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Knights of the Garter

Revolutions of 1848

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Revolutions of 1848 Pre-1848 Tensions: Long-Term Industrialization Zollverein Population doubled in the 18c Food supply problems Ideological Challenges Liberalism, nationalism, democracy, socialism. Romanticism Repressive Measures Carlsbad Decrees [Prus.] Secret police created in many European states Pre-1848 Tensions: Short-Term Agricultural Crises Poor cereal harvests Potato blight Ireland Financial Crises Investment bubbles burst railways, iron, coal. Unemployment increased rapidly [esp. among the artisan/middle class]. Working & middle classes are now joined in misery as are the urban and agricultural peasantry! France The February Revolution Working class & liberals unhappy with King Louis Philippe So? they protest and? Troops open fire on peaceful protestors.

Italian Unification

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Second Half of the 19th Century Italian Unification Wanted to unify because: Difficult to defend each city state Isolated because it?s a peninsula and has mountains at the north Reminiscent of roman times when they were the greatest Italy before Unification Ruled by foreign nations Italian Nationalist Leaders Count Camilo Cavour Leader of piedmont Real politique Builds roads and canals Improves economy Italy is still lost in past so he is trying to bring it up to speed If infrastructure and economy looks food in piedmont, maybe other Italian states will want to update. Understands he must choose a king because the rest of Europe is conservative. King Victor Emanuel 2 Guiseppi Mazzini Has a newspaper that encourages a unified Italy Guiseppe Garibaldi

Age of Religious Wars and Absolutism/Constitutionalism AP Euro

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Age of Religious wars (1562 - 1648) - Overview - 1st half of 16th century - catholics vs lutherans - Settled at Augsburg, central Europe - Second half - catholics vs calvinists - France, England, Scotland, Netherlands - Calvinists and Catholics are both dogmatic, aggressive, and irreconcilable - Politiques - rulers who put political unity before religion - tolerant - Elizabeth - anglican and not religious - Most were not - Mary I, Cromwell, Philip II - I) French Wars of Religion (1562 - 1589) - 9 civil wars - Huguenots - French Prot (Calvinists) - Francis I - Kept France Catholic during first half of the century - Henry II (B1519, R1547-1559) - end of Habsburg Valois wars - Killed at accident at wedding

Russia at the start of the twentieth century

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GEOGRAPHY, POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY Russia at the start of the twentieth century Background - geography 1894 imperial Russia covered 8 million square miles (two and a half times the size of the US today) Covered a large part of two continents Most of the population was concentrated in European Russia It was this part that Russia?s major historical developments had occurred Moscow and St Petersburg (capital) were situated here Between 1815 and 1914 the population quadrupled from 40 million to 165 million Contained a wide variety of people of different race, language, religion and culture. The system of government

Russia at the start of the twentieth century

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GEOGRAPHY, POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY Russia at the start of the twentieth century Background - geography 1894 imperial Russia covered 8 million square miles (two and a half times the size of the US today) Covered a large part of two continents Most of the population was concentrated in European Russia It was this part that Russia?s major historical developments had occurred Moscow and St Petersburg (capital) were situated here Between 1815 and 1914 the population quadrupled from 40 million to 165 million Contained a wide variety of people of different race, language, religion and culture. The system of government
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