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Cell Biology

Cell Communication

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Signal transduction
Cell Signaling
Cell Biology
Membrane biology
Neurochemistry
G protein-coupled receptor
Hormone
Receptor
Second messenger system
Autocrine signalling
Endocrine system
health

Cell Biology Objectives and Worksheet 2: Cell-to-Cell and Signal Transduction Name____________________ Objectives: Write out material in your course notebook. Cell to cell communication and signal transduction. Distinguish among types of cell-to-cell communication {autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, cytokine, cell surface markers, neurotransmitter} List major classes of receptors. Explain or diagram the specific structural components of the types. List and describe the components of signal transduction and the molecules involved. Write out specific second messenger signal transduction pathways (see tables 6.1 & 6.2). Define each of the following and predict their effect on signal transduction: agonist and antagonist for one receptor

Ch. 12 Quick Notes

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
cell cycle
mitosis
Cellular processes
organelles
Meiosis
Spindle apparatus
Kinetochore
Cyclin
G1 phase
Prometaphase
health

THE CELL CYCLE-Chapter 12 ? Ability to reproduce = one characteristic of living things ? Continuity of life based on the reproduction of cells ? Cell division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair? UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS use cell division for reproduction? MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS use cell division to:? -repair/renew cells that die from normal wear and tear? -grow and develop from a single fertilized egg (zygote)? -reproduce asexually (EX: plants grow by cuttings) ? Results in genetically identical daughter cells ? DNA molecules packaged into chromosomes ? GENOME= cell?s genetic information Prokaryotes genome - single circular loop of DNA Eukaryotes - several DNA molecules in multiple chromosome bundles

Water Potential

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Biology
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Chemistry
Biology
Membrane biology
matter
diffusion
Cell Biology
Solutions
Water technology
Osmosis
Osmotic pressure
Water potential
Properties of water

Water Potential (?) Water potential (?) is a measure of water?s potential to do work. In order to do work, an object must be able to apply enough force to another object to cause displacement. In order for water to displace another object, water must be moving. The largest water potential any volume of water can have, if only standard atmospheric pressure is being applied to that volume of water, is defined as 0. This is the water potential for distilled water. Distilled water has the greatest potential to move, and thus displace another object.

Problems Water Potential

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
Membrane biology
Solutions
diffusion
Water technology
Osmosis
Turgor pressure
Tonicity
Water potential
Osmotic pressure
Molecular diffusion
health
Technology

Practice Problems ? Osmosis and Water potential Use this key to answer all the problems below. If you choose B or C, rewrite the statement so that it is complete and true. A = TRUE B = FALSE C = NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION PROBLEM ONE: The initial molar concentration of the cytoplasm inside a cell is 2M and the cell is placed in a solution with a concentration of 2.5M. Initially, free energy is greater inside the cell than outside It is possible that this cell is already in equilibrium with its surroundings. Initially, solute concentration is greater outside the cell than inside. Water will enter the cell because solute potential is lower inside the cell than outside.

Cell bio chapter 6

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
organelles
Endomembrane system
cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
Vesicle
Lysosome
Ribosome
Golgi apparatus
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
health

Cells Use molecules to: Transform energy and matter Respond to the environment Reproduce themselves Lowest level that can perform all activities required for life Cell theory Cells are the fundamental units of life All organisms are composed of cells All cells are going to be derived from preexisting cells Are similar in chemical composition Concept 6.1 Microscopes and the Tools of Biochemistry are used to Study Cells Magnification: ratio of image size to real size Resolution: measure of clarity What is the minimum distance required to distinguish two points as separate Light microscopy View living cells Magnify 2000X Resolution: 200nm Electron microscopes View dead cells Magnify 2,000,000X Resolution 0.2 nm Scanning electron microscopy Surface of a specimen (3D)

