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Nonmetal

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 18 Notes

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Chemistry
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Chemical elements
Periodic Table
Nonmetal
Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals
Oxide
Hydride
Metalloid
Hydrogen
Fluorine
Properties of water
Origin and use of the term metalloid
Carbon

AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 18 - The Representative Elements: Groups 1A through 4A 18.1 A Survey of the Representative Elements A. Basic Trends 1. Metals tend to lose electrons and form cations 2. Nonmetals tend to gain electrons and form anions 3. Metalloids (semi-metals) have properties of both metals and nonmetals a. B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At 4. Metallic character tends to increase as atomic number increases within a group B. Atomic Size and Group Anomalies (Anomaly = oddity) 1. Hydrogen vs. Other Group I Elements a. Very small, relatively high electronegativity (2.1) b. Forms covalent bonds with nonmetals - other Group I elements form ionic bonds with nonmetals 2. Beryllium vs. Other Group II Elements a. Small, electronegativity of 1.5 produces covalent bonds with

Nomenclature - Notes

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ions
Chemical elements
Chemical nomenclature
Physical chemistry
Polyatomic ion
Oxide
Nonmetal
Chlorine
Cobalt
Chemistry
IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry

Chemical Nomenclature Review Chemical Formulas Identify a compound. Use subscripts to tell how many of each element. Subscript outside of ( ) distributes only to the elements inside of the ( ). Ions Are charged particles: protons ? electrons Types of Ions Cations (metals) positive charge after LOSING electron(s) Anions (nonmetals) negative charge after GAINING electron(s). Monotomic: formed from a single atom. Polyatomic: formed from more than one type of atom. Ions ATOM Chlorine Bromine Sulfur Oxygen Iodine ION Chloride Bromide Sulfide Oxide Iodide Types of Nomenclature Based on First Element!!! Type I: Metal / Non-metal Type II: Transition Metal / Non-metal Type III: Non-metal / Non-metal Example - Metal is from Groups 1, 2 or 13 Type 1

Naming Polyatomic Ions - Notes

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Acids
Chemical nomenclature
ions
Oxoanions
Cations
Polyatomic ion
Oxoacid
IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry
Oxidation state
Sulfate
Nonmetal
Nitrate

Naming polyatomic ions and acids Definition Polyatomic ions are similar to monatomic ions in that they both have an ionic charge (+ or -). Polyatomic ions are made of two or more atoms that act as a unit Examples ? Naming compounds with polyatomic ions Nitrate ion NO3-1 Phosphate ion PO4-3 Sulfate ion SO4-2 Ammonium ion NH4+1 Naming polyatomic ions The name of the ion usually ends in either -ite or -ate. The -ite ending indicates a low oxidation state (NO-2 ion - nitrite ion). The -ate ending indicates a high oxidation state (NO-3 ion - nitrate ion). Naming polyatomic ions Prefixes also can be used. The prefix hypo- indicates the very lowest oxidation state. (ClO- ion - hypochlorite ion)

Chemical Nomenclature - Notes

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ions
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Hydrogen
Binary compound
Nonmetal
Carbon
Nitrogen
Polyatomic ion

Notes ? chemical nomenclature/naming compounds Ch 6.3-6.6 Monoatomic noble gases These are the noble gases. These are elements that exist in nature as isolated elements. They do not combine with other elements to form compounds (as far as this class is concerned). Diatomic Molecules Diatomic elements or molecules ? compounds made of two atoms of the same element I2 Br2 Cl2 F2 O2 N2 H2 Binary compounds made of at least 2 different elements Three types Type 1 ? metals and nonmetals Type 2 ? metals and nonmetals Type 3 ? nonmetals and nonmetals Type 1 Ionic compounds that contain a metal and nonmetal Metal forms one cation (from group 1, 2, 13) the nonmetal forms the anion Write the Cation first and the anion second, put an ?-ide? on the end of the nonmetal

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 5c

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Chemistry
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matter
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Metal
Chemical element
Alkaline earth metal
Noble gas
Nonmetal
Hydrogen
Boron group
Alkali metal

Elemental & Families Properties Their 1 Hydrogen: A Family of Its Own Why is it by itself? Can lose or gain one electron Discovered by Cavendish Physical properties (PP) Chemical properties (CP) Uses Hydrogen: A Family of Its Own Physical properties (PP) colorless, odorless, tasteless gas Chemical properties (CP) active, like a Group 1A metal or a Group 7A nonmetal diatomic can react with metals to form metallic hydrides Hydrogen: A Family of Its Own Uses ammonia fuel cells ?rocket? fuel Hydrogen: A Family of Its Own Supposed to have initially formed H & He Big Bang 6 Group 1: The Alkali Metal Family Physical properties light, soft, shiny, conduct electricity well 7 Chemical properties most reactive metals eager to lose lone outer e? never occur naturally

Chemistry The central science

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Chemistry
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Alkaline earth metal
Halogen
Nonmetal
Base
Nitric acid
Properties of water
Hydride
Hydrogen
Metal
Chemical element

Electron affinity: Cl(g) + e? Cl?(g) ?E = ?349 kJ/mol Ionization energy: Cl(g) Cl+(g ) + e? ?E = 1251 kJ/mol Substance to be an acid Disolve in water to form acidic solution or React with a base Metals Form cations in aq M M2+ + 2e? Low I1 Metals + non-metals salt (ionic compound) Metal oxides basic: Metal oxides + H20 metal hydroxide (OH-) (not all) Metal + O2 metal O2- (Ionic Solid) Acid + metal salt (aq) + H2 (g) Acid + metal OH- salt (aq/s) + H2O (l) Acid + metal O2- salt (aq/s) + H2O (l) Acid + metal HCO2-3 salt (aq/s) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) Acid + metal HCO-2 salt (aq/s) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) Acid + metal S2- salt (aq/s) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l) Acids + Metals Soluble Water Acid Product NiO (clear) No HNO3 (clear) Ni(NO3)2 (Green)

Metal Nonmetal and Metalloid

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matter
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Nonmetal
Alkaline earth metal
Rubidium
ion
metal nonmetal metalloid chemistry

7.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids The more an element exhibits the physical and chemical properties of metals, the greater its metallic character. Metals: Good conductor of heat and electricity. Malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets) and ductile (can be drawn into wires). Tend to have low ionization energies and therefore tend to form positive ions relatively easily. Are oxidized. Compounds of metals with nonmetals tend to be ionic substances (halides). Most metal oxides are basic. Metal oxide + water -> metal hydroxide Metal oxide + acid -> salt + water Nonmetals: Nonmetals vary greatly in appearances. Because of their electron affinities, nonmetals tend to gain electrons when they react with metals.
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