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Kinberg, Nicholas
Michael Chakmakian
AP World History
17 July 2015
Chapter 12 Outline
Cross-Cultural Exchanges on Silk Roads
139 BC, Chinese emperor Han Wudi sent envoy Zhang Qian towest of China
Purpose was to find allies who could fight Xiongnu, menaced north/west of Han
From captives, learned nomads in west hated Xiongnu, reasoned they might ally

Problem was that to comm., had to pass thru lands ctrl'd. By nomads
After Zhang Qian left Han, Xiongnu captured him

Kinberg, Nicholas
Michael Chakmakian
AP World History
14 July 2015
Chapter 10 Outline
Mediterranean Society: Greek Phase
Homer composed poems in ancient Greece, Iliad/Odyssey
Scholars know that bards recited poems before Homer in 750 BC
Homer was name for anon. Scribes who committed Iliad/Odyssey to writing

Epics attributed to him influenced classic Greek thought/lit.
Iliad offered Greek perspective on campaign waged by Greek warriors against city Troy in Anatolia during 12th BC

Kinberg, Nicholas
Michael Chakmakian
AP World History
11 July 2015
Chapter 8 Outline
Unification of China
99 BC, Chinese imperial officers sentenced historian Sima Qian to castration
10 yrs., Qian worked on project inherited from father, history of China
Brought him prominence at imperial court; def'd. Dishonored gen., attracted danger

Emperor was angry, learned Qian expressed opinions that contradicted his opinion

1k's underwent voluntary castration in China to pursue careers as eunuchs
Elites appointed eunuchs because they didn't sire fam's./couldn't build power

Still came to wield influence in elite fam's.

Sentenced to castration, Chinese men avoided penalty using suicide
Qian endured; letter to friend, explained that suicide would mean history would go unwritten; worked in disgrace

Completed work of 130 ch's.; consulted court doc's./works of predecessors, supplemented own age with sources of observations from politicians/military
Composed accounts of emperors' reigns/bio's. Of ministers, statesmen, gen's., empresses, aristocrats, officials, merchants, rebels

Described societies of neighbors

Social thought prepared unification of China under Qin/Han dynasties
Confucians, Daoists, Legalists brought stability to China during late Zhou dynasty/Per. Of Warring States

Legalism outlined means by which rulers could strengthen states

Works of Confucians/Daoists weren't as ready to unify

Qin/Han dynasties adopted Legalism/imposed centralized rule
Ruled thru bureaucracy, built roads that linked China

Imposed common written lang./est. Edu. Based on Confucianism

450 yrs., Qin/Han dynasties guided China

Han dynasty, stability was foundation of econ.
Agricultural productivity supported iron/silk industries, Chinese goods found markets in central Asia, India, Persia, Mediterranean basin

Han society exp'd. Divisions between landowners/landless poor

Led to disorder/factions, ended Han

Political Order
Late Zhou brought confusion to China/led to Per. Of Warring States, 403-221 BC
Turmoil forced ppl. To reflect on society
Sought to ID principles that would restore order

Concerned themselves with tranquility apart from society

3 schools of though: Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism

Confucius
1st Chinese thinker who addressed order was Kong Fuzi, ?Master Philosopher Kong,? disciples called him Confucius
Came from aristocratic fam. In state Lu in north China, sought post at Lu court

Refused to compromise beliefs, observed principles that clashed with state policy

Realized he would only obtain minor post in L, left for better appointment

10 yrs., traveled to courts in China, didn't find any takers

484 BC, returned to Lu, died 5 yrs. Later

Served as edu'er./political advisor
Attracted disciples who aspired to politics

Pupils compiled master's sayings in book Analects, influenced Chinese traditions

Confucius didn't abstruse philosophical Q's, thought they wouldn't solve problems
Didn't deal with religion, thought they went beyond human intel.

Didn't concern himself with state, thought harmony arose from ordering of humans

Believed best way to promote gov't was to fill positions with ppl. Edu'd./kind

Conc'd. On junzi, ?superior individuals,? took view of public affairs/weren't corrupt

Had disciples study poetry/history produced during Zhou, believed they provided insight into humans
Examined Book of Songs, Book of History, Book of Rites, conc'ing. On admin.

Lit. of Zhou became core texts of Chinese edu.

<20th, Chinese seeking gov't proceeded thru studies from Confucius in 5th BC

Moral integrity/capacity to deliver wise judgments
Confucius encouraged students to cultivate ethics/hone analysis/judgment

Emphasized ren, kindness/sense of humanity
Explained ppl. Having it were courteous, respectful, diligent, loyal

Li, propriety, called for ppl. To treat ppl. With courtesy, showing respect for elders/superiors; xiao, filial piety, reflected sig. Of fam.

