	101
829751152	Laissez-faire	Coolidge's policy for a hands-off government	102
829751153	Palmer Raids	A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities	103
829751154	Red Scare	Most instense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans.	104
829751155	Sacco-Venzetti Trial	Contributed to Red Scare; accused Italians for their socialist attitudes	105
829751156	Speculation	Over-valuing land; people got poor	106
829751157	Tea Pot Dome Scandal	Albert Hall sold federal oil to a private company, made lots of money; first American convicted of bribery while holding a cabinet position	107
829751158	Warren Harding	29th president of the US; Republican; "Return to Normalcy" (life as it had been before WWI-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal	108
829751159	Bonus Army	1932; 20,000 jobless WWI veterans and families camped in DC and demanded payment of pension bonus as promised in 1945.	109
829751160	Douglas MacArthur	General who led soldiers to attack the bonus army in DC	110
829751161	Dow Jones Industrial Index	Average of stock prices major industries; very high in Sept 1929	111
829751162	Dust Bowl	Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.	112
829751163	Franklin D. Roosevelt	President (1933-1945); elected four times, he led the country's recovery from the Depression and to victory in World War II. He died in office weeks before Germany's surrender	113
829751164	Great Crash of 1929	Black Tuesday- market suffered biggest drop in history; crash didn't cause the depression, but quickly eroded American confidence in the future; a huge brake on economic activity	114
829751165	Philosophy of Herbert Hoover	"Rugged Individualism" - the idea that people should suceed through their own efforts	115
829751166	Hoovervilles	Shanty-towns which emerged as a result of the Depression; named after Hoover	116
829751167	Rugged Individualism	Hoover's philosophy that people succeed through their own efforts	117
829751168	Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)	May 1933; raised farm prices by paying governmental financial assistence (subsidies) to any farmers who cut production of crops	118
829751169	Court packing scandal	FDR attempted to pack the court with justices who supported his New Deal policies.	119
829751170	Demagogue	Leaders who manipulate people with half-truths, deceptive promises, and scare tactics; included Father Coughlin and Huey Long	120
829751171	Eleanor Roosevelt	Travelled on behalf of FDR and reported to him about the conditions of the country	121
829751172	Father Charles Coughlin	Broadcasted anti-New Deal messages over radio; flipflopped, went radical and was kicked off the air	122
829751173	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)	1933; insured bank deposits up to $5,000	123
829751174	Huey Long	Senator from Louisiana; demagogue; improved education, medical care, public services; shot in 1936 before he could run for presidency	124
829751175	Mary MacLeod Bethune	THE FIRST BLACK WOMAN TO HEAD A FEDERAL AGENCY	125
829751176	New Deal	President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insureance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life.	126
829751177	Roosevelt's Hundred Days	A time when congress was called into a special session. Started after the inauguration and lasted until mid-June. The New Deal Programs were created during this time.	127
829751178	Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)	1934; regulated stock market, protected investors from dishonest trading practicing	128
829751179	Wagner Act	Legalized union practices (collective practicing and closed shops); outlawed spying on union activities and blacklisting.	129
829751180	Lend-Lease Act	Approve by Congress in March 1941; The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States."	130
829751181	Pearl Harbor	Dec 7 1941; FDR was limiting trade with Japan; there were some peace talks but then Japan sprung a surprise attack.	131
829751182	Allied war strategy	Force Germany into a two front war (from France and Belgium) and blockade them from receiving supplies	132
829751183	Dwight Eisenhower	United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany	133
829751184	Hiroshima and Nagasaki	Dropping of the atom bomb on both cities killed thousands and merited the surrender of Japan; order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman	134
829751185	Island-hopping	US military policy of conquering Pacific islands one-by-one with the goal of a naval invasion of mainland Japan	135
829751186	Japanese-American Internment	After the attack on Pearl Harbor, people grew suspicious of Japanese being spies; Congress deemed wartime relocation constitutional	136
829751187	Manhattan Project	Secret American program during WWII to develop an atomic bomb; Oppenheimer	137
829751188	Norman Rockwell	Artist who illustrated the Four Freedoms spoken of by FDR in paintings which the government distributed in posters throughout the war	138
829751189	Nuremberg Trials	Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an international military tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace and against humanity; also war crimes	139
829751190	Office of War Mobilization	Federal agency formed to coordinate issues related to war production during WWII	140
829751191	Robert Oppenheimer	Supervised construction of the atomic bomb in the Manhattan Project	141
829751192	Rosie the Riveter	A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.	142
829751193	Effects of War production	All industry became war-related and managed by government agencies	143
829751194	Berlin wall	served to separate East Berlin from communist West Berlin. It became a symbol of the cold war.	144
829751195	Brinkmanship	A 1956 term used by secretary of state John Dulles to describe a policy of risking war in order to protect national interests	145
829751196	Containment	American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world	146
829751197	House Un-American Activities Committee	established in 1938 to investigate disloyalty in the U.S.	147
829751198	Joseph McCarthy	United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists (1908-1957)	148
829751199	McCarthyism	term used to describe McCarthy's anti-communist smear tactics	149
829751200	Korean War	conflict over the future of the Korean peninsula 1950-1953 that ended in a stalemate	150
829751201	Marshall Plan	program of american economic assistance to western Europe announced in 1947	151
829751202	NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization:1949 alliance of nations that agreed to ban together in the even of war and to support and protect each nation involved	152
829751203	Sputnik	the first artificial satellite to orbit earth launch by the Russian in 1957 that it left Americans with the fear of an airstrike	153
829751204	Truman Doctrine	Truman's speech calling the US to take a leadership role in the world and support nations threatened by communism	154
829751205	United Nations	International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.	155
829751206	Yalta Conference	Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill in 1945 met to determine the future of Germany and Poland. Divided Germany into four zones and Stalin promised to declare war on Japan after German surrendered and Poland remained the largest issue.	156
829751207	Bay Pigs Invasion	Failed invasion of Cuba by a group of anti-Castro forces in 1961	157
829751208	Cuban Missel Crisis	A terrifying standoff between the US and the USSR that brought the super powers to the brink of nuclear war	158
829751209	Fidel Castro	A former revolutionary who established a long-lasting communist government in Cuba	159
829751210	Peace Corps	established by Kennedy in 1961 that sent volunteers abroad as educators, health workers, etc. to help developing nations around the world	160
829751211	Domino theory	the fear that if one Southeast nation fell to the communists surrounding nations would also fall	161
829751212	Election of 1968	Johnson declares he will not run for reelection. Hubert Humphrey against Richard Nixon ending with the election of Nixon. There were many disillusioned democrats who did not vote at all	162
829751213	Fall of Saigon	North Vietnamese took over Saigon and reunited a newly communist Vietnam	163
829751214	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	granted Johnson nearly all war related power without official declaration of war	164
829751215	Ho Chi Minh	the head of Vietminh (the league for independence for Vietnam) who sympathized with communist ideas and fought for independence during World War II	165
829751216	Kent State Massacre	violent protesting students were met by the national guard and four were killed. The images of this event shook the nation.	166
829751217	My Lai Massacre	American soldiers slaughter Vietnamese old men, women and children. A helicopter of American men stopped the massacre and were awarded the soldiers medal	167
829751218	Ngo Ding Diem	the first president of anti-communist South Vietnam who was assassinated.	168
829751219	Paris peace talks	Johnson called for peace negotiations in May 1968 but failed to produce an agreement.	169
829751220	Richard Nixon	Announced the new policy of Vietnamization to get American out of the war and expanded the war into Cambodia to clear out communist camps. The war continued but a peace agreement was signed requiring America to withdraw their forces and that prisoners of war would be released.	170
829751221	Vietnamization	Nixon's plan to remove american forces and replace them with South Vietnamese soldiers	171
829751222	baby boom	after soldier returned from war the birth rate exponentially increased as a result of many more people working and making a living and continued through 1940s	172
829751223	Beatniks	members of the beat generation who were writers, artists, etc. and promoted spontaneity, spirituality and challenged traditional patterns of respectability	173
829751224	Elvis Presley	A star performer of the early days of rock and roll in which his performances showcased his flamboyant style and good looks. His rock and roll music did not sit well with the older Americans of the time.	174
829751225	GI bill of Rights	servicemens' readjustment act of 1944 gave low interest mortgages for new homes and provided educational stipends for college and graduate school for world war II veterans	175
829751226	Modern Republicanism	Eisenhower's policy of being conservative when it come to money and liberal when it comes to human beings. He wanted to cut spending, cut taxes, and balance the budget.	176
829751227	Motels	one of the new businesses that represented the new age of cars and the middle class life style that allowed them a place to stay on long road trips	177
829751228	suburban growth	causes: GI bill of rights made mortgages more affordable to more people, Levitt's new mass production built more homes in less time. effects: stores began to move from the cities to the suburbs, there was an increased demand for cars because the public transportation did not stretch into the suburbs	178
829751229	television (1950s)	was a new medium for advertising, became a new bonding experience for families, allowed people to visualize the brutality of war, used to introduce a standard way of living	179
829751230	white collar jobs	increased in number due to automation and pressured employees to conform and had negative effects on war veterans	180
829751231	AFL and CIO	AFL represented skilled workers and most workers were not included. CIO for lower paid and more ethnic workers. They were seperate in the 30s but joined in the 50s. Since 33% of the US workers were unionized American federation of labor and the congress of industrial organizations merged in 1955 called the AFL-CIO was more powerful and remains a major force to this day.,	181
829751232	William Levitt	built new communities in the suburbs pioneering new techniques in home building and the fast rate of production cut costs. His developments were known as "levittowns."	182
829751233	Nixon's Checkers Speech	Accused of misusing campaign funds for himself; his daughter was given a dog that he refused to take away despite those allegations; dog's name was Checkers	183

