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AP U.S. History Terms - Antebellum Period Flashcards

Goes in order of: Presidents, Political Parties, Expansion & Compromise, Inciters & Agitators, and Art/Literature/Religion/Reform. Edit and add to this if you think I missed something, which I probably did. Let's destroy "The Vortex"!

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262346867	Martin Van Buren	Democrat (1837-1841) Independent Treasury System (Divorce Bill), Economic Panic of 1837.
262346868	William Henry Harrison	Whig (1841) Died a month into his presidency. A Major General that fought in the Battle of Tippecanoe.
262346869	John Tyler	Dem./Whig (1841-1845) Took over after Harrison's death. Opposed nationalism and state's rights, disliked by both parties leading to demise.
262346870	James K. Polk	Dem. (1845-1849) "Young Hickory" pressed to annex Texas. Rise of Manifest Destiny, Mexican War. Gained CA.
262346871	Zachary Taylor	Whig (1849-1850) Gen. in Mexican War, neutral to slavery issue, dies of cholera in 1850 making Fillmore president.
262346872	Millard Fillmore	Whig (1850-1853) Signed Comp. of 1850.
262346873	Franklin Pierce	Dem. (1853-1857) Election marked end of Whig party, presidency filled with depression and alcohol, Gadsden Purchase.
262346874	James Buchanan	Dem. (1857-1861) Fear of disunion led to Buchanan's election, Panic of 1857, did nothing after SC's secession, soon followed by 6 more states.
262346875	Abraham Lincoln	Repub. (1861-1865) Firest Repub. elected, didn't win pop. vote, only wanted to limit slavery to states where it already existed.
262346876	Liberty Party	All about emancipation, broke away from AASS, believed Constitution was an anti-slavery document.
262346877	Free-Soil Party	Coalition of Whis, Dems., and Liberty party in North. Believed new states should enter as free states. Supports WIlmot Proviso.
262346878	Know-Nothing (American) Party	(1854-1856) Created by nativists who feared being overrun by Irish & German immigrants, Protestant males with Brit. lineage that were over 21.
262346879	Republican Party	Platform: Nonextension of slavery, protective tariff, rights for immigrants, Pacific railroad, West improvements, free homesteads.
262346880	Democratic Party	Supported Jeffersonian principals, split over 1860 election candidates.
262346881	Whig Party	Created by Henry clay to oppose Jackson, faded out over slavery issue.
262346882	Compromise of 1850	CA admitted as free state, slave trade abolished in D.C., pop. sovereignty in Mexican Cession, Stricter Fugitive Slave Law, Texas got $10 mil for surrender of NM.
262346883	Louisiana Purchase	Doubled size of U.S., ignited westward expansion.
262346884	Mason Dixon Line	Solution to border dispute dealing with PA, MD, DE, and WV. Symbolizes cultural line between North and South.
262346885	Rush-Bagot Agreement	(1817) Treaty between U.S. and Britain that took British military forces off of Great lakes and defined U.S. border with British North America.
262346886	Treaty of 1818	Settled boundary arguments between Britain and U.S. and allowed joint settlement of the Oregon Country.
262346887	Adams-Onis Treaty	Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory.
262346888	Tallmadge Amendment	This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.
262346889	Missouri Compromise	an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories. 36-30 Parallel divided slave and free states.
262346890	Tariff Compromise	A tax on imports. Northerners wanted taxes on both and Southerners wanted taxes on neither. The compromise was that Congress would have the authority to impose taxes on imports, but not exports.
262346891	Texas	area for which the US paid $10 million, it strengthened the South's bid for a transcontinental railroad.
262346892	Webster Ashburton Treaty	1842 between the US and Britain, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition.
262346893	Slidell Mission	This was a last ditch attempt to gain California for America. Polk sent Slidell to offer a maximum of $25 million for it, but it was rejected by the Mexicans. This prompted Polk to provoke war with the Mexicans.
262346894	Wilmot Proviso	Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. It became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S.
262346895	"Spot Resolutions"	Proposed by Abraham Lincoln in the spring of 1846. After news from president James K. Polk that 16 American service men had been killed or wounded on the Mexican border in American territory, Abraham Lincoln, then a congressman from Illinois, proposed these resolutions to find out exactly on what spot the American soldier's blood had been shed. In Polk's report to congress the President stated that the American soldiers fell on American soil, but they actually fell on disputed territory that Mexico had historical claims to. To find out were the soldiers fell was important because congress was near to declaring war on Mexico.
262346896	Treaty of 1846	Treaty between the United States and Great Britain that set the boundary of the Oregon Territory.
262346897	Mexican Cession	historical name for the region of the present day southwestern United States that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War. this massive land grab was significant because the question of extending slavery into newly acquired territories had become the leading national political issue.
262346898	Gold Rush	a movement of many people to a region in which gold has been discovered. The Gold Rush in California started in 1848. Around 34,000 people moved to San Francisco. Many different ethnic groups including Asians, moved to California.
262346899	Fugitive Slave Act	Made stronger by the Compromise of 1850, most important frictional issue between North and South.
262346900	Washington D.C.	Slave trade in D.C. was still going on until the North had it abolished in the Compromise of 1850.
262346901	Personal Liberty Laws	A form of denying the Fugitive Slave Law, denied local jails to feds. Passed by many states in the North. Prigg v. Pennsylvania
262346902	Henry Clay	Distinguished senator from Kentucky. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points.
262346903	Gadsden Purchase	The 1853 treaty in which the United States bought from Mexico parts of what is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. Southerners wanted this land in order to build southern transcontinental railroad. The heated debate over this issue in the Senate demonstrates the prevalence of sectional disagreement.
262346904	Stephen A. Douglas	A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty. Known for the Free Port Doctrine in his debates with Lincoln.
262346905	Ostend Manifesto	A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.
262346906	Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.
262346907	Popular Sovereignty	The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government.