Obliged children to respect parents/fam. Elders, look after them, support them in old age, remember them with other ancestors after deaths

Emphasized ren, li, xiao because he believed ppl. Who had these would gain influence
Those who had these would have self-ctrl./leadership qualities

Only thru enlightened leadership was there hope of order

Expressed thought in general terms, disciples adapted it to current problems
2 disciples, Mencius/Xunzi

Mencius was most learned an of age/spokesman of Confucianism
During Per. Of Warring States, traveled in China, consulting rulers/offering advice on politics; believed humans were good, argued for policies that would allow it to influence society; emphasized ren/advocated gov't by benevolence/humanity

Implied rulers would levy light taxes, avoid wars, support edu., encourage harmony

Critics charged Mencius held optimistic view of humans, arguing his policies wouldn't succeed in wold were interests, wills, ambitions clash

Mencius' advice didn't have effect during lifetime

Influenced Confucianism; >10th, Chinese scholars considered Mencius most authoritative of Confucius' expositors

Xunzi served as gov't admin.
Encouraged him to dev. Human nature that wasn't rosy

Believed humans pursued own interests, no matter effects of actions, resisted making contribution to society

Considered social discipline best means of order

Emphasized li; advocated est. of conduct that would limit interest/punish those who neglected obligations

Likened humans to warped lumber: possible to straighten bad wood or turn selfish

Optimism was base char. Of Confucianism
Explains value Confucian thinkers placed on edu./public behav./accounts for activist approach to public affairs

Sought gov't positions/solved political problems to promote harmony

Daoism
Daoist thought dev'd. In response to late Zhou/Per. Of Warring States
Considered it pt'less. To waste nrg on on problems that defied solution

Devoted nrg'ies to reflection/introspection, in hopes of understanding principles that gov'd. World/learn how to live in harmony with them; believed that over time, would bring harmony, ppl. Ceased to meddle in affairs they couldn't understand

Founder of Daoism was sage Laozi who lived during 6th BC
Several ppl. Contributed to Daodejing (Classic of the Way and of Virtue), exposition of Daoist beliefs ascribed to Laozi, acquired form over centuries

Daoist work Zhuangzi, name after author philosopher Zhuangzi, provided compendium of Daoist views

Daoism was effort to understand char. Of world/nature
Central concept was dao, ?the way,? ?way of nature/cosmos?

Daodejing, dao figures as original force of cosmos, unchanging principle that gov's. World; Daodejing envisioned dao as passive force/spoke of it neg'ly.: Dao does nothing/accomplishes everything

Dao resembles water, soft/yielding, powerful enough to erode rock

Resembles cavity of pot/hub of wheel: make pot/wheel useful tools

If dao gov'd. World, humans should tailor behav. To it
Meant retreating from politics/admin.

Human striving brought world to chaos

Response was to cease striving/live simply

Doaists recognized wuwei, disengagement from exertions/affairs
Required individuals to refrain from advanced edu./striving

Called for individuals to live simply, in harmony with nature

Implied less gov't, better
Daodejing envisioned self-sufficient communities where ppl. Didn't want to conquer neighbors/trade with them

Daoists attacked rivals for dwelling on superficial issues
Zhuangzi mocked Confucians for having debates

Related fable about keeper of monkeys who ran low on food for animals

Advised monkeys that conditions forced him to cut rations, in future, would bring them 3 nuts in morning/4 in afternoon

Monkeys were angry, keeper promised to bring 4 nuts in morning/3 in afternoon, monkeys accepted; philosophers' debates were just as insig.

Encouraging dev. Of consciousness, Daoism was counter to Confucianism
Encouraged self-knowledge that appealed to Confucians/Daoists

Both weren't exclusive, ppl. Studied Confucian curriculum/took admin. In gov't while devoting private hrs. to reflection no humans

Legalism
Order returned after emergence of Legalists, promoted practical approach to statecraft
Devoted attention to state, sought to strengthen/expo.

Legalist doctrine emerged from insights of men who participated in Chinese politics during late 4th BC; Shang Yang, chief minister to duke of Qin state in west China
Survive in work The Book of Lord Shang, includes contributions from other ministers/Shang Yang; upon death of duke of Qin, Shang Yang fell: enemies at court executed him, mutilated body, annihilated fam.