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Alan Brinkley Chapter 1 American History Flashcards

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970738059	which of the following was not a crop that europeans first encountered in the new world	sugar	1
970738060	what explains the brutality the conquistadores treated native people	the conquistadors thought the natives were savages and less than human, also the conquistadores were accustomed to waging war in a ruthless maner	2
970738061	openly challenged the authority of the roman catholic church	martin luther	3
970738062	before europeans arrived, the batives of the new world had very few animals that were	domesticated	4
970738063	which of the following diseases did europeans introduce to the bew world when they arrived in the 1500s	smallpox, chicken pox, measles, influenza	5
970738064	according to richard hakluyt, which of the following were important benefits of new world colonies	they reduced poverty, unemployment, and overcrowding,... They created new markets for english goods... They fostered economic independence for england	6
970738065	between 1500 and 1800, about __ of the people who arrived in the new world were african.	one-half	7
970738066	Before the european migration to the new world, west africans sold large numbers of slaves to all of the following areas except	the indian subcontinent	8
970738067	what best describes the puritans and their beliefs	they called for sweeping reforms of the church of england	9
970738068	earlier scholarship suggested that all early inhabitants of the americas came from	Asia	10
970738069	sir walter raleigh established ___ in honor of the english queen	virginia	11
970738070	what describes widely held theories about the dissapearance of roanoak settelera	ghe settlers left their settment and eventually blended with indian society... the settlers were slaughtered by indians in retaliation for earlier brutalities	12
970738071	people of mixed race, particularly of european and native american descent, are known as	mestizos	13
970738072	what best describes sixteenth and seventeenth century mercantilism	Its principles guided the economic policies of virtually all european nation-states	14
970738073	french theologian john ___ taught that god chose aome people to be saved and condemed others to damnation	calvin	15
970738074	what four locations were part of the spanish empire at its heights	coastal areas of south america, mexico, various carribean islands, the southern united states	16
970738075	european colonial power and where it established a colony in the early seventeenth century	spain-florida france-quebec holland-newyork england-newfoundland	17
970738076	what crops did the europeans encounter in the new world	squash maize potatoes	18
970738077	what describes why the english felt freer to establish colonies in the new world during the late sixteenth century	england sucessfully challenged spanish sea power	19
970738078	in addition to killing millions of native people with diseases, europeans also killed millions through	a deliberate policy of subjugation and extermination	20
970738079	scholars once believed that all early migrants to the americas came via an ancient land bridge across the	bering straight	21

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Campbell Biology 9th Edition: Chapter 12 Flashcards

