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Kinberg, Nicholas
Michael Chakmakian
AP World History
7 August 2015
Chapter 24 Outline
Americas/Oceania
Woman Dona Marina, born 1500 to noble fam. In central Mexico, spoke Nahuatl,lang. of Aztec; fam. Sent her to Mexican coast as slave, new fam. Passed her to Yucatan peninsula
Became fluent in Maya; Hernan Cortes arrived on Mexican coast in 1519, had Spanish soldier who learned Maya during captivity in Yucatan; couldn?t comm. With Aztec

Kinberg, Nicholas
Michael Chakmakian
AP World History
5 August 2015
Chapter 22 Outline
Transoceanic Encounters/Global Connections
7/8/1497, Portuguese mariner Vasco da Gama led 4merchant vessels with 170 out Lisbon
Destination was India, planned to reach by sailing to Africa thru Indian Ocean
Carried letters from king of Portugal, gold, pearls, wool textiles, bronzeware, iron tools to trade for pepper/spices

Sailed south from Portugal to Cape Verde Islands off west coast of Africa, took supplies
8/3/1497, went southeast into Atlantic to take advantage of winds

95 days, sailed thru 6k nautical mi.; 10/1497, found south west winds in south Atlantic, rounded Cape of Good Hope, enteredIndian Ocean

Went up east Africa, fought in Mozambique/Mombasa, as far as Malindi, secured Indian Muslim pilot to guide him thru Arabian Sea

5/20/1498, landed in Calicut in south India

Calicut dispatched Tunisian merchants who spoke Spanish/Italian to serve as translators
Markets offered pepper, ginger, cinnamon, spices, rubies, emeralds, gold jewelry, cotton textiles; opened trade between Euros/Asians

Da Gama traded gold for pepper/cinnamon, got $ when they returned in 8/1499

>1500, cross-culture grew;west Euros crossed oceans with tech/military

Euro Reconnaissance of Oceans
1400-1800, Euro launched exploratory voyages, didn?t go to polar regions
Private investors/gov?t financed it
Enabled Euros to chart oceans/dev. Geo.; est. comm., transport, exchange

Motives for Exploration
Wanted resources/land for crops, est. trade routes with Asia, expo. Christianity

Portugal was prominent; >13th, went from coasts to Atlantic
Sought fish, seals, whales, timber, land to supplement Portuguese diet

14th, discovered Azores/Madeiras Islands; called at Canary Islands, inhabited by Guanches, Italian/Iberian mariners visited >14th

Euro demand for sugar, est?ing. Sugar plantations there was tempting

Italians organized plantations in Palestine/Mediterranean >12th, 15th, Italian investors worked with Portuguese to est. them in Atlantic islands

Portuguese voyages led to plantations in south Atlantic islands, including Cape Verde Islands, Sao Tome, Principe, Fernando Po

Era of Mongol, Euro merchants traveled overland to China totrade silk, spices, porcelain; 14th, collapse of Mongols spread bubonic plague, travel on silk roads died
Muslims brought Asian goods thru Indian Ocean/Red Sea to Cairo, Italian merchants bought them for distribution in west Euro

Prices at Cairo were hi.,Euros sought spices directly

14th, wealthy of Euro regarded Indian pepper/Chinese ginger as necessities, prized cloves/nutmeg from spice islands Maluku
Merchants/monarchs realized that by offering access to Asian markets, would increase spices/yield profit

African trade beckoned Euros; >12th, Euros bought west African gold, ivory, slaves delivered by trans-Saharan camels of Muslim merchants to north African ports
Gold was payment for Asian luxury goods

New Testament urged Christians to spread
Took peacefulforms; during Mongol, Franciscans/Dominicans traveled to India, central Asia, China for converts; >11th, west Euros launched crusades/holy wars against Muslims in Palestine, Mediterranean, Iberia

Dom Henrique of Portugal, called Prince Henry the Navigator,promoted exploration in west Africa to enter gold trade, discover trade routes, gain intel. About Muslims, win converts to Christianity, make alliances against Muslims with Christian rulers

Tech. of Exploration
Inherited boat tech from Mediterranean/northEuro trade/Chinese/Arabian origin

Euros learned to make strong enough ships
>12th, increased maneuverability of craft by building rudder on stern

Outfitted vessels with 2 types of sail, Mediterraneans used >classic.

