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Preview: Sparks of War
Think about the major wars in U.S. History. Write down the ?spark? that ignited the following wars:
Civil War
World War I
World War II
War on Terrorism

The Spanish American War
?A splendid little war.?

Origins of the
Spanish American War
1890- Spain?s overseas empire had been reduced to Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico and a few smaller islands
U.S. raised tariff on foreign sugar? Cuba?s unemployment rose ?depression
Jose? Marti declares Cuban Independence in 1895

Name_____________________________________ Date___________

US History Vocabulary: Imperialism

Imperialism:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Unit 9 notes

Detente & Peace Through Strength
Cracking the AP(2015 Edition) :(Required)
Detente pg(s) 247-250
Peace Through Strength pg(s) 251-254
Out of Many Textbook: (Recommended)
Detente pg(s): 1079-1082, 1083-1084
Peace Through Strength pg(s): 1107-1111, 1121-1128

US 1980 Olympic Ban
Camp David Accords
Iran Hostage Rescue
Cold War
Nixon Detente policy
Reagan?s SDI programme
War Powers Act
1985 State of the Union Address

Studyguide: Unit 4

Kinberg, Nicholas
Michael Chakmakian
AP World History
29 August 2015
Chapter 40 Outline
World without Borders
11/9/1989, Kristina Matschat joined 1k's of East Germans at Checkpoint Charlie
Fearful of Volkspolizei, ?ppl's. Police,? ppl. >1961 killed East Germans escaping

World became globalized after fall of Berlin Wall
Globalization included advances in comm. Tech, int'l trade, new global enterprises, gov'ts/int'l organizations that favored market

Cultural integration resulted form ideas, info, values spreading
Consumer goods, pop. Culture, TV, PCs, Internet spread in Euro/US

Women struggled to close divide between sexes, fighting for econ./political rights

Int'l organizations such as UN acknowledged sig. Of borders in world with migration
Disease, labor servitude, terrorism, human rights crossed borders

Global Econ.
1990, econ'ists. Pt'd. To new econ. Order char'd. By expo'd. Trade between countries, growth of foreign investments, unfettered movement of capital, privatization of state enterprises, deregulation that undermined gov't's, new corp's.
New tech in comm were conductors, fiber-optic cables, satellites

Econ. Globalization
International Monetary Fund, IMF; founded in Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire in 1944, promoted market econ's., free trade, hi. Growth rates

Free trade, freedom from state limits on trade
Engendered debate about extend of free trade

US eliminated restrictive trading; promoted it thru General Agreement on Tariffs/Trade, GATT, signed by 23 noncommie nations in 1947
Removed barriers on trade; negotiations ended in 1994, GATT, totaling 123, est. World Trade Organization, WTO, took over GATT in 1995

Dev'd. Into forum for int'l trade disputes, power to enforce decisions

World trade between 1948/66 grew by 6.6%/yr., 9.2% between 1966/77

Trade slowed in 80s, 1990, exceeded $6t, double that in 1980

Global corp's. Replaced int'l/multinat'l corp's.
Int'l companies were born out of desire to extend business across borders for importation, exportation, extraction of raw materials; int'l companies evolved into multinat'l's, conducted business in several countries/op'd. In laws of 1 society

Past 25 yrs., transformation of corp. has resulted in 50k global corp's.

Relies on small HQ staff while dispersing functions across globe in search of lowest possible op'ing. Costs

Global corp's. Treat world as 1 market/act as if nation-state doesn't exist

Multinat'l companies General Motors, Siemens AG, Nestle transformed themselves into global enterprises

Thru collective bargaining agreements, taxes, environmental regulations, corp's. Contributed to welfare of home communities; mobile corp's. Escaped obligations
Moved jobs from hi-wage. Facilities to foreign locations

US fed. Tax receipts show corp's. That once paid 30% of taxes now pay 12%

Declining corp. taxes mean less $ for social services/welfare

Reducing corp. tax has been partially successful

Econ. In Asia
Globalization benefited east/southeast Asia, Japan, China, Asian tigers econ'd.

US policies jump-started Japan's econ. After defeat in 1945, 1949, prewar productivity
Japan benefited from US aid, $2b, investment, abandonment of war reparations

Weren't restrictions on entry of Japanese products into US market

1952, def. Treaty stipulated Japan couldn't spend >1% of GNP on def., put it to econ.

