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GACS lclab World History - NOTES Enlightenment & French Revolution Flashcards

GACS lclab - World History - NOTES Enlightenment & French Revolution

365741723	Napoleon Bonaparte	Born in Corsica, italian ethnicity, 5"2" tall, General of Army by 24 years old, married Josephine Beauharnais, widowed and childless yet produced desired heir.
365741724	Napoleon became famous for defeating what county?	Austria
365741725	Who blasted the nose off the great sphinx in Egypt?	Napoleon
365741726	Louisiana Territory	Napoleon sells all of Louisiana to US President Thomas Jefferson for $4 million. Needed $$$ to invade Britian
365741727	Who is in the Coalition of 4 against Napoleon?	England, Russia, Prussia, Austria
365741728	Battle of Trafalgar	Lord Nelson defeats French invasion
365741729	The Continental System	Ordered by Napoleon: no European countries can buy goods from England. He wanted to bankrupt them.
365741730	Alexander I	Russian ruler that works with Britain to defeat Napoleon
365741731	How big was Napoleon's army that march from Paris to Moscow?	600,000
365741732	Scorched Earth Policy	Russians burned their own land before French arrived and refused to fight Napoleon's army. It was designed to starve the troops and freeze them out during the cold Russian winter - it worked!
365741733	How many of the 600,000 Napoleon troops returned?	10,000
365741734	Where was Napoleon exiled the first time?	Elba
365741735	What did Napoleon do when he escaped Elba?	Invades France and reclaims power for 100 days
365741736	100 days	The amount of time Napoleon ruled after he escaped from Elba
365741737	Waterloo	The battle where Napoleon was defeated after his escape.
365741738	Where was Napoleon exiled to the 2nd time?	Helena
365741739	Who reestablished Frances relationship with the Catholic Church?	Napoleon
365741740	What country was the only European nation not defeated by Napoleon?	Britain
365741741	Who abolished The Holy Roman Empire and formed modern day Germany?	Napoleon
365741742	Bastille Day	July 14, 1789 - Most important day in modern French history. The Bastille was a political prison.
365741743	Marquis de Lafayette	put in charge of new National Guard, restored order in France,
365741744	Fleur de lis	Representation of a flower called the iris (the symbol of France)
365741745	The Declaration of the Rights of Man	Liberty, Equality & Brotherhood
365741746	What happened when Louis XVI tried to escape?	He was recognized because his face was on the coins
365741747	Universal Manhood Suffrage	Everyone has the right to vote
365741748	Maximillian Robespierre	Convinces National Convention to try Louis XVI for treason
365741749	Nickname for the Guillotine	The National Razor
365741750	How was Louis XVI killed?	The Guillotine - a dull blade to make it more painful
365741751	The Committee of Public Safety	Formed by Robespierre, similar to Nazi police
365741752	The Reign of Terror	The Committee of Public Safety collects and beheads 40,000 people for treason
365741753	How did Napoleon get his power in France initially?	He was the Army General - he was called to Paris to restore order after The Reign of Terror

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2012 Modern World History Final Exam Study Guide (CP1) Flashcards

Ms. Galvin World History- Jason McCarthy FHS Class of 2015

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407841327	MAIN Causes of WWI	Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
407841328	Black Hand	..., the Serbian terrorist group that planned to assassinate Franz Ferdinand, part of the Pan-Slavism nationalist movement, with the intention of uniting all of the territories containing South Slav populations (Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Slovenes, etc) annexed by Austria-Hungary.
407841329	Austrian Archduke Ferdinand	..., powerful person in Austria-Hungary. -goes to Serbia and throws himself a parade. -gets assasinated
407841330	Schlieffen Plan	..., Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.
407841331	Allied vs Central Powers	... two sides fighting in world war 1, Allies- Great Britain, France, Russia; Japan + Italy joined later Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary; Bulgaria + Ottoman Empire joined later
407841332	Stalemate	...Term used to describe the deadlock on the Western Front during the First World War.
407841333	Trench warfare	..., Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.
407841334	Propaganda	..., information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc.
407841335	Total War	..., a war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.
407841336	Treaty of Versailles	..., Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons.
407841337	Czar Nicholas II/Romanovs	became Czar of Russia in 1894 -made LOTS of mistakes -Russo-Japanese War -WWI -Bloody Sunday Last Czar of Russia
407841338	Rasputin	..., Self-proclaimed holy man who claimed to heal the sick and have prophecy. He had much influence over Tsarina Alexandra and she often went to him for advise on political issues. He was believed to be having a sexual affair with Tsarina Alexandra and was assassinated by three members of the higher aristocracy; Tsarina Alexandra was very distraught and depressed due to his death (coincidence?).
407841339	Communism	..., Official ideology of the Soviet Union, characterized there by complete government ownership of land and property, single-party control of the government, the lack of individual rights, and the call for worldwide revolution
407841340	Lenin	..., founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.
407841341	Bolsheviks	..., Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 761)
407841342	Peace, Land, and Bread	..., The slogan used by Lenin to win the support of the people; Peace appealed to the soldiers; Land appealed to the peasants; and Bread appealed to the workers.
407841343	New Economic Plan	..., Plan implemented by Lenin that allowed some private ownership of businesses and small plots of land.
407841344	Totalitarianism	a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
407841345	Joseph Stalin	..., Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)
407841346	5 Year plans	..., Stalin outlined the first of several Five-Year Plans for the development of the Soviet Union's economy. The Five-Year Plans set impossibly high quotas, or numerical goals, to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity. To reach these targets, the government limited production of consumer goods. As a result, people faced severe shortages of housing, food, clothing, and other necessary goods.
407841347	Command Economy	..., economic system in which a central authority is in command of the economy; a centrally planned economy
407841348	Collective farms	..., government owned farms, workers were paid by government and they shared profits from products
407841349	Great Purge	..., The widespread arrests and executions of over a million people by Josef Stalin between 1936 and 1938. Stalin was attempting to eliminate all opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union.
407841350	Mao Zedong	..., This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.
407841351	Communist vs Nationalist	..., Nationalists ruled- Communists wanted to take over -fought each other
407841352	Chinese Civil War	..., Conflict between communists led by Mao TseTung and nationalist leader Chiang Kai Shek - Mao was the popular leader; US supported Chiang Kai Shek because he was anticommunist but corrupt; Nationalists defeated and fled to Taiwan which US recognized as legitimate government of China
407841353	Gandhi	..., was a champion of Indian immigrant workers against white South African bigotry and discrimination. He had peaceful protests called Satyagraha. In 1921, he received the full authority of the Indian National Congress. He encouraged civil disobedience against the British. He united all social classes and religions of India. He spoke in favor of women and the Untouchables; political and spiritual leader during India's struggle with Great Britain for home rule
407841354	Civil Disobedience	..., opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment.
407841355	Boycotts	..., protests in which people refuse to buy someone's merchandise or use someone's services
407841356	Amritsar Massacre	..., April 3rd of 1919. British soldiers killed close to 400 unarmed Indian men, women, and children, and wounded 1,100 more. People had gathered in the center of town to protest British occupation of their country, and to demand equality. This was a turning point in British domination of India. Independence movements became very popular and eventually forced India's independence.
407841357	Salt March	..., passive resistance campaign of Mohandas Gandhi where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt.
407841358	Weimar Republic (Germany)	..., democracy seemed to take root in 1923, convinced that economic prosperity demanded good relations with the Western powers, elections held regularly
407841359	Inflation	..., a persistent, substantial rise in the general level of prices related to an increase in the volume of money and resulting in the loss of value of currency
407841360	Reparations	..., As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.
407841361	The Great Depression	..., the period from 1929-1940 was marked by a worldwide depression. in the united states, the period began with a crash of the stock market in 1929 ironically, WWII brought an end to the great depression.
407841362	Fascism (Benito Mussolini)	..., Political movement in which the government rules by terror and by appealing to racism and nationalism. Mussolini became Italy's dictator in 1922 by promising to build a new Roman empire.
407841363	Natzism	..., the racist/nationalistic, expantionists philosophy of hitler was called militarism, fascism, natzism, or communism
407841364	Nuremberg Laws	..., Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books.
407841365	Anti-Semitism	..., policies, views, or actions that harm or discriminate against Jews
407841366	Appeasement	..., A policy toward Hitler adopted by the leauge of nations to avoid another war
407841367	Munich Conference	..., 1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.
407841368	Japanese Expansion	..., between 1972 and 1925 Japan's population doubled. Japan needed larger markets for its products. Japan pursued a policy of expansion in the Pacific to meet these needs and to ease overcrowding. during WW1 Japan supported their allies. the conference of 1921 cost Japan most of its gain in China and limited Japan's naval power.
407841369	Axis Countries	Germany, Italy, Japan
407841370	Allied Countries	Great Britain-Winston Churchill, Soviet Union-Joseph Stalin, US-Franklin Roosevelt
407841371	Blitzkrieg	..., "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939
407841372	Battle of Britain	..., an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.
407841373	Rationing	..., Taking items that are in short supply and distributing them according to a system. For instance, during World War II, gas, sugar, and butter were a few of the items rationed in the United States.
407841374	Total War	..., a war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.
407841375	The Holocaust	..., The Holocaust took place in Europe between 1993 and 1945. Six million Jews were systematically and brutally murdered by the Nazis and their collaberators. Miliions of non-Jews, including Roma and Sinti(Gypsies), Serbs, political dissidents, people with disabilities, homosexuals and Jehova's Witnesses, were also persecuted by the Nazis.
407841376	Genocide	..., systematic killing of a racial or cultural group
407841377	Ghettoes	..., Walled up cities were Jews and others were forced to live.
407841378	The Final Solution	..., Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European jews during World War II.
407841379	Concentration Camps	..., prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately.
407841380	Atomic Bombs	..., The United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; the led the Japanese to surrender and helped bring and end to WWII
407841381	Hiroshima & Nagasaki	..., nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman
407841382	Cold War	..., A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
407841383	The Iron Curtain	..., took physical form in the shape of border defenses between the countries of the western and eastern Europe. These were some of the most heavily militarized areas in the world, particularly the so-called inner German border.
407841384	Containment	..., a U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances
407841385	Truman Doctrine	..., First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.
407841386	NATO and Warsaw pact	..., NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) agreement between West European states to provide mutual assistance if any one of them was attacked. the Warsaw Pact was the military alliance including all Communist states
407841387	Berlin Blockade and Airlift	..., In 1948, Berlin was blocked off by the Soviet Union in order to strangle the Allied forces. In order to combat this, the United States began to airlift supplies into Berlin.
407841388	Sputnik	..., First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.
407841389	Mao Zedong	..., This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.
407841390	Great Leap Forward	..., China's second five-year plan under the leadership of the impatient Mao, it aimed to speen up economic development while simultaneously developing a completely socialitst society. This plan failed and more than 20 million people starved between 1958 and 1960.
407841391	Cultural Revolution	..., Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.(p. 848)
407841392	Red Gaurds	supporters of Mao during a cultural revolution
407841393	Korean War	..., The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.
407841394	38th Parallel	..., latitudinal line that divided North and South Korea at approximatly the midpoint of the peninsula
407841395	Vietnam War	..., A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.
407841396	Domino Theory	..., the idea that if a nation falls under Communist control, nearby nations will also fall under Communist control.
407841397	Ho Chi Minh	..., 1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable
407841398	Fidel Castro	..., Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state. He was prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and has been president of the government and First Secretary of the Communist Party since 1976.
407841399	Cuban Missile Crisis	..., Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.
407841400	detente	..., French word meaning an easing of tensions between the world's superpowers during the Cold War
407841401	Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan	..., A nine-year conflict involving Soviet forces supporting the Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan government against the Mujahideen resistance.
407841402	Mikhail Gorbachev	..., Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)
407841403	Perestroika	..., a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society
407841404	Glasnost	..., Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.
407841405	Democratization	..., the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative
407841406	Poland (Lech Walesa)	..., "Solidarity" labor union started the whole wave of satellite revolts against communism. Organized massive strikes - government negotiated, allowed first free elections in 1989. Organized the Gdansk Shipyard strike.
407841407	Vaclev Havel	..., • Playwright in Czechoslovakia • Plays were banned • Became president • Censorship is less about the works about themselves and more with the political environment at the time
407841408	Fall of Berlin Wall	..., This event in 1989 marked the symbolic end of the Cold War and was the begining of the collapse of communism in eastern Europe.
407841409	Boris Yeltsin	First leader of the Russian Republic. HIs pro-democracy reaction when Gorbachev's push for reform was held off by the Communist establishment was a rallying point for Russian democratic supporters.