Square sails enabled them to followwind, didn?t work with crosswinds

Triangular ?lateen? sails were maneuverable/could catch winds from behind

Ability to advance against wind was crucial for exploration

Magnetic compasses/astrolabes; compass was Chinese invention of Tang/Song that diffusedthru Indian Ocean in 11th
1150, Euros used it to determine heading in Mediterranean/Atlantic

Astrolabe was used by Greek/Persian astronomers to determine latitude by measuring angle of sun/pole star above horizon

Portuguese visiting Indian Ocean in 1500 encountered Arab sailors using better astrolabes, used as models for cross staffs/back staffs

Enabled them to get data about geo.

Atlantic/Pacific, ?wind wheels? around equator, ocean currents followed
5-25 degrees of latitude north/south of equator, trade winds blow from east

30-60, west winds prevail; winds/currents in Indian Ocean are diff.; summer,monsoon winds blow from southeast thru Indian Ocean, winter, blow northwest

Winds/currents forced ppl. To take indirect routes
Euro vessels sailed from Mediterranean to Canary Islands, trade blew northeast

1450, Portuguese dev?d.volta do mar, return thru sea, enabled them to sail from Canaries to Portugal

Sailed northwest into open ocean until they found west winds/turned east

Took ppl. Out of way; da Gama departed for India, sailed south to Cape Verde Islands/allowed trade winds to carry him southwest into Atlantic until Brazil
Caught westerlies that enabled him to sail east, round Cape of Good Hope, enter Indian Ocean

Mediterranean to Atlantic
Voyaging began >13th
1291, Vivaldi brothers departed from Genoa in 2 ships to sail around Africa to India

Didn?t succeed; 14th, Genoese, Portuguese, Spanish sailed into Atlantic/rediscovered Canary; Guanche settled Canaries from Morocco, no contact >Roman

Iberians visitedCanaries, 15th, Castilians conquered it/explored from there

Euro exploration quickened >1415, Dom Henrique conquered Moroccan port Ceuta/sponsored voyages down west Africa
Portuguese est. fort trading posts at Sao Jorge da Mina, modern Ghana

Traded Eurohorses, leather, textiles, metalwares for gold/slaves

1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope/entered Indian Ocean

Didn?t proceed further because storms/restless crew

Sea route to Indian Ocean offered Euro merchants to buy silk, spices, pepper

Portuguese didn?t follow up Dias? voyage because domestic/foreign problems

1500, built trade post in Calicut; 1600, English/Dutch went into Indian Ocean

Genoese mariner Cristoforo Colombo, Christopher Columbus, proposed sailing to markets in Asia by west
Believed Eurasia covered 270 degrees of longitude/earth was 17k nautical mi.

Portuguese declined proposal, out of skepticism on Columbus? geo./Dias? voyage in 1488 pt?d. to India

Fernando/Isabel of Spain agreed, 8/1492, got 3 ships, departed Palos in south Spain
Sailed south to Canaries, supplied, turned west with trade winds

10/12/1492, got to island in Bahamas that native Taino called Guanahani/Columbus named San Salvador; called Tainos ?Indians?

Sent delegationto seek court of emperor of China

Columbus returned to Spain, reported he reached islands off coast of Asia

Spanish, English, French, Dutch sought passage to Asia

Atlantic to Pacific
Spanish military commander Vasco Nunez de Balboa sighted Pacific in 1513while searching for gold in Panama; reconnaissance of Pacific began with Portuguese navigator Fernao de Magalhaes, Ferdinand Magellan
Sailing for Portugal, visited ports in Indian Ocean/traveled to spice islands Maluku

Believed spice islands/Asian marketsclose to west coast of Americas, est. west route to Asia; Portuguese didn?t care because they already had India