Legalist theorist Han Feizi, student of Confucian scholar Xunzi
Reviewed Legalism from politicians/synthesized them in collection on statecraft

Served as advisor at Qin court, fell to assassins who forced poison on him

Reasoned state's strength came from agriculture/army
Sought to channel ppl. Into cultivation/military while discouraging them from being merchants, entrepreneurs, scholars, edu'ers., philosophers, poets, artists, didn't advance state

Expected to harness subjects' nrg by laws
Faith in laws distinguished them from Confucians

Believed Confucianism wasn't powerful enough to restore order

Imposed legal regimen that outlined expectations/provided punishment

Believed if ppl. Feared to commit small crimes, would hesitate from big 1s

Legalists imposed penalties for minor infractions: ppl. Could suffer amputation of limbs for disposing of trash in street; est. collective responsibility before law

Expected fam. To observe others, stop illegal activity, report infractions

Failing to do so made fam's. Liable

Chinese philosophers didn't like Legalists; Legalist gov't's produced results
Ended Per. Of Warring States/brought unification of China

Unification of China
Per. Of Warring States, rulers adopted Legalism
Met response from state Qin, west China, Shang Yang/Han Feizi oversaw implementation of it; Qin dominated neighbors/imposed rule over China
Survived for few yrs., Han dynasty followed Qins, gov'd. Thru centralization

Qin Dynasty
4th/3rd BC, Qin underwent econ., political, military dev.
Shang Yang encouraged peasants to migrate to sparsely pop'd. State

By granting them plots/allowing them to enjoy profits, boosted agriculture

By granting land rights, weakened econ. Of hereditary aristocracy

Allowed Qin rulers to est. centralized/bureaucratic rule

Devoted wealth to organization of army equipped with iron weapons

3rd BC, Qin grew at expense of other Chinese states

Qin rulers attacked, absorbing land into centralization

221 BC, king of Qin proclaimed himself 1st Emperor/decreed descendants would follow him/reign for 1k's of generations
1st Emperor Qin Shihuangdi, dynasty lasted <207 BC, dissolved into civil war

Ignored nobility/ruled empire thru bureaucracy
Gov'd. From capital Xianyang, near Zhou capital Hao/modern city Xi'an

Remainder of China divided into admin. Provinces/districts, entrusted comm./implementation of policies to officers of central gov't

Disarmed regional military/destroyed forts that might serve as pts. Of rebellion

Built roads to facilitate comm's./movement of armies

Drafted laborers by 100k's to build walls

Regional kings in north/west China constructed walls to discourage nomads

Shihuangdi ordered workers to link wall that was precursor to Great Wall of China

Chinese welcomed stability, regime didn't win acceptance
Confucians/Daoists criticized; Shinhuangdi ordered execution of criticizers, demanded burning of books of philosophy, ethics, history, lit.

Exempted works on medicine, fortune-telling, agriculture because of utility

Spared history of Qin state

Sentenced 460 scholars residing in capital to be buried alive for criticism, forced critics from provinces into army/dispatched them to frontier
Scholars reconstructed texts; hid copies of books; reassembled texts by memory

Emperor launched initiatives that enhanced unity
Standardized laws, currencies, weights, measures

Regional states organized own systems, conflicted with each other

Uniform coinage/legal standards encouraged integration of China's regions

Roads/bridges encouraged econ.: constructed with military uses in mind, served as hi-ways. For interregional commerce

Standardization of Chinese script
Before Qin, China used scripts derived from 1 from Shang court, dev'd. Diff lines/became unrecognizable

Qin mandated use of common script

China used diff. Spoken lang's., wrote lang's. With common script

China, speakers of diff. Lang's. Use same symbols, pronounce/process them diff'ly.

Emperor est. precedent for centralized rule, remained norm in China <20th
Pointed China to political/cultural unity

Qin died in 210 BC; had tomb constructed by 700k as monument
Had sacrificed slaves, concubines, craftsmen who designed tomb

Laid to rest in underground palace lined with bronze/protected by traps/crossbows rigged to fire at intruders

Ceiling featured paintings of stars/planets, map of realm, mercury rep'ing. Rivers/seas, decor'd. Floor

Buried near tomb of life-size pottery figures to guard emperor

>1974, scholars excavated, 15k+ terracotta sculptures were discovered, including soldiers, horses, weapons

1st Emperor conscripted 1m's of laborers to work on palaces, roads, bridges, irrigation, walls, tomb; generated ill will among laborers compelled to leave fam's.
Revolts began in 209 BC, 207 BC, rebels overwhelmed Qin court, slaughtering gov't officials/burning state buildings

Han Dynasty
Commander Liu Bang; surrounded himself with advisors/loyalty of troops
206 BC, restored order in China/est. Himself as head of new dynasty

Called dynasty Han, in honor of native land
1 of longest dynasties in Chinese history