Japan lost empire/was hampered by large pop./lack of resources
Econ. Planners emphasized export-oriented growth supported by low wages

Compliant workforce gave Japan edge; had to pay for import of raw materials, low cost of Japanese labor ensured production of goods that were cheap

Made textiles, iron, steel for export to markets with hi. Labor costs, US
60s, Japan used profits to switch to $-intensive manufacturing/produced radios, TVs, motorcycles, cars; 70s, Japanese corp's. Took advantage of trained/edu'd. Workforce/shifted econ. To tech-intensive products such as random access memory chips, liquid crystal displays, CD-ROM drives

Gave Japanese banks, corp's., gov't voice in global affairs

80s, poised to overtake US as world's largest econ.

90s, growth rates weren't sustainable, Japanese econ. Sputtered into 21st

Earliest imitators of Japan were Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan
Earned them name ?4 little tigers,? 80s, became econ. Powers

All lacked $, resources, had overpop.

Used export-driven industrialization; 90s, became competitors

Corp's. Based there undercut original item with cheaper versions

Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia joined tigers

China launched econ. Reforms in 70s to offset Leap/Proletarian, encouraged foreign investment, imported foreign tech; 1992, signaled socialist market econ.
Planned econ. Gave way to market econ.

Was exporter, benefited from cheap labor/domestic markets

12/2001, China became member of WTO/moved closer to econ. Power status

Financial crisis came to head in 1997
Preceding 20 yrs., Asian econ's. Funded speculative business

Int'l investment lost confidence in econ's.; crisis began in Thailand in 6/1997, investments left, causing value of baht, Thai nat'l currency, to plummet

Thai stock market lost 75% of value, country was in depression

Crisis moved to Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, South Korea

Nations hit by crisis recovered quickly
Recovery was matched by emerging econ's. In Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Russia, east Euro, Africa; 2005, emerging econ's. Accounted for ? of global econ., measured in purchasing-power parity

2001-6, yr'ly. Grwoth rate of emerging econ's. Avg'd. 7%, fastest on record

Experts predict by 2040, world's 10 largest econ's. Will include Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Russia; IMF predicts China to surpass US as largest econ. In next 30 yrs.

Emerging nations scour for raw materials, cause rise in world nrg demand/consumption, increase emissions of greenhouse gases/air pollution
Becoming more powerful in trade issues/UN Security Council

Trading Blocs
Groups of nations entered into econ. Alliances

European Union, char'd. By common market/free trade
3/1957, France, West Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg signed Treaty of Rome; est. Euro Econ. Community, renamed Euro Community in 1967

At heart lay dismantling of tariffs; treaties creating political institutions such as Council of Ministers/Euro Parliament facilitated Euro integration

Culminated in Maastricht Treaty of 1993, est. Euro Union

27 Euro nations submerged sovereignty in EU, 1999, 13 adopted currency

Expected to lead to Euro Political Union

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC, producer cartel est. in 1960 by oil-producing states Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, joined by Qatar, Libya, Indonesia, Abu Dhabi, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Gabon
Arab/Muslim states sought to raise price of oil thru co'op., OPEC demo'd. During Arab-Israeli War of 1973 that co'op. Had political/econ. Potential

Ordered embargo on oil to US, quadrupled price of oil between 1973/5

Triggered global econ. Downturn, as did curtailment of oil exports in 70s

Contributed to downturn/debt crisis that hurt dev'ing. Nations

OPEC's influence diminished in 80s/90s as result of overproduction/dissension among members over Iran-Iraq/Gulf Wars

Econ. Partnership Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ASEAN
Est. in 1967 by foreign ministers of Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, objectives were to accel. Econ. In southeast Asia

Conceived as bulwark against communism, econ. Focus became sharper after it signed co'op. Agreements with Japan in 1977/Euro Community in 1980

1992, est. free-trade zone/cut tariffs on industrial goods over 15-yr. Per.