262346908	Lecompton	This constitution for statehood, approved by Kansas in the first constitutional election and the one Buchanan felt valid, was approved by the senate but the forced another revote, which fairly condemned this constitution ending the controversy with Kansas in the hands of the free-soilers. Later burned to the ground.
262346909	Topeka	Presented an anti-slavery admission for statehood into the Senate.
262346910	Lawrence	May 1856 a pro-slavery mob entered the free state town of Lawrence, Kansas and destroyed newspaper presses, set fire to the free-state governor's home, stole property and demolished the free state hotel, it aroused the fanatic Free Soiler John Brown.
262346911	John Brown	A Radical abolitionist known for Bleeding Kansas, and his raid on Harper's Ferry.
262346912	Lincoln-Douglas Debates	During the race to become Senator Lincoln asked to have multiple debates with Douglas. Certain topics of these debates were slavery, how to deal with slavery, and where slavery should be allowed. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he was known throughout the country because of the debates. Also resulted in Douglas's Free Port Doctrine that showed Lincoln and Douglas were quite similar.
262346913	Election of 1860	Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.
262346914	Nat Turner	Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God his rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery.
262346915	David Walker	He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.
262346916	Gag Rule	1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress.
262346917	Amistad Case	Africans destined for slavery in Cuba seized a ship and tried to sail it to Africa but the U.S. navy seized it and held the Africans as pirates; court declared them free because of the international slave trade had been illegal.
262346918	Preston S. Brooks	Butler's nephew; read Sumner's speech and then went to find Sumner; struck Sumner in the head with a cane repeatedly and left Sumner brain damaged- Southerners were proud of him and North said it was against free speech.
262346919	Dred Scott	A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that he was private property no matter where he was.
262346920	Gabriel Prosser	A literate enslaved blacksmith who planned to lead a large slave rebellion in the summer of 1800. However, information regarding the revolt was leaked prior to its execution, thus Gabriel's plans were foiled. Gabriel and twenty-five other members of the revolt were hanged. In reaction, the Virginia and other legislatures passed restrictions on free blacks, as well as the education, movement and hiring out of the enslaved.
262346921	Toussaint L'Overture	Leader of the Haitian Revolution. His military genius and political acumen led to the establishment of the independent black state of Haiti, transforming an entire society of slaves into a free, self-governing people. The success of the Haitian Revolution shook the institution of slavery throughout the New World.
262346922	Denmark Vessey	African slave brought to the United States from the Caribbean. After purchasing his freedom, he planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States. Word of the plans were leaked, and authorities arrested the plot's leaders before the uprising could begin. Vessey and others were tried, convicted and executed. Many antislavery activists came to regard Vessey as a hero.
262346923	John C. Calhoun	Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.
262346924	Daniel Webster	Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850 and subsequently lost favor from his constituency
262346925	Millennialism	Much of religious enthusiasm of the time was based on the widespread belief that the world was about to end with the second coming of Christ; preacher William Miller gained tens of thousands of followers by predicting a specific date when the second coming would occur.
262346926	Deism	The religion of the Enlightenment. Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws.
262346927	Unitarian Church	Religion characterized by support for a "free and responsible search for truth and meaning". No creed, but are unified by their shared search for spiritual growth and by the belief that an individual's theology is a result of that search and not obedience to an authoritative requirement.
262346928	Universalism	Ethical system stating that all people should uphold certain values that society needs to function.
262346929	Joseph Smith	Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr. Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
262346930	Nathaniel Hawthorne	Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".
262346931	Harriet Beecher Stowe	Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery.
262346932	William Lloyd Garrison	1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
262346933	Theodore Dwight Weld	a prominent abolitionist in the 1830's. He was self-educated and very outspoken. Weld put together a group called the "Land Rebels." He and his group traveled across the Old Northwest preaching antislavery gospel. Weld also put together a propaganda pamphlet called American Slavery As It Is.
262346934	7th Day Adventist	A Protestant Christian denomination distinguished by its observance of Saturday, the original seventh day of the Judeo-Christian week, as the Sabbath, and by its emphasis on the imminent second coming (Advent) of Jesus Christ. The denomination grew out of the Millerite movement in the United States during the middle part of the 19th century and was formally established in 1863.
262346935	Mother Ann Lee (Stanley)	the founder of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, or Shakers. During the 1770s she emigrated from England to the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, Albany County, New York to avoid persecution. She and others worshiped by ecstatic dancing or "shaking", which dubbed them as the Shaking Quakers
262346936	Susan B. Anthony	social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association.
262346937	Lucretia Mott	Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.
262346938	Lyman Beecher	Presbyterian clergyman, temperance movement leader and a leader of the Second Great Awakening of the United States.
262346939	Lyceum Movement	Developed in the 1800's in response to growing interest in higher education. Associations were formed in nearly every state to give lectures, concerts, debates, scientific demonstrations, and entertainment. This movement was directly responsible for the increase in the number of institutions of higher learning.
262346940	American & Foreign Anti-Slavery Society	organization founded in 1840 and led by Tappan brothers that opposed the radical ideas of William Lloyd Garrison, especially his attacks on the churches and the Constitution; it followed a more moderate approach and supported the political activities of the Liberty Party.