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 12

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1211888324	Why do some species employ both mitosis and meiosis, whereas other species use only mitosis?	They need both if they are producing animal gametes.	1
1211888325	A human bone marrow cell, in prophase of mitosis, contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it contain?	92	2
1211888326	Why is it difficult to observe individual chromosomes with a light microscope during interphase?	They have uncoiled to form long, thin strands.	3
1211888327	Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells?	32	4
1211888328	Nucleoli are present during _____.	Interphase	5
1211888329	Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____.	Telophase	6
1211888330	Chromosomes become visible during _____.	Prophase	7
1211888331	Centromeres divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes during _____.	Anaphase	8
1211888332	Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____.	Prometaphase	9
1211888333	When the separate chromosomes are being pulled from one place to another? This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Anaphase	10
1211888334	When the two "circular" cells attached become sister cells? This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Cytokinesis as it occurs in Animal Cells	11
1211888335	When the chromosomes become visible? This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Prophase	12
1211888336	When chromosomes align laterally (along the metaphase plate: imaginary line located midway between the poles of the duplicated chromosomes and the original chromosomes), before they separate. This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Metaphase	13
1211888337	When the chromosomes break the nuclear envelope, and attach to microtubules	Prometaphase	14
1211888338	When the two "square" cells attached become sister cells? This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Cytokinesis as it occurs in Plant Cells	15
1211888339	When the sister cells are completely divided through Cytokinesis. This animation illustrates the events of _____.	Telophase	16
1211888340	During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____.	Two (2) chromosomes and Four (4) Chromatids	17
1211888341	Cell division occurs during this short phase, which generally involves two discrete processes: the contents of the nucleus (mainly the duplicated chromosomes) are evenly distributed to two daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divides in two.	Mitotic Phase	18
1211888342	DNA synthesis (or replication) occurs during this phase. At the beginning of the phase, each chromosome is single. At the end, after DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.	S Phase	19
1211888343	Typically, this phase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. It is a time of high metabolic activity. The cell grows by producing proteins and organelles, and chromosomes are replicated.	Interphase	20
1211888344	This is when division of the nucleus occurs. The chromosomes that have been replicated are distributed to two daughter nuclei.	Mitosis	21
1211888345	This third subphase of interphase is a period of metabolic activity and growth. During this phase the cell makes final preparations for division.	G2 Phase	22
1211888346	This is the portion of the cell cycle just after division, but before DNA synthesis. During this time the cell grows by producing proteins and organelles.	G1 Phase	23
1211888347	This is the step in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides in two.	Cytokinesis	24
1211888348	During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided.	The Mitotic Phase: The Mitotic Phase encompasses both Mitosis and Cytokinesis!	25
1211888349	During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.	Interphase	26
1211888350	Which of the following is true of kinetochores?	They are sites at which microtubules attach to chromosomes.	27
1211888351	Which of the following correctly matches a phase of the cell cycle with its description?	G1: follows cell division	28
1211888352	In some organisms, such as certain fungi and algae, cells undergo the cell cycle repeatedly without subsequently undergoing cytokinesis. What would result from this?	Large cells containing many nuclei.	29
1211888353	Which of the following is found in binary fission but not in mitosis?	Duplicated chromosomes attach to the plasma membrane.	30
1211888354	Cytochalasin B is a chemical that disrupts microfilament formation. How would this interfere with cell division?	cleavage	31
1211888355	Cells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in which phase of the cell cycle?	G1	32
1211888356	Cells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in which phase of the cell cycle?	They remain confined to their original site	33
1211888357	Which of the following is a function of the S phase in the cell cycle?	The synthesis of sister chromatids	34
1211888358	The copying of chromosomes occurs during which of the following phases of the cell cycle?	S Phase	35
1211888359	For the first several divisions of early frog embryos, cells proceed directly from the M phase to the S phase and back to M without gaps. Which of the following is likely to be true about dividing cells in early frog embryos?	The cells get smaller with each generation	36
1211888360	True or false? The M phase is characterized by the replication and division of a cell's chromosomes.	False: Cells replicate their chromosomes during the S phase and divide partition their chromosomes during the M phase.	37
1211888361	If an organism normally has 34 chromosomes, how many molecules of DNA should there be in the G1 phase of the cell cycle?	34	38
1211888362	Which of the following events would cause the cell cycle to arrest?	Poor nutrition conditions	39
1211888363	DNA replication produces two identical DNA molecules called ______, which separates during mitosis.	Sister Chromatids	40
1211888364	After chromosomes condense, the ______ is the region where the identical DNA molecules are most tightly attached to each other	Centromere	41
1211888365	During Mitosis, microtubules attach to chromosomes at the _______.	Kinetochore	42
1211888366	In dividing cells, most of the cell's growth occurs during ______.	Interphase	43
1211888367	The ____________ is a cell structure consising of microtubules, which forms during early mitosis and plays a role in cell division	Mitotic Spindle	44
1211888368	During interphase, most of the nucleus is filled with a complex of DNA and protein in a dispersed form called _______.	Chromatin	45
1211888369	In most eukaryotes, division of the nucleus is followed by ________, when the rest of the cell divides.	Cytokinesis	46
1211888370	The ________ are the organzing centers for mcrotubules involed in seperatng chromasomes during mitosis	Centrosomes	47
1211888371	Which of the following statements are true of cytokinesis in plant cells? Two that apply.	1. Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules, coalesce at the plane of cell division, and form a cell plate. 2. The cell plate consists of the plasma membrane and cell wall that will eventually separate the two daughter cells.	48
1211888372	Which species does this apply to? The cells divide by constriction of a ring protein. (2 apply)	Bacteria & Animal	49
1211888373	Which species does this apply to? The presence of a cell wall prevents the cell from dividing by constriction. (1 apply)	Plants	50
1211888374	Which species does this apply to? Tubulin subunits or tubulin-like molecules function in the division of the cell. (2 apply)	Bacteria & Plants	51
1211888375	A mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable of surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor's origin.	Benign Tumor	52
1211888376	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.	Binary Fission	53
1211888377	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.	Transformation	54
1211888378	A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Malignant tumors can impair the functions of one or more organs.	Malignant Tumor	55
1211888379	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.	Metaphase Plate	56
1211888380	The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.	Metastasis	57
1211888381	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.	Somatic Cell	58
1211888382	One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells....	continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together.	59

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World War II 2 Terms Flashcards

SHSID 9H class review

The Essential World History Volume II Since 1500
Chapter 25 World War II, Dictatorial Regimes, the Path to War, and World War II.