US entered regional alliance North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA, with Canada/Mexico in 1993; went into effect in 1994, 2nd-largest free-trade zone, looser bloc, lacking econ. Coordination of EU
Plans to expand NAFTA to noncommie nations in Americas

Proponents of globalization admire efficiency/speed at which goods are delivered
Opponents dislike corp's. Being supranat'l; claim it destroys environment, widens gap between rich/poor societies, homogenization of local, diverse, native cultures

Cross-Cultural Exchanges/Global Comm's.
TV ended cold war by showing consumer goods of capitalist societies/spreading news of fall of communism; 1st producer of global consumer culture imbibed in East Germans was Coca-Cola, served to them by stores in West Berlin
2000, thanks to advances in tech/comm's., info was becoming global

Global Barbie
10/1996, Associated Press showed ?Iran's Answer to Barbie;? described creation of Sara doll, would fight American influences as embodied by Barbie dolls in stores in Tehran
Creator meant doll to compete with Barbie while promoting chaste dress/Islam

Clothed in robes/head coverings

Mattel Corporation wanted to market Barbie in Japan, had to adjust to Japan
Japanese girls preferred Licca, doe-eyed, brunette, younger doll

Found Barbie's eyes scary, smile too toothy, attitude too pro

Barbie challenged Japanese notions of less-emancipated femininity, Mattel reformed Barbie: was marketed in fam. Settings, with stroller/children, had rounder face, bigger eyes, closed mouth, less blonde hair

Consumption/Cultural Interaction
Consumption became self-expression/ID/social differentiation
Resulted from tendency toward homogenization of products/heightened awareness of local tastes/values; critics refer to it as ?Americanization?/?McDonaldization?

Suggests consumer culture dev'd. In US in 40s-60s spread thru advertising
Pepsi/Coca-Cola fight over beverages, fast-food such as Burger King, McDonalds, Pizza Hut sell standardized foods worldwide

Closing of bistros/cafes in France resulted from French opting for fast food

Consumer culture stresses minute diff's. Between products/encouraged ppl. To purchase brand names to evoke tastes, fashion, lifestyle, fosters differentiation
Global marketing emphasizes local/native value of product

Aussie products such as Drizabone wet-weather gear/Foster's Lager became int'l commodities because they were Aussie

Youth preferred Rolex watches from Switzerland, Armani clothes from Italy, mini electronics from Japan, Perrier mineral water from France

Buenos Aires, city housing projects are named after Eva Peron, Argentine film about her life played in 1996, face appeared on souvenir T-shirts
Argentine supper club, show's cast members sing ?Don't Cry for Me, Argentina? as finale; song is from musical Evita by Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber/Tim Rice, 1st performed in London/became hit on Broadway, 1979

Evita became icon in US/Euro in 1996 film Evita starring Madonna

Trend in Latin America is Music Television (MTV) Latino, perceived by critics as foreign intrusion, Latin video DJs speak ?Spanglish?/?Chequenous,? ?check us out,? mixing Spanish/English; 90s, Latin Americans relaxed for foreign influence

Access
Comm. By radio, telephone, TV, fax machine, networked PCs destroyed isolation
Takes $ to use it, societies have had difficulty connecting

Critics charged mass media as vehicle of cultural imperialism
Consequence is English becoming primary lang.

Brit colonialism, subjugated ppl's. Were compelled to learn English
Ppl. Voluntarily adopted lang. Of preeminent English-speaking society, US

Chinese are ensuring China/its comm's. Don't become colony of capitalist powers
China's Public Security Bureau, concerns itself with murder to cultural espionage, tried to contain influence of Internet by erecting ?firewall?/fanghuo qiang

TV has been used to promote state building, most TV industries are state-ctrl'd.
Zaire, 1st TV picture ppl. Saw each day was of Mobutu Sese Seko

He liked to be in segments that pictured him walking on clouds

Vietnam/Iraq limit access to foreign servers on Internet

Global Problems
2000, pop. Policies, health, environment had to be coordinated on intergov't lvl.
Labor servitude, poverty, disease, terrorism, human rights became int'l

Pop. Pressures/Environment
Result of advances in agriculture, industry, science, medicine, social organization, world exp'd. 5-fold pop. Increase over 300 yrs.: 500m in 1650 to 2.5b in 1950
>WW2, vaccines, antibiotics, insecticides, improvements in water supplies/increased agriculture caused decline in death rates

Decline in ppl. Who maintained hi. Fertility led to pop. Growth in Asia/Africa

Dev'ing. Nations, pop. Growth is >3.1%, ensured doubling of pop. Within 23 yrs.

