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Membrane biology

Exploring Protein Structure

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Biology
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Biology
Molecular biology
Proteins
Proteomics
Membrane biology
organelles
Globular protein
Amino acid
cell
Peptide
Insulin
immune system
health

EXPLORING PROTEIN STRUCTURE Discuss the properties of the following fibrous proteins in relation to their structure and function: Collagen Fibroin Keratin Some globular proteins, such as actin, can link together to form filaments. Discuss the importance of this property for cells. Discuss how the microtubules of the cell cytoskeleton form. Relate this structure to the function of the cell cytoskeleton. Enzymes are globular proteins that catalyse reactions in a highly specific manner. Discuss how catalase increases the rate of reaction for removing hydrogen peroxide from cells so it does not reach toxic levels.

Cell bio chapter 11

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
Cell Signaling
Signal transduction
Membrane biology
Receptors
Receptor tyrosine kinase
G protein-coupled receptor
Hormone
Receptor
Protein kinase
Tyrosine kinase
health

Concept 11.1 Local Signaling Cells may communicate by direct contact Animal cells Gap junctions Cell junctions Plant cells Plasmodesmata between cell plants Signaling substances can pass freely between adjacent cells Cell?cell recognition Paracrine signaling Short distances One cell can secrete some chemical or molecule that can then act on neighboring cells Example growth factors Stimulate adjacent cells to grow and divide Synaptic signaling Nerve cells in brain from one cell to another mostly an electrical signal Electrical signal triggers release of neurotransmitter Long distance signaling Endocrine signaling Hormones travels in bloodstream Target cell specifically binds hormone 3 stages of cell signaling 1 reception signaling molecule will combine to receptor

Cell bio chapter 7

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Biology
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Membrane biology
Active transport
Osmosis
Passive transport
Carrier protein
Membrane potential
Cell membrane
Antiporter
Na+/K+-ATPase
Facilitated diffusion
Symporter
health

Two types of membrane proteins Integral proteins and peripheral proteins Trans membrane protein structure Alpha helix from hydrogen bonds Functions of membrane proteins Transport- one with ATP one without it Enzymes- catalyze biochemical reactions; enzymatic activity Signal transduction Cell-cell recognition- how can a cell determine if the cell is of like kind or like species Intercellular joining- cells adhering to each other to form tissues and then organs when proteins join together Attachment- attach to cellular matrix to form an organ Cell adhesion and Recognition Cells bind to surface molecules on the plasma membrane Carbohydrates vary among Species Individuals Cell types Synthesis of membrane components Glycolipids Glycoproteins

Cell Membranes

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Biology
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Biology
Membrane biology
Cell membrane
Lipid bilayer
Semipermeable membrane
Membrane protein
Facilitated diffusion
Carrier protein
Endocytosis
Membrane transport
Vesicle
Biological membrane
health

Cell Membranes Contents: Structure: the basics Fluid mosaic model/freeze fracture technique Membrane fluidity Membrane fluidity and cholesterol The Basics? The plasma membrane separates the living cell from its surroundings Phospholipids make up the majority of the bilayer Phospholipids consists of a hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules: containing both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region The plasma membrane is described by the fluid mosaic model: The membrane is fluid with a variety of ?mosaic? proteins embedded in it The plasma membrane is selectively permeable: Small fat soluble (hydrophobic ? non polar) molecules, can enter the cell through the lipid bilayer (this occurs rapidly) e.g. hydrocarbons

The Endomembrane system

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Biology
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organelles
Membrane biology
Cell Biology
Endomembrane system
Vesicle
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
cell
Biological membrane
Eukaryote
health

The Endomembrane system Organelle recap? Ribosomes Ribosomes: a complex of ribosomal RNA (rRNA, synthesised in the nucleolus) and proteins Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in: The cystol/plasm (free ribosomes) On the outside of the rough endoplasmic reticulum Free ribosomes make proteins used within the cell e.g. enzymes Bound ribosomes make proteins which are often secreted e.g insulin made in pancreatic cells Endoplasmic reticulum Form Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells The ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope There are two distinct regions of ER: Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes Rough ER: ribosomes are bound to the outer membrane Functions: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The Nucleus