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758908946	fascism	a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.	1
758908947	totalitarian state	a nation in which a single party controls the government and every aspect of people's lives: no limited government power, no individual freedoms.	2
758908948	militarist regimes	regimes which involve the belief that their nation or government should possess a large amount of military power in order to gain power and influence	3
758908949	Benito Mussolini	Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.	4
758908950	League of Combat	political group led by Mussolini, also known as the Black Shirts, supported by the middle class industrialists	5
758908951	King Victor Emmanuel	appointed Mussolini as Prime Minister after capitulating in 1922.	6
758908952	Il Duce	the Leader; Benito Mussolini	7
758908953	"Mussolini is always right"	Only truly successful fascist propaganda in Italy	8
758908954	the basic foundation for the family	women (Mussolini)	9
758908955	the pillar of the state	family (Mussolini)	10
758908956	German Workers' Party	Munich based party that promised German national socialism that would abolish capitalism; Hitler joined in 1919 and controlled it by 1921 transforming it into National Socialists German Workers' Party; used mass rallies and propaganda	11
758908957	Storm Troops	the "SA" organization. A semi-military group formed to protect Nazi meetings, which evolved to a group that terrorized civilians without police interference. Sturmabteilung	12
758908958	Beer Hall Putsch	In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf.	13
758908959	Mein Kampf	My struggle, autobiography of Hitler and his beliefs	14
758908960	Lebensraum	Hitler's expansionist theory that the stronger and superior nations deserved living space, so it was rightful that they could expand and conquer.	15
758908961	Weimar Republic	Was the democratic government which ruled over Germany form 1919 to 1933. Was Germany's first democracy and it failed miserably. It had leaders such as Hindenburg.	16
758908962	nationalism and militarism	Hitler's appeal...	17
758908963	Enabling Act	the government could ignore the constitution for four years, and create laws to solve the country's problems (gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for those years)	18
758908964	Aryan Racial State	Hitler's goal was...	19
758908965	Nuremberg	Annual party rallies held here, including mass demonstrations and spectacles.	20
758908966	public work projects	everyone working is a soldier, equally important, help your country, lower unemployment rates	21
758908967	Schutzstaffeln	"SS"; guard squadrons, under the total control of Adolf Hitler. Responsible for many of the crimes against humanity done by the Nazis during World War II.	22
758908968	terror, repression, murder, police, concentration camps, execution squads, death camps	SS used...	23
758908969	Warriors and Political Leaders	Men (Hitler)	24
758908970	Wives and Mothers	Women (Hitler)	25
758908971	Kristallnacht	"night of the shattered glass", (Night of the Broken Glass) mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.	26
758908972	Josef Stalin	was general secretary of the Communist party, became the leader and dictator of Russia after Lenin's death. Dictator, brought Russia out of recession and made Russia an industrial superpower in WW2, followed Lenin.	27
758908973	Stalin's five-year plan	impressive progress in industrial production (coal, oil, steel)	28
758908974	Duty, Discipline, Hard Work	Stalin's family values	29
758908975	Asia for the Asians	The Japanese conquest of Southeast Asia had been accomplished under this slogan. Many Japanese sincerely believed that their government was bringing about the liberation of Asians from European colonial rule.	30
758908976	Rome-Berlin Axis	The alliance between Italy and Germany, Mussolini and Hitler (later also Japan)	31
758908977	Anti-Comintern Pact	treaty between Germany and Japan promising a common front against communism	32
758908978	Anschluss	The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938.	33
758908979	Munich Conference	1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further	34
758908980	D-Day	June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.	35
758908981	Operation Overlord	D-Day's Code Name	36
758908982	Poland	Britain and France began reacting to Hitler's conquests- they agreed to protect this country in case of war, and did when Germany invaded them.	37
758908983	Marco Polo Bridge	in 1937, Japan militarists touched off an explosion here that led to an all-out invasion of China. Caused hostilities between the two countries in WW2.	38
758908984	China Incident	incident in which Japan invaded China, and America stood by the side and watched it happen remaining neutral.	39
758908985	New Order in East Asia	The idea that Japan will throw off foreign imperialism from Asia and form and autarktic bloc run by Japan. This leads to deterioration in US Japanese relations.	40
758908986	Monroe Doctrine for Asia	Japan would guide Asian neighbors to development and prosperity (capture its neighbors)	41
758908987	Co-Prosperity Sphere	Japan's goal and organization to help all Asians escape Western colonial rule; but real goal was a Japanese empire in Asia	42
758908988	Surprise Attack on American and European colonies in South Asia	Solution to Japan's "retaliation-supplies" problem from America	43
758908989	Marshal Henri Petain	This aging leader of France accepted defeat to the Germans, which allowed him to keep a very small portion of the south of France to himself under the puppet government of Vichy France	44
758908990	Vichy France	this portion of France was the portion that was not occupied with Germany but followed Germany's every command: puppet government	45
758908991	Soviet	The first nation in which Germany's advance had been stopped	46
758908992	Pearl Harbor	United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. December 7, 1941.	47
758908993	loss in morale	expected result of Pearl Harbor	48
758908994	won broad support for Roosevelt's war policy	actual result of Pearl Harbor	49
758908995	Battle of the Coral Sea	A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia.	50
758908996	Battle of Midway Island	turning point of the war in Asia; US planes destroyed four attacking Japanese aircraft carriers; defeated the Japanese navy and established naval superiority in the Pacific	51
758908997	island hopping	the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan.	52
758908998	Battle of Normandy	The Allies gained a foothold on the French coast during this battle. Eventually they were able to drive the Germans back and liberate Western Europe. Greatest naval invasion in history. Led to D-Day	53
758908999	Battle of Kursk	German forces are soundly defeated by the Soviets, greatest tank battle of WWII	54
758909000	Pacific Strategy	Island Hopping and Submarine Warfare: did not trust Chiang Kai Shek, used this strategy instead to slowly sweep across something.	55