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Terms list #2 APUSH Flashcards

Terms list number 2 APUSH

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225636718	Robert Walpole	The first of the modern prime ministers. He deliberately refrained from strict enforcement o the Navigation Acts, believing that relaxed trading restrictions would stimulate commerce.
225636719	George Washington	Young, inexperienced colonel commanding the Ohio Valley battle to challenge French expansion. Washington built a crude stockade (Fort Necessity) not far from the French outpost. A third of the colonists died fighting and Washington surrendered. He was appointed as commander in chief of the Continental Congress and took command of army at Cambridge, Massachusetts on July 3rd, 1775.
225636720	Thomas Paine	Paine served in Washington's army during the campaigns in New Jersey and at the same time wrote a series of essays designed to arouse support or the Patriot cause. The pamphlets he wrote were The Crisis, the Rights of Man (1791-1792), Common Sense and The Age of Reason (1784-1796). Paine took part in the French Revolution. In The Age of Reason, he criticized Christians and brought out Deism. He returned to America in 1802 in poverty and died shortly after during 1809.
225636721	Samuel Adams	The leading figure in the public anger in response to the Boston Massacre. He was the colonies' most radical figure and John Adams' distant cousin. He was born in 1722 and was older than some other colonial protestors. A member of an earlier generation and was influenced by New England's Puritan past, he viewed things in very moral ways. Adams spoke frequently against Britain at town meetings. In 1722, he proposed a "committee of correspondence" to emphasize the complaints.
225636722	Joseph Galloway	A delegate of the First Continental Congress as a Pennsylvanian Loyalist. His plan for colonial union under British authority (similar to the Albany Plan) was rejected in a close vote.
225636723	Patrick Henry	Famous for his rebellion against Britain. He made a speech to the House of Burgesses on May 1765 saying that if the current laws were not changed, King George III would lose his head. Henry introduced the Virginia Resolve.
225636724	Paul Revere	Rode with William Dawes at night to warn the villages of the British about their armies going from Lexington and Concord.
225636725	Thomas Jefferson	A 33 year old delegate from Virginia at the time of the Declaration of Independence. He wrote most of the Declaration with John Adams and Benjamin Franklin. John Locke and George Mason are two individuals that helped inspire him as he wrote this document.
225636726	John Paul Jones	Jones was a Scottish sailor and the United States' first well-known naval fighter in the Revolutionary War.
225636727	John Hancock	John Hancock was one of Boston's richest people. He was the president of the Second Continental Congress and the first and third governor of Massachusetts.
225636728	John Adams	John Adams was an American lawyer, statesman, diplomat, and political theorist. Although was forced to defend the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre, he was a well-known patriot.
225636729	George Grenville	George Grenville was the prime minister of Britain from 1763 -1765. He enforced many acts such as the Stamp Act that enraged the colonists.
225636730	Charles Townshend	Charles Townshend was the Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1766 - 1767. He enforced the Townshend Acts, which angered the colonists.
225636731	Lord North	Lord North was the Prime Minister of England from 1770 - 1782. He led Great Britain through most of the American Revolution.
225636732	George III	George III was the king of England from 1760 - 1820. He was blamed for all the acts enforced by the colonies in the Declaration of Independence.
225636733	Benedict Arnold	Benedict Arnold was a general during the American Revolution. He was a traitor and later became a brigadier general in the British Army.
225636734	Horatio Gates	General who fought in the French and Indian War and the Revolutionary War. He competed with George Washington to be Commander-in-Chief but failed. He was defeated at Camden, South Carolina and disappeared from the War.
225636735	Nathaniel Greene	A general who was very close to George Washington. After Horatio Gates was defeated at Camden, Greene was appointed by Washington to replace him. He led many attacks against Lord Cornwallis and his army in South Carolina.
225636736	Henry Knox	A general who specialized in artillery. He befriended George Washington helped to provide weapons such as cannons for multiple battles.
225636737	Alexander Hamilton	Attended the Constitutional Convention and signed the Constitution. He was one of the three men who wrote The Federalist Papers; a collection of essays supporting the adoption of the Constitution.
225636738	Judith Sargent Murray	One of the leading essayists of the time period. She said that women's minds were as good as men's and that girls deserved access to education as well as boys.
225636739	Mary Wollstonecraft	She published Vindication of the Rights of Women.
225636740	James Otis	He was a lawyer who fought for independence in ways such as fighting a case to make the Writs of Assistance illegal.
225636741	John Dickinson	He was a moderate from Pennsylvania, who hoped for modest reforms in the imperial relationship that would permit an early reconciliation with Great Britain.
225636742	Lord Chatham (William Pitt)	He was a British statesman who led Britain during the French & Indian War. He was devoted to victory and very popular among his constituents.
225636743	John Locke	He as an English philosopher who was regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers. Jefferson paraphrased him in the Declaration of Independence.
225636744	John Singleton Copley	He was an American painter who is famous for portrait paintings of important political figures in colonial America.
225636745	Mary Otis Warren	She was an extremely important woman in the revolution. With the support of John Adams, she began to post plays, poems, and tracts that supported the revolution.
225636746	Abigail Adams	She was John Adams' wife and the first Second Lady of the United States. She often gave advice to John Adams during the Continental Congresses through letters.
225636747	Richard Henry Lee	He was an American Statesman from Virginia who is known for the motion in the Second Continental Congress. He signed the Declaration of Independence and served one term as the President of the Continental Congress.
225636748	Salutary Neglect	A long policy that lasted from 1607 to 1763. It allowed trade enforcements to be lenient and helped Great Britain keep American colonies obedient. It was almost a law that prevented strict enforcement of parliamentary laws.
225636749	Albany Plan of Union	A conference of colonial leaders met up in Albany to make a treaty with the Iroquois under the advice of the British government. Each colony would "retain its present constitution" but would give powers to govern relations with Indians. The central government would have a general elected and paid by the king and a legislature appointed by colonial assemblies.
225636750	Writs of Assistance	The opening acts of the Revolution when Britain passed the writs of assistance. These were search warrants that allowed British custom officials to search homes and businesses of colonists for smuggled goods.
225636751	Treaty of Paris, 1763	Ended the French & Indian War. It was signed on February 10th, 1763 and signaled Britain's victory over France and Spain. It eliminated France as a colonial power in North America, ceded France to Spain—Canada and all French territory east of the Mississippi, except for New Orleans, and Britain gained Florida.
225636752	Acts of Trade and Navigation	Designed to regulate colonial commerce very strictly. The first act in 1660 closed to colonies to all trade except to England. In 1663, the second act provided that all goods being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England on the way so they could be taxed. The third in 1673 imposed duties on the coastal trade among the English colonies. These acts formed a legal basis of England's mercantile system in America.
225636753	Proclamation of 1763	George III did not allow colonists to move west of a line drawn along the Appalachian Mts. This land was temporarily to be a reserve for the Indians, to avoid conflict and to keep the colonists safe. Britain didn't want spend more to protect the colonists from the Indians.
225636754	Paxton Boys (Penn.)	In 1763, people from western Pennsylvania called the Paxton Boys demanded a break from colonial taxes and for money to defend themselves from the Indians.
225636755	Regulator Movement (N.C.)	In 1771, a small civil war occurred when the Regulators (farmers) organized an opposition to the high taxes that local colonial sheriffs collected. The Regulators were underrepresented in the colonial assembly
225636756	Stamp Act	In 1765, it required special royal seals or stamps on legal printed materials.