262346941	Free Public Libraries	Factors such as a push for education and desire to share knowledge led to broad public support for free libraries. In addition, money donations by private philanthropists provided the seed capital to get many libraries started. In some instances, collectors donated vast book collections.
262346942	Sojourner Truth	United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)
262346943	American Society for the Promotion of Temperance	First national temperance organization founded in 1826, which sent agents to preach total abstinence from alcohol; the society pressed individuals to sign pledges of sobriety and states to prohibit the use of alcohol.
262346944	Second Great Awakening	A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
262346945	Baptists	Dissenters of the Church of England; focused on the power of local churches; stresses following in example; each person interprets the Bible the way the Holy Spirit tells them how; emphasis on New Testament; no Church creeds. It was very simple and appealed to rural people
262346946	Mormon Church	(1830) - religious denomination Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints based on the Book of Mormon started by Joseph Smith in Ohio. Taken over by Brigham Young in 1844 and moved to Utah where they started a prosperous community. Had problems with the federal govt.
262346947	Burnt Over District	Term coined by Charles Grandison Finney; inspired by the notion that the western NY area had been so heavily evangelized during the Second Great Awakening that there was no more "fuel" (unconverted population) left over to "burn" (convert).
262346948	Charles Grandison Finney	An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.
262346949	Brigham Young	The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state.
262346950	Emily Dickinson	Wrote poetry with simple words of love, life, nature and death sometimes with deep meanings written during her social and her reclusive years.
262346951	Herman Melville	American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels.
262346952	David Walker	He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.
262346953	Brook Farm	A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.
262346954	Shakers	A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist.
262346955	Seneca Falls	The site of the women's rights convention that met in July in 1848. They met in the Wesleyan Chapel, and 300 men and women attended. At the convention, they voted on the Seneca Falls Declaration, which was signed by 32 men.
262346956	Catharine Beecher	Was a noted educator, renowned for her forthright opinions on women's education as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of a kindergarten into children's education.
262346957	Temperance	Restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food.
262346958	The Grimke Sisters	Angelina and Sarah Grimke wrote and lectured vigorously on reform causes such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and the abolitionist movement.
262346959	Hudson River School	Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River.
262346960	Enlightenment	a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
262346961	Oberlin College	Founded by pious New Englanders in Ohio's Western Reserve, from the start Oberlin radiated a spirit of reform predicated on faith; it was the first college in America to admit either women or blacks, and it was a hotbed of antislavery doctrine.
262346962	Transcendentalist	any of a group of New England writers who stressed the relationship between human beings and nature, spiritual things over material thins, and the importance of the individual con-science.
262346963	Ralph Waldo Emerson	American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.
262346964	Henry David Thoreau	American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support the Mexican War.
262346965	Margaret Fuller	Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".
262346966	James Fenimore Cooper	American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans (1826).
262346967	Walt Whitman	American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.
262346968	Edgar Allen Poe	(1809-1849). Orphaned at young age. Was an American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. Failing at suicide, began drinking.
262346969	Fourierism	A utopian socialist movement started by Charles Fourier. He wanted to counter the current industrial system to replace boredom of factory life. He advocated different forms of work each day as well as relatively free sexual activity.
262346970	Oneida	Was a perfect untopian communtiy established in 1848 in New York by John Humphrey Noyes. The people in this community rejected notation of family and marrige. All residents were "married" to all other residents.
262346971	Female Moral Reform Society	It was organized by middle-class women in New York in 1834. They wanted to liberate prostitutes from lives of sin. Also they sought to protect the morality of single women. To this end they published lists of men who frequented prostitutes or abused women. This was a direct attack on the double standard of the time. The society was replicated in hundreds of American communities by 1840.
262346972	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."
262346973	Dorothea Dix	A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.
262346974	Neal Dow	Supported and sponsored the legal banning of alcohol in the Maine Law of 1851; other states adopted this law.
262346975	Elijah P. Lovejoy	American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and news paper editor who was murdered by a mob for his abolitionist views.
262346976	Abolitionist Societies	Began to form as abolitionists pushed for an end to slavery.
262346977	Harriet Tubman	United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North.
262346978	Jebediah Smith	American mountain man, hunter and fur trapper who was the first person to travel from New York to California through the Rocky Mountains and the Mohave Desert. He was also the first person to cross the Great Basin Desert via the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Great Salt Lake.
262346979	Henry Highland Garnet	an African American abolitionist and orator. An advocate of militant abolitionism, Garnet was a prominent member of the abolition movement that led against moral suasion toward more political action. He joined the American Anti-Slavery Society and frequently spoke at abolitionist conferences. One of his most famous speeches, "Call to Rebellion," was delivered in 1843 to the National Negro Convention in Buffalo, New York. Disheartened by the hostile treatment of blacks in America, Garnet took a stance unpopular among black activists by supporting African colonization. He spent the last months of his life as minister to Liberia, a country in west Africa colonized by American ex-slaves and black freemen.
262346980	Wendell Phillips	An associate of William Lloyd Garrison, he founded the American Anti-slavery Society in 1833.