2005, 6.5b shared planet, pop. Division of UN estimated earth's pop. Will stabilize at 9b in 2050; 75m are joining pop./yr., ppl. Have to have 2 children/less to decline

Decline in pop. Is result of AIDS crisis, killed in societies where fertility was hi.
Fertility fell in 80s/90s; rapid pop. Growth, wages have risen/cost declined

Food production more than keeps pace with pop.

>1967, int'l econ'ists./scientists, Club of Rome, specified limits of growth
Reported in 1972 with ?The Limits to Growth;? 1.5k scientists, including 99 Nobel laureates/academies, signed doc. ?Warning to Humanity,? 1992

Predicted oil, natural gas, silver, tin, uranium, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc were approaching exhaustion/prices would rise; in every case but tin, reserves grew >1972
1980, price for all minerals except zinc/manganese dropped/cont. To

Beyond the Limits, 1999, Club of Rome persisted in pessimism

Growth of humans is at rot of environmental problems
Pollution increases, habitats disappear, resources are consumed

2 environmental issues took stage: biodiversity/global warming

Biodiversity is maintenance of multiple species of plants/animals
Threat to it emerged from destruction of habitats for urbanization, agriculture, mineral/timber resources; extinction threatens 4.5k animal species

Global warming refers to rise in global temp.

Atmospheric pollution causes global warming, emission of greenhouse gases prevents solar heat from escaping atmosphere

Hydrocarbon emissions from cars, CO2 emission from burning fossil fuel, methane emitted from stool of farm animals trap heat in atmosphere, leading to rise in temp.
Rise of 1-3 degrees C in temp. could raise sea lvl's. That would inundate low-lying islands/coastal areas; Japanese capital Kyoto, conference dedicated to environment, 159 countries agreed in 1997 to cut greenhouse gases; agreed dev'd. Nations should cut CO2, didn't require dev'ing. Nations, some of them polluters like India/China

Leaders charged industrialized countries with racism when they raised overpop.
Industrialized nations were accused of trying to guard consumption

Mexico's Luis Echeverria promoted pronatalist measures to increase births

Pop. Growth persuaded gov't's to ctrl. Fertility

Old idea pop. = power was replaced with ctrl'ing. Pop

80 countries adopted birth ctrl. Programs; UN, World Health Organization, UN Fund for Pop. Actvities, aided countries in organizing fam-planning. Programs
China/Latin America reduced growth, other societies resisted

Resistance stemmed from religious/political motives

India, Hindu emphasis on fertility impeded birth ctrl.

Econ. Inequities/Labor Servitude
100m's in dev'ing. East Euro, Africa, Latin America, Asia, struggle for food, water, shelter; poverty is lack of necessities; malnutrition among poor leads to starvation/death
Responsible for stunted growth, poor mental dev., hi. Infection

Vitamin/mineral deficiencies accompany malnutrition, causing mental disorders, organ damage, vision failure; inadequate shelter, lack of safe water, absence of sewage, poor are exposed to bacteria/viruses carried by other ppl., insects, rodents

Poverty correlates with higher infant mortality/low life expectancy

Division between rich/poor attracted attention of int'l community
Shortage of resources/uneven distribution are causes of poverty

Hi. pop. Densities/environmental degradation caused depletion of resources, leading to shortages of food, water, shelter, led to poverty

Un= distribution resulted from 500 yrs. Of colonialism, appropriation of resources

Poverty char's. Former colonies/dependencies

Dev'ing. Nations tried to raise income thru diversified econ., few, such as South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia accomplished that

Econ. Globalization generated wealth for dev'd. Nations, deepening divide

Poor econ. Is associated with servitude close to slavery
Legal slavery ceased when Saudi Arabia/Angola abolished it in 60s, forced/bonded labor cont. to affect 1m's of poor in dev'ing. World

Child-labor servitude, Int'l Labor Organization, agency of UN, 250m children 5-14 work around world in conditions harmful

Most pronounced in south/southeast Asia, affecting 50m children in India
Occurs in agriculture, domestic service, fam. Businesses, sex trade, making it difficult to enforce prohibitions

Are born into bonded labor, parents have worked in debt bondage, condition in which ppl. Work for low wages, borrow $ from employer, pledge labor as security

1m-2m/yr. Are bought/sold across int'l/nat'l boundaries
Trafficking appears in Russia/Ukraine, lure victims with jobs abroad

Once victims arrive, become captives of traffickers who force them into bonded labor, domestic servitude, rape, torture/starvation, incarceration, death

Victims are females

South Asia, poor parents sell women to traffickers for sex trade/forced labor

Trafficking is fasted growing criminal enterprise, generating $1b's/yr.