225636757	Stamp Act Congress	A secret meeting on October 19th, 1765 with representatives from the colonies and they discussed the Stamp Act passed by Parliament. They discussed trial by jury, a right of taxing, and reducing admiralty courts.
225636758	Boston Massacre	On March 5th, 1770, harassed British soldiers fired on the crowd and killed colonists. Colonial media made it look worse and the case was defended by John Adams.
225636759	Townshend Duties	1767- The Townshend Duties' purpose was to raise revenue in the colonies. There were many boycotts lead by the merchants in the colonies.
225636760	Quartering Act- 1765	The quartering act made colonists pay for the quartering of British soldiers. British soldiers lived in the houses of the colonists, which scared and angered them.
225636761	Tea Act 1773	The Tea Act of 1773 reduced the surplus of tea held by the British East India Company.
225636762	Committee of Correspondence	The Comm. Of Correspondence were "shadow governments" organized by the Patriot leaders of the colonies.
225636763	Boston Tea Party	The Boston Tea Party was a direct action by the Boston colonists against the East India Company. The Boston colonists destroyed the tea by throwing it into the Boston Harbor. Intolerable or Coercive Acts 1774- 4 of the Intolerable Acts were issued in response of the Boston Tea Party. These acts cause the colonists to organize the First Continental Congress.
225636764	First Continental Congress	The First Continental Congress was a convention of delegates that met September of 1774. The Congress met to discuss the economic boycott of British trade, and publish a list of rights and grievances.
225636765	Second Continental Congress	The Second Continental Congress met in May of 1775 soon after the Revolutionary War begun. The Congress managed the colonial war effort and adopted the Declaration of Independence.
225636766	Continental Association	The Continental Association was created by the First Continental Congress in 1774 for executing a trade boycott with Great Britain. The boycott started on December 1st, 1774.
225636767	Suffix Resolves	Colonies start importation and form their own militias.
225636768	Galloway Plan	The colonies made their own parliament with the power to veto any of parliament's laws. Parliament disapproved and ended it.
225636769	Declaration of Independence	The document that declared the colonies independent of Britain. It was approved and signed in 1776 by the delegates of the Continental Congress.
225636770	Declaratory Act	Stated that Parliament had full authority to bind colonial people under the rule of Parliament and the king.
225636771	The Conway Cabal	A group of people who dedicated themselves to getting George Washington replaces as a military commander.
225636772	The Gaspee Incident	In 1772 colonists attacked and burned a British ship. The offenders were sent to England for a trial, but the action weakened self-government in Rhode Island.
225636773	Battle of Saratoga	British army detachment under the command of John Burgoyne surrendered to Horatio Gates and men after being cut off from the rest of the British army and fighting low on supplies. It was a major turning point of the war.
225636774	Yorktown	Cornwallis and his army were building fortifications in Yorktown when George Washington and Americas French Allies trapped him. Washington and Count Jean Baptiste de Rochambeau took a French-American army to New York to join more French forces under Lafayette in Virginia. At the same time, Admiral Francois Joseph Paul de Grasse sailed additional troops to Chesapeake Bay and the York River. The two forces caught Cornwallis between land and sea, and after very few minor battles, he surrendered.
225636775	Trenton	Battle in New Jersey led by Washington against Cornwallis. American victory led British to leave New Jersey and go into hiding.
225636776	Valley Forge	The place where George Washington and his army stayed in the winter of 1777. The conditions were horrible: food and clothing were scarce and disease spread uncontrollably. Much of the army died disease or starvation.
225636777	1776	The year the Declaration was approved and signed. Thomas Paine's Common Sense was published, the Battle of Trenton occurred, and the first state constitutions were written.
225636778	1783	This was the year that Britain acknowledged America's independence and the Treaty of Paris is signed.
225636779	Parson's Cause	This was an important legal and political debate in the colony of Virginia. The case was in regard to the Two Penny Act passed in 1758.
225636780	Sons of Liberty	They were a group of patriots that were organized by Samuel Adams. They were harassed and boycotted by the British and their followers. They pushed for independence and were responsible for the Boston Tea Party.
225636781	Loyalists	They were people who did not want to break off from the British.
225636782	Mutiny Act	A series of annual acts passed by parliament in response to the mutiny of a large portion of the army. This included the Quartering Act.
225636783	Quebec Act	This extended the boundaries of Quebec to the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and destroyed the claims of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Virginia.
225636784	Common Sense	This was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine. It became a best seller and was simply written so it would appeal to the masses. It was the first piece of work to ask for independence.
225636785	"Virtual" Representation	Americans were not actually represented but the British argued that Parliament had their views in mind.
225636786	"Actual" representation	This is when you are actually represented and are able to pass laws that benefit your constituents.
225636787	"No taxation with representation"	The slogan for the American Revolution which meant that the British did not have the right to tax America if America had no representation in Parliament.
225636788	Sugar and Molasses Act	This was passed in 1764 and enforced collection of duties on sugar and molasses
225636789	Causes of the French and Indian War	Conflicts between Britain and France. British settlers were going farther into Indian lands in the Ohio Valley, and the French were also in the region.
225636790	Why Acts of Trade and Navigation Passed	The Navigation Acts were passed to allow Britain to have self-sufficiency from mercantilist theories, have higher wealth and a stronger navy, and to restrict colonial trade for more benefits.
225636791	Circumstances that Weakened Britain Administration of American Colonies	The reactions of the American colonists in response to the acts and laws weakened the British Administration such as the Boston Tea Party, the Continental Congresses, rebellious pamphlets such as "Common Sense, the Sons of Liberty, and more.
225636792	Colonial Check on Colonial Governors	There were colonial checks on the governors similar to today's checks and balances.
225636793	Britsh Policy after 1763	Britain increased control over the colonies after 1763. Britain enforced many acts after 1763. Problems Br. Faced after the French & Indian War- After the French & Indian War went into serious debt, forcing them to start taxing the colonies.
225636794	Examples of intercolonial unity after 1763	After 1763, Britain started becoming stricter with the colonies, enforcing more laws, which brought the colonies together in an intercolonial unity.
225636795	Opposition to Stamp Act	The colonies were enraged with the stamp act, enforcing the idea of taxation without representation.
225636796	Reasons Britain removed the Stamp Act & Townshend Duties	Britain removed the Stamp Act because Parliament was losing money due to the boycott of stamps. Britain removed the Townshend Duties because it cost more to collect the revenue than was being brought in.
225636797	Responses of royal governors to colonial resistance	The governors enforced laws more severely and made even more taxes.
225636798	Declaration of Independence	1) Preamble: Says that the colonies are going to break off from England and says every man has natural rights: life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. 2) Ideas: Natural Rights, the colonies forming one united nation. 3) Government theory: The colonies would be independent states with their own government completely separated from England. 4) Reasons of Revolution: All of the taxes like the Stamp Act and Townshend Duties, the Quartering Act, the Writs of Assistance. 5) Grievances: Tyranny of Britain by means of taxation without representation and enforcing laws such as the Writs of Assistance and the Quartering Act. 6) Deletions: Much was deleted from the Declaration about slavery. 7) Influences: John Locke, Virginia Constitution and other state constitutions.
225636799	Famous quotes of the Revolution	"Passion governs, and she never governs wisely." -Franklin, "The colonists are not to be emancipated." -George III, "Victory or Death" -Washington"
225636800	American War Aims	America aimed to break off from England be free from oppressive taxes and rules.