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Visual History of the Civil War (Slides A&B) Flashcards

Taken from the History Alive Visual History of the Civil War notes.

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727983591	What political party did Lincoln belong to?	republican
727983592	Southern economy was mainly...	agricultural
727983593	Northern economy was mainly...	industrial (manufacturing)
727983594	Large cities were mainly in the...	northern states
727983595	Large plantations were mainly in the...	southern states
727983596	This man was elected president of the confederacy.	Jefferson Davis
727983597	This issue divided the north and south more than any other.	slavery
727983598	7 states chose to secede from the Union after Lincoln was elected, name them.	Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia
727983599	8 more states were debating the issue of secession after Lincoln was elected, these 4 chose to remain LOYAL to the Union.	Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware
727983600	Of the 8 states debating the issue of secession after Lincoln was elected, these 4 chose to SECEDE from the Union.	North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, Virginia
727983601	What did CSA stand for?	Confederate States of America
727983602	What are four things the North controlled that the South did not?	wealth, factories, farms, rail road
727983603	As the Civil War began and the CSA formed the south was quickly trying to build up power by taking control of what?	federal buildings, forts, and arsenals
727983604	These two forts located in the south remained under federal (Union) control.	Sumter & Pickens
727983605	Because of the population difference which side had the most confidence going in to the war?	The Union
727983606	Because Lincoln chose to resupply Ft. Sumter the Confederate forces chose to do what to the fort?	fire upon it (the first shots of the civil war)
727983607	Why was it important that Maryland remain loyal to the Union?	it bordered Washington D.C.
727983608	Lincoln placed this state under martial law in the early days of the Civil War.	Missouri
727983609	Lincoln suspended the right to Habeus Corpus in this state in the early days of the Civil War.	Maryland
727983610	As the war began the population of the north was how many million?	22
727983611	As the war began the population of the south was how many million?	9
727983612	This General was offered control of the Union army but declined and remained loyal to his home state, now a part of the confederacy.	General Robert E. Lee

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Abolition and Slavery Vocabulary Word List Flashcards

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715496646	Abolition	отмена The movement to make slavery and the slave trade illegal. Begun by Quakers in England in the 1780s.
715496647	Garrison	United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879)
715496648	Harass	to disturb, worry; to trouble by repeated attacks изводить
715496649	Pamphlets	thin book that gives information Брошюры
715496650	Quakers	religious group who settled Pennsylvania - very tolerant and nonviolent
715496651	Safe houses	This is where the slaves hid during the day and they traveled by night
715496652	Amendment	a statement that is added to or revises or improves a proposal or document (a bill or constitution etc.) поправка, дополнение
715496653	Abolitionist	a reformer who favors abolishing slavery
715496654	Denunciation	public condemnation, expression of strong disapproval made openly or publicly порицание, донос
715496655	Bondage	slavery; any state of being bound or held down рабство, плен
715496656	Condemnation	an expression of strong disapproval осуждение
715496657	Freeing	Освобождение, the act of liberating someone or something
715496658	Outrage	the act of scandalizing strike with disgust or revulsion надругаться, оскорбить
715496659	Rebellion	A fight against a government восстание
715496660	Secession	formal separation from an alliance or federation отделение от...
715496661	Tubman	United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)
715496662	Borders	lines around the edge(s) of text, a page, a cell, or a table
715496663	Confederacy	a group of conspirators banded together to achieve some harmful or illegal purpose
715496664	Enact	act out , to make legal or official вводить в действие, принимать
715496665	Fugitives	runaway enslaved people, escapee Беглецы
715496666	Mobs	groups characterized by high levels of emotion that engage in some type of focused action that can be violent or disruptive Монстры, члены шайки, банды
715496667	Prejudice	an opinion or strong feeling formed without careful thought or regard to the facts Предубеждение
715496668	Reconstruction	the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
715496669	Segregation	the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group сегрегация, разделение, изоляция
715496670	Disruptions	change for the worse нарушения
715496671	Struggles	makes a great effort борьба
715496672	Subversion	destroying someone's (or some group's) honesty or loyalty подрывная деятельность
715496673	Proclamation	a formal public statement провозглашение
715496674	Divisiveness	anything that creates conflict раскол
715496675	Suffrage	The right to vote in political elections. избирательное право
715496676	Crusader	a warrior who engages in a holy war крестоносец

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Economic Trends, Slavery and Sectionalism Flashcards

