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Liberalism

revolutions of 1820

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1820?s-1830?s revolutions An Evaluation of the Congress of Vienna The leading statesmen at Vienna underestimated the new nationalism and liberalism generated by the French Revolution. Not until the unification of Germany in 1870-71 was the balance of power upset. Not until World War I did Europe have another general war. Tries to erase napoleon, nationalism, and liberalism. The ?Concert? of Europe System Established Their goal was to define and monitor the status quo. Holy Alliance Example of how they were too conservative (alliance based on religion) Was challenged but never broke down until 1870 19c Conservatism Conservatism arose in reaction to liberalism & became a popular alternative for those who were frightened by the violence unleashed by the French Revolution.

Revolutions of 1848

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Revolutions of 1848 Pre-1848 Tensions: Long-Term Industrialization Zollverein Population doubled in the 18c Food supply problems Ideological Challenges Liberalism, nationalism, democracy, socialism. Romanticism Repressive Measures Carlsbad Decrees [Prus.] Secret police created in many European states Pre-1848 Tensions: Short-Term Agricultural Crises Poor cereal harvests Potato blight Ireland Financial Crises Investment bubbles burst railways, iron, coal. Unemployment increased rapidly [esp. among the artisan/middle class]. Working & middle classes are now joined in misery as are the urban and agricultural peasantry! France The February Revolution Working class & liberals unhappy with King Louis Philippe So? they protest and? Troops open fire on peaceful protestors.

Chapter 26 Outline

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Nationalism and the Rise of Italy, Germany, and Japan - Language and National Identity Before 1871 - Language was usually the crucial element in creating a feeling of national unity, but language and citizenship rarely coincided. The idea of redrawing the boundaries of states to accommodate linguistic, religious, and cultural differences led to the forging of larger states from the many German and Italian principalities, but it threatened to break large multiethnic empires like Austria-Hungary into smaller states. -Until the 1860s nationalism was associated with liberalism, as in the case of the Italian liberal nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini. After 1848 conservative political leaders learned how to preserve the social status quo by using public education, universal military
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