206 BC-220, 9-23, usurper displaced Han rule

Former Han, 206 BC-9, Later Han, 25-220

Han consolidated centralized imperial rule; Former Han, emperors ruled from Chang'an, city near modern Xi'an that became cultural capital of China
Used wood to build, later dynasties built over city, nothing of Han Chang'an survives

Palace, markets, parks; Later Han, emperors moved capital east to Luoyang, city

Liu Bang followed middle path between Zhou/Qin
Zhou decentralization encouraged chaos, gov's. Could resist

Bang thought Qin centralization provided no incentive for fam. To support dynasty

Allotted land to fam., expecting they would provide support
Divided empire into districts gov'd. By officials who served emperor's pleasure, expecting he could exercise ctrl. Over policies

Reliance on fam. Didn't generate support
200 BC, nomad Xiongnu warriors besieged Bang/almost captured him

Escaped without receiving support from fam.

Followed centralization thereafter; reclaimed lands from fam., absorbed it into domain, entrusted responsibilities to bureaucracy

Han Wudi, ?Martial Emperor,? occupied throne from 141-87 BC
Pursued admin. Centralization/imperial expo.

Increased authority of central gov't; built bureaucracy, relied on Legalism
Sent officers to implement policies/maintain order

Built roads/canals to facilitate trade/comm.

Levied taxes on agriculture, trade, craft, est. monopolies on production of iron/salt while placing liquor under state supervision

Needed ppl. To run bureaucracy, edu. In China was individual

Addressed problem in 124 BC, est. uni. That prepared men for gov't
Took Confucianism as curriculum

Ensured survival of Confucianism by est'ing. It as imperial ideology

End of Former Han, uni. Enrolled 3k+, end of Later Han, 30k+

Wudi pursued foreign policy of expo.
Invaded north Vietnam/Korea

Ruled thru Chinese-style gov't, Confucianism followed

Edu. Of north Vietnam/Korea drew from Confucianism

Challenge came from Xiongnu, nomads from steppes of central Asia who spoke Turkish
Horsenmen; boys learned to ride sheep/shoot rodents, graduated to larger animals/aimed bows/arrows at larger prey

Mobility offered them advantage; mounted raids in villages/trading areas, commandeered food/manufactured goods; could disperse easily

Reign of Maodun, ruled nomads from Aral Sea to Yellow Sea
Brought military discipline to Xiongnu

Han attempted to pacify Xiongnu by paying tribute, providing them food/goods/arranging marriages

Wudi attacked Xiongnu; invaded central Asia with 100k+
Pacified central Asian corridor extending to Bactria, prevented Xiongnu from maintaining integrity of empire which served as line to Eurasia

Planted colonies in oasis communities of central Asia

Xiongnu fell; Han enjoyed uncontested hegemony of east/central Asia

Prosperity to Disorder
Agriculture supported iron tools/silk textiles
Han, land conc'd. In elite class
Generated banditry, rebellion, disposition of Han

Han rulers regained throne, presided over weaker realm; 3rd, Han ended

Productivity/Prosperity during Former Han
Patriarchal houses avg'd. 5, aristocratic fam's. Lived in large houses
Han, moralists sought to enhance patriarchal fam. Heads by emphasizing sig. Of filial piety/women's subordination

Anon. Confucian Classic of Filial Piety, composed in early Han, taught children should obey/honor parents/superiors/authorities

Ban Zhao, woman from An fam, wrote treatise Admonitions for Women that emphasized humility, obedience, subservience, devotion to husbands as virtues

Chinese worked in countryside cultivating grains/vegetables, harvested in bulk
Late Zhou, strengthened plows with iron tips, metalworkers didn't make enough iron to provide all-metal tools

Han, iron grew, rulers favored industry/encouraged expo., farmers used plows, picks, hoes, sickles, spades with iron

Enabled them to make more food/support larger pop's.

Allowed Chinese to produce manufactured goods/engage in trade

Han artisans experimented with production techniques/crafted utensils for domestic/military use
Iron pots, stoves, knives, needles, axes, hammers, saws became fixtures in houses that couldn't afford bronze utensils

Craftsmen designed suits if iron armor to protect soldiers against arrows/blows, strength of Han swords, spears, arrowheads explained success of armies

Textile production: sericulture, manufacture of silk, became sig.
Origins of sericulture date to 4th millennium BC, Han, expo'd. From Yellow River valley to China; dev'd. In south known today as Sichuan/Guangdong provinces, industry thirved after est. of long trade with west in 2nd BC

Silkworms inhabited Eurasia, Chinese silk was fine because of sericulture techniques
Chinese producers bred silkworms, fed them mulberry leaves, unraveled cocoons to obtain silk that they wove