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APUSH Unit 2 terms-definition Flashcards

APUSH unit 2 terms 1763-1789

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474075540	Articles of Confederation	"America's first attempt at organized government was the ill-conceived Articles of Confederation. This government gave the new states too much power and was insufficient as a means of governing a nation. The Articles were adopted in 1776, and ratified by March of 1781.
474075541	Battle of Saratoga	A Battle during the American Revolution (fought on Sept. 19 and Oct. 7) where the Americans defeated British general John Burgoyne's army.
474075542	Bill of Rights	The Bill of rights are known as the first ten amendments in the United States Constitution which limit the power of the government. The limitations protect the natural/individual rights of the citizens.
474075543	Boston Massacre	In the night some colonists were fired on by a group of British solders in self defense
474075544	Boston Tea Party	Angry colonists From Boston (likely the Sons of Liberty) boarded ships docked in the Boston Harbor dressed as Indians and dumped over 300 crates of tea.
474075545	Coercive/Intolerable Acts	A set of acts passed by Parliament in 1774 that 1) closed Boston port until tea was paid off from Boston Tea Party, 2) Massachusetts officials had to be appointed only by king, 3) moved soldiers back into Boston, 4) allowed British citizens in colonies to have trials in Britain if they needed a trial.
474075546	Connecticut (Great) Compromise	Refers to the agreement between large and small states that was reached during the constitutional convention of 1787. This agreement allowed each state to have equal number of represntatives in one house while having representatives proportional to each state's population in another house. Developed by Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth.
474075547	Deism	A religion where the people believe in God but don't believe that God revealed Himself to humanity in any way including the Bible or Qur'an.
474075548	First Continental Congress	A Meeting in Carpenters Hall Philadelphia where 12 of the 13 colonies (Georgia was absent) met to discuss the colonies reaction to the Intolerable Acts and their relationship with Britain. After much debate the colonies agreed to boycott British goods and pass resolutions that asserted colonial rights.
474075549	Second Continental Congress	A group of delagates that began meeting soon after the actual fighting of the American Revolution began who would eventually write documents such as the American Declaration of Independance, and really started talking about a way to get independance from England since May 10, 1775, the first day they met together
474075550	Gaspee Affair	The Gaspee Affiar was when the HMS Gaspee ran aground in the harbor now know as Gaspee Point near Warwick, Rhode Island, and was boarded, attacked, stolen from, and lit on fireby a group of people led by Abraham Whipple and John Brown in an act of defiance against the British Empire.
474075551	Loyalists/Tories	American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and the king. Tories usually supported monarchism and opposed the Whigs. Also, they were usually Anglican.
474075552	New Jersey Plan	A plan for the structure of the U.S. government proposed by William Paterson. It gave each state one vote in the Senate regardless of population.
474075553	no taxation without representation	Even thought the British believed in virtual representation, the American colonists didn't like it since they didn't have true representatives in Parliament. The colonists felt that since they weren't represented, the British had no right to tax them.
474075554	non-importation agreements	Part of colonial resistance against acts that were enforced by the British. Was very effective.
474075555	Northwest Ordinance	It was the Northwest Territory's charter government which was adopted in 1787. It listed the rights the people in territory had and how new states formed from the territory would be admitted into the Union.
474075556	Olive Branch Petition	The last chance for peaceful negotiations the colonists gave King George III, it was drafted on the fifth of July in 1775 and signed by forty-eight representatives from all the colonies except Georgia, its author is considered John Dickinson who revised it after Thomas Jefferson had already written it, his draft however was a bit too offensive. King George III turned down the colonists' final offer.
474075557	Proclamation of 1763	The Royal Proclamation of 1763 prohibited governors from granting land beyond the App. Mountains disappointed Americans viewed the Army as an obstruction to legitimate economic development, a domestic police force that cost too much money.
474075558	Quartering Act	The Quartering act, made in 1765, required the colonists to house soldiers in barracks, taverns,and vancant buildings. Also, they were required to provide the army with firewood, candles,beer, and many other things. Happened mostly in New York.
474075559	Shay's Rebellion	Shay's Rebellion was a rebellion of poor farmers in Massachusetts who were angry at the government for not recognising there needs. I was led by Daniel Shay who said that there was no way for the farmers to ever get out of debt. The rebellion was stopped by a group of wealthy people from Boston who gathered up a small army.
474075560	Sons of Liberty	The Sons of Liberty was a group of patriotic extremists centered in Boston and led by Samual Adams. They led the boycott against British goods after Britain passed the Stamp act and they created the committees of correspondence. Most people also believe that they were responsible for the Boston Tea Party.
474075561	Strict constructionism	Abiding by the laws and Articles of the Constitution to a precise point. A strict constructionist follow laws in a specific manner.
474075562	Sugar Act 1764	Passed by George Grenville this act increased colonial revenue on sugar. This Act had no effect on the general American public, but rather the Merchants and in part the Colonial Assemblies.
474075563	Tea Act	1773- the Tea Act is passed, allowing the East India Company to sell tea at low prices in the American colonies.
474075564	Thomas Paine/Common Sense	January 1776- Thomas Paine authors the pamphlet entitled 'Common Sense', which becomes immensely popular and has a large affect colonial opinions about government.
474075565	Three-fifths Compromise	An agreemment between Northern and Southern states in which 3/5 of the slave population would be counted regarding tax distribution and the appointment of members to the House of Representatives.
474075566	Townshend Acts	A series of laws passed in 1767 by the British Parliment, which put taxes on certain items being imported into America such as paper, glass, and tea. Britian used this as a way to decrease national debt.
474075567	Treaty of Alliance 1778	The Treaty of Alliance was presented by the French to the American representatives. The French promised to not make peace with Great Britain before Great Britain recognized the United States as an independent country and a Treaty was signed between the two that would end the war. The Americans promised not to sign a peace with britain before informing the French, their new allies.
474075568	Treaty of Paris 1783	The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783. It was a peace treaty between the Americans and the British. It officially ended the Revolutionary War.
474075569	Virginia Plan	The Virginia Plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The Virginia Plan was notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed national legislature.
474075570	virtual representation	During the early American Revolution, colonists in the Thirteen Colonies rejected legislation imposed upon them by the British Parliament because the colonies were not represented in Parliament. The famous quote that went along with this No taxation without representation.
474075571	Federalists	Label for the people who stood for a confederation of states rather than the creation of supreme national authority.
474075572	Antifederalists	"Poorer, less urban, and less well educated people did not agree with the federation of the states.
474075573	committees of correspondence	The first comittiee of correspondence was a 21 member comittee established by Boston selectmen, including Samuel Adams, which provided colonial leadership and aided cooperation between the colonies. Later, many more comittees were created in the colonies. They were a big part in colonial unity.
474075574	natural rights	rights that every man or women has that the government cannot violate
474075575	Federalist Papers	85 essays about the proposed government in the Constitution. Published in 1787-1788 to persuade voters in NY to ratify the Constitution. The authors were anonymous but some included Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison.
474075576	parliamentary soverignty	Makes Parliament the top legal authority, with rights to create and end laws, and control the courts. They can not pass laws that future parliaments can not change.
474075577	Regulators (N.&S. Carolina)	settlers in the backcountry of the North and South Carolinas who attempted to strengthen government by creating courts and replacing corrupt officials.
474075578	Patrick Henry	Spoke in front of the House of Burgesses proposing 5 solutions about the stamp act. He declared the Virginians only had the right to tax Virginians and that any other attempt was unconstitutional and illegal.
474075579	Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania	John Dickinson, a lawyer, wrote this pamphlet. He believed that there should be a strong central government. He also thought that all states should have equal representation in Congress. He thought that the taxes paid to Congress should be paid based on the total population of a state.
474075580	Continental Association	In 1774, Congress created the Continental Association. It banned trade between Great Britian and America hoping that the Intolerable Acts would be repealed.

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FRA 5th Science exam Flashcards