Pacific expedition/circumnavigation of world, 1519-22, sailed for Spain

Probed east South America for strait leading to Pacific
Sailed thru Strait of Magellan near south tip of South America

Sailed 4 months before supplying at Guam

Crewmen ate biscuits, leather, water, rats

Fell to scurvy, caused rotting of gums, loss of teeth, abcesses, hemorrhaging, weakness, loss of spirit, death

Killed 29 ofMagellan?s crew during Pacific crossing

Conditions improved after Guam; went to Philippine Islands, got himself killed
Survivors went to Maluku, took cloves

Sailed thru Indian Ocean, returned to Spain; 5 ships/280, 35 returned

Pacific took 300 yrs. To chart
Spanish merchants est. trade between Philippines/Mexico

English went to Pacific to search for northwest passage from Euro to Asia

Lies in Arctic Circle; ice clogs waters, 20th, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen traveled from Atlantic to Pacific by northwest passage

16th, Sir Francis Drake scouted west of North America as far as Vancouver Island

Captain James Cook, led 3 expeditions to Pacific/died with natives of Hawai?i
Charted east Aussie/New Zealand, added New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Hawai?I to Euro maps of Pacific; probed Arctic Ocean/went to tropical islands Tahiti, Tongo, Hawai?I, showed interest in manners, customs, lang?s. of Polynesians

Trade/Conflict in Early Modern Asia
Euros built forts in east hemisphere
Ctrl?d. spice trade in Indian Ocean with limited success
Didn?t have military to take over, Spanish/Dutch est. in Philippines/Indonesia

End of 7 Years? War in 1763, English took over world for 19th

Trading-Post Empires
Portugal built largest trading-post empire
Goal was to ctrl. Trade by forcing merchants to call at their ports

Da Gama obtained permission from locals to est. post at Calicut in 1498

1550, Portuguese built 50+ posts between west Africa/east Asia

Sao Jorge da Mina, traded west African slaves, Mozambique, ctrl?d. South African gold; Hormuz, ctrl?d. access to Persian gulf, Goa, organized Indian pepper

Melaka, oversaw shipping between South china Sea/Indian Ocean, channeled trade in cloves/nutmeg thru Ternate in Maluku

Posts at Macau/Negasaki offered access to China/Japan

Portuguese overpowered other navies, trained cannon onshore
Architect of policy was Afonso d?Alboquerque, commander of Portuguese in Indian Ocean in 16th; sized Hormuz in 1508, Goa in 1510, Melaka in 1511

Sought to ctrl. Indian Ocean by forcing merchants to buysafe-conduct passes/present them at Portuguese posts

Ships/cargoes without passes were confiscated

Punished violators by executing them/cutting off hands

Portuguese didn?t have enough ships to enforce
Arabs, Indians, Malays played roles in Indian Oceanwithout pass

Portuguese transported ? of pepper/spices that Euros consumed <1550, Arab delivered thru Red Sea, Portuguese never ctrl?d., to Cairo/Mediterranean

1600, Portuguese in Indian Ocean were weak
Portugal had 1m in 1500, unable to sustain empire

Portuguese ships included Spanish, English, Dutch

1600, investors organized expeditions to Asian markets

Prominent of followers of Portugal in Indian Ocean were English/Dutch

English/Dutch built posts on Asian coasts
Seized Portuguese sites, Dutch conquered Melaka in 1641

Portuguese held posts into 20th: Goa remained capital of Portuguese colonies in Asiauntil Indians reclaimed it in 1961

English conc?d. on India/built posts at Bombay, Madras, Calcutta, Dutch op?d. from Cape Town, Colombo, Batavia, modern Jakarta on island Java

Both sailed faster, cheaper, more powerful ships
Traded thru joint-stock company, enabled investors to gain profits

English East India Company, founded in 1600, Dutch: United East India Company, 1602
Private merchants advanced funds tolaunch companies, outfit ships, provide them with commodities/$ to trade; enjoyed gov?t support; conc?d. on profit

Charters granted them right to buy, sell, build posts, declare war

1601, 5 English ships sailed from London with gold/silver coins = to 30k lb. sterling
Returned in 1603, spices they carried were worth 1m+ lb. sterling