Global Diseases
>1919, medial experts, public health officials, scientists eradicated smallpox/diphtheria
UN in 1978 called for elimination of diseases by 2000

Malaria/tuberculosis rose; ID'd. Ebola fever & HIV/AIDS

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS
Caused by human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, attacks immune system

AIDS is last stage of HIV, diseases arise

HIV is spread thru sex with infected person, contact with contaminated blood, transmission from other to child during pregnancy, after birth: thru breast feeding

Factors include poverty, ignorance, prohibitive cost of drugs, sex. Promiscuity

Medical experts ID'd. AIDS for 1st time in 1981 among gay men/intravenous drug users in New York/San Francisco; epidemic appeared in straight men, women, children in sub-Saharan, dev'd. Into worldwide epidemic
12/2005, ppl. With HIV/AIDS was 38.6m, 20m AIDS deaths occurred >1981

24.5m/38.6m live in sub-Saharan; AIDS deaths/loss of future pop. From demise of women in childbearing wages will lead to 70m drop in pop. By 2010
2005-10, life expectancy is expected to decline from 59 to 45

Africa is home to 80% of children living with HIV/AIDS

AIDS infects children/leaves them orphans

Orphaned 10m children, Africa will have 40m AIDS orphans

Palliative treatments are available, only rich can afford
Fam's. Have to take care of sick, can't invest in children's futures/necessities

So many have been affected that only small pool are able to be infected
Prevention programs in Uganda have reduced infection

Infection in Asia is low, fear it will spread faster as it goes to India, 2nd most populous
Fear that infection will escalate in 2010s, causing epidemic in India

1981, anti-viral drugs delayed death; 1995, dev'd. Drugs known as protase inhibitors/older drugs, produced highly active anti-retroviral therapy, HAART

Hi. cost prevented poor from sharing; 2007, 1m in sub-Saharan received anti-AIDS drugs, estimates suggest by 2010, AIDS drugs will be available to all

Vaccine remains elusive, scientists have come up with condoms, vaginal microbicides designed to prevent virus from entering body/prophylactic drug regimes that create hostile environment for virus in bloodstream

Global Terrorism
Terrorism attained greater power with advances in transport, comm's., weapons
Heightened media awareness exposed terrorism to 1m's

Terror punctuated >WW2, ppl. Attempted to destabilize world; figures in anticolonial conflicts in Algeria/Vietnam; struggles over homeland between nat'l groups such as Israelis/Palestinians; between religions such as Protestants/Catholics in North Ireland; between rebels/regimes in Indonesia, Iran, Nicaragua

Feature of terrorism is violence against civilians to advance causes
Use hijackings/hostage-taking to assassinations/mass murder

Are limited in size/resources; rarely realize goals

Discredited worthy causes; 80s-00s, terrorism assumed global char. That required financial support networks, weapons tech, sanctuary

Aside from EU, int'l community didn't respond to terrorism in unified manner

Issues of what constitutes terrorism/how to respond were renewed on 9/11

9/11/2001, NYC/Washington DC became targets of terrorist attacks
Hijackers seized 4 planes/used them as missiles; 2 crashed into World Trade Center towers, causing collapse, destruction of adjacent skyscrapers, 1k's of deaths

1 crashed into Pentagon, nerve center of US military in Washington DC, 4th crashed into field outside Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Intended for White House, was thwarted by passengers

US ID'd. Islamic militant Osama bin Laden as leader of attacks

Accused bin Laden of directing previous attacks on US interests in Africa/southwest Asia; US Pres. George W. Bush declared war on Laden/terrorism

Laden headed al-Qaeda, the base
Became popular in US-backed aid to mujahideen, fought Soviets in Afghanistan

End of Persian Gulf War, 1990-1, hated West

Stationing of US on holy soil of Saudi Arabia, bombing of Iraq, supporting of Israeli oppression of Palestinians were declaration of war against God