Chinese silk became commodity in India, Persia, Mesopotamia, Roman empire

Commerce in silk led to trade routes known as silk roads

Han craftsmen invented paper
Chinese scribes wrote on bamboo stripes/silk fabrics/inscribed messages on oracle bones/bronze wares

<100, Chinese craftsmen made hemp, bark, textile fibers into paper, less expensive than silk/easier to write on than bamboo

Elites read books written on silk, paper became medium for writing

Agricultural productivity supported prosperity during early Han
220 BC, Chinese pop. Was 20m

9, end of Former Han, 60m

Taxes claimed small part of production, granaries bulged, contents spoiled

Econ./Social Difficulties
China exp'd. Difficulties in Former Han
Military adventures/central Asian policy of Wudi caused econ. Strain

Expeditions against Xiongnu/est. Of colonies in central Asia were expensive, consumed surplus wealth

Wudi raised taxes/confiscated land/prop. From wealthy, pretext of violation of laws

Discouraged investment in manufacturing/trading, dampened econ.

Distinctions between rich/poor hardened course
Wealthy wore silk, leather shoes, jewelry of jade/gold, poor used hemp clothing/sandals

Tables in wealthy houses held pork, fish, fowl, aged wines, diet of poor was grain/rice supplemented with vegetables/meat

1st BC, social/con. Diff's. Generated tensions, peasants rebelled

Econ. Problems brought poor harvests, hi. Taxes, debt forced small landowners to sell prop. Under unfavorable conditions/forfeit it for cancellation of debts
Ppl. Had to sell themselves/fam's. Into slavery

Owners of large estates increased holdings by absorbing prop. Of less fortunate

Cheap laborers came in form of slaves/tenant farmers who had to deliver

1, land accumulated with small # of ppl.
Peasants became restive, Chinese society faced banditry/rebellion

Han emperors depended on co'op. Of landowners, didn't reform land system

Tensions came to head in early 1st, Han minister Wang Mang reformed
6, 2-yr-old. Boy inherited Han throne

Mang served as regent; officials regarded Wang as more capable than Han fam./urged him to claim throne

9, announced mandate of heaven passed to him

Intro'd. Reforms that prompted historians to call him ?socialist emperor?

Limited land that fam. Could hold/ordered officials to break estates, redistribute them, provide landless with prop. To cultivate
Attempted to impose policy without prep./comm.

Landlords resisted, peasants found application inconsistent

Yrs. Of chaos, Mang faced poor harvests/famine, sparked revolts

23, landlords/peasants ended dynasty/killed Mang

Later Han
2 yrs., Han returned, ruled over weakened realm
Later Han abandoned Chang'an, suffered damage dring rebellion/est. Capital at Luoyang; early Later Han, emperors ruled in manner of Liu Bang/Han Wudi

Regained centralized admin./reorganized bureaucracy

Maintained presence in central Asia/kept Xiongnu in submission/ctrl'd. Silk roads

Later Han didn't address land problem
Wealthy lived in luxury while peasants worked difficultly

Empire suffered banditry/rebellions

Yellow Turban uprising, headgear worn by rebels, revolt that tested resilience of Han during late 2nd

Later Han had military to keep ctrl., rebellions weakened it in 2nd/3rd

Later Han couldn't prevent dev. Of factions at court that paralyzed gov't
Factions of fam., Confucian scholar bureaucrats, court eunuchs sought to increase influence, protect interests, destroy rivals

189, faction led by imperial relative descended on Han palace/slaughtered 2k+ beardless men to destroy eunuchs, succeeded

4 centuries after, China remained divided

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Kinberg, Nicholas
Michael Chakmakian
AP World History
7 July 2015
Chapter 6 Outline
Americas/Oceania
9/683 BC, Maya man Chan Bahlum grasped obsidian knife/cut 3 slits into penis
Inserted paper into slits from bark to encourage blood flow
Brother Kan Xul did this too, fam. Drew blood from

Bloodletting was act of piety performed as Chan Bahlum presided over funeral for father Pacal, king of Maya city Palenque in Yucatan peninsula
Maya believed shedding of royal blood was needed for survival

Kinberg, Nicholas
Michael Chakmakian
AP World History
17 June 2015
Chapter 4 Outline
Societies in South Asia
Told by Aryans, Indra was alone
Aryans were herding ppl. Who spokeIndo-Euro lang./migrated to south Asia >1500 BC
Took Indra as chief deity/sang hymns in his honor

War between gods/demons; gods were flagging, appointed Indra as leader, turned tide
Indra brought rain to earth; fought dragon who lived in sky/hoarded waterin clouds