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753670713	What new technologies developed in the 1800's?	The cotton gin, steamboat, reaper, steam engine, locomotive and telegraph. La desmotadora de algodón, barco de vapor, segador, máquina de vapor, la locomotora y el telégrafo.
753670714	Why did people move to the cities in the 1800's?	Development of industry (North). Desarrollo de la industria (del Norte).
753670715	What was the impact of the cotton gin?	Slavery increased and expanded to more states and territories in the West La esclavitud aumentó y se expandió a más estados y territorios en el Oeste
753670716	What are push factors?	They are reasons people want to leave their home country to move to a new country.
753670717	What are pull factors?	They are reasons that attract immigrants to a new country.
753670718	Why did cities grow?	People moved from rural areas to urban areas in search of jobs; immigrants came to the US and natural increases in population.
753670719	As cities expanded, how did they change?	Crime, cramped quarters, disease due to lack of plumbing
753670720	Where did most immigrants come from?	North and Western Europe
753670721	What was labor reform?	Unions, protests, strikes and changes to legislation to improve the conditions of workers. Los sindicatos, las protestas, las huelgas y los cambios en la legislación para mejorar las condiciones de los trabajadores.
753670722	Why was labor reform needed?	Workers had long hours, few breaks, low pay, unsafe conditions and no rights. Children worked in facotries. Los trabajadores tenían largas horas, pocos descansos, los bajos salarios, condiciones inseguras y ningún derecho. Los niños trabajaban en facotries.
753670723	Why was education reform needed?	Children were working in factories and school was not mandatory.
753670724	What was education reform?	Changes to legislation that resulted in mandatory education, teacher training, curriculum development and lending libraries.
753670725	Who was left out of education reform?	African Americans went to segregated schools with few resources if they went to school. Southern states were also behind in education reform.
753670726	What changes were made based on prisoner and hospital reform?	Prisoners were seperated by adults and children, male and female, sane and insane. Hospitals were developed to care for the insane.
753670727	What is temperance?	Restrictions on alcohol use
753670728	What was the second great awakening?	Spiritual revival in America. Prostestant churches grew.
753670729	Who was involved in the Second Great Awakening?	Women and African Americans were invovled.
753670730	What were the goals of the women's movement?	Equal rights, right to vote, changes to divorce law and equal job opportunities.
753670731	What was the name of the resolution passed by the women's movement?	Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
753670732	What were methods of slave resistance?	Careless with owner's property, slow at work, steal their property, revolt, running away
753670733	What methods of slave resistance were most likely?	Non-violent forms (carelessness with owner's property, slow at work, stealing property)
753670734	What were slave codes?	Restrictions on the movements and rights of slaves to ensure they could not rebel. Las restricciones a los movimientos y los derechos de los esclavos para asegurarse de que no podían rebelarse.
753670735	What are abolitionists?	People who worked to end slavery. Las personas que trabajan para poner fin a la esclavitud.
753670736	Who was Frederick Douglass?	An escaped slave who published articles, a biography and gave speeches to end slavery
753670737	Who was William Lloyd Garrison?	An abolitionist and editor who started the newspaper, The Liberator, to end slavery
753670738	Who was Sojourner Truth?	A former slave who gave speeches against slavery
753670739	Who was Harriet Beecher Stowe?	Writer of the book, Uncle Tom's Cabin which spoke about the tragedies of slavery. Lincoln credited Stowe with being the lady who "started this little war" meaning the Civil War because she changed hearts and minds about slavery.
753670740	Who was Harriet Tubman?	Former slave and founder of the Underground Railroad, responsible for freeing 50,000 to 100,000 slaves.
753670741	Who were the Grimke Sisters?	Quaker women and sisters who fought to end slavery through speeches and articles targeted to Southern women to end slavery.
753670742	What was the Underground Railroad?	A marked path to the North or Canada that slaves took to get to freedom. It was neither underground or a railroad. Approximately 50,000 to 100,000 slaves used this route to run away.
753670743	What were common arguments for slavery?	Life was better for slaves than being free in the North. Slaves were happy being slaves.
753670744	What is sectionalism?	loyalty to the interests of one's own region
753670745	What were reasons for the Civil War?	Different cultures, different economies, slavery and state's rights
753670746	What does nullification mean?	To nullify or cancel a law
753670747	What was the Tariff of 1828?	Tariff supported by the North and West to increase tax on imported goods. Economically hurt the South.
753670748	What was the Nullification Crisis?	South Carolina passed an act in their state government to try to nullify a federal law. It was a crisis as a state was trying to be more powerful than the federal government. South Carolina also threatened to secede. President Jackson threatened force and tensions only decreased after a new lower tariff (of 1832) was passed.
753670749	What were state's rights?	The ability of a state to cancel a federal law. The South wanted states to have this right. The North did not.
753670750	Who was John C. Calhoun?	Vice President under Andrew Jackson. He was from South Carolina and supported state's rights and eventually secession after the Nullification Crisis. He quit as vice president due to different views on states rights and the tariff of 1828/nullification.