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395089690	what are the 4 properties of the earth?	spherical, magnetic field, protected atmosphere, water
395089691	angle of the earth's axis in degrees	23.5
395089692	time length of one earth rotation in hours	24
395089693	during which season is the tilt of the earth's axis the greatest	summer
395089694	which star is directly above the earth's north pole	polaris
395089695	365.24 days	the earth rotates around the sun in?
395089696	why does earth have 4 seasons?	tilt of earth/revolves around the sun
395089697	how far is the sun from the earth?	1.3 million miles
395089698	the 8 parts of the sun	core, corona, chromosphere, photosphere,convection layer,radiation layer,solar flare,sunspot
395089699	part of the sun that is hottest in degrees	core
395089700	radiation layer	the layer of the sun immediately beyond the core of the sun
395089701	convection layer	in this layer of the sun, gases move in a circular motion
395089702	photosphere	the layer of the sun we can see
395089703	chromosphere	the inner layer of the sun's atmosphere
395089704	sunspots	dark spots on the sun
395089705	how are solar flares different from sunspots	solar flares are bursts of heat created by energy and sunspots are dark spots on the Sun's surface
395089706	why is the sun a star	the sun gives off it's own light and is a ball full of gases
395089707	what type of star is the sun	main sequence
395089708	how old is the sun in years	5 billion years
395089709	what will the sun eventually become	a red giant star
395089710	what percent of the solar system's mass does the sun contain?	99.8 percent
395089711	how much of the sun is hydrogen?	92 percent
395089712	the hydrogen in the sun will turn into what other gas?	helium
395089713	how does the energy on the sun get to earth?	as light and infrared rays and heat
395089714	is the suns core or its surface hotter?	core
395089715	how many earth's can you fit into the sun?	1.3 million
395089716	what are time zones?	a vertical belt about 15 degrees wide in longitude in which all locations have the same time
395089717	how many degrees apart is each time zone?	15 degrees
395089718	which 2 time zones can you find in Tennessee?	Central & Eastern Standard
395089719	which time zone is California in?	Pacific Standard
395089720	if it is 3:00pm in Hawaii, what time is it in Alaska?	4:00 p.m
395089721	what is the longitude of the International Date Line?	180 degrees
395089722	what happens when you cross over the International Date Line?	you give an hour or take an hour away, depending on your direction or one calender day off or added on to
395089723	does the moon have a magnetic field?	no
395089724	does the moon have an atmosphere?	no
395089725	how many earth days are in 1 lunar cycle?	29 days
395089726	name the 5 types of land formations on the moon.	craters, mountains, highlands, valley, maria
395089727	what happens during a lunar eclipse?	you cannot see the moon from the earth
395089728	what happens during a solar eclipse?	you cannot see the sun from the earth
395089729	why does the moon have different phases?	the rotation of the earth, sun, and moon lets us SEE a different amount of the moon lit by the sun each night
395089730	new moon	day 1 of moon phase
395089731	waxing crescent	day 4-5 moon phase
395089732	first quarter moon	day 8-9 moon phase
395089733	waxing gibbous moon	day 12-13 moon phase
395089734	full moon	day 15-16 moon phase
395089735	waning gibbous moon	day 19-20 moon phase
395089736	3rd quarter moon	day 23-24 moon phase
395089737	waning crescent moon	day 26-27 moon phase
395089738	where does the moon get its light?	the sun
395089739	neap tide	when the moon & earth are at right angles with the sun
395089740	spring tide	when the sun, moon, and earth are all on one horizonal row
395089741	the moon causes tides because?	of the force of nature called gravity
395089742	if you are on the beach all day how can you tell if it is a neap or spring tide?	if high tides are VERY high and low tides are VERY low, it is a spring tide
395089743	name the major planets	mercury, venus, earth, mars ,jupiter, saturn, uranus,neptune
395089744	how many moons does each planet have?	mercury, 0 / venus, 0 / earth, 1 / mars, 2 / jupiter, 62 / saturn, 60 /uranus, 27 / neptune, 13
395089745	name the inner planets	mercury, venus, earth, mars
395089746	name the outer planets	jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune
395089747	what lies between the inner and outer planets?	the asteroid belt
395089748	what other objects are in our solar system beside planets and the sun?	asteroids, moons, comets
395089749	all objects in our solar system revolve around the	sun
395089750	do all the planets revolve at the same speed?	no
395089751	what does inertia have to do with the planets?	it is what makes the planets stay in their orbits
395089752	which planet revolves the slowest?	neptune
395089753	which planet revolves the fastest?	mercury
395089754	which planet is the largest?	jupiter
395089755	which planet is the smallest?	mercury
395089756	which planets have rings?	jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune
395089757	what are comets made of?	ice and rock
395089758	meteoroids, meters, and meteorites are all the same except for their what?	location
395089759	what is a star?	a large hot ball of gas
395089760	what is a constellation?	a group of stars that form a pattern
395089761	for a parallax shift, you must consider an objects location from what?	2 different locations
395089762	what does one light year equal?	6 trillion miles
395089763	what are the 4 major properties of a star?	brightness, color, temp, size
395089764	a nebula star will turn into a ?	protostar
395089765	a main sequence star will turn into a?	red giant or super giant
395089766	a supernova star will become a ?	neutron star or a black hole
395089767	a red giant star will become a _________ or __________?	white dwarf or a black dwarf
395089768	what COLOR stars are hotter than a yellow or red star?	blue or white star

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French Revolution and Enlightenment Flashcards

October 2012
1-41 ID terms

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482839633	Very influential World as one big machine To discover the natural laws that governed society	Isaac Newton
482839634	Very influential People's behavior shaped by experiences-> Societies could be changed people to follow laws and protect their private property	John Locke
482839635	"Philosopher" in French Name for intellectuals of Enlightenment	Philosophe
482839636	French nobility Studied different types of government Used scientific method to study natural laws	Montesquieu
482839637	According to Montesquieu 1. Republics (for small states) 2. Despotism (for large states) 3. Monarchies (for moderate size states)	Three Basic Forms of Government
482839638	According to Montesquieu 1. Executive (monarch) 2. Legislative (parliament) 3. Judicial (the courts)	Three Branches of Government
482839639	According to Montesquieu 3 branches limits each other's power through checks and balances Provided most security and freedom possible	Separation of Powers
482839640	1700s religious philosophy Based on Newton's view God created universe and let it run by itself	Deism
482839641	Author Criticized Christianity Promoted religious tolerance Strong deist	Voltaire
482839642	Wrote encyclopedia of science, art, and trade Wanted to change general way of thinking Sold to middle class -> spread Enlight.	Diderot
482839643	Founded modern social science of economics Believed in Laissez-Faire Government had 3 roles: protect society from invasion (army), defending citizens from injustice (police), maintain public works and infrastructure	Adam Smith
482839644	Doctrine that says state should leave economy alone and not impose government regulations	Laissez-Faire
482839645	New generation of philosophes People followed laws to protect their private property People were enslaved by government Education should not restrict natural instincts of children Emotions were important to development Hypocrite	Rousseau
482839646	Entire society agrees to be governed by its general will People should not belong to society if they pursue self-interest General Will = best for community	Social Contract
482839647	Founder of European and American movements for women's rights Proved that men > women as wrong as monarch > subjects	Mary Wollstonecraft
482839648	Elegant drawing rooms where Enlightenment ideas were spread Philiopsophes gathered	Salons
482839649	Old aristocratic social and political system that was in place between 1400 and 1700	Old Regime/Ancien Regime
482839650	1: Clergy, 13,000 people, 10% of land, exempt from taxes 2. Nobility, 350,000 people, 25% of land, exempt from taxes 3. Bourgeoisie and peasants (3/4), 40% of land, heavy taxes	Estates
482839651	Aristocratic privileges from Feudalism period Ex. playing a fee to use village facilities	Relics of Feudalism
484136703	Middle Class Belonged to 3rd Estate 8% of population (2 million people) Owned 25% of land Merchants, bankers, industrialists, and professionals	Bourgeoisie
484136704	King during 1700s Extremely luxurious despite national economic problems Ignored people and parliament	King Louis XVI
484136705	Representatives from the estates First 2 estates had 300 delegates each 3rd Estate had 600 delegates First meeting was at Versailles in 1789 3rd Estate was under-represented and wanted new system	Estates General
484136706	Representatives of the 3rd Estate gathered to draft a constitution Went to Versailles a few days later ->locked->moved to tennis court->Tennis Court Oath	National Assembly
484136707	Armory and prison in Paris 7/7/1789: Parisians stormed it, demolishing it, arming themselves with weapons, and releasing prisoners	The Bastille
484136708	Vast panic that spread throughout France in 1789 Citizens feared the government and formed militias	The Great Fear
484136709	National Assembly adopted this Inspired by American Declaration of Independence Proclaimed freedom and equality and access of public office and equality of taxes for all men	Declaration of the Rights of Man
484136710	Wrote Declaration of the Rights of Women Insisted that women should have the same rights as men Ignored by National Assembly	Olympe de Gouges
484136711	This said that bishops and priest were to be elected by the people and paid by the state French government now controlled the Church	Civil Constitution of the Clergy
484136712	Radicals attacked royal palace and Legislative Assembly and took the king captive Forced Legislative Assembly to call a National Convention to decide a new form of government	Paris Commune
484136713	Members of the Paris Commune Means "without fine clothes"	Sans-Coulottes
484186397	Minister of Justice Led Commune Revenge for those who aided the king and resisted the general will Caused thousands of arrest and deaths	Georges Danton
484186398	Continued the radical phase even further New leader of the people God of radical republic	Jean-Paul Marat
484186399	Debate club Network of political groups Girondins and Mountains belonged to this group and decided fate of king Girondins: conservative Mountains: radical	The Jacobins
484186400	Created by National Convention in fear of invasion Group of 12 led by Robespierre Worked on foreign crisis and created Reign of Terror to fix domestic crisis	Committee of Public Safety
484186401	Led Committee of Public Safety One of most important revolutionary leaders Wanted democracy and suffrage	Maximilien Robespierre
484186402	Put in place by CPS to create new order Democratic republic composed of good citizens "Citizen" replaced "mister" and "madame"	Republic of Virtue
484186403	Put in place by CPS to fix domestic crisis Killed 40,000 people Peasants who opposed sans-cullotes were killed	Reign of Terror
484186404	Blad attached to wooden contraption used to kill people humanely Killed 16,000 people	Guillotine
484186405	People volunteer/recruit for army "Total War"-> fighting for "patrie" "botherhood" "love of country"	Levee en Masse
484186406	Group of 5 ruled along with legislature Corrupt Made money off of government mismanagement	Directory
484186407	Sudden overthrow of government in 1799 Led by Napoleon Got rid of Directory Napoleon seized power	Coup d'Etat
484261769	He alone decides what is best for the state POLITICAL: unlimited power, everyone is his subject ECONOMIC: centralize ability to tax, control of economy, mercantilism (colonies support mother country) SOCIAL: dominates upper class, in turn dominating lower class, ceremonies symbolize power CULTURAL: patron or sensor	Absolute Monarchy
484261770	Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Locke, Franklin	Luminaries
484261771	Reason, nature, progress, liberty	Main Ideas of Enlightenment
484261772	Consent of the governed Challenging king's authority French Revolution Life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness	Ultimate impact of Enlightenment ideals
484261773	Marat, Danton, Robespierre	Big 3 Radicals
484261774	Bourgeoise revolution End of feudal privilege End of estate system Constitutional monarchy Declaration of the Rights of Man	Moderate Phase
484261775	King called in troops to Paris Parisians go to Bastille to get weapons Symbolizes independence	Storming of the Bastille
484261776	Hysteria spreads around French countryside Militias formed Peasants revolt and burn tax records Women go to Versailles to revolt King is forced to accept Rights of Man King moves to Paris People steal flour	Great Fear
484261777	Moderates start revolution Radicals continue it	National Convention
484261778	Committee of Public Safety and Reign of Terror Increasing Radicalism Radicalism caused by king wanted to flee, nobility (emigres) flee What to do with king pushes revolution to radical phase People are still hungry Some didn't accept revolution and leaders	Radical Phase
484261779	Austria didn't want revolution in their country City workers bear brunt	War with Austria
484261780	Republican army as Europe allies against Levee en Masse Fighting "total war" for nationality First true national army since Rome	National Mobilization
484261781	Thermidorian Reaction Moderates regain power after excess of terror Directory pushed in both directions White Terror (to end the killing, kill more) Directory lasted 4 years People want order Will settle for monarch Napoleon leads	Conservative Phase
484264080	Death penalty and justice	Beccaria