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Psychology Flashcards

Psych1010
Alvarez

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463458160	Psychology (definition)	the scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior that lies at the intersection of biology and culture	1
463458161	Psychological processes reflect influences of	biological processes of cells within nervous system (microlevel) context of cultural beliefs and values	2
463458162	biopsychology (name)	behavioral neuroscience	3
463458163	biopsychology	seeks to understand the mind through understanding the electrical and chemical activity of the nervous system	4
463458164	localization of function	different brain regions control different aspects of psychological functioning	5
463458165	most famous case of ventromedial prefrontal damage	Phineas Gage	6
463458166	Broca	(1861) damage to the left frontal lobe- impairs ability to produce fluent speech and follow rules of grammar (but language comprehension is preserved)	7
463458167	Wernicke	(1874) damage to the left temporal lobe prevents individuals from understanding language and speaking in a way that is comprehensible (even though language is fluent)	8
463458168	culture (cultural influences and psychology)	influence of membership in a larger group (e.g. nation)	9
463458169	psychological anthropologists	observe people in other cultures in their natural setting	10
463458170	cross-cultural psychologists	test psychological hypotheses in different cultures (then try to distinguish universal psychological processes from those that are specific to particular cultures)	11
463458171	Psychological questions inherited from philosophy	free will vs. determination nature vs. nurture rationalism vs. empiricism continuity vs. discontinuity mental vs. physical	12
463458172	Wilhelm Wundt	known as "father of psychology" and founded 1st psychology laboratory in Germany in 1879	13
463458173	introspection	process of looking inward and reporting on one's conscious experience	14
463458174	Edward Titscherer	developed a school of thought called structuralism	15
463458175	William James	wrote 1st psychological textbook proponent of functionalism (early school of thought influenced by Darwinism)	16
463458176	Thomas Kuhn	(1922-1996) philosopher of science	17
463458177	textbook written by Kuhn	The Structure of Scientific Revolutions	18
463458178	normal science	research firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements, achievements that some particular scientific community acknowledges for a time as supplying the foundation for its further practice	19
463458179	paradigms	theoretical frameworks of normal science (a broad system of theoretical assumptions that scientists use to interpret or make sense of their discipline	20
463458180	scientific revolution	rejection of the older paradigm along with acceptance of the novel theory	21
463458181	4 perspectives of psychology	psychodynamics behaviorists cognitive evolutionary	22
463458182	Psychology perspectives	broad ways of understanding psychological phenomena	23
463458183	Sigmund Freud	(1856-1939) initiated Psychodynamic perspective focused on dynamic interplay of conscious and unconscious mental forces interacting to control behaviors	24
463458184	3 key perspectives of psychodynamic perspective	behavior is determined by a dynamic interplay between thoughts, feelings and wishes most mental events are unconscious Mental processes may conflict with one another resulting in anxiety	25
463458185	metaphor for psychodynamic processes	awareness is like an iceberg (small portion above water is conscious and larger bulk below water is unconscious)	26
463458186	method of psychodynamic processes	case study (in depth observation of behavior of one person or a small group of individuals)	27
463458187	data from psychodynamic processes	clinical observations of behaviors, thoughts and feelings	28
463458188	3 criticisms of Psychodynamic theory	failure to be scientifically grounded violation of the falsifiability criterion reliance on retrospective accounts	29
463458189	behaviorists	psychology is the science of behavior (we acquire and maintain our behaviorists as a result of learning)	30
463458190	behaviorism	dominant perspective in academic psychology from the 1920s to the mid 1960s that sought to discover the general laws of learning in the laboratory and to apply these laws to society as a whole	31
463458191	3 key premises of behaviorism	environmentalism, experimentalism, optimism	32
463458192	environmentalism (premises of behaviorism)	all organisms, including humans, are shaped by the environment	33
463458193	experimentalism (premises of behaviorism)	experiments can reveal what aspects of the environment cause behavior	34
463458194	optimism (premises of behaviorism)	people can be changed	35
463458195	metaphor of behaviorism	humans and other animals are like machines	36
463458196	method (behaviorism)	experimental method (create a controlled situation to test a hypothesis about how certain environmental events will affect behavior	37
463458197	data (behaviorism)	quantitative empirical data analyzes that can be replicated (repeated)	38
463458198	evolutionary perspective	built on darwin's notion of natural selection (human behaviors must be understood in terms of their evolutionary and adaptive significance)	39
463458199	natural selection	natural forces select traits in organisms that will be passed on to their offspring because they are adaptive (they help organisms adjust to and survive in their environment)	40
463458200	2 types of evolutionary psychology	ethology and sociobiology	41
463458201	ethology	studies animal behavior from a biological and evolutionary perspective	42
463458202	sociobiology	explores possible evolutionary and biological bases of human social behavior (natural selection as operates on psychological functions as well as physical functions)	43
463458203	metaphor (evolutionary perspective)	we are all runners in a race, competing for survival, sexual partners and resources	44
463458204	methods (evolutionary perspective)	mostly deductive, some experimental	45
463458205	data (evolutionary perspective)	start with a known behavior in a species and attempt to explain it on the basis of evolutionary principles	46
463458206	9 major sub-disciplines of psychology	biopsychology development social clinical cognitive personality industrial/Organizational educational health	47
463458207	Biopsychology (discipline)	investigates the physical basis of psychological phenomena	48
463458208	development (discipline)	studies the way thought, feeling and behavior develop through out the lifespan	49
463458209	social (discipline)	examines interactions of individual psychology and group phenomena	50
463458210	clinical (discipline)	focuses on the nature and treatment of psychological processes that cause emotional distress	51
463458211	cognitive (discipline)	examines the nature of thought, memory, sensation, perception and language	52
463458212	personality (discipline)	examines people's enduring ways of responding in different kinds of situations and the ways individuals differ in how they tend to think, feel, and behave	53
463458213	Industrial/ Organizational (discipline)	examines the behavior of people in organizations and attempts to help solve organizational problems	54
463458214	educational (discipline)	examines psychological processes in learning and applies psychological knowledge in educational settings	55
463458215	Health (discipline)	examines psychological factors involved in health and disease	56
463458216	Pennebaker Study (1990)	College students were assessed on whether mental events influenced physical health ( 1 group wrote emotions and other didn't and their number of trips to the health center were recorded)	57
463458217	4 Characteristics of Good Psychological Research	Theoretical Framework Standardized Procedures Generalizabilty of Research Objective Measurement	58
463458218	Theoretical Framework (theory)	a systematic way of observing and explaining observations	59
463458219	theoretical framework (hypothesis)	proposed case and effect relationship between 2 or more variables	60
463458220	theoretical framework (variable)	a phenomenon that changes across circumstances or varies among individuals	61
463458221	continuous variable	can assume an infinite number of values (e.g. intelligence, body weight)	62
463458222	categorical variable	can assume a finite number of values (e.g. sex, gender, race)	63
463458223	standardized procedures	expose the participants in a study to procedures that are as similar as possible, procedures will be the same for all participants except where variation is introduced to test a hypothesis	64
463458224	generalizability of research	researchers take samples from a limited portion of the entire population (sampling must be representative of population as a whole)	65
463458225	generalizability	the applicability of the findings to the entire population of interest to the researcher	66
463458226	for a study to be generalizable its procedures must be:	valid	67
463458227	internal validity	are the methods/ procedures of the study sound or are they flawed?	68
463458228	external validity	does the experimental situation resemble the situation found in the real world (i.e. outside the lab)?	69
463458229	experimenter's dilemma	trade-off in which researchers must choose to place more emphasis on external validity or on internal	70
463458230	objective measurement (objective)	variable we want to measure (i.e. intelligence)	71
463458231	objective measurement (idea)	to study a construct, a researcher first must devise a technique to measure it (researchers must devise ways to qualify or categorize variables so they can be measured objectively)	72
463458232	objective measurement	a measure is a construct way of assessing (or "operationalizing") an abstract construct	73
463458233	reliability (measure)	a measure's ability to produce consistent results (4 types)	74
463458234	validity (measure)	a measure's ability to assess the variable of interest- does it actually measure the construct it's supposed to measure?	75
463458235	4 Techniques to Determine the Reliability of a measure	Test-retest reliability Inter-rater reliability Alternate form Internal Consistency	76
463458236	Test-retest reliability	consistency across time (Does the test give similar values if the same person takes the same test 2 or more times?)	77
463458237	inter-rater reliability	consistency across people (2 or more raters, who independently score the same person on the same variable, should give the person the same or similar scores)	78
463458238	alternate form	consistency across forms (requires that there are 2 forms of the test that are the same or similar in terms of the number of items, time limits, content, etc.) (least popular method)	79
463458239	internal consistency	consistency across items (different items that measure the same variable should produce similar results) (most popular method)	80
463458240	4 Types of Validity	Face Validity Content Validity Criterion Validity Construct Validity	81
463458241	Face validity	whether or not the test appears, just by looking at it as though it assesses what it purports to assess (why might a researcher not want face validity? Least important type of validity)	82
463458242	content validity	does the test content measure a well-defined body of material (typically used to demonstrate validity for educational achievement and employment)	83
463458243	criterion validity	establishing the relationship between test performance and some external criterion (2 types)	84
463458244	concurrent (criterion validity)	agreement between test performance and current status on another variable	85
463458245	predictive (criterion validity)	test aims to predict status on a criterion that will be attained in the future	86
477532993	construct validity	degree to which a test actually measures what it claims to measure (most important type of validity)	87
477532994	convergent validity (construct validity)	relatively high correlations between the test and other measures thought to assess the same construct as a test	88
477532995	discriminant validity (construct validity)	relatively low correlations between the test and other measures thought to assess different constructs than the test	89
477532996	descriptive research	seeks to describe phenomena as they exist rather than to manipulate variables	90
477532997	3 methods of descriptive research	1) case study 2) Naturalistic Observation 3) Survey Research	91
477532998	case study	an in-depth observation of the behavior of one person (or small group)	92
477532999	2 drawbacks of case study	1) small sample size (limits generalizabilty) 2)susceptibility to researcher bias	93
477533000	naturalistic observation	in-depth study of a phenomenon in its natural setting (good for generalizability)	94
477533001	2 disadvantages of naturalistic observation	1) observation (per se) can alter natural behavior 2) cannot infer cause(s) of behavior	95
477533002	survey research	asks questions of a large sample of people to gain information on attitudes or behaviors using interviews or questionnaires	96
477533003	descriptive statistics	summarize (or describe) raw data to aid our understanding of data	97
477533004	frequency distribution (descriptive stats)	organizes data into groups of adjacent scores	98
477533005	histogram (descriptive stats)	plots score ranges along the x axis and score frequencies along the y axis	99
477533006	central tendency (descriptive stats)	mean, median, and mode	100
477533007	mean	statistical average of the scores of all participants (add all scores and divide by number of participants)	101
477533008	median	the score that falls in the middle of the distribution of scores (eliminates outliers)	102
477533009	mode	most frequent score	103
477533010	variability	how much participants' scores differ from one another	104
477533011	range	(simplest measure of variability) displays difference between highest and lowest value	105
477533012	standard deviation	amount the average participant deviates from the mean	106