753670751	What was the Missouri Compromise?	Attempt made by North and South to compromise over which states would be free states (no slavery) and which would be slave states (have slavery). An imaginary line was drawn to try and solve these issues to divide the North and South with the North having free states and the South having slave states.
753670752	What was the Compromise of 1850?	A compromise between North and South. 1) California became a free state. 2) New Mexico and Utah became states and had the right to vote on whether they would be free or slave states (popular sovereignty). These compromises favored the North so the South received support to have the Fugitive Slave Act passed. 3) The slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C. 4) Texas received $10 million for giving land to New Mexico. 5) There were stronger fugitive slave laws. Un compromiso entre el Norte y el Sur. California se convirtió en un estado libre. Nuevo México y Utah se convirtió en estados y tenían derecho a votar sobre si estarían libres o estados (soberanía popular) esclavo. Estos compromisos a favor del Norte para el Sur recibieron apoyo para que la Ley de Esclavos Fugitivos pasó. El comercio de esclavos fue abolido en Washington DC de Texas recibió $ 10 millones para la entrega de tierras a New Mexico. Había leyes de esclavos fugitivos más fuertes.
753670753	What was popular sovereignty? ¿Cuál era la soberanía popular?	The right of a new state to vote to decide on the issue of slavery. El derecho de un Estado a votar para decidir sobre la cuestión de la esclavitud.
753670754	What was the Fugitive Slave Act?	Slave owners could go to court to reclaim runaway slaves, even if those slaves made it to a free state. Harsh penalties were given to Northeners for harboring runaway slaves. Los dueños de esclavos podían acudir a los tribunales para reclamar los esclavos fugitivos, incluso si esos esclavos llegaron a un estado libre. Duras penas se les dio a norteños por albergar esclavos fugitivos.
753670755	What was the Kansas Nebraska Act?	This act repealed the Missouri Compromise (1820) that made all land north of the 36 30 free. It opened up Kansas and Nebraska Territories to Popular Sovereignty. BUT there was violence and this is known as Bleeding Kansas. Esta ley derogó el Compromiso Missouri (1820), que hizo toda la tierra al norte de los 36 libre 30. Abrió Kansas y Nebraska territorios a la Soberanía Popular. Pero no había violencia y esto se conoce como sangrado Kansas.
753670756	What is Bleeding Kansas?	As a result of the Kansas Nebraska Act, people moved and went to vote in Kansas and Nebraska to try to determine the issue of slavery. The fight broke out between those who were against slavery and those who were in favor of slavery, with 200 people killed. Como resultado de la Ley de Nebraska Kansas, la gente se movía y se fueron a votar en Kansas y Nebraska para tratar de determinar la cuestión de la esclavitud. La lucha estalló entre los que estaban contra la esclavitud y los que estaban a favor de la esclavitud, con 200 personas muertas.
753670757	What is the balance of power?	...
753670758	What was the outcome of the Dred Scott Case?	He was a former slave living in a free state. He sued for his freedom. The case goes all the way to the Supreme Court. Justice Taney delivered the decision. The court ruled: -Blacks are not citizens -Residence in a free territory does not make you free -Congress can't ban slavery from any state -The U.S. Constitution does not apply to slaves! Era un antiguo esclavo que viven en un estado libre. Él demandó por su libertad. El caso va todo el camino hasta la Corte Suprema. Taney Justicia dictó la resolución. El tribunal dictaminó: -Los negros no son ciudadanos -Residencia en un territorio libre no te hace libre -El Congreso no puede prohibir la esclavitud de cualquier estado -La Constitución de EE.UU. no se aplica a los esclavos!
753670759	What was the Harper's Ferry Raid?	John Brown, an abolitionist, attempted to capture thousands of weapons at an arsenal in Harper's Ferry. He planned to arm slaves with guns and start a revolt against slavery. He was captured and killed.
753670760	Who won the Election of 1860?	Abraham Lincoln
753670761	What did the Election of 1860 reveal?	That the nation was deeply divided and were voting based on regional interests. The nation was deeply divided over the issue of slavery.
753670762	What did the Election of 1860 lead to?	Secession by Southern states.
753670763	Telegraph	Transmitted messages using electrical impulses. Invented by Samuel Morse. Mensajes transmitidos mediante impulsos eléctricos. Inventado por Samuel Morse.
753670764	What were labor unions?	Groups of workers seeking to improve wages and conditions. Grupos de trabajadores que tratan de mejorar los salarios y condiciones.
753670765	Yeoman	A man who owned a smaller farm. Un hombre que era dueño de una granja pequeña.
753670766	slave codes	Laws that indicated that slaves were property not people. Leyes que indicaban que los esclavos eran propiedad no personas.
753670767	Assimilate	Adapt to the manners and language of a country. Adaptar los modales y el lenguaje de un país.
753670768	James Forten	Born a free African American man in the North. He was abolitionist. Nacido un hombre afroamericano libre en el Norte. Él era abolicionista.
753670769	Abolitionist	A person who worked to abolish (end) slavery. Una persona que trabajaba para abolir (fin) la esclavitud.
753670770	Social Structure of the South	Planters (plantation owners), yeoman, free blacks Planters (hacendados), terrateniente, los negros libres
753670771	Frederick Douglas	Born into slavery, but escaped. He was an abolitionist. Nacido en la esclavitud, pero escapó. Él era un abolicionista.