1stDutch expedition doubled investments

Euro Conquests in Southeast Asia
West hemisphere, Euros conquered natives, built empires, est. colonies
East hemisphere, unable to conquer Asians; decline of Portuguese, Euros traded peacefully in Asia with Arabs, Indians, Malay, Chinese

Philippines/Indonesia, Euros conquered
Neither had state when Euros arrived in 16th

Spanish approached Philippines in 1565 under Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, named islands after King Philip II of Spain
Overcame Cebu/Manila in bloodlessly; no organized resistance; Spanish faced chiefdoms; 1575, ctrl?d. coasts of central/north islands, 17th, extended to archipelago

Main region outside ctrl. Was south island Mindanao, Muslims resisted

Spanish in Philippines revolved around trade/Christianity
Manila was entrepot for trade in sikl, became hub of Spanish in Asia

Chinese merchants were prominent

Occupieddistrict of city, accounted for ? of city?s 42k in 1650

Supplied silk that Spanish shipped to Mexico in Manila galleons

Success brought suspicion in community, Spanish/Filipinos killed Chinese in 1603, 1639, 1662, 1686, 1762, 1819

Spanish sought to spread Christianity in archipelago
Pressured Filipinos to convert to persuade others to follow

Opened schools to teach it/lit.

Missionaries encountered resistance in hi-land., resistance drew from opposition to Spanish/Christianity; 19th, Philippines became Catholic

Dutch, imposed on Indonesia, conc?d. on trade in spices: cloves, nutmeg, mace
Architect of policy was Jan Pieterszoon Coen, 1619, founded Batavia on island Java to serve as entrepot for United East India Company (VOC)

Occupied strat. Site near Sunda Strait, market attracted Chinese/Malays

Plan was to monopolize spice production/trade, enabling Dutch to profit in Euro

Forced islands only to deliver to VOC

Java, took advantage of tensions between princes/extracted concessions for providing them with aid against others;1700, ctrl?d. all Java/spice-bearing islands

Dutch were too few to rule southeast Asian empire
Made alliances with locals to maintain order, reserving rule in Batavia, clove-producing Amboina/Banda Islands; sought less to rule than to ctrl. Spices

Made Netherlands most prosperous in Euro in 17th

Commercial Rivalries/7 Yrs?.War
Mariners competed in Asia/Americas, led to conflict

17th/18th, rivalries led to wars between ships
Dutch were numerous in Indian Ocean, enabled VOC to dominate spice trade

Expelled Portuguese form southeast Asia/prevented English from est?ing. There

18th, trade in Indian cotton/tea from Ceylon overshadowed spice trade, English/French working from India became dominant in Indian Ocean

1746, French seized English post at Madras, 1/3 centers of Brits in India

English pirates/privateers preyed on Spanish shipping from Mexico, seized silver
English/French skirmished over sugar islands in Caribbean/North America

Conflicts in Euro spilled into Caribbean/Americas in 18th

7 Yrs?. War, 1756-63; took place in Euro, India, Caribbean, North America, involved Asian/native Americans/Euros; gave Brits power for 150 yrs.

Euro, Brit/Prussia vs. France, Austria, Russia
India, Brits/French allied with locals/fought in Indian Ocean

Caribbean, Spanish joined French to limit Brits in west hemisphere

North America, called French/Indian War, 1754-63, Brit/French allied with natives

Brits fought little in Euro, Prussians held off armies trying to surround Prussia
Brits ousted French from India/took ctrl. Of French in Canada, allowed them to retain Caribbean; allowed Spanish to retain Cuba/took Florida

Global Exchanges
Columbian Exchange
Global diffusion of plants, food, animals, humans, disease
Diff. from other exchanges was scale

1500, diseases killed natives of Americas/Pacific
Worse were smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, influenza

East hemisphere children caught diseases, survivorsgained immunity

Euro, smallpox was responsible for 10-15% of death, victims were <10

>1519, smallpox ravaged Aztec, 100 yrs., natives in Mexico declined from 21m-1m
Spanish took over Mexico, native traditions disappeared

