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Agronomy

Ways of the World Notes Chapter 2

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World History
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Chapter 2: First Farmers ? The Revolutions of Agriculture, 10,000?3000 B.C.E. I. The Agricultural Revolution in World History began at around 12,000 years ago Agricultural Revolution: deliberate cultivation of particular plants as well as the taming and breeding of particular animals provided foundation for all that followed a new relationship between humankind, other organisms, and nature mutual dependence & ?intensification? II. Comparing Agricultural Beginnings A. Common Patterns 1. Separate, independent, and almost simultaneous between 12,000 and 4,000 years ago 2. Climate change coincided with the end of the last Ice Age and the migration of Homo sapiens across the planet various species hunted to extinction added pressure

Photosynthesis

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Biology
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Photosynthesis

AP Biology R-11 Essential Knowledge: Ch 10 Photosynthesis 10.1 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food Autotrophs (producers) make their own organic molecules (food) from inorganic substances; heterotrophs (consumers) obtain their organic molecules by eating other organisms Plants are autotrophs that make their own organic molecules via photosynthesis Photosynthesis converts radiant energy (sunlight) into chemical energy (glucose) Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts Leaves are the major site of photosynthesis in plants Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in the chloroplasts; it is the chlorophyll that actually absorbs the light energy Tiny pores on the underside of leaves, called stomata, are where CO2 enters and O2 exits

Energy: Photosynthesis and Respiration

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ENERGY Physiology Function:worklive -grows(mitosis) -reproduce(meiosis+fertilization) -metabolism(photosynthesis and respiration) -inheritance(generation) Definition of Energy 2 Laws of Energy: 1.Conservation of Energy- energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed(1st law) *forms of energy: solar, potential, mechanical 2.Entropy- during the transformation of energy, some energy become disordered & becomes heat(2nd law) *heat: ?disordered energy? Coupled Reactions and Chemical Bonds *?coupled?: with partner *coupled reactions= redox reactions 1.Reduction- gains electrons -creates chemical bond -stores energy in molecule -Photosynthesis(anabolic) 2.Oxidation-loses electrons

Photosynthesis

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Biology
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Chapter 10?? Photosynthesis Objectives The Process That Feeds the Biosphere ?1. Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. ?2. Distinguish between photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs. ?3. Describe the structure of a chloroplast, listing all membranes and compartments. The Pathways of Photosynthesis ?4. Write a summary equation for photosynthesis. ?5. Explain van Niel's hypothesis and describe how it contributed to our current understanding of photosynthesis. Explain the evidence that supported his hypothesis. ?6. In general terms, explain the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis. ?7. Describe the two main stages of photosynthesis in general terms.

What's on the AP Exam

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AP Biology

I. Molecules and Cells 25%

-Chemistry 7%

-Cells 6%

-Photosynthesis 4%

-Respiration 4%

-Cell Division 4%

II. Genetics and Evolution 25%

-Heredity

-Molecular Genetics 9%

-Evolution 8%

III. Organisms and Populations

-Five Kingdom Survey 8%

-Plants 12%

-Animal Structure and Function 10%

-Animal Reproduction and Development 6%

-Animal Behavior 4%

-Ecology 10%

Lab #4 Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis - Questions

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Lab #4 Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis Exercise 4A: Plant Pigment Chromatography Topics of Discussion 1) What factors are involved in the separation of the pigments? 2) Would you expect the Rf value of a pigment to be the same if a different solvent were used? Explain. 3) What type of chlorophyll does the reaction center contain? What are the roles of the other pigments? Exercise 4B: Photosynthesis / The Light Reaction Topics of Discussion 1) What is the function of DPIP in this experiment? 2) What molecule found in chloroplasts does DPIP ?replace? in this experiment? 3) What is the source of the electrons that will reduce DPIP? 4) What was measured with the spectrophotometer in this experiment? 5) What is the effect of darkness on the reduction of DPIP? Explain.

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