US History

Jefferson?s Administration and Growth of Nationalism (1800-1820) 91. Election of 1800: Adams, Jefferson, and Burr: Adams lost, Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists to vote for Jefferson to break the tie 92. Barbary Pirates: North African Muslim rulers solved budget?problems through piracy and tributes in Mediterranean, obtained fees from most European powers 93. Midnight judges: judges appointed to Supreme Court by Adams in the last days of his presidency to force them upon Jefferson, Marshall among those appointed 94. ?Marbury v. Madison: John Marshall declared that the Supreme Court could declare federal laws unconstitutional

Slavery and Sectionalism (1845-1860) 136. Nat Turner?s Rebellion: Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in Virginia, attacked many whites, prompted non-slaveholding Virginians to consider emancipation 137. Yeoman Farmers: family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners 138. Underground Railroad: network of safe houses of white abolitionists used to bring slaves to freedom Harriet Tubman ? worked alongside Josiah Henson to make repeated trips to get slaves out of the South into freedom 139. ?Wage slaves?: northern factory workers who were discarded when too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and clothed in their old age) 140. Nativism: anti-immigrant, especially against Irish Catholics

Business and Labor: The Gilded Age (1865-1900) & Progressivism and Populism (1900-1920) 168. Andrew Carnegie: achieved an abnormal rise in class system(steel industry), pioneered vertical integration (controlled Mesabie Range to ship ore to Pittsburgh), opposed monopolies, used?partnership of steel tycoons (Henry Clay Frick?as a manager/partner), Bessemer steel process 169. Standard Oil Trust: small oil companies sold stock and authority to Rockefeller?s Standard Oil Company (consolidation), cornered world petroleum market 170. John D. Rockefeller: Standard Oil Company, ruthless business tactics (survival of the fittest)

World War I (1910-1920) 255. Lusitania: British passenger liner secretly carrying ammunition sunk by German u-boat, included American passengers 256. Zimmerman Note: intercepted by Britain; Germany proposed alliance with Mexico, using bribe of return of TX, NM, and AZ; Japan included in alliance 257. Unrestricted submarine warfare: Germany announced that it would sink all (including American) ships, attempt to involve U.S.in war? 258. Creel Committee: Committee on Public Information; aimed to sell America and the world on Wilson?s war goals; propaganda, censorship, ?four-minute men? speeches, ?Liberty Leagues? (spy on community) 259. War Industries Board: attempted to centralize production of war?materials; ineffective due to American desire for laissez-faire government

World War II (1920-1945) 315. Good Neighbor Policy: withdrawal of American troops from foreign nations (especially Latin America) to improve international relations and unite western hemisphere; Clark Memorandum(rebukes the ?big stick?); peaceful resolution of Mexican oil fields 316. Isolationism in 1920s & 1930s: Americans concerned with economic depression; sought to avoid European involvement, no apparent immediate threats 317. Neutrality Acts, 1935-37: prohibited aiding of belligerent nations,?banned civilian involvement; limited power of president during international war, built up armed forces 318. Quarantine Speech, 1937: FDR encouraged democracies to quarantine their opponents (economic embargos); criticized by isolationists