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psyc notes chapter 4

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SENSATION is the stimulation of sense organs -Sensation involves the absorption of energy, such as light or sound waves, by sensory organs, such as the eyes and ears PERCEPTION is the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input -Perception involves organizing and translating sensory input into something meaningful Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels as a wave, moving, natural enough, at the speed of light Amplitude: height of the light wave. Affects perception of brightness Wavelength: distance between peaks. Affects perception of color Purity: How varied the mix is. Influences perception of the saturation, or richness, of colors. Saturation refers to the relative amount of whiteness in a color. As whiteness declines, saturation increases -

AP Psych Myers 6th edition Chapter 2

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BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR THE HUMAN BRAIN The influence of biology (sometimes called the neuroscience or biopsychological perspective) is growing. Some researchers predict that someday psychology will be a specialty within the field of biology. An understanding of the biological principles relevant to psychology is needed to understand current psychological thinking. The human brain consists of three major divisions; hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain Major Division Subdivision Structures Prosencephalon?(Forebrain) Telencephalon Neocortex; Basal Ganglia; Amygdala; Hippocampus; Lateral Ventricles Diencephalon Thalamus; Hypothalamus; Epithalamus; Third Ventricle Mesencephalon?(Midbrain) Mesencephalon Tectum; Tegmentum; Cerebral Aqueduct

Notes & such

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Consciousness: Some occur spontaneously: Daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming. Some are physiologically: Hallucination, orgasm, food or oxygen, starvation. Some are psychologically induced: Sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation. Bodily Rhythms Biological Rhythms: periodic physiological fluctuations Grizzly bears hibernating Sleep length Female menstrual cycle 24-hour day cycle (alertness) 90-minute sleep cycle Circadian Rhythms: biological clock that regulates bodily rhythms on a 24-hour cycle. Influenced by LIGHT -> causes our pineal gland to increase or decrease production of melatonin. With age, we shift from night owls to morning birds. What would happen if a person was put into a cave for a long period of time without any light? The body works on a natural 25-hour clock.

Vocabulary list

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1 AP Psych Review 1. ablation: removal or destruction of brain tissue in a surgical procedure 2. absolute threshold: intensity level at which one can detect a stimulus 50% of the time 3. accommodation: the process of modifying a schema to account for new information; the process of the eyes lens changing shape in order to focus on distant or near objects 4. acetylcholine (ACh): a neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory and muscle movement 5. achievement test: a test that assesses what one has learned 6. acquisition: a process in classical conditioning by which the association of a neutral stimulus with a natural stimulus is first established 7. action potential: the electrical process by which information is transmitted the length of an axon

Psychology Notes CH.2

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Ch. 2 Neuroscience and behavior 10 Everything psychological is simultaneously biological. It?s your brain not your heart that falls in love. (Discredited Aristotle mind in heart) Early 1800s Gall invented phrenology that bumps on head reveal our mental abilities. Biological Psychology- a branch of psychology concerned with the links btw biology and behavior. Sect. 1 Neural Communication Bio-psycho-social systems. Human brains are complex they follow principles govern all the animal world.

BIOLOGY - CHAPTER 31 - THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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BIOLOGY 31.2 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ? pp. 901-905 The Central Nervous System?Key Ideas Each of the major areas of the brain?the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the brain stem?are responsible for processing and relaying information. The spinal cord is the main communication link between the brain and the rest of the body. The brain reacts to excessive dopamine levels by reducing the number of receptors for the neurotransmitter. As a result, normal activities no longer produce the sensations of pleasure they once did. VOCABULARY: Reflex: quick, automatic response to a stimulus. Cerebrum: part of the brain responsible for voluntary activities of the body; ?thinking? region of the brain.

psychology study guide

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*Functionalism formed as a reaction to the theories of the structuralist school of thought and was heavily influenced by the work of William James. Major functionalist thinkers included John Dewey and Harvey Carr. Instead of focusing on the mental processes themselves, functionalist thinkers were instead interested in the role that these processes play. *Behaviorism Behaviorism became a dominant school of thought during the 1950s. It was based upon the work of thinkers such as: John B. Watson Ivan Pavlov B. F. Skinner

psychology study guide

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*Functionalism formed as a reaction to the theories of the structuralist school of thought and was heavily influenced by the work of William James. Major functionalist thinkers included John Dewey and Harvey Carr. Instead of focusing on the mental processes themselves, functionalist thinkers were instead interested in the role that these processes play. *Behaviorism Behaviorism became a dominant school of thought during the 1950s. It was based upon the work of thinkers such as: John B. Watson Ivan Pavlov B. F. Skinner

Themes & Variations: Chapter 3

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BRAIN & NERVOUS SYSTEM Nervous System: Peripheral: Somatic Nervous System: Afferent-Goes to CNS (BRAIN) Efferent-Goes away from the CNS (BRAIN) Autonomic Nervous System: automates your heart, lungs, and glands Sympathetic-output?of energy during times of stress [GO] Parasympathetic-conserves?bodily resources [BREAK] Structure: Neurons-basic unit of the nervous system; receive, integrate, transmit Glia- support, nourish insulate? Can also transmit. VERY MINOR ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Neuron: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? MAIN 3 PARTS: Dendrite-takes information TO the cell body Cell Body-maintenance-keeps it alive Axon-takes the information AWAY from the neuron (highway of the nervous system) terminal button-small knob that secrete NEURO CHEMICALS Neuro chemicals-stored by synapse

the cerebrum Outline

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The Cerebrum Information processing centered in cerebrum Structure Telencephalon gives rise to cerebrum Divided into right and left cerebral hemispheres ? outer covering of gray matter Cerebral cortex, internal white matter, and groups of neurons (basal nuclei) located deep within white matter ? important for planning and learning movement sequences Damage- cerebral palsy Cerebral cortex (largest/most complex) ? sensory information analyzed Right/left hemispheres ? right side responsible for left side of body; left side responsible for right side of body Corpus callosum (thick band of axons) allows communication between right and left cerebral cortex Damage to cerebrum early in development- Normal functions radiated elsewhere

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