753670772	Harriet Tubman	Escaped from slavery in the south and became a leading abolitionist. Helped get slaves to freedom by hiding them (underground railroad). Escapó de la esclavitud en el sur y se convirtió en un líder abolicionista. Ayudó a los esclavos a la libertad ocultándolos (ferrocarril subterráneo).
753670773	Samuel Morse	Invented the telegraph.
753670774	Major crops of the South	Tobacco, rice, corn, and indigo were crops grown in the South. All but indigo are still major crops today. El tabaco, el arroz, el maíz, y el añil eran cultivos en el Sur. Todos menos indigo siguen siendo los principales cultivos en la actualidad.
753670775	First mills and factories	Located in New England.
753670776	Denmark Vesey	Purchased his freedom and led a slave rebellion. He was caught and hanged. Compró su libertad y encabezó una revuelta de esclavos. Fue capturado y ahorcado.
753670777	Nat Turner	Born into slavery. Led a slave rebellion. He was caught and hanged. Nacido en la esclavitud. Encabezó una rebelión de esclavos. Fue capturado y ahorcado.
753670778	Impact of railroads	Most railroads were located in the North. Railroads linked factories and towns and provided a means to transport supplies to Northern soldiers (troops). La mayoría de los ferrocarriles se encuentran en el norte. Ferrocarriles vinculados fábricas y pueblos, y siempre un medio para el transporte de suministros a los soldados del norte (las tropas).
753670779	The South	The South was tied to tradition. El Sur estaba atado a la tradición.
753713951	List 3 facts about Abraham Lincoln	He was the 16th President of the United States. He ended slavery. He preserved the union. Fue el 16 º Presidente de los Estados Unidos. Él acabó con la esclavitud. Él preservó la unión (que finalizó la guerra civil entre el Norte y el Sur).
753887453	Eli Whitney	Invented the Cotton Gin
755964930	Bleeding Kansas ¿Por qué la sangre derramada en Kansas?	People voted to make Kansas and Nebraska free or slave states. This resulted in violence because people felt passionate on both sides of the issue. Many people were killed. La gente votó para que Kansas y Nebraska libre o estados esclavistas. Esto dio lugar a la violencia porque la gente se sentía apasionado por ambos lados de la cuestión. Muchas personas murieron.
755964931	Uncle Tom's Cabin	This book was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. It was about a runaway slave family. It portrayed slavery's evil effect on slave owners. It was a moral condemnation of slaveholders. Este libro fue escrito por Harriet Beecher Stowe. Se trataba de una familia esclavo fugitivo. Se interpretó mal efecto de la esclavitud de los dueños de esclavos. Fue una condena moral de los dueños de esclavos.
755964932	Birth of Republican Party Nacimiento del Partido Republicano	This is a political organization. It was a mixture of former Whigs, Know Nothings and Free Soilers. They formed the Republican Party. Their platform (what they believed in or wanted) was anti (against) slavery. Se trata de una organización política. Era una mezcla de ex Whigs, Ignorantes y Soilers gratis. Ellos formaron el Partido Republicano. Su plataforma (lo que creían o querían) fue contra (contra) la esclavitud.
764499938	Secede	The South wanted to (leave, withdraw, separate) from the North. They wanted to be an independent country. The first state to secede was South Carolina. El Sur quería (salir, retirar, separar) del Norte. Querían ser un país independiente. El primer estado de secesión era Carolina del Sur.
772212905	Crittenden plan	Proposed amendments to the constitution by John Crittenden, Kentucky Senator, that guaranteed slavery to the states where it already existed, and allowed a popular vote to determine slavery when territories became states. enmiendas propuestas a la Constitución, que garantizaba la esclavitud de los estados en los que ya existe, y que permite el voto popular cuando los territorios se convirtieron en estados.
772286738	Stephen Douglas	Senator from Illinois. Wrote the Missouri Compromise of 1850 and proposed the Kansas Nebraska Act. Senador de Illinois. Stephen Douglas era un joven senador que escribió el Compromiso de Missouri de 1850 y la Ley de proprosed Nebraska Kansas.
772322852	Who were the democrats and republicans and what did they stand for? ¿Quiénes eran los demócratas y republicanos y qué se significa?	Republicans agreed that slavery should be kept out of the western territories, but did not expect to keep slavery out of the south. Republicanos coincidieron en que la esclavitud se debe mantener fuera de los territorios del oeste, pero no esperaba para mantener la esclavitud del sur.
772675340	Jefferson Davis	Jefferson Davis was the President of the conferedate states (Southern states). Jefferson Davis era el Presidente de los Estados conferedate (estados del sur).
772675341	James Buchanan	James Buchanan was a democrat who won the election of 1856 with the minority of the popular vote. He supported the idea of popular sovereignty. James Buchanan era un demócrata que ganó las elecciones de 1856 con la minoría de los votos populares. Apoyó la idea de la soberanía popular.
778072504	Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858	A series of debates between Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln held during a campaign for an Illinois Senate seat in 1858.
778156622	After seceding, what did the South call itself? Después de separarse, ¿qué hizo el Sur llama a sí mismo?	The Confederate States of America Los Estados Confederados de América
778156623	Who was John Crittenden? ¿Quién fue John Crittenden?	Kentucky Senator who proposed the Crittenden Plan. This guaranteed slavery to the states where it already existed, and allowed a popular vote (sovereignty) to determine slavery when territories became states. Kentucky senador que propone el Plan de Crittenden. Esta esclavitud garantizado a los estados en los que ya existía, y se permitió el voto popular (soberanía) para determinar la esclavitud cuando los territorios se convirtieron en estados.