1998, called on ever Muslim to kill Westerners

Creation of Islamic State of Afghanistan in 1996 by Taliban movement
Taliban emerged out of disorder of Afghan-Soviet war, 1979-88/civil war; promoting itself as force of unity, proclaimed followers liberators who brought peace

Intolerance figured, Islamist strictures alienated

Dominated by Pashtuns, majority ethnic group of Afghanistan, Taliban under mullah, male religious leader Mohammed Omar fought holy wars against other ethnic/Muslim groups such as Afghanistan's Shia minority

Provided sanctuary/training for Islamist fighters in southwest/central Asia, al-Qaeda

Espoused Islam that barred women from edu./work
West dress became taboo, women became veiled in burkas, men grew beards

Banned TV, movie theaters, photos, music

Religious police Ministry of Promotion of Virtue/Prevention of Vice enforced

UN/gov't's withheld recognition of Taliban

De jure recognition came to Taliban opposition force Northern Alliance, composed of country's smaller religious/ethinc groups, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazaras

Became ally of US in mission to punish for 9/11

US declared war on terrorism/those harboring terrorists
Refusal of Taliban to surrender Laden prompted US on 10/7/2001 to attack

US/allies limited op's. To intel. Missions/air strikes, fighting war on ground thru Afghan proxies, North Alliance

11/2001, US-led bombardments permitted North Alliance to capture Kabul

Smashed Taliban/al-Qaeda

3/2003, Bush coordinated ?Op. Iraqi Freedom?
Int'l coalition of 300k made of US/Brit/24 nations invaded Iraq to fight terrorism by ousting Saddam Hussein/creating democratic state

1 target was Hussein's suspected chem./bio. Weapons, WMDs

Coalition est. supremacy in Iraq, didn't find weapons

Bush declared end to major op's. On 5/1/2003, struggled to stabilize Iraq

Hussein was caught in 12/2003 & executed in 2006, resistance in Iraq persisted

Costs of Iraq war climbed in casualties/expenditures
10k's of Iraqi military/civilians died, as have 4k coalition soldiers by 6/2007

US spent $4b/month to maintain troops in Iraq

US critics balked at aggressive approach to terrorism

Dubbed ?Bush Doctrine of Deterrence,? preemptive strike against Iraq, hadn't committed terrorist act/been proven to harbor terrorists, set precedent

Increased foreign presence in Iraq incited more violence from Islamists

Int'l Organizations
Nations are under pressure to surrender sovereignty
Effectiveness of nat'l gov't's has declined

Prototypical novgov't organization, NGO, is Red Cross, int'l humanitarian agency
Founded on initiative of Swiss philanthropist Jean Henri Dunant, was dedicated to alleviating sufferings of wounded soldiers, POWs, civilians in war

1864, 12 nations signed 1st Geneva Convention, laid down rules fore treatment of wounded/protection of medical personnel/hospitals

Adopted red cross as symbol of neutral aid, Muslim countries used red crescent

Later protocols revised Convention to include protection for noncombatants

Red Cross extended to peacetime, helping victims of floods, earthquakes, famines

NGO Greenpeace, founded in 1970, environmental organization dedicated to preservation of earth's resources/biodiversity
Gained int'l fame for calc'd. Exploits to attract media attention

Disrupted whaling expeditions by placing themselves between whales/hunter

Convinced news to broadcast pictures of slaughter of baby harp seals

Prevented slaughter by spraying red paint on seals, making fur worthless

Intl' gov't organization is UN, superseded League of Nations, 1920-46
Attempts to deal with global problems/humanity

Doesn't legislate; rep's. Vote in shaping int'l community

Cynics pt. Out UN's inability to achieve peace, citing Iran-Iraq War, civil war in Somalia, bloodshed in Afghanistan
Agencies of UN; 1980, World Health Organization proclaimed worldwide eradication of smallpox as result of 13-yr. Global program; UN efforts resulted in 50% decrease in infant/child mortality in dev'ing. Countries, 1960-2002

Promoted increase in female lit., in Africa, 50.8% of women in 2000

Provided safer water for 1b in rural areas

Human rights, idea all ppl. Are entitled to basic rights, protection against state
Originated with Greco-Roman natural law doctrines/evolved into efforts to protect humanity thru abolition of slavery/implementation of universal suffrage

