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Oxide

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 18 Notes

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AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 18 - The Representative Elements: Groups 1A through 4A 18.1 A Survey of the Representative Elements A. Basic Trends 1. Metals tend to lose electrons and form cations 2. Nonmetals tend to gain electrons and form anions 3. Metalloids (semi-metals) have properties of both metals and nonmetals a. B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At 4. Metallic character tends to increase as atomic number increases within a group B. Atomic Size and Group Anomalies (Anomaly = oddity) 1. Hydrogen vs. Other Group I Elements a. Very small, relatively high electronegativity (2.1) b. Forms covalent bonds with nonmetals - other Group I elements form ionic bonds with nonmetals 2. Beryllium vs. Other Group II Elements a. Small, electronegativity of 1.5 produces covalent bonds with

Nomenclature - Notes

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Chemical Nomenclature Review Chemical Formulas Identify a compound. Use subscripts to tell how many of each element. Subscript outside of ( ) distributes only to the elements inside of the ( ). Ions Are charged particles: protons ? electrons Types of Ions Cations (metals) positive charge after LOSING electron(s) Anions (nonmetals) negative charge after GAINING electron(s). Monotomic: formed from a single atom. Polyatomic: formed from more than one type of atom. Ions ATOM Chlorine Bromine Sulfur Oxygen Iodine ION Chloride Bromide Sulfide Oxide Iodide Types of Nomenclature Based on First Element!!! Type I: Metal / Non-metal Type II: Transition Metal / Non-metal Type III: Non-metal / Non-metal Example - Metal is from Groups 1, 2 or 13 Type 1

Chapter 3 questions

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AP Environmental Science Unit 2 Test Ch. 3 & 4 Do NOT write on the test 49) Which statement describes the result of the second law of thermodynamics? A. In any isolated system entropy tends to increase spontaneously. B. Heat energy always flows spontaneously from hot to cold. C. Energy can not be created or destroyed. D. Energy input always equals energy output. 50) The energy available to the tertiary consumers (top carnivores) in a particular ecosystem is 10 kJ m?2 y?1. How much energy (in kJ m?2 y?1 ) is likely to be passed on by the producers to the primary consumers? A. 1 B. 10 C. 100 D. 1000 E. 10,000 51) How is the net productivity of the producers in an ecosystem defined? A. Energy fixed by biomass per unit time plus respiratory losses

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 8a

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Chemical Composition &Reactions Oxidation Numbers Keep track of electrons during bonding Tell how many electrons are involved in the bond Tell whether electrons are gained, lost, or unequally shared Oxidation Numbers Help in predicting formulas The more electronegative element gains electrons. The oxidation number of atoms and elements is zero. (free-element) Rule 1 Oxidation Numbers Examples: He ? no bonds O2 ? equal sharing (free-element) Rule 1 Oxidation Numbers The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is equal to the charge of the ion. (ions) Rule 2 Oxidation Numbers Example: Mg loses two electrons, so its charge is +2; therefore, its oxidation number is also +2. (ions) Rule 2 Oxidation Numbers Example: Cl gains one electron, so its charge and oxidation number are ?1. (ions)

AP Chemistry Lab: Determination of the Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide

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Conclusion 1) One error could be if the Magnesium did not heat all the way, then there were still solid pieces of Magnesium that could have made the mass greater. Extra mass in the crucible could cause the oxygen to be too low because extra mass would consume more space and would lessen the amount of space for oxygen within the crucible. 2) a. If you put more water in to the crucible than is needed for reaction 3, and did not wait for the excess water to dry out, then there would be to little oxygen. This is because the product in the crucible and the water would increase the amount of weight of the crucible/product as a whole and would leave little space for oxygen.
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