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Cuprill - AP US History - Chapter 13 American Pageant Flashcards

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550385261	Henry Clay, William H. Crawford, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson	Four main candidates in 1824
550385262	John C. Calhoun	Vice president on two presidential tickets in 1824; changed his position over time to be against the Tariff of Abominations
550385263	William Crawford	Candidate who suffered a paralytic stroke
550385264	Andrew Jackson	Candidate who was not chosen because he was an enemy of Clay
550385265	John Quincy Adams	Victor of the election of 1824
550385266	Henry Clay	Influential Speaker of the House who greatly influenced the decision in the election of 1824; thought of himself as a national figure (he was Speaker of the House and author of the "American System"). Was from Kentucky."Corrupt Bargain" - •When Clay was appointed Secretary of the State, the traditional stepping-stone to the presidency, Jacksonians cried foul play and corruption. Jackson said he, the people's choice, had been swindled out of the presidency by career politicians in Washington D.C.
550385267	John Randolph	Man who insulted Clay because he felt Adams's decision to make him Secretary of State was corrupt
550385268	National Republicans	Political party in the Quincy Adams's presidency that supported Federalist views
550385269	Democratic-Republicans	Political party in the Quincy Adams's presidency that supported the rights of the individual
550385270	Oak	Tree used to symbolize Adams
550385271	Hickory	Tree used to symbolize Jackson
550385272	Rachel Jackson	Andrew Jackson's wife
550385273	West and South	Region(s) where Jackson held the most influence
550385274	North	Region(s) where Adams held the most influence
550385275	Samuel Startwout	Man awarded the position of the collector of customs of New York and stole $1 million from the government
550385276	The South Carolina Exposition	A pamphlet that denounced the high tariff as unconstitutional
550385277	John C. Calhoun	The writer of The South Carolina Exposition
550385278	Robert Y. Hayne	Man who composed a counterproclamation to Jackson's proclamation against nullification
550385279	Force Bill	Bill authorizing President to use army and navy to collect taxes if necessary
550385280	Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians	Group created to assimilate Indians into white society
550385281	Cherokee National Council	Cherokee form of government modeled after republicanism
550385282	Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, Creek	Five "civilized" tribes
550385283	Compromise Tariff of 1833	Tariff proposed to settle the dispute between nullies and Jackson
550385284	Henry Clay	Man who composed the Compromise Tariff of 1830
550385285	Black Hawk	Indian chief who led tribes to resist eviction
550385286	Jefferson Davis	Man who crushed Indian resistance to displacement
550385287	Osceola	Indian who led a guerilla war against white expansion in the Everglades
550385288	Nicholas Biddle	President of the Bank of the United States
550385289	Daniel Webster and Henry Clay	Two men who proposed a renewed bank charter
550385290	Anti-Masonists	Third party in the race between Jackson and Quincy Adams
550385291	Specie Circular	Order that all new land be bought with metallic money
550385292	Martin Van Buren	Jackson's successor
550385293	Austin was to bring three hundred American families into Texas, Immigrants were to be of Roman Catholic faith, Immigrants were to be Mexicanized	Three conditions of colonization in Texas
550385294	Stephen Austin	Man chosen to receive Texas
550385295	Davy Crockett	Famous Texan rifleman
550385296	Jim Bowie	Famous for inventing a knife
550385297	Sam Houston	Ex-governor of Tennessee, led the Texas Rebellion
550385298	Santa Anna	Mexican dictator during the Texas Rebellion
550385299	Colonel W. B. Travis	Leader of Texans at the Alamo
550385300	Goliad	City where four hundred American soldiers were slaughtered
550385301	San Jacinto	City where Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign treaties
550385302	William Henry Harrison	Victor in the election of 1840
550385303	Charles Dickinson	Jackson's opponent in one of his nearly-fatal duels
550385304	Thomas Jesup	Military leader who treacherously capture Osceola
550385305	Lorenzo de Zavala	Spanish leader in the Texan revolution, later became vice-president of Texas
550385306	peninsulares	leaders of Spanish Mexico
550385307	Halt Indian attacks, Americans were stealing Mexican wild horses, Bring in American ingenuity, Mexico abolishes slavery	Reasons for the Texan Revolution
550385308	Cotton	Main crop of Texas
550385309	David Bernette	President of Texas
550385310	Treaty of Valasco	Treaty made at San Jacinto that Santa Anna was forced to sign
550385311	Peggy Eaton	Wife of a cabinet member, caused a scandal that lead to a rift in the cabinet
550385312	John Tyler	William H. Harrison's vice president
550385313	Maysville Road Bill	Bill for internal improvements from federal funds, vetoed by Jackson
550385314	Daniel Webster	Changed his position and surprisingly supported the Tariff of Abominations

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The Few Theories of Human Nature

By: Cifayn

Nov 25, 2012

Life

Comments

Some people emphasizes that the true human behavior emerges from the inclination to indulge in evil. Corruption has always dominantly manifested within humans in greed and deceit. People have to learn to be virtuous. Furthermore, it justifies the reason for the decadence and the crimes within society such as murder, rape, and thievery. Even throughout history, it has been documented that mankind has always been involved in warfare and conflicts.

AP Biology Chapter 12 (The Cell Cycle- written by Campbell) Flashcards

cell division

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463057402	the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells	cell division
463057403	the ordering of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism	genome
463057404	a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size	binary fission
463057405	any of the cells of a plant or animal except the reproductive cells	somatic cell
463057406	threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes	chromosomes
463057407	the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins	chromatin
463057408	identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S(DNA replication) subphase of interphase	sister chromatids
463057409	the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis	centromere
463057410	in animal cells, a cytoplasmic organelle that organizes the mitotic spindle fibers during cell reproductions	centriole
463057411	series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide	cell cycle
463057412	cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes	mitosis
463057413	mitosis and cytokinesis	M phase
463057414	The final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells.	cytokinesis
463057415	cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases	interphase
463057416	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.	S phase
463057417	the first gap phase of interphase where the cells do most of their growing, cells increase in size and make new proteins and organelles	g1 phase
463057418	Period of time during interphase--usually the shortest--during which many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced (p. 245).	G2 phase
463057419	first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus	prophase
463057420	The second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.	prometaphase
463057421	the stage in mitosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle	metaphase
463057422	the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles	anaphase
463057423	the final stage of mitosis before cytokinesis in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes	telophase
463057424	An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.	mitotic spindle
463057425	Structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center. A centrosome has two centrioles.	centrosome
463057426	Connects the centrosome with the kinetochore in the centromere region of the chromosome	kinetochore microtubules
463057427	a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis surrounding centromere where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape	kinetochore
463057428	Produces elongation of the cell as they slide past each other away from the middle of the cell (anaphase)	nonkinetochore microtubules
463057429	A large contractile protein forming the side-arms of microtubule doublets	dynein
463057430	microtubules and fibers that radiate out from the centrioles	asters
463057431	An imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles	metaphase plate
463057432	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	cleavage furrow
463057433	A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.	cell plate
463057434	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.	Density dependent inhibition
463057435	regulatory proteins that ensure that the events of cell division occur in the proper sequence and at the correct rate	growth factors
463057436	The point in the G1 stage where the cell is committed to continue through the rest of the cell cycle and divide. (Some never reach this point, entering a nondividing phase G0)	restriction point
463057437	Generic term for an enzyme that phosphorylates proteins.	kinase
463057438	A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.	cyclin
463057439	Cyclin-dependent kinases. A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin. Activity rises and falls depending on the concentration of the cyclin partner.	Cdk
463057440	A cyclin-Cdk complex that causes the cell to move from interphase into mitosis	MPF
463057441	any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division	cancer
463057442	process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell	transformation
463057443	The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically	cleavage

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Pre-AP Biology Mid-term vocabulary review set Flashcards

Flash cards to review all of the many vocabulary terms introduced to Pre-AP Biology high school students during the first semester. Topics range from the Scientific Method through Protein synthesis