477533013	standard deviation equation	SD=((Σ (X-M)^2) /N)) ^(1/2)	107
477533014	normal "bell curve" (shapes of distribution)	unimodal symmetrical around its central axis (most naturally occurring phenomena are normally distributed)	108
477533015	Departures from normality (shapes of distribution)	skewness kurtosis modes	109
477533016	skewness (shapes of distribution)	degree of symmetry for right and left sides of curve	110
477533017	kurtosis (shapes of distribution)	the "peakedness" of the distribution	111
477533018	Leptokurtic (shapes of distribution, kurtosis)	more peaked than normal distribution	112
477533019	Platykurtic (shapes of distribution, kurtosis)	flatter than normal distribution	113
477533020	modes (shapes of distribution)	bimodal, multimodal	114
477533021	correlation research	determines degree to which 2 variables are co-related and association	115
477533022	cannot infer causation from	correlation	116
477533023	bivariate distribution	visually represents the relationship between 2 variables (also called a scatterplot)	117
477533024	correlation coefficient (r)	a statistic that provides a numerical summary of the strength and direction of the relationship depicted in a bivariate distribution	118
477533025	range of the correlation coefficient	-1.0 to +1.0	119
477533026	positive correlation	+1 (direct relationship)	120
477533027	negative correlation	-1 (indirect relationship)	121
477533028	zero correlation	0 (unrelated)	122
477533029	independent variable (IV)	manipulated by the experimenter (independent of the participants' actions-> outside of their control)	123
477533030	dependent variable (DV)	response the experimenter measures to see if the experimental manipulation had an effect	124
477533031	Steps to Experimental Research	1) framing a hypothesis 2) operationalizing variables 3) developing a standardized procedure 4) selecting and assigning participants 5) applying statistical techniques 6) drawing conclusions	125
477533032	framing a hypothesis	researcher frames hypothesis that predicts relationship between 2 or more variables	126
477533033	operationalizing	turning an abstract construct into a concrete variable defined by some set of actions (operations)	127
477533034	experimental group	experiences different conditions of IV	128
477533035	control group	experiences a relatively "neutral" condition instead of being exposed to the experimental manipulation	129
477533036	single-blind study	participants are kept unaware of ("blind" to) crucial information	130
477533037	placebo effect	a phenomenon in which an experimental invention produced an effect because participants believe it will produce an effect	131
477533038	double-blind study	both participants and researchers who interact with them are blind to who has been exposed to which experimental condition until the research is completed	132
477533039	random assignment	essential for internal validity as it minimizes chance that participants in different groups differ in a systematic way	133
477533040	confounding variable	variable that could produce effects that are confused with the effects of the IV	134
477533041	quasi-experimental designs	share the logic and many features of the experimental method but do not allow as much control over all relevant variables (no random assignment)	135
477533042	How to Evaluate a Study Critically	1) Assess the study's theoretical framework 2) Assess the adequacy of the sample 3) Asses the adequacy of measures and procedures 4) Examine the data 5) Examine the conclusions drawn by investigators 6) Consider the meaning of study 7) Evaluate the ethics of study	136
477533043	neurons	cells that specialize in the transfer of information within the nervous system	137
477533044	neuron functions	convey sensory information to the spinal cord and brain, carry out operations involved in thought, feeling and action, and transmit motor commands out into the body to control muscles, glands and organs	138
477533045	dendrites	receive information from other neurons	139
477533046	dendrites		140
477533047	cell body	contains the nucleus and creates neurotransmitters	141
477533048	cell body		142
477533049	axon	long extension from cell body; transmits info to other neurons	143
477533050	2 parts of axon	myelin sheath and terminal buttons	144
477533051	myelin sheath	derived from glial cells; insulates the axon and speeds up conduction of nerve impulses (i.e. action potentials)	145
477533052	terminal buttons	releases neurotransmitters	146
477533053	3 classes of neurons	1) sensory neurons 2) motor neurons 3) interneurons	147
477533054	sensory neurons	transmit information from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain (afferent)	148
477533055	motor neurons	transmit commands away from the brain to the muscles, organs and glands of the body (efferent)	149
477533056	interneurons	pass information between the various sensory and motor neurons in the same part of the spinal cord or brain	150
477533057	neuron membrane	(most critical factor in the neuron's ability to communicate is the membrane that encloses the neuron) holds neuron together and controls the environment within and around the neuron polarizes	151
477533058	neuron resting potential	membrane of the neuron is polarized- separates charges	152
477533059	2 ions found in neuron membrane	sodium ion (Na+) potassium ion (K+)	153
477533060	Na+ in neuron	found mostly on outside of neuron membrane	154
477533061	K+ in neuron	found mostly on inside of membrane (along with a host of negatively charged anions)	155
477533062	Can Na+ enter membrane at rest?	no because the protein channels are closed	156
477533063	electrical potential difference between inside and outside of neuron cell membrane	-70mV	157
477533064	graded potentials	stimulation of the membrane opens ion channels in the membrane causing spreading voltage changes called graded potentials	158
477533065	2 characteristics of graded potentials	1) the strength of a graded potential diminish as it travels along the cell membrane away from the source 2) the output of a single neuron is not enough to cause a neuron to fire: the postsynaptic neuron must combine graded potentials from many neurons in order to fire	159
477533066	spatial summation (graded potentials)	combines graded potentials occurring simultaneously at different locations on the dendrites and cell body	160
477533067	temporal summation (graded potentials)	combines graded potentials arriving a short time apart	161
477533068	neurotransmitters	chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another	162
477533069	neurotransmitter location	stored within vesicles of the presynaptic cell	163
477533070	when are neurotransmitters released?	in response to the action potential sweeping along the presynaptic membrane	164
477533071	where do neurotransmitters act?	diffuse across the synapse and bind the postsynaptic receptors (protein molecules that can act like "locks" that can be opened only by specific neurotransmitter "keys")	165
477533072	postsynaptic receptor binding function	open and close ion channels	166
477533073	excitatory neurotransmitters	depolarize the membrane (e.g. opening Na+ channels) making an action potential more likely	167
477533074	inhibitory neurotransmitters	hyper-polarizes the membrane (e.g. opening K+ channels) making an action potential less likely	168
477533075	neurotransmitters that do not bind to postsynaptic receptors are deactivated through	1) degradation by enzymes 2) reuptake into the vesicles	169
477533076	7 types of Neurotransmitters	1) GABA 2) Glutamine 3) Norepinephrine 4) endorphins 5)Dopamine (DA) 6) Serotonin (5-HT) 7) Acetylcholine	170
477533077	GABA	inhibitory; found in 1/3 of brain neurons involved in the regulation of anxiety alcohol and benzodiazepines	171
477533078	glutamine	excitatory; involved in learning, can be neurotoxic	172
477533079	norepinephrine (NE)	regulates arousal (e.g. blood pressure) behavior and mood (has to do with anxiety and depression)	173
477533080	endorphins	reduce pain and elevate mood ("runner's high")	174
477533081	dopamine (DA)	produced in the substantia nigra and released in 1 or 2 pathways	175
477533082	2 pathways dopamine goes through	1) nucleus accumbens- pleasure reward 2) basal ganglia- voluntary movement	176
477533083	2 disorders associated with DA	1) Schizophrenia (too much DA) (treated with drugs that block DA) 2) Parkinson's Disease (not enough DA) (treated with l-dopa a precursor to DA because DA cannot be given directly because it does not cross blood-brain barrier)	177
477533084	serotonin (5-HT)	regulates pain, sleep, eating, emotional arousal and mood (decreased 5-HT in depression and anxiety)	178
477533085	acetylcholine (ACh)	involved in learning and memory and muscle contractions (Alzheimer's Disease is the loss of ACh)	179
477533086	Peripheral Nervous system	1) Somatic Nervous System 2) Autonomic Nervous System	180
477533087	Somatic Nervous System	transmits sensory information to the central nervous system and carries out its intentional/ voluntary motor commands (also called the voluntary nervous system because it is involved in intentional actions but also directs involuntary actions like balance and posture)	181
477533088	Autonomic Nervous System	conveys information to and from our internal bodily structures that carry out our basic life processes	182
477533089	2 parts of Autonomic Nervous System	1) sympathetic ("fight or flight" system) 2) parasympathetic (vegetative functions like regulating blood-sugar levels)	183
478111485	neuroimaging techniques	use computer programs to convert data taken from brain scanning devices into visual images of the brain	184
478111486	types of neuroimaging techniques	CT scan MRI PET fMRI	185
478111487	CT scan	computerized tomography (produces a static picture of brain structures)	186
478111488	MRI	magnetic resonance imaging (produces a static picture of brain structures)	187
478111489	PET scan	positron emission tomography (scans use radioactive glucose to map brain regions for high and low activity)	188
478111490	fMRI	functional magnets resonance imaging (uses strong magnets to watch the brain as an individual carries out psychological tasks and shows brain function)	189
478111491	thalamus	("relay station") processes information from each sensory modality (except smell) receives info from the cortex and transmits it to motor system	190
478111492	basal ganglia	(caudates nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus) important for motor behavior as well as emotion and cognition	191
478111493	amygdala	(limbic system) plays a major role in emotions, particularly fear	192
478111494	hippocampus	(limbis system) crucial for explicit memories (conscious) and spatial navigation, vulnerable to stress	193
478207655	cerebral ventricles	lateral ventricles (1st and 2nd); 3rd and 4th ventricles extend into the brain stem and spinal cord hollow pockets filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)	194
478207656	cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)	provides a cushion from physical shock carries away waste product and toxins, carries nutritional substances and neurotransmitters to cell	195
478207657	hydrocephalus	an enlargement of the ventricles	196
478207658	cerebral cortex	largest part of human brain (comprising 80% of brain's mass) grayish in color and highly convoluted 3 mm thick layer of densely packed interneurons	197
478207659	gyri	hills in the cerebral cortex	198
478207660	sulci	valleys in cerebral cortex	199
478207661	functions organization of cerebral cortex	primary areas- process raw sensory information or initiate movement association areas- involved in complex mental processes: forming perceptions, ideas and plans	200
478207662	4 lobes of cerebral cortex	Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal	201
478207663	frontal lobe	abstract thinking, planning, social skills	202
478207664	parietal lobe	touch, spatial orientation, non-verbal thinking	203
478207665	occipital lobe	vision	204
478207666	temporal lobe	language, hearing, visual pattern recognition	205
478207667	cerebral lateralization	cerebral cortex is divided into 2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum	206
478207668	left hemisphere	language, logic, details, analytical, thinking and positive emotions	207
478207669	right hemisphere	non-linguistic functions (e.g. recognition of faces, places and sounds) gestalt, and negative emotions	208
478207670	split brain studies	study individuals who have had their corpus callosum surgically cut, blocking communication between the 2 hemispheres	209
478207671	gene	unit of hereditary transmission	210
478207672	genes are arranged along	chromosomes- strands of paired DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that spiral around each other and are located in the nucleus of each cell	211
478207673	number of chromosome pairs in humans	23 pairs of 46 chromosomes	212
478207674	alleles	each gene has 2 individual forms of the gene that can be dominant or recessive	213
478207675	homozygous	both alleles are the same (e.g. RR or rr)	214
478207676	heterozygous	alleles are different (e.g Rr or rR)	215
478207677	genotype	specific genes inherited by an individual	216
478207678	phenotype	specific physical or behavioral characteristics associated with a particular genotype (e.g. eye color)	217
478207679	behavioral genetics	examines genetic and environmental bases of differences among individuals on psychological traits	218
478207680	monozygotic (MZ)	identical twins develop from union of same egg and same sperm	219
478207681	dizygotic (DZ)	fraternal twins who develop from the union of 2 separate eggs and 2 separate sperm	220
478207682	heritability coefficient	quantifies extent tow which variations in a trait across persons can be accounted for by genetic variation	221
478207683	heritability coefficient of zero	no heritability (nurture)	222
478207684	heritability coefficient of 1.0	trait is completely heritable (nature)	223
478207685	twin studies have found heritability coefficients of 0.15 to .60 for certain traits	intelligence nurturance conservatism neuroticism aggressiveness job satisfaction likelihood of divorce vocational interests	224

