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Hardy Weinberg Practice Problems

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PERIOD 4 Case 1: Ideal H-W ? Surviving Genotypes ? AA Aa aa Parental ? 22 ? F1 4 14 4 F2 8 9 5 F3 8 12 2 F4 7 14 1 F5 10 7 5 Freq. of genotypes Freq. of alleles Gen. # p2 (AA) 2pq (Aa) q2 (aa) p (A) q (a) Parental (H-W hypo.) F5 (H-W hypo) F5 (actual) Case 2: Selection against Homozygous Recessive ? Surviving Genotypes ? AA Aa aa Parental ? 22 ? F1 8 14 0 F2 15 7 0 F3 15 7 0 F4 13 9 0 F5 12 10 0 Freq. of genotypes Freq. of alleles Gen. # p2 (AA) 2pq (Aa) q2 (aa) p (A) q (a) Parental (H-W hypo.) F5 (H-W hypo) F5 (actual) Case 3: Heterozygous Advantage ? Surviving Genotypes ?

Krugman AP Macro Economics Chapter 10

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Economics

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?? Chapter 10: The Circular Flow and Gross Domestic Product ? National income and product accounts/National accounts: keep track of the flows of money between different sectors of the economy/ keep track of the spending of consumers, sales of producers, business investment spending, government purchases, and a variety of other flows of money among different sectors of the economy The Simple Circular Flow Diagram: Simple economic diagram with households and firms, omits a number of real-world complications in the interest of simplicity Household: consists of either an individual or a group of people who share their income Firm: is an organization that produces goods and services for sale and employs members of households

Krugman AP Macro Economics Chapter 8

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Economics

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?? Chapter 8: Supply and Demand: Price Controls (Ceilings and Floors) Price controls: legal restrictions on how high or low a market price may go, government action in economy price ceiling: a maximum price sellers are allowed to charge for a good or service price floor: a minimum price buyers are required to pay for a good or service. Assumption: the markets in question are efficient before price controls are imposed price controls in inefficient markets don?t necessarily cause problems and can potentially move the market closer to efficiency Price Ceilings ? Push Prices down Price Ceiling: suppliers have less incentive to offer apartments less of a good are produced Consumer have higher demand shortage of good

Krugman AP MacroEconomics Chapter 7

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Economics

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?? Chapter 7: Supply and Demand: Changes in Equilibrium ? substitutes: if the price of good1 rises, the demand for good2 will increase if the price of good1 falls, the demand for good2 will decrease An increase in demand leads to a rise in both the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity. A decrease in demand leads to a fall in both the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity. Increase in demand: rightward shift of the demand curve market is no longer in equilibrium shortage: quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied price rises increase in the quantity supplied upward movement along the supply curve new equilibrium When demand for a good or service increases, the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity of the

Krugman AP Macro Economics Chapter 6

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Economics

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?? Chapter 6: Supply and Demand: Supply and Equilibrium ? quantity supplied actual amount of a good or service producers are willing to sell at some specific price the quantity that producers are willing to produce and sell depends on the price they are offered supply schedule shows how much of a good or service producers will supply at different prices works same as the demand schedule -,-l supply curve shows the relationship between quantity supplied and price law of supply says that, other things being equal, the price and quantity supplied of a good are positively related if price goes up, production of a good (quantity) goes up supply curves slope upward: the higher the price being offered, the more of any good or service producers are

Krugman AP Macro Economics Chapter 4

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Economics

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?? Chapter 4: Comparative Advantage and Trade Trade: people divide tasks among themselves and each person provides a good or service that other people want in return for different goods and services wanted Gains from Trade: dividing tasks allows for more people to get more of what they want Specialization: When gains from trade are caused by division of tasks Adam Smith?s (1776) The Wealth of Nations: 18th century pin factory where each person specializes in the production of one thing Production Possibilities: curve model is particularly useful for illustrating gains from trade based on comparative advantage Most important insights in all of economics is that there are gains from trade even if one of the trading parties isn?t especially good at anything

Krugman AP Macro Economics Chapter 3

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Economics

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? Chapter 3: The Production Possibilities Curve Model ? Trade-Off: when you give something up in order to have something else Production Possibilities Curve Model: simplified economy that only produces two goods, able to show trade-off?s more clearly, simplifies the complexities of reality inside/on the curve (shaded area): feasible outside the curve (shaded area): not feasible PPC= production possibilities curve Slope of a straight line production possibilities curve equal to the opportunity cost Outward shift: increase in resources of progress in technology Efficient: no missed opportunities, no way to make some people better off without making other people worse off

Krugman AP Macro Economics Chapter 2

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Economics

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Chapter 2: Module Introduction to Macroeconomics ? Business Cycle: differences between downturns and upturns in macroeconomic Depression: Deep and prolonged downturn (ex: great depression) Recession: shorter economic downturns where output and employment are dropping (ex: state of the US now) Expansion: upturn where output and employment are rising Employment/Unemployment Employment: total number of people working for pay, rises in good economy Unemployment: total number of people who aren?t employed, rises in bad economy Labor Force: A country?s sum of employment and unemployment Unemployment Rate: percentage of labor force/people in country who are unemployed Aggregate Output Output: quantity of goods and services, decreases in bad economy

Krugman AP Macro Economics Chapter 1

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Economics

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Chapter 1: The Study of Economics ? Economics: The study of scarcity and choice- individual choice Individual Choice: Decisions made by an individual of what to/not to do Economy: System that coordinates consumption and distribution of goods/services Market Economy: Decentralized production, publicly owned, no authority saying what to/not to make (ex: United States) Command Economy: Central authority, publicly owner, don?t work very well (ex: Soviet Russia) Problem: lack of motivation, better quality work doesn?t make more money, ineffective supply&demand Property rights: Establishes ownership causing incentive to work and thus production to increase Marginal Analysis: Study of marginal decisions, the pros and cons of doing a little bit more or less

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PhET SIMULATIONS Available in the Pearson eText and in the Study Area of MasteringPhysics *Indicates an associated tutorial available in the MasteringPhysics Item Library. 1.6 Estimation 10 1.7 Vector Addition 13 2.4 *Forces in 1 Dimension 47 2.4 *The Moving Man 49 2.5 Lunar Lander 52 3.2 Maze Game 76 3.3 *Projectile Motion 79 3.4 Ladybug Revolution, Motion in 2D 87 5.2 Lunar Lander 146 5.3 Forces in 1 Dimension, Friction, *The Ramp 149 6.2 *The Ramp 181 6.3 Molecular Motors, Stretching DNA 188 7.3 *The Ramp 222 7.5 *Energy Skate Park 229 9.3 Ladybug Revolution 286 10.6 Torque 326 12.3 Balloons & Buoyancy 380 13.2 Lunar Lander 406 13.4 My Solar System 412 14.2 Motion in 2D 443 14.3 *Masses & Springs 446 14.5 *Pendulum Lab 453 15.8 Fourier: Making Waves, Waves on a String 495

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Hardy Weinberg Practice Problems

Krugman AP Macro Economics Chapter 10

Krugman AP Macro Economics Chapter 8

Krugman AP MacroEconomics Chapter 7

Krugman AP Macro Economics Chapter 6

Krugman AP Macro Economics Chapter 4

Krugman AP Macro Economics Chapter 3

Krugman AP Macro Economics Chapter 2

Krugman AP Macro Economics Chapter 1

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