Recognition of human rights came >WW2, with exposure of Nazi regime

Nuremberg war crimes trials, designed to bring Nazis to justice, challenged idea of unlimited nat'l sovereignty/created ?crimes against humanity,? warranted int'l judgment/punishment

Charter est'ing. UN in 1945, 50 nations pledged to achieve human rights

1948, Nat'l Assembly of UN adopted Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Singled out extrajudicial/summary executions, arbitrary arrest/torture, slavery/involuntary servitude, discrimination on racial, sex., religious grounds

Concern was shared with Amnesty International/Human Rights Watch, bring pressure of public opinion on offending gov't's

80s, human rights emerged as main theme of global politics

Crossing Boundaries
Women in Euro, US, China, USSR gained =ity by advocating women's liberation/nonbio./culturally defined understanding of gender

Women's Traditions/Feminism
Status of women changed >WW2
Gained more rights in industrialized states than dev'ing. 1s, never achieved =ity

Agitation for =ity is linked to access to employment, industrialized nations have largest % of working women

Women are 40-50% of workforce in industrial societies, 20% in dev'ing.

Islamic societies, <10%; all countries, women work low-paying jobs designated as female: teaching, service, clerical jobs

40% of farmers are women, many at subsistence lvl.; rural African women do most of Africa's subsistence farming/produce >70% of Africa's food

Women earn less than men for same work/are kept out of pro careers

Discrimination in workplace was stimulus for feminism in industrialized nations
Gained vote >WW1, found rights didn't guarantee econ./sex. =ity

>WW2, women protested job discrimination, pay differentials between women/men, lack of legal =ity; 60s, complaints expo'd. Into feminism that criticized gender in=ity

US, civil rights movement that demanded =ity for blacks influenced women's movement/provided training ground for feminists

Women exposed ways in which bio'ly. Determined gender led to oppression
Demanded ctrl. Over bodies/reproductive systems

Access to birth ctrl./abortion became sig. To liberation

US Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination on race/sex, intro. Of birth ctrl. Pill in 60s/legal protection of abortion in 70s provided sex. Freedom

Gender =ity that Equal Rights Amendment would've secured never happened, failed to achieve ratification <1982 deadline

Socialist/commie societies transformed legal systems to ensure =ity
Position of women matched men in USSR, Cuba, China

Led to improvement in status of Chinese women once commies gained power

1950, commies passed marriage law declaring democratic marriage system

Abolished child betrothal/upheld = rights or work, prop., inheritance

Critics say Chinese women never gained =ity
Few women gained status in Commie Party

Most have full-time jobs, don't receive wages = to men; do work at home

Enter most professions, Chinese women engage in menial work

Confucianism degrades women in rural; parents prefer boys over girls

China's pop. Policies, limiting couples to 1 child, disappearance of baby girls

Yr'ly., 1.5m female births go unrecorded in gov't stats

Pop. Experts speculate preference for males causes parents to send girls to adoption/be raised secretly, other times, infanticide

Expected to stay home, females have hi. Illit. Rates
Arab/Muslim lands, women are twice as likely as men to be illit., 9/10 are

Past 25 yrs., girls have caught up with boys in edu.

2001, female lit. reached 54% in India, still confined to home
Labor force participation remained low;

Women in south Asia, dowry deaths

What makes birth of girls in India burdensome is paying dowries, gifts of $/goods to husband/fam. Upon woman's marriage, requirement that is difficult to meet

If husband/fam. Perceive dowry as inadequate, if he wants wife without returning his 1st wife's dowry if wife has annoyed husband, wife is doused with kerosene/set on fire, death can be explained as cooking accident

1995, India reported 6k dowry deaths, unofficial estimates are 25k

Pakistan, 500 husbands set fire to wives between 1994/7
Husbands have set fire to wives who overcooked/oversalted meals

Indian/Pakistani women challenge these practices/est. Shelters for women

South Asia elevated women to power
Indira Gandhi/Benazir Bhuto led India/Pakistan, raised by fathers in politics

1994, Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga became 1st female pres. Of Sri Lanka

Parents served as prime ministers; mother Sirimavo Bandaranaike became 1st woman prime minister in 1960; pres., appointed mother to serve 3rd term as prime minister