Cell bio chapter 11

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
Cell Signaling
Signal transduction
Membrane biology
Receptors
Receptor tyrosine kinase
G protein-coupled receptor
Hormone
Receptor
Protein kinase
Tyrosine kinase
health

Concept 11.1 Local Signaling Cells may communicate by direct contact Animal cells Gap junctions Cell junctions Plant cells Plasmodesmata between cell plants Signaling substances can pass freely between adjacent cells Cell?cell recognition Paracrine signaling Short distances One cell can secrete some chemical or molecule that can then act on neighboring cells Example growth factors Stimulate adjacent cells to grow and divide Synaptic signaling Nerve cells in brain from one cell to another mostly an electrical signal Electrical signal triggers release of neurotransmitter Long distance signaling Endocrine signaling Hormones travels in bloodstream Target cell specifically binds hormone 3 stages of cell signaling 1 reception signaling molecule will combine to receptor

The Cytoskeleton

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
organelles
Cytoskeleton
Microtubule organizing center
cell
Microtubule
Basal body
Motor protein
Actin
Centrosome
Microvillus
health

The Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton extends throughout the cytoplasm It organises cell structure and activities, anchoring many organelles in place It provides mechanical support, maintaining the cells shape: it?s domed in shape and stabilised by opposing forces It is also very dynamic, and can be dismantled and reassembled quickly, to change the shape of the cell Form The cytoskeleton is a network of fibres, the molecular structures include: Microtubules: the thickest of the fibres at 25nm (15nm lumen) Microfilaments: the thinnest of the fibres at 7nm Intermediate filaments: range in diameter from 8?12nm, larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules Roles

The Endomembrane system

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Biology
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Biology
organelles
Membrane biology
Cell Biology
Endomembrane system
Vesicle
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
cell
Biological membrane
Eukaryote
health

The Endomembrane system Organelle recap? Ribosomes Ribosomes: a complex of ribosomal RNA (rRNA, synthesised in the nucleolus) and proteins Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in: The cystol/plasm (free ribosomes) On the outside of the rough endoplasmic reticulum Free ribosomes make proteins used within the cell e.g. enzymes Bound ribosomes make proteins which are often secreted e.g insulin made in pancreatic cells Endoplasmic reticulum Form Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells The ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope There are two distinct regions of ER: Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes Rough ER: ribosomes are bound to the outer membrane Functions: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The Nucleus

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
Membrane biology
organelles
Protein families
Lamin
Cell nucleus
Nuclear pore
Nuclear lamina
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
LMNA

The Nucleus Functions of the nucleus Storage of genes on chromosomes Transportation of regulatory factors & gene products via nuclear pores Separation of: DNA from cytosol Transcription from translation Organisation of: genes into chromosomes (to allow cell division) uncoiling of DNA to replicate key genes Production of: messenger RNA ( mRNA ) that code for proteins ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the nucleolus Components within the nucleus Nuclear envelope: double membrane, each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer Nuclear pore: controls entry and exit from the nucleus e.g. of RNA proteins Nuclear lamina: a series of structural proteins found on the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope, provide structural support Nuclear matrix: scaffold proteins Nucleoplasm: viscous medium

The Nucleus

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
Membrane biology
organelles
Protein families
Lamin
Cell nucleus
Nuclear pore
Nuclear lamina
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
LMNA

The Nucleus Functions of the nucleus Storage of genes on chromosomes Transportation of regulatory factors & gene products via nuclear pores Separation of: DNA from cytosol Transcription from translation Organisation of: genes into chromosomes (to allow cell division) uncoiling of DNA to replicate key genes Production of: messenger RNA ( mRNA ) that code for proteins ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the nucleolus Components within the nucleus Nuclear envelope: double membrane, each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer Nuclear pore: controls entry and exit from the nucleus e.g. of RNA proteins Nuclear lamina: a series of structural proteins found on the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope, provide structural support Nuclear matrix: scaffold proteins Nucleoplasm: viscous medium

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