Disease reached remote areas before Euros ever did, killed everyone
1530s, smallpox spread from Mexico to Great Lakes/pampas of Argentina

Intro?d. to Pacific, same effect; 1500-1800, 100m died from disease in Americas/Pacific

Long term, Columbian exchange produced more humans than killed because of food
Wheat, vines, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens went from Euro to Americas where they increased food/animal nrg

Wheat grew on plains of North America/pampas of Argentina, areas too dry/cold for maize, cattle transformed American grasses into meat/milk

American crops were maize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, peppers, peanuts, manioc, papayas, guavas, avocados, pineapples, cacao; east hemisphere gradually dev?d. American crops, 18th, maize/potatoes contributed to calories in Eurasian diets
American beans added protein, tomatoes/peppers gave vitamins/flavor to west Euro/China; peanuts/manioc flourished in tropical southeast Asian/west African soils

1500, world pop. Was425m; 1600, 545m; 1700, 610m; 1750, 720m; 1800, 900m

1500-1800, largest # of migrants was enslaved Africans transported to South/North America/Caribbean;Euros traveled to Americas; 19th, traveled to west hemisphere/south Africa, Aussie, Pacific where diseases diminished pop?s. in all; Asians migrated

Global Trade
Euros transported Persian carpets to India, Indian cottons to southeast Asia, southeast Asian spices to India/china, Chinese silks to Japan, Japanese sliver/copper to China/India; 1600, Euros were prominent in Indian Ocean

Euro goods traveled west across Atlantic for silver form Mexican/Peruvian mines/agricultural such as sugar/tobacco, in demand in Euro
Traded humans; Euro textiles/guns went to west Africa, merchants traded them for African slaves, went to tropical regions of west hemisphere to work on plantations

1565-1815, Spanish galleons, armed trading ships, went in Pacific between Manila/Acapulco on west coast of Mexico
Took Asian luxury goods to Mexico/traded for silver

Precious metal went to China, domestic eocn. Demanded silver, Chinese currency

Euros traded silver for Chinese gold,traded for more silver as luxury in Japan

Asian luxury goods in Mexico went to Peru, contributed to Spanish elites

Most went overland across Mexico/traveled by ship across Atlantic to Euro

17th, Dutch imported wheat from south Africa, cowry shells form India, sugar from Brazil; wheat fed domestic, worked as merchants, bankers, manufacturers
English/Dutch bought cowry shells, currency in sub-Saharan Africa, traded them for slaves for plantations in west hemisphere

Sugar went to Amsterdam/went to all Euro

18th, markets emerged for coffee, tea, sugar, tobacco

1750,world except for Aussie participated in trade

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Kinberg, Nicholas
Michael Chakmakian
AP World History
2 August 2015
Chapter 20 Outline
West Euro during Hi. Middle
1260, 2 brothers Niccolo/Maffeo Polo traveled from Venice toConstantinople
Were jewel merchants, while in Constantinople, went east
Went to Soldaia, modern Sudak, near Caffa on Black Sea, then to trading cities Sarai/Bulghar on Volga River

War broke/prevented them from returning, joined caravan east

Kinberg, Nicholas
Michael Chakmakian
AP World History
29 July 2015
Chapter 18 Outline
Cross-Cultural Interaction, 1000-1500
Nomads toppled postclassic. States, Song in china/Abbasid insouthwest Asia
Nomad Turks/Mongols laid foundation for trade/comm.
1350, merchants, diplo?s., missionaries traveled between Italy/China

Trade in Indian Ocean promoted cross-cultural comm?s.
Maritime trade built stability, econ., pop. Growth

Kinberg, Nicholas
Michael Chakmakian
AP World History
26 July 2015
Chapter 16 Outline
India/Indian Ocean Basin
Buzurg ibn Shahriyar was 10thshipmaster from Siraf, port city on PersianGulf
Sailed to Arabia/India, went to Malaya, islands of southeast Asia, China, east Africa
953, compiled 136 stories inBook of the Wonders of India