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Proteins

Raven Biology Vocabulary Chapter 6

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Biology
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Catalysis
Enzymes
metabolism
Enzyme kinetics
Proteins
Allosteric regulation
Enzyme
Active site
Allosteric enzyme
Substrate
Enzyme inhibitor
Non-competitive inhibition

Name____________________________ Biology Vocabulary Definitions Block______ Vocabulary For Unit ________________________________ Word Textbook Definition Your Definition Visual Image First Law of Thermodynamics Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed. Second Law of Thermodynamics Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. The universe becomes more disorganized over time. Enthalpy The heat content of a system at constant pressure. Measure of heat content in an organism. Enzyme-Substrate Complex A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).

Exploring Protein Structure

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Biology
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Biology
Molecular biology
Proteins
Proteomics
Membrane biology
organelles
Globular protein
Amino acid
cell
Peptide
Insulin
immune system
health

EXPLORING PROTEIN STRUCTURE Discuss the properties of the following fibrous proteins in relation to their structure and function: Collagen Fibroin Keratin Some globular proteins, such as actin, can link together to form filaments. Discuss the importance of this property for cells. Discuss how the microtubules of the cell cytoskeleton form. Relate this structure to the function of the cell cytoskeleton. Enzymes are globular proteins that catalyse reactions in a highly specific manner. Discuss how catalase increases the rate of reaction for removing hydrogen peroxide from cells so it does not reach toxic levels.

Chromatin folding

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Epigenetics
Molecular genetics
DNA
Proteins
Chromatin
Histone
Nucleosome
Chromosome
Non-histone protein
Solenoid

Chromatin: The formation of chromosomes Chromatin is packed into chromosomes during mitosis. We will look at the steps from interphase to metaphase There are several levels of organisation in terms of chromatin folding? Free DNA 2nm Formation of the nucleosome: The DNA strand wraps around a core of eight histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4: x2) 1.65 times. Also known as ?beads-on-a-string? and is the basic chromatin structure. 10nm An H1 histone tails binds on the outside of the coil on each nucleosome unit, now chromatosome units. Further condensing occurs: 30nm Interactions between: Interactions between chromatosomes (nucleosomes and H1 histones) leads to more folding of the 30nm fibres, creating a thicker fibre. 30nm

Types of chromatin

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Epigenetics
Molecular genetics
Proteins
Molecular biology
Chromatin
Histone
Nucleosome
Euchromatin
Heterochromatin
DNA

Chromatin: Types of chromatin Chromatin In non-dividing cells, the DNA exists as chromatin and appears uncoiled and randomly dispersed After DNA replication (S phase) the chromatin begins to condense in preparation for mitosis Chromatin consists of 50% DNA, 50% proteins, mainly histones Chromatin is the structure that the eukaryotic genome is packaged into It allows long molecules of DNA to fit into the small volume of the nucleus The basic structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome Further folding and compaction of chromatin produces visible metaphase chromosomes during cell division Heterochromatin vs Euchromatin Euchromation Active Chromatin The majority of chromatin is this form Less condensed, lightly packed in the nucleus (basic ?beads on a string? form ?check)

Campbell AP Biology Study Guide Ch 12

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
cell cycle
mitosis
Proteins
Cellular processes
Cyclin
Cell cycle checkpoint
Kinetochore
Metaphase
Prometaphase
Meiosis
health
behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Human behavior
Attachment theory
Evolutionary biology
Personal life
Technology

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle In this chapter, 24 questions are new, and 12 have been altered to incorporate new material from the textbook. As in the other chapters, any questions that depend on figures or introductory scenarios have been placed at the end of the chapter rather than in concept sequence. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The centromere is a region in which A) chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase. B) metaphase chromosomes become aligned at the metaphase plate. C) chromosomes are grouped during telophase. D) the nucleus is located prior to mitosis. E) new spindle microtubules form at either end. Answer: A Topic: Concept 12.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