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283129277	HYPOTHESIS	a possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question.
283129278	CONTROL	in an experiment, the standard against which results are compared
283129279	INDEPENDENT VARIABLE	In an experiment, the variable that the experimenter plans to change
283129280	DEPENDENT VARIABLE	the variable in a controlled experiment that is expected to change due to the manipulation of the independent variable
283129281	CONCLUSION	a summary of what you have learned from an experiment
283129282	RESEARCH JOURNAL	the best type of reference to look for prior scientific information when researching a scientific question, hypothesis or goal
283129283	INFERENCE	a tentative conclusion reached on the basis of incomplete evidence and reasoning.
283129284	HOMEOSTASIS	the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
283129285	SPONTANEOUS GENERATION	an early and now disproved theory that living organisms can routinely come to life from nonliving material
283129286	FRANCESCO REDI	Name of this scientist who in the 1600's, disproved spontaneous generation by showing that maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat.
283129287	ARISTOTLE	He believed that the universe was made of air, water, fire, earth and quintessence. First man to try to classify life into taxonomic groups.
283129288	ABIOGENESIS	A scientific term describing the theory that life can originate from nonliving matter; spontaneous generation
283129289	Anton van Leeuwenhoek	He crafted the simple microscope in the 1600's. First person to see living cells through a microscope.
283129290	JOHN NEEDHAM	Scientist in 1700's who boiled nutrient broth in wax stoppered flasks. He found microbes grew even in boiled broth, thereby proving that microbes could spontaneously develop from non-life
283129291	Lazzaro Spallanzani	He repeated Needham's broth flask experiment in 1700's with better stoppers. He proved that properly sealed and sterilized nutrient broth will NOT give rise to new life. Disproved Spontaneous Generation.
283129292	LOUIS PASTEUR	French Biologist who designed special S-curved neck flasks. His experiments in 1864 with sterilized nutrient broths in his flasks proved once and for all that microbes and life do not spontaneously develop
283129293	INTELLIGENT DESIGN	the idea that life is too complex to have developed without the hand of a supernatural being or God
283129294	PANSPERMIA ABIOGENESIS	The theory that the first life on Earth came from outer space long ago
283129295	CHON	the initials of the 4 most abundant elements found in all living things (the first letter of each word)
283129296	PROTONS	positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom
283129297	NEUTRONS	subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom that have no electrical charge
283129298	ELECTRONS	Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom
283129299	ATOMIC NUMBER	the number of protons in the nucleus of any atom
283129300	ATOMIC MASS	total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of any atom
283129301	CARBON	The most important element in living cells, capable of forming lots of chemical bonds with other elements - the basis of the science of "Organic Chemistry"
283129302	6	The atomic number of the element Carbon
283129303	8	The atomic number of the element Oxygen
283129304	ISOTOPE	atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
283129305	ORBITAL SHELL	The rings of electrons that orbit the nucleus of an atom at specific distances from the protons
283129306	VALENCE SHELL	the outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom
283129307	PERIODIC TABLE	A big chart listing all of the atoms found in nature, plus atoms that humans have created
283129308	2, 8, 18	The number of electrons that can fit into the first three valance shells
283129309	Ion	an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge
283129310	IONIC BOND	chemical/electrical bond that occurs when an atom loses one or more electrons to another atom, thereby creating ions of opposite charges
283129311	NaCl	The chemical formula for table salt
283160975	COVALENT BOND	A chemical bond formed when two or more atoms share electrons in their outer valence shells
283160976	MOLECULE	two or more atoms of any type, bonded together
283160977	COMPOUND	a molecule made up of two or more different atomic elements joined by chemical bonds
283160978	ELEMENT	a pure substance made of only one kind of atom
283160979	4	the number of chemical bonds one atom of Carbon can make with other elements
283160980	HYDROCARBON	an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
283160981	MACROMOLECULE	large molecule formed by joining smaller organic molecules together
283160982	ORGANIC CHEMISTRY	the study of the chemistry of carbon
283160983	CARBOHYDRATES	compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for most living cells
283160984	LIPIDS	organic compounds that include fats, oils and waxes; used in living cells and organisms for energy, insulation and cell structure
283160985	PROTEINS	Molecules made by connecting amino acids via peptide bonds. They function as enzymes, carry out most chemical reactions in cells, and contribute to repair, reproduction and structure of tissues
283160986	AMINO ACIDS	The basic building blocks of proteins; joined together by peptide bonds
283160987	GLUCOSE	A simple sugar manufactured during photosynthesis. Main source of energy for plants and animals, Metabolized during cellular respiration
283160988	MONOSACCHARIDE	Scientific name for simple carbohydrate sugars containing only one sugar molecule
283160989	DISACCHARIDE	Scientific name for simple carbohydrate sugars containing two sugar molecules bonded together (ex: sucrose)
283160990	POLYSACCHARIDE	Scientific name for complex carbohydrate sugars containing many sugar molecules bonded together (ex: starch or cellulose)
283160991	CELLULOSE	A polysaccharide carbohydrate made of many glucose units bonded together, that provides structural support for plants.
283160992	STARCH	A polysaccharide made up of chains of glucose molecules; food storage molecules for animal and plants. Glycogen is the name given to this substance when made by animals
283160993	TRIGLYCERIDE	The basic building block of lipids; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol
283160994	ENERGY, INSULATION, CELL COMPONENTS	The three functions of lipids in living cells
283160995	20	The number of amino acids found in nature
283160996	ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS	amino acids that are needed but cannot be made by the body; they must be eaten in foods
283160997	PEPTIDE BOND	A strong bond that links amino acids together in a protein
283160998	DENATURATION	A change in the shape of a protein that destroys its function; caused by excessive temperatures, pH and strong chemicals
283160999	DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID	The formal chemical name for DNA
283161000	RIBONUCLEIC ACID	The formal chemical name for RNA
283161001	NUCLEOTIDE	The basic building block of DNA, RNA and all Nucleic Acids
283161002	DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR, PHOSPHATE GROUP, NITROGEN BASE	The three organic components of the nucleotides that make up the DNA molecule
283161003	RIBOSE SUGAR, PHOSPHATE GROUP, NITROGEN BASE	The three organic components of the nucleotides that make up the RNA molecule
283161004	ADENINE	One of the five nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA, beginning with the letter "A"
283161005	THYMINE	One of the four nucleotides that make up DNA. Not present in RNA
283161006	GUANINE	One of the five nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA beginning with the letter, "G"
283161007	CYTOSINE	One of the five nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA beginning with the letter, "C"
283161008	URACIL	One of the four nucleotides that make up RNA. Not present in DNA
283220686	ENZYME	specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions
283220687	CATALYST	a substance that speeds up chemical reactions without itself being affected
283220688	ACTIVATION ENERGY	the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction in living cells
283220689	ACTIVE SITE	the specific chemical location where a substrate binds to an enzyme
283220690	SUBSTRATE	the substance(s) acted upon by an enzyme
283220691	PRODUCT	The substance(s) that are produced when an enzyme chemically acts upon one or more substrates.
283220692	LOCK AND KEY	Model of enzyme activity that explains how a particular enzyme will only accept one particular type of substrate.
283220693	INDUCED FIT	The slight change in shape that occurs to an enzyme when its active site is occupied; helps the reaction to proceed
283220694	H2O	The chemical formula for water
283220695	POLAR	describes a molecule or compound in which the substance has a slightly positively charged end and a slightly negatively charged end. Water is the most common example of this type of molecule.
283220696	0, 100	The freezing and boiling points of water in Celsius degrees
283220697	HYDROGEN BONDS	Weak chemical bonds formed between molecules that have a slight positive charged end and a slight negative charged end
283220698	SURFACE TENSION	The attraction of water molecules at the surface of liquid water that causes them to stick together, caused by polarity and hydrogen bonds
283220699	CAPILLARY ACTION	A process whereby the cohesion of water molecules for each other results in liquid water moving upward through the stems of plants to replace water lost from leaves by evaporation
283220700	COHESION	The tendency of polar molecules (such as water) to stick to each other and form droplets
283220701	ADHESION	The tendency of electrically charged molecules such as water or other polar molecules to stick to surfaces
283220702	DISSOLUTION	The separation and disintegration of a Solute into a liquid solvent
283220703	SOLUTION	mixture of two or more substances that have dissolved so that the molecules are evenly distributed
283220704	DIFFUSION	the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
283220705	UNIVERSAL SOLVENT	Water can dissolve so many solutes that it is called this.
283220706	OSMOSIS	The movement of water into or out of a cell through the cell membrane, due to differences in concentration of solutes between the inside and outside of the cell
283220707	ISOTONIC	a solution that has equal amounts of solute (substances) in it when compared to its surroundings. Cells in this condition will neither gain nor lose water through osmosis.
283220708	HYPERTONIC	a solution that has more solute (substances) in it than its surroundings. Cells in this condition will gain water and swell through osmosis
283220709	HYPOTONIC	a solution that has less solute (substances) in it than its surroundings. Cells in this condition will lose water and shrink through osmosis.
283220710	TRANSPIRATION	The evaporation of water from plant leaves into the air
283220711	CELL THEORY	The 3-part idea that (1) all living things are composed of cells, (2) cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and (3) new cells are produced from existing cells
283220712	ROBERT HOOKE	First scientist to discover that life is made of "cells". He studied cork under the microscope; named the little compartments that he saw as "cells"
283220713	UNICELLULAR	Organisms made of only one single cell