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
Membrane biology
organelles
Protein families
Lamin
Cell nucleus
Nuclear pore
Nuclear lamina
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
LMNA

The Nucleus Functions of the nucleus Storage of genes on chromosomes Transportation of regulatory factors & gene products via nuclear pores Separation of: DNA from cytosol Transcription from translation Organisation of: genes into chromosomes (to allow cell division) uncoiling of DNA to replicate key genes Production of: messenger RNA ( mRNA ) that code for proteins ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the nucleolus Components within the nucleus Nuclear envelope: double membrane, each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer Nuclear pore: controls entry and exit from the nucleus e.g. of RNA proteins Nuclear lamina: a series of structural proteins found on the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope, provide structural support Nuclear matrix: scaffold proteins Nucleoplasm: viscous medium

The Nucleus

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
Membrane biology
organelles
Protein families
Lamin
Cell nucleus
Nuclear pore
Nuclear lamina
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
LMNA

The Nucleus Functions of the nucleus Storage of genes on chromosomes Transportation of regulatory factors & gene products via nuclear pores Separation of: DNA from cytosol Transcription from translation Organisation of: genes into chromosomes (to allow cell division) uncoiling of DNA to replicate key genes Production of: messenger RNA ( mRNA ) that code for proteins ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the nucleolus Components within the nucleus Nuclear envelope: double membrane, each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer Nuclear pore: controls entry and exit from the nucleus e.g. of RNA proteins Nuclear lamina: a series of structural proteins found on the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope, provide structural support Nuclear matrix: scaffold proteins Nucleoplasm: viscous medium

The Cell

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
anatomy
organelles
Membrane biology
Cell Biology
Endomembrane system
Photosynthesis
cell
Eukaryote
Vesicle
Endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosome
health

Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions two types of cells make up all organisms?prokaryotic and eukaryotic only domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotes Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells bounded by a membrane?plasma membrane within the membrane is a semifluid. cytosol, in which organelles are found all contain chromosomes and ribosomes Prokaryotic Cells no nucleus; DNA is concentrated in a region called the nucleoid, but no membrane separates this region from the rest of the cell Eukaryotic Cells have a true nucleus, bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope entire region between the nucleus and plasma membrane is the cytoplasm

Membrane Structure and Function

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Membrane biology
Cell membrane
Lipid bilayer
Membrane transport
Membrane protein
Facilitated diffusion
Biological membrane
Carrier protein
Exocytosis
Active transport
Semipermeable membrane
health

Chapter 7 Membrane Structure and Function Overview: Life at the Edge the plasma membrane is the boundary that separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings selectively permeable: allows some substances to cross it more easily than others Concept 7.1: Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins a phospholipid is an amphipathic molecule, meaning it has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions head composed of phosphate group attached to one carbon of glycerol two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic in the fluid mosaic model, the membrane is a fluid structure with a ?mosaic? of various proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer of phospholipids Membrane Models: Scientific Inquiry phospholipids are the most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane

Cell Communication

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Cell Signaling
Signal transduction
Cell Biology
Membrane biology
Integral membrane proteins
Second messenger system
Cell surface receptor
Hormone
G protein-coupled receptor
G protein
Adenylate cyclase
health

Chapter 11 Cell Communication Overview: The Cellular Internet essential for multicellular organism the combined effects of multiple signals determine cell response Concept 11.1: External signals are converted into responses within the cell Evolution of Cell Signaling yeast cells identify their mates by cell signaling a signal transduction pathway is a series of steps by which a signal on a cell?s surface is converted into a specific cellular response pathway similarities suggest that ancestral signaling molecules evolved in prokaryotes and were modified later in eukaryotes Local and Long Distance Signaling the concentration of signaling molecules allows bacteria to detect population density cells in a multicellular organism communicate via chemical messengers

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