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2013-14 EHS AP Psychology Unit 12 - Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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1431462883	psychological disorder	deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.	1
1431462884	Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)	a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.	2
1431462885	medical model	the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.	3
1431462886	DSM-IV-TR	the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, updated as a 2000 "text revision"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders (5th Edition out Summer 2013).	4
1431462887	anxiety disorders	psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.	5
1431462888	generalized anxiety disorder	an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.	6
1431462889	panic disorder	an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.	7
1431462890	phobia	an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.	8
1431462891	obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)	an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).	9
1431462892	post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)	an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.	10
1431462893	post-traumatic growth	positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.	11
1431462894	somatoform disorder	psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. (See conversion disorder and hypochondriasis.)	12
1431462895	conversion disorder	a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.	13
1431462896	hypochondriasis	a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.	14
1431462897	dissociative disorders	disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.	15
1431462898	dissociative identity disorder	rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.	16
1431462899	mood disorders	psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder.	17
1431462900	major depressive disorder	a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.	18
1431462901	mania	a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.	19
1431462902	bipolar disorder	a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder)	20
1431462903	schizophrenia	characterized by a breakdown of thought processes and by a deficit of typical emotional responses.	21
1431462904	delusions	an unshakable belief in something untrue	22
1431462905	personality disorders	are a class of mental disorders characterised by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating markedly from those accepted by the individual's culture	23
1431462906	antisocial personality disorder	characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, or violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood.	24

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Modern Biology (Holt, Rinehart, and Winston) Chapter 1&2 terms Flashcards

This set is designed for Holt Rinehart and Winston- Modern Biology textbook Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 biology terms but it could help in other biology classes too. Hope it helps, and good luck! :)