283220714	MULTICELLULAR	Organisms made of many individual cells, sometimes of different types
283220715	DIFFERENTIATION	Process in which cells undergo internal changes to become specialized in structure and function.
283220716	STEM CELL	unspecialized parent cell that can change and differentiate to become many different types of cells
283220717	Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ systems, Organism	The 8 categories from simplest to most complex in living beings (separated by commas)
283220718	PROKARYOTE	A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Bacteria are the primary example.
283220719	EUKARYOTE	A unicellular or multicellular organism whose cells have a nucleus and many membrane bound organelles. Examples include animals, plants, protists and fungi
283262518	PRIMITIVE PROKARYOTE BACTERIA	The first life form on Earth, based upon the latest scientific evidence
283262519	PLANT, ANIMAL, PROTIST, FUNGI	The four kingdoms of eukaryote organisms on Earth
283262520	ORGANELLES	Specialized structures inside cells that carry out specific functions
283262521	CELL MEMBRANE	The outer barrier of a cell made of phospholipid molecules and proteins; it is semi-permeable and regulates what enters and leaves the cell
283262522	PROTEIN CHANNELS	Molecules embedded in cell membranes that open or close to allow passage of substances into or out of the cell
283262523	ACTIVE TRANSPORT	The movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy (usually ATP)
283262524	PASSIVE TRANSPORT	The movement of materials through a cell membrane without the need to use energy
283262525	CELL WALL	A rigid protective structure that surrounds the cell membranes of plants and most bacteria. Made of Cellulose in plants. Provides support for the plant as well as protection
283262526	CYTOPLASM	The liquid jelly-like fluid inside a cell, plus all of the organelles floating in it
283262527	CYTOSOL	The liquid jelly-like fluid inside a cell; provides a place for cell chemistry to occur
283262528	NUCLEUS	The organelle in a cell that houses the DNA and RNA that controls the design and characteristics of the organism
283262529	NUCLEOLUS	An organelle inside the nucleus where ribosomes are manufactured
283262530	NUCLEAR PORES	The openings in the nuclear envelope made of proteins which regulate what substances can enter or leave the nucleus
283262531	CHROMATIN	The thin form of DNA that is formed inside the cell by proteins that wrap DNA around histone balls to keep the DNA from tangling. DNA remains in this state until cell division. It is this material that is copied/replicated during the S phase of the cell cycle, just prior to cell division.
283262532	CHROMOSOME	The thick form of DNA that results when chromatin is coiled and condensed into these dense structures during the beginning of prophase in Mitosis. Visible under a microscope.
283262533	ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM	An organelle partially surrounding the nucleus consisting of folded layers of membranes with ribosomes embedded in its walls; Involved in the production of proteins
283262534	SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM	An organelle consisting of folded layers of membranes that have no ribosomes associated with it; Involved in the production of cell components, regulation of calcium and destruction of toxic substances in the cell. In communication with the rough ER.
283262535	CYTOSKELETON	a network of microtubule fibers within the cytoplasm that holds the cell together, maintains cell shape and helps move organelles around inside the cytoplasm
283262536	CENTRIOLES	two tiny tubular barrel-like structures located in the cytoplasm that separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus to assist in cell division.
283262537	MITOCHONDRIA	Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production during aerobic cell respiration
283262538	RIBOSOMES	Tiny organelles made of protein and rRNA that populate the cell cytoplasm and are the site of protein synthesis in the cell. Some cells may contain thousands of them
283262539	GOLGI BODY	Organelle in the cell where proteins are folded, then packaged for transport to other parts of the cell or for passage out of the cell through the cell membrane
283262540	LYSOSOMES	small, round organelles containing digestive enzymes and chemicals used to break down certain materials and wastes in the cell
283262541	CILIA	Tiny organelles on the outside of some cells shaped like "hairs", that move and help the cell to move or to obtain food. Many protists have them. In humans, cells in our lungs and in the female fallopian tubes possess them.
283262542	FLAGELLA	Tiny organelles shaped like whip-like tails found in one-celled organisms that aid the cell in movement. In humans, male sperm contains them.
283262543	VACUOLE	cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. Can be quite large in plant cells. Small or absent in animal cells.
283262544	CHLOROPLAST	The complex organelle in plant cells that contains chlorophyll, and is the site of Photosynthesis. A plant cell can contain dozens of them.
283262545	CHLOROPHYLL	The organic chemical in plants that absorbs sunlight and initiates the process of photosynthesis
283262546	PHOTOSYNTHESIS	Process by which plant cells use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugar
283262547	LIGHT REACTIONS	Phase of photosynthesis where light energy is captured and converted into compounds that will be used later to produce sugars; results in the splitting of water and release of oxygen
283262548	SUNLIGHT, WATER, CO2	The three substances plants use in the process of photosynthesis
283262549	SUGAR, OXYGEN	The two substances produced by plants in the process of Photosynthesis
283262550	DARK REACTIONS	Phase of photosynthesis where CO2 is absorbed by the plant and assembled into a larger molecule of sugar. Does not require light. Also called the CALVIN CYCLE.
283262551	ADP and NADP+	Molecules used in both Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration as "electron carriers"; both molecules participate in many reactions and are converted to ATP and NADPH
283262552	ATP	Adenosine Triphosphate - the key organic molecule made during photosynthesis and cell respiration that serves as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups
283262553	ADP	(Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy. It is the raw material that is converted to ATP during cell respiration and photosynthesis.
283262554	Adenine, Ribose, Three Phosphate Groups	The three specific components in the chemical structure of ATP
283262555	GLYCOLYSIS	first step in cellular respiration, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvate and 2 ATP molecules are produced
283262556	KREBS/CITRIC ACID CYCLE	Second stage in aerobic cell respiration whereby pyruvate molecules are further broken down into CO2, plus two additional ATP molecules plus additional substances that will be used in the last phase of respiration
283262557	ELECTRON TRANSPORT	The last stage of aerobic cell respiration whereby oxygen is used by the cell along with "carrier" molecules from earlier stages in respiration, to produce 32 ATP molecules, plus water
283262558	36	The total number of ATP high energy molecules produced by aerobic cell respiration
283262559	SUGAR, OXYGEN	The two raw materials used by cells in aerobic respiration
283262560	CO2, WATER, 36 ATP	The three products that result in cells from aerobic respiration
283262561	ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION	Form of cellular respiration in which cells get the energy they need through the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen. Will produce lactic acid or alcohol as end-products
283262562	LACTIC ACID	A main waste product produced by animal cells during anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen. It causes burning pain in muscles.
283269443	GENE	A portion of a DNA molecule that codes for the manufacture of proteins, or other cell traits
283269444	JUNK DNA	That portion of the DNA genome in all living cells that does not appear to code for anything; inactive. Accumulates in cell DNA through inheritance from distant ancestors and through mutations
283269445	PROMOTERS, SUPPRESSORS	Specific sections of DNA that appear to control the activity of other DNA genes; they can turn on genes or turn them off
283269446	TRANSCRIPTION	The process whereby whole or partial sections of DNA are copied and fabricated into mRNA inside the nucleus
283269447	DNA REPLICATION	The process by which an entire strand of DNA is copied and duplicated, just prior to the beginning of cell division (Mitosis or Meiosis)
283269448	mRNA (Messenger RNA)	The complimentary strand of RNA that is produced inside the nucleus when a section of a DNA gene is copied and transcribed. It will pass out of the nucleus through a nuclear pore and be used by ribosomes as a template to make proteins
283269449	tRNA (Transfer RNA)	The form of RNA floating freely in the cytosol that has amino acids attached to it. Will be grabbed and used by ribosomes during protein synthesis to make proteins
283269450	CODON	A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of mRNA that provides a ribosome with genetic code information for a particular amino acid
283269451	ANTICODON	A sequence of three bases of a tRNA molecule that pairs with the complementary three-nucleotide codon of an mRNA molecule during protein synthesis.
283269452	START CODON	A specific codon (AUG) that signals to ribosomes to begin the assembly of a protein
283269453	STOP CODON	A specific codon that signals to ribosomes to end the assembly of a protein. There are three different ones.
283269617	BIOLOGY	The science of the study of life
283276246	GENOME	The complete set of DNA instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes.
283276247	HUMAN GENOME PROJECT	completed worldwide scientific effort to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human DNA genome
284238851	TRANSLATION	The process by which mRNA enters the ribosome and is used as a template for tRNA to form a chain of amino acids. This produces a protein.
286758073	Helicase	The enzyme used by cells to uncoil the DNA double Helix into two separate strands inside the nucleus prior to DNA replication
286758074	DNA Polymerase	The enzyme used by cells in the nucleus to copy one side of an unwound DNA strand and assemble a complimentary matching DNA strand
291361510	RNA Polymerase	The enzyme in the nucleus that unwinds the DNA double helix to expose a gene section, and makes a complimentary copy of mRNA from that gene
436327205	Alcohol	An end-product of anaerobic fermentation, produced particularly by yeast cells in the absence of oxygen
436369373	2, 8, 18, 32	How many electrons each of the first four shells in atoms can hold?
436369374	Glycogen	A form of starch polysaccharide made by animal cells, particularly in the liver of mammals. Quickly breaks up into individual glucose units when needed for energy.
436384930	CALVIN CYCLE	Phase of photosynthesis where CO2 is absorbed by the plant and assembled into a larger molecule of sugar. Does not require light. Also called the "Dark Reactions"
436390257	Temperature, pH, concentration	The three physical characteristics that affect the speed at which an enzyme functions
436390258	Denaturation	a structural change in a protein/enzyme that results in a loss of its biological properties