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Chemistry

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AP Chemistry - Brown & Lemay Text

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Lewis Dot Structures; formal charges; bond enthalpy; VSEPR theory

Lexi Eyerman ? AP CHEM SUMMARY 17 Oct. 2011 AP CHEMISTRY: UNIT 3 [pgs. 274-363, chapters 8-9] Scientific Laws, Theories, and BIG Ideas Chemical Bonds Ionic: electrons transfer; metals and nonmetals; exothermic (violent reactions); stable compounds; lattice energy ? energy to separate a mole of solid ionic compound into a gas (explained by Coulomb?s law) Covalent: electrons share; nonmetals; weaker bonds with low m.p. Metallic: sea of mobile electrons; good conductors of electricity; malleable and ductile Bond Polarity and Electronegativity Nonpolar Covalent: e- are equally shared; diatomic elements (no dif. in electronegativity) Polar Covalent: e- are unequally shared; dif. in electronegativity More electronegative atom is slightly negative in a bond

Inert pair effect

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Trying to explain the trends in oxidation states There's nothing surprising about the normal Group oxidation state of +4. All of the elements in the group have the outer electronic structure ns2npx1npy1, where n varies from 2 (for carbon) to 6 (for lead). The oxidation state of +4 is where all these outer electrons are directly involved in the bonding. As you get closer to the bottom of the Group, there is an increasing tendency for the s2 pair not to be used in the bonding. This is often known as the inert pair effect - and is dominant in lead chemistry. However, just giving it a name like "inert pair effect" explains nothing. You need to look at two different explanations depending on whether you are talking about the formation of ionic or covalent bonds.

Density Lab Report

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Discover Density Problem statement: What is the density of the Plexiglass and Copper blocks? Hypothesis: If the blocks weigh more than 100 grams then the density will be greater than 5, because the mass is greater. Materials: -12 inch ruler * -Electronic mass scale* -2 Blocks (Plexiglass and copper)* Procedures: 1) First use the ruler to measure the length, width, and height of both blocks. 2) Multiply the recorded length, width, and height of each block and then determine its volume. (Formula= L?W?H) 3) Once the volume is discovered, place the blocks one at a time on the mass scale. 4) Record the mass of each block and use the formula of density to find the out how dense the blocks are. (Formula D=)

Periodic Table

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The periodic table is a very useful device for chemists and students to use. The periodic table is made of all of the elements that exist. For each element, the atomic number, atomic mass,the symbol, and the element name is in the periodic table. The Periodic table is organized in a way for us to easily tell which elements are metals, metalloids, or nonmetals. The state of the element is also sometimes included. The different groups (columns) have similiar characteristics with the other elements within the group. Group 1 is alkali metals, Group 2 is alkaline earth metals, Groups 3-12 are the transitional metals which also include the inner transition metals, Group 17 is the Halogens, and Group 18 is the noble gases.

What is a molecule?

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Molecule Main article: Molecule A molecule is the smallest indivisible portion of a pure chemical substance that has its unique set of chemical properties, that is, its potential to undergo a certain set of chemical reactions with other substances. Molecules can exist as electrically neutral units unlike ions. Molecules are typically a set of atoms bound together by covalent bonds, such that the structure is electrically neutral and all valence electrons are paired with other electrons either in bonds or in lone pairs.

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