Knights of the Golden Fleece

Revolutions of 1848 Pre-1848 Tensions: Long-Term Industrialization Zollverein Population doubled in the 18c Food supply problems Ideological Challenges Liberalism, nationalism, democracy, socialism. Romanticism Repressive Measures Carlsbad Decrees [Prus.] Secret police created in many European states Pre-1848 Tensions: Short-Term Agricultural Crises Poor cereal harvests Potato blight Ireland Financial Crises Investment bubbles burst railways, iron, coal. Unemployment increased rapidly [esp. among the artisan/middle class]. Working & middle classes are now joined in misery as are the urban and agricultural peasantry! France The February Revolution Working class & liberals unhappy with King Louis Philippe So? they protest and? Troops open fire on peaceful protestors.

Zollverein 1834 (German Confederation) The free trade between the German states excluding Austria. Leaders of Prussia Kaiser Wilhelm I (Sparta of the north) Heavily on military He appoints Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor Real polities Conservative ?Blood and Iron? ?the Iron Chancellor? The German Confederation Step #1: The Danish war The Danish monarchy was exercising its control over some German speaking Danish people but Prussia and Austria didn?t like that, Austria and Prussia went to war; won Step #2: The Austro-Prussian War The Austria Prussian war unified the north German states under Prussia against Austria Italy fights on the side of Prussia (gains Venetia) Because Austria is not industrialized, it is difficult for them to fight back and were defeated in 7 weeks