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10228406	biology	The study of life	10228406
10228407	organization	the high degree of order within an organism's internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world	10228407
10228408	cell	the smallest unit that can perform all life's processes	10228408
10228409	unicellular	made up of one cell	10228409
10228410	multicellular	multiple cells	10228410
10228411	organ	a structure that carries out specialized jobs within an organ system	10228411
10228412	tissues	groups of cells that have similar abilities and that allow the organ to function	10228412
10228413	organelles	tiny structure that carry out functions necessary for the cell to stay alive	10228413
10228414	biological molecules	the chemical compounds that provide physical structure and that bring about movement, energy, use, and other cellular functions	10228414
10228415	homeostasis	that maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions are constantly changing	10228415
10228416	metabolism	the sum of all chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment	10228416
10228417	cell division	the fomation of two new cells from an existing cell	10228417
10228418	domains	major subdivisions of all organism	10228418
10228419	kingdoms	a grouping system that divides organisms into 6 major categories	10228419
10228420	ecology	the study of organisms interacting with each other and the environment	10228420
10228421	ecosystems	communities of living species and their physical environments	10228421
10228422	evolution	the process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations	10228422
10228423	natural selection	organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than organism that lacks these traits	10228423
10228424	adaptations	traits that improve an individual's ability to survive and reproduce	10228424
10228425	scientific method	an organized approach to learn how the natural world works	10228425
10228426	observation	the act of perceiving a natural occurance that causes someone to pose question	10228426
10228427	hypothesis	a proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions	10228427
10228428	prediction	a statement that forcasts what would happen in a test situation if the hypothesis were true	10228428
10228429	experiment	used to test a hypothesis and its predictions	10228429
10228430	control group	provides a normal standard against which the biologist can compare results of the experimental group	10228430
10228431	experimental group	identical to the control group except the independant variable	10228431
10228432	independant variable	the experimenter manipulates this	10228432
10228433	dependant variable	is affected by the independant variable	10228433
10228434	theory	a set of hypothesis that is confirmed to be true many times	10228434
10228435	peer review	when scientists who are experts in the field anonymously read a research paper and critique it	10228435
10228436	compound light microscope	a microscope that shines light through a specimen and has two lenses to magnify an image	10228436
10228437	eyepiece/ocular lens	magnifies an image, usually 10x	10228437
10228438	objective lens	light passes through the objective lens, which is located directly above the specimen	10228438
10228439	stage	a platform that supports a slide holding the specimen	10228439
10228440	light source	a light bulb that provides light for viewing the image	10228440
10228441	magnification	the increase of an object's apparent size	10228441
10228442	nosepiece	the structure that holds the set of objective lenses	10228442
10228443	inference	an assumption	10228443
10228444	resolution	the power to show details clearly in an image	10228444
10228445	SEM (scanning electron microscope)	passes a beam of electrons over the specimens surface	10228445
10228446	TEM (transmission electron microscope)	transmits a beam of electrons through a very thinly sliced specimen	10228446
10228447	metric system	a standard system of measurement used by scientists	10228447
10228448	base units	describe quantities in SI	10228448
10228449	matter	anything that occupies space and has mass	10228449
10228450	mass	the quantity of matter an object has	10228450
10228451	weight	the force produced by gravity acting on mass	10228451
10228452	elements	substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter	10228452
10228453	atom	the simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element	10228453
10228454	nucleus	the central region of an atom that makes up the bulk of the mass	10228454
10228455	nucleus	contains protons and neutrons	10228455
10228456	orbital	a three dimensional region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron (like the shell)	10228456
10228457	isotopes	atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons	10228457
10228458	compounds	made up of two or more elements in a fixed proportion	10228458
10228459	chemical bonds	the attractive forces that hold atoms together	10228459
10228460	covalent bond	forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons	10228460
10228461	molecule	the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of that substance and can exist in a free state	10228461
10228462	ion	an atom or molecule with an electrical charge	10228462
10228463	ionic bond	positive and negative charges attract each other	10228463
10228464	energy	the ability to do work	10228464
10228465	chemical reaction	one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances	10228465
10228466	reactants	shown on the left side of the equation.	10228466
10228467	products	shown on the right side of the equation.	10228467
10228468	metabolism	all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism	10228468
10228469	activation energy	the amount of energy needed to start the reaction	10228469
10228470	catalysts	reduce the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction to take place	10228470
10228471	enzyme	protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed	10228471
10228472	redox reactions	electrons transferred between atoms	10228472
10228473	oxidation reaction	a reactant loses one or more electrons and becomes positive	10228473
10228474	reduction reaction	a reactant gains one or more electrons and becomes negative	10228474
10228475	polar	uneven distribution of charge	10228475
10228476	hydrogen bond	the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge	10228476
10228477	cohesion	an attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together	10228477
10228478	adhesion	the attractive force between two particles of different substances	10228478
10228479	capillarity	the attraction between molecules that results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid	10228479
10228480	solution	a mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance	10228480
10228481	solute	a substance dissolved in the solvent	10228481
10228482	solvent	the substance in which the solute is dissolved	10228482
10228483	concentration	the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution	10228483
10228484	saturated solution	one in which no more solute can dissolve	10228484
10228485	aqueous solution	solutions in which water is the solvent	10228485
10228486	hydroxide ion	OH-	10228486
10228487	hydronium ion	H30+	10228487
10228488	acid	the number of hydronium ions is greater than the number of hydroxide ions	10228488
10228489	base	the number or hydroxide ions is greater than the number of hydronium ions	10228489
10228490	pH scale	a scale for comparing the relative concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions	10228490
10228491	buffers	chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or base added to a solution	10228491

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Chapter 18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle, 1848-1854 Flashcards

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1061864956	Lewis Cass	1848 Democratic candidate known as the Father of Popular Sovereignty	1
1061864957	Stephen A. Douglas	Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine	2
1061864958	Franklin Pierce	an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States. Pierce's popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West.	3
1061864959	Zachary Taylor	General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated.	4
1061864960	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification	5
1061864961	Winfield Scott	United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War (1786-1866)	6
1061864962	Martin Van Buren	Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836	7
1061864963	Daniel Webster	Senator who, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850 and subsequently lost favor from his constituency	8
1061864964	Matthew C. Perry	took naval expedition to japan to negotiate a trade treaty	9
1061864965	Harriet Tubman	United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)	10
1061864966	William H. Seward	senator of NY; antislavery and argued that God's moral law was higher than the constitution	11
1061864967	James Gadsden	American diplomat, politician, and railroad promoter who negotiated the Gadsden Purchase.	12
1061864968	Henry Clay	United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852)	13
1061864969	Millard Fillmore	Successor of President Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.	14
1061864970	William Walker	installed himself as the President of Nicaragua in July 1856. He legalized slavery, but was overthrown by surrounding Central American countries and killed in 1860.	15
1061864971	popular sovereignty	people hold the final authority in all matters of government	16
1061864972	filibustering	The act of talking endlessly to delay the vote on Senate bills	17
1061864973	Free Soil party	Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.	18
1061864974	Fugitive Slave Law	Mandated that northern states forcibly return escaped slaves to their owners in the South.	19
1061864975	"conscience" Whigs	Anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds.	20
1061864976	personal liberty laws	Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves	21
1061864977	Underground Railroad	a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada	22
1061864978	Compromise of 1850	Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War	23
1061864979	fire eaters	refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.	24
1061864980	Clayton-Bulwer Treaty	between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to canal across Isthmus of Panama; Abrogated by U.S. in 1881	25
1061864981	Ostend Manifesto	a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.	26
1061864982	higher law	A set of laws that establish and limit the power of government	27
1061864983	Kansas-Nebraska Act	This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.	28
1061864984	Gadsen Purchase	strip of land in present day Arizona and New Mexico for which the United States paid Mexico $10 million in 1853.	29
1061864985	Treaty of Wanghia	The first diplomatic agreement between China and America in history, signed on July 3, 1844. Since America signed as a nation interested in trade instead of colonization, it was rewarded with extraordinary amount of trading power.	30

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