Chapter 4 Notes
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Environmental Science
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Book page:
http://course-notes.org/Environmental_Science
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Chapter 7.1
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CHapter 8 Notes
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Billy Andrews APES Chapter 8: Population Change Principles of Population Ecology Population ecologists ask questions like?. 1) How many are in the population? 2) Are its numbers increasing /decreasing? 3) What is its pattern of reproduction? 4) What is its pattern of mortality? Population Density: - Not enough to know number of species -Need to know per unit area. (Population density) -Growth Rate= (Birth rates)-(Death rates) or -Growth Rate= (Birth rate-Death Rate) + (Immigration-Emigration) -Intrinsic rate of increase: Maximum Population Growth under ideal conditions
Chapter 5
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Summary
1. Two major factors affect the number of species in a community: the latitude in terrestrial communities and pollution in aquatic systems.
2. Species play different roles in a community. Native species sustain the ecosystem in which they are a part. Some nonnative species will crowd out native species. Indicator species alert us to harmful changes in the community. Keystone species play ecological roles in the specific community: they may assist in pollination help regulate populations. Foundation species affect the community’s habitat to benefit other species.
3. Species interact with each other in these different ways: interspecific competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.
Chapter 4
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Summary
1. Life emerged on the earth through two phases of development: a chemical evolution of the organic molecules, biopolymers, and systems of chemical reactions to form the first cells and the biological evolution from single-celled prokaryotic bacteria to single-celled eukaryotic creatures, and then to multicellular organisms.
2. Evolution is the change in a population’s genetic makeup over time. Evolution forces adaptations to changes in environmental conditions in a population. The diversity of life on earth reflects the wide variety of adaptations necessary and suggests that environmental conditions have varied widely over the life of the earth.
environmental science
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Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical and biological sciences, (including but not limited to Ecology, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Soil Science, Geology, Atmospheric Science and Geography) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems.[1] Related areas of study include environmental studies and environmental engineering. Environmental studies incorporates more of the social sciences for understanding human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. Environmental engineering focuses on design and technology for improving environmental quality.
Living in the Environment Chapter 16 Outline
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APES laws
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Year Name Function of Legislation Unit Triggering Event 1963 Clean Air Act To protect the nation?s air quality and ensures that citizens have clean air to breathe. The Clean Air Act contains a permitting system such that anyone who discharges a pollutant into the air requires an operating permit.? Air Major threats of acid rain, urban air pollution, and toxic emissions, were threatening the health of Americans. 1972 Clean Water Act To regulate the discharge of pollutants into water and the surface quality of water in the USA. Prevents the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters from both point sources and non point sources without the possession of a permit. Water
Artic Tundra
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In the Arctic Tundra pikas are becoming extinct due to global warming.
APES chapter 3 notes
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9. A system is a set of components that function and interact in some regular way. Examples are the human body, a river, an economy and the earth. -The input of a system is the energy resources, matter resources or information you put into a system, the throughput would be the amount of materials or energy or matter or information passing through a system or process and the output is the heat, waste and pollution, and goods and services that come out of the system. What you put in, what goes through, and what comes out of a system. -Scientific models are useful because sometimes actual large scale experiments cost too much or are impossible so models give us a variety of projections or scenarios of possible futures or outcomes based on different assumptions.
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