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Cp 3 Ecosystems

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Environmental Science
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Biology
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Ecological pyramid
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Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
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Guided Reading
Cp. 3 Living in the environment

Cp 3 Ecosystems, What are they and How do They Work? p. 62 1. Define biomass 2. Give an everyday example. 3. Because the transfer of energy through the food chains and webs is not very ______________, some chemical energy is lost to the environment as ______-_______ _______. 4. What is ecological efficiency? 5. Give the range and the typical (specify which is which). 6. Prepare an Energy pyramid, start at 100,000 Calories Give all alternative names for each level. p. 63 7. The energy flow pyramids explain what about human populations? 8. About two thirds of the world?s human population survive on which foods? Why? p. 64 9. Why are food chains rarely more than 4 at the most 5 levels? 10. What is Gross primary producitivity? 11. How is it measured?

Hess's Law

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Chemistry
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Notes Enthalpy / Hess?s Law 2/13/13 CH 4(g) + 2O 2(g) ? CO 2(g) + 2H 2 O (g) ?H? rxn =? ?H? rxn = ??H? f products - ??H? f reactants Electron Affinity: Energy change associated with adding electrons to atoms (anions) Ionization Energy: Energy change associated with removing electrons from atoms (cations) Methods for calculating ?H rxn Hess?s Law: if a reaction can be written as the sum of two or more steps the overall enthalpy of reaction is equal to the sums of the enthalpies of reaction for each of the steps A + B ? G + H ? ?H rxn =? A + B ? C + D ? ?H rxn = x KJ C + D ? E + F ? ?H rxn = y KJ E + F ? G + H ? ?H rxn = z KJ +___________ A + B ? G + H ? ?H rxn = x + y + z KJ

Ch. 54 Outline

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Biology
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Autotroph
Ecosystem
Heterotroph
Energy
Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics
Ecosystem ecology
Food web
Environment

Chapter 54 Ecosystems Lecture Outline Overview: Ecosystems, Energy, and Matter An ecosystem consists of all the organisms living in a community as well as all the abiotic factors with which they interact. The dynamics of an ecosystem involve two processes that cannot be fully described by population or community processes and phenomena: energy flow and chemical cycling. Energy enters most ecosystems in the form of sunlight. It is converted to chemical energy by autotrophs, passed to heterotrophs in the organic compounds of food, and dissipated as heat. Chemical elements are cycled among abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. Energy, unlike matter, cannot be recycled.

Solar Energy

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Environmental Science
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Energy conversion
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Solar Energy

Solar Energy Morgan, Dana, Lauren, Marielle Sources of the Energy The Sun! ? available sunlight varies ? the amount of energy that can be harnassed from the sun is determined by wind, temperature, and insolation (average sunlight) State of Technology two kinds of solar power: ? passive ? active photovoltaic (PV) cells: how does it work? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mCTSV2f36A State of technology ? Crystalline-Silicon (c-Si) ? Thin film PV ? concentrating PV parabolic trough compact linear fresnel reflector power tower dish engine Feasibility ? Main problem with this form of energy is that it is expensive Political Issues/Laws and Standards ? RES - renewable energy standard ? incremental targets ? vary by state

Solar Energy

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Environmental Science
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Solar thermal energy
Solar energy
Alternative energy
Energy conversion
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Parabolic trough
Index of solar energy articles
Solar power in the United States
Technology
Environment
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Solar Energy

Solar Energy Morgan, Dana, Lauren, Marielle Sources of the Energy The Sun! ? available sunlight varies ? the amount of energy that can be harnassed from the sun is determined by wind, temperature, and insolation (average sunlight) State of Technology two kinds of solar power: ? passive ? active photovoltaic (PV) cells: how does it work? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mCTSV2f36A State of technology ? Crystalline-Silicon (c-Si) ? Thin film PV ? concentrating PV parabolic trough compact linear fresnel reflector power tower dish engine Feasibility ? Main problem with this form of energy is that it is expensive Political Issues/Laws and Standards ? RES - renewable energy standard ? incremental targets ? vary by state

Work and Power

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Physics
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Force
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Energy
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Work and Power Scientific Work Energy can be transferred into or out of a system by work Work: a measure of energy transferred into or out of a system by a force (F) acting over a distance(d) Work needs 3 key ingredients: force, displacement, and cause Work is only done when force acts upon an object to cause a displacement of the object Work is only done when components of a force are parallel to the object?s displacement Examples: a teacher applying a force to a wall becomes exhausted NOT WORK no displacement A book falls off a table and free falls to the ground NOT WORK no force to cause displacement a rocket accelerates through space WORK A force causes a displacement

Powerpoint on Gunpowder Nations

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World History
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Ottoman Empire

THE MUSLIM GUNPOWDER EMPIRES Organizational Questions 1. Which state governs the largest empire? Most multicultural? most populous? 2. How would the answers above make government difficult? 3. Which empire is nearest to Western Europe? 4. How would proximity to Europe affect an empire? 5. What modern states does each empire rule? 6. Which state would be the most dependent on sea power? Why? 7. Which state would be the easiest and the most difficult to defend? Why? What were the similarities & differences between the three Muslim empires? OTTOMAN Anatolia Peninsula, Europe & Nth Africa religious fervor & zeal for Islamic conversion mostly Muslim, large Christian minority Sunni Muslim SAFAVID Persia (Iran) religious fervor & zeal for Islamic conversion mostly Muslim Shi?ia Muslim

Energy: Photosynthesis and Respiration

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Biology
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Chemistry
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Matter
Cellular respiration
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Oxygen
Metabolism
Respiration
Technology

ENERGY Physiology Function:worklive -grows(mitosis) -reproduce(meiosis+fertilization) -metabolism(photosynthesis and respiration) -inheritance(generation) Definition of Energy 2 Laws of Energy: 1.Conservation of Energy- energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed(1st law) *forms of energy: solar, potential, mechanical 2.Entropy- during the transformation of energy, some energy become disordered & becomes heat(2nd law) *heat: ?disordered energy? Coupled Reactions and Chemical Bonds *?coupled?: with partner *coupled reactions= redox reactions 1.Reduction- gains electrons -creates chemical bond -stores energy in molecule -Photosynthesis(anabolic) 2.Oxidation-loses electrons

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