Myanmar, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was leader, derived authority from father Aung San, assassinated in 1947; assuming leadership of democracy movement after return from exile in 1988, called for nonviolent resolution against Myanmar's ?fascist gov't?
Gov't placed her under house arrest from 1989-95, she created ?gateside meeting,? speaking to followers from behind gates of home

1990 elections, she/party won, weren't allowed power

Awarded Noble Peace Prize in 1991, couldn't accept award, under house arrest

UN launched Decade for Women program in 1975, global conferences on women have been held; Iran, Islamic revolution limited women, internal forces transformed women
Revolutionary patrols walk Tehran making sure women conform, during war with Iraq, Iranian women became revolutionaries

Migration
18th, pop. Experts distinguished between internal/external migration
Internal describes flow of ppl. From rural to urban, external describes ppl. Across distances/int'l borders; both result from push/pull factors

Largest human migrations today are rural-urban flows
1950-2000, led to urbanization; urbanized societies are in west/north Euro Aussie, New Zealand, South/North America

Ppl. In those regions living in urban is 75%+; Germany, 85%

Latin America, 50-65%; Africa/Asia, urbanization has begun

Latin America, Africa, south Asia, ppl. Migrating to metropolitan from rural poverty
Once in cities, still poor

Life is bad in Bombay; shantytowns around Kinshasa/Nairobi; barriadas, barrios, villas miserias of Lima, Mexico City, Buenos Aires

10m cram into Calcutta, Cairo, Mexico City, straining resources

Potable water, electricity, medical care have diminished

Among unemployed/underemployed, disease ran/ppl. Suffered from malnutrition

16th-20th, 60m Euros colonized Americas, Aussie, Oceania, north Asia
1820-1980, Atlantic migration, 37m Euros went to US

Slave migrations supplemented voluntary movements of ppl.

16th-19th, slave traders consigned 12m Africans to Americas

WW2, Nazis deported 8m to forced-labor sites/extermination camps
>WW2, USSR expelled 10m Germans from east/central Euro to Germany

Largest migrations in 20th were refugees fleeing from war

1947 partition of Indian subcontinent with 2 indep. States resulted in exchange of 6m Hindus from Pakistan/7m Muslims from India

3m-4m refugees fled Afghanistan in 80s

12/2003, 10m refugees who lived outside countries of origin to escape persecution

>1960, 13m ?guest workers? from south Euro, Turkey, north Africa went to west Euro, 10m perm. Migrants from Mexico entered US
Foreigners make up ? of working pop. In oil-producing countries of southwest Asia

130m live outside country of citizenship

Host societies view migrants as competitors for jobs since they take low wages/won't join labor unions; unemployment climbs, migrants are blamed
Gov't's came under pressure to restrict immigration/expel foreigners

Xenophobia, fear of foreigners, produced violence, skinheads in England hurt ethnic minorities/neo-Nazis in Germany bombed Turkish workers

Cross-Cultural Travelers
Recent form of migration is tourism

Industrialism gave birth to tourism by providing safer transport/leisure/travel
1850, tourism, travel for recreation/study, grew in west Euro/US

England, Thomas Cook est. 1st travel agency, bearing name/offering guided tours 1st of Euro in 1850s/US; arranged travel/hotel accommodations

Germany, Karl Baedeker/son est. pub'ing. Firm that specialized in travel guides that were popular in German/French/English

19th, became fashionable in Euro for affluent to vacation, <1900, workingppl. Did too
Working-class fam's. Went during holidays to escape city/created working-class pleasure zones such as sea resorts in Brit, Coney Island in US, Varna at Black Sea

Breathed fresh air, wore colorful clothes, took walks

20th, leisure added symbolic value that travelers could show off, ski apparel/bikinis

>WW2, companies created packaged tur, enabled 1m's to go around world

Middle-class tourists, new age travelers, ecotourists travel

Travel/tourism has become largest industry on planet
Sustained by growing personal wealth/cheaper transport, jet plane

World Travel/Tourism Council estimates total econ. Value of goods/services of tourism in 1996 was $3.6t, 10.6% of gross global product

Provided work for 255m; attraction of industry that generates wealth/jobs with minimal investment compared to manufacturing was incentive for gov't's/businesses

Tourism creates low-paying jobs, profits flow to dev'd. World, where majority of tourism businesses are located; also changed native cultures

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