Macromolecules review

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Biology
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Chemistry
Biology
nutrition
Organic compounds
Functional Groups
Proteins
RNA
Lipid
Amino acid
biochemistry
Nucleic acid
Biomolecule
behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Human behavior
Attachment theory
Evolutionary biology
Personal life
Technology

Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 4 Major Macromolecules: Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acid Protein Lipids Fat- a combination of a glycerol and three fatty acids also called a triglyceride Used for long term energy storage, which is located in the long carbon chains Phospholipid- a combination of a glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group Makes up cell membrane (lipid bilayer) Selectively permeable Hydrophilic heads (the phosphate group) Hydrophobic tails Steroid- lipids with a structure of four fused rings General Information Glycerol is combined to fatty acid by an ester linkage (dehydration synthesis) Ester linkage is polar CH2 groups are nonpolar Saturated Fat- a triglyceride with only single bonds

chapter 12 note

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
cell cycle
mitosis
Cellular processes
Proteins
Molecular genetics
Cell growth
Interphase
Cyclin
Spindle apparatus
Kinetochore
health
behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Human behavior
Personal life
Attachment theory
Evolutionary biology
Technology

Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis The Key Roles of Cell Division Cell division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair Unicellular organisms (ex. Amoeba) will divide to reproduce entire organisms Cell division also will allows a multicellular organism to develop from a single cell The Key Roles of Cell Division DNA is passed from one generation of cells to the next without dilution. -cell duplicates it DNA - moves the 2 copies to opposite ends of the cell - and then splits into 2 daughter cells The Key Roles of Cell Division Concept 12.1 Cell Division distributes identical sets of chromosomes to daughter cells A cell?s genetic material is called its genome - prokaryote = single long DNA strand - eukaryote = number of DNA molecules Concept 12.1

AP Biology Chapter 12 Summary Campbell/Reece

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
cell cycle
mitosis
Cellular processes
Proteins
Kinetochore
Meiosis
Prometaphase
Spindle apparatus
Cyclin
Aster
health

Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle Overview: The Key Roles of Cell Division Rudolf Virchow ? said ?where a cell exists, there must have been a preexisting cell, just as the animal arises only from an animal and the plant only from a plant?. Summarized by saying: ?omnis cellula e cellula? ? means every cell comes from a cell. Cell division ? plays several important roles in the life of an organism: Unicellular organism ? i.e. amoeba ? cell divides and forms duplicate, complete organisms. Larger scale ? cell vision can produce progeny (descendents) Enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop form a single cell (zygote) Can function in renwal or repair ? replacing cells that die (i.e. bone marrow, skin)

Campbell Biology Test Bank Chapter 12

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
cell cycle
mitosis
Proteins
Cellular processes
Cyclin
Cell cycle checkpoint
Kinetochore
Metaphase
Prometaphase
Meiosis
health

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle In this chapter, 24 questions are new, and 12 have been altered to incorporate new material from the textbook. As in the other chapters, any questions that depend on figures or introductory scenarios have been placed at the end of the chapter rather than in concept sequence. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The centromere is a region in which A) chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase. B) metaphase chromosomes become aligned at the metaphase plate. C) chromosomes are grouped during telophase. D) the nucleus is located prior to mitosis. E) new spindle microtubules form at either end. Answer: A Topic: Concept 12.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

chapter 12 test biology

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
cell cycle
Proteins
Cellular processes
mitosis
Cyclin
Cytokinesis
Cleavage
Wee1
Anaphase
Kinetochore
health

Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle: Practice Quiz Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Self-Quiz Questions ____ 1. Increases in the enzymatic activity of some protein kinases important for the regulation of the cell cycle are due to a. kinase synthesis by ribosomes. b. activation of inactive kinases by binding to cyclins. c. conversion of inactive cyclins to active kinases by means of phosphorylation. d. cleavage of the inactive kinase molecules by cytoplasmic proteases. e. a decline in external growth factors to a concentration below the inhibitory threshold.

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