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Chapter 7: Nationalism to Sectionalism Flashcards

The War of 1812 filled Americans with national pride and confidence in the future. Yet against the backdrop of an emerging national identity, two distinct economic systems were developing in the North and South. Nationalism gave way to sectionalism as the two regions disagreed over issues such as slavery, economic policy, and the issue of state's rights.

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483857120	Alexis de Tocqueville	(1805-1859) French philosopher and political writer noted for his analysis of American government and institutions. He wrote "Democracy in America."
483857121	Hudson River School	(Founded by Thomas Cole) First "American" artistic style which emphasized expansive natural landscapes and human interactions. The landscapres represented U.S. territorial expansion, while human elements represent nationalistic ideas of "American" self-reliance, hard work, and independence.
483857122	James Fenimore Cooper	One of the United States' first writers to gain international recognition during the 1820's. His writings changed the mood of national literature and created textbooks "for Americans, written by Americans." He wrote the books, "The Spy" and "The Last of the Mohicans," which include themes of American nationalism following the American Revolution and War of 1812.
483857123	Washington Irving	American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," which were contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).
483857124	Noah Webster	(1758-1843) An American lexicographer and writer who made textbooks to advance education. He also wrote an "American" dictionary which helped standardize the American-English language by clarifying unique spellings, words, and meanings.
483857125	Nationalism	The belief the interests of the nation as a whole are more important than regional interests or the interests of other countries.
483857126	Sectionalism	The belief the interests of one's own section, or region of a country are more important than the nation as a whole.
483857127	John Marshall	Longest seated Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who firmly established judicial review as a power of the Judicial Branch of the Federal government. Many early decisions supported and strengthened the authority and power of the Federal government.
483857128	McCulloch vs. Maryland	(1818) The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming the National Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, the Supreme Court ruled the Bank was "necessary and proper" and therefore constitutional. It also ruled Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank (supremacy of national government).
483857129	Gibbons vs. Ogden	(1824) This suit grew from an attempt by the state of New York to grant a licensed monopoly over of waterborne commerce on the Hudson River against a Federal license. The Supreme Court declared Congress alone had the control of interstate commerce. This case weakened states' rights while increasing the power of the federal government.
483857130	American System	Economic interaction between north and south,advanced by Henry Clay, which supported a national bank, high tariffs, sale of federal land, and internal improvements. The program emphasized a strong role for federal government in the economy.
483857131	James Monroe	..., He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars
483857132	John Quincy Adams	6th U.S. President (1825-1829)-Democratic-Republican Secretary of State during James Monroe's, Presidency (1817-1825). Skilled diplomat: Adams-Onis Treaty and the Treaty of Ghent. Credited with writing theMonroe Doctrine.
483857133	Era of Good Feelings	A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.
483857134	Adams Onis Treaty	1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean.
483857135	Monroe Doctrine	1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.
483857136	Missouri Compromise	an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories
483879700	Jacksonian Democracy	..., this term describes the spirit of the age led by Andrew Jackson. During this period, more offices became elective, voter restrictions were reduced or eliminated, and popular participation in politics increased. The Democratic Part, led by Jackson appealed to the new body of voters by stressing the belief in rotation in office, economy in government, governmental response to popular demands and decentralization of power.
483879701	Spoils System	..., The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale.
483879702	Indian Removal Act	..., Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.
483879703	Worcester vs. Georgia	..., cherokee appealed to supreme court to stop white encroachments into cherokee nation; marshal ruled in indians favor saying that only federal govt could do that and states had no authority over tribes
483879704	Trail of Tears	..., The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
483879705	Second Bank of the United States	..., This institution was chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it until its charter expired in 1836. Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society.
483879706	States' Rights	belief that because the states created the United States, individual states have the power to nullify federal laws
483879707	John C. Calhoun	Served as Andrew Jackson's vice-president, but later resigned due to the Nullification Crisis and his allegience to his home state of South Carolina. He was a spokesman for slavery, the South, and states' rights.
483879708	Secede	to formally withdraw from the Union
483879709	Nullification Crisis	The biggest crisis of Jackson's Presidency, started by South Carolina opposition to the tariffs leveled in 1828 and 1832 by Jackson supporters. "Nullifiers" thought that a state could nullify a federal law within its own borders if it so desired. When South Carolina, led by John C. Calhoun, announced its intention to nullify the tariffs in the fall of 1832, it touched off what almost developed into a civil war, as Jackson massed military resources on the state's borders. Finally resolved in the spring of 1833 when South Carolina agreed to a new fairer tariff passed by Congress.
490126378	Samual Slater	..., He was a skilled mechanic, and he memorized the machine plans and brought them into America
490126379	Industrial Revolution	..., the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.
490126380	Francis Lowell	..., Through his founding of textile mills in the early 19th century, this man changed the character of textile manufacturing and contributed significantly to America's early industrialization. He opened his first factory at Waltham, Massachusetts in 1814. It was the first mill in the world that converted raw cotton into finished cloth at a single location. For laborers he hired mainly young single women who lived in company housing under strict supervision.
490126381	Lowell girls	..., Young, single women from New England farms that had experience for the textile industry and were cheaper to hire than males. Lived in company-owned boardinghouses where older women acted as chaperones.
490126382	National Road	..., The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.
490126383	Erie Canal	..., A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.
490126384	Robert Fulton	..., American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)
490126386	Telegraph	..., machine invented by Samuel Morse in 1837 that used a system of dots and dashes to send messages across long distances electronically through a wire
490309510	Cotton Gin	Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers and allowed it to be processed quickly and cheaply. This made cotton profitable and encouraged more cotton to be grown and more slaves imported.
490309511	Cotton Belt	the area of high cotton production in the South, it stretched from North Carolina to Texas
490309512	King Cotton	term used to describe the dominance of the South's cash crop (Cotton) on politics, agriculture, and society

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US History 1815 - 1933 Flashcards

War of 1812 to the Depression... Get crack'a'lackin' my geniuses! Remember, you're the best of the best! GO NERD POWER!

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625173566	The New Deal	Franklin Delanor Roosevelt's policy to help slug the US out of the Depression , The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reform introduced during the 1930s by President Franklin D. Roosevelt
625173567	Roaring 20s	A time of booming business, lots of new entertainment like Jazz Age music, and new technologies.
625173568	"Big Stick" Policy	Theodore Roosevelt's method for achieving American goals in the Caribbean; it featured the threat and use of military force to promote America's commercial supremacy, to limit European intervention in the region, and to protect the Panama Canal.
625173569	Dustbowl	a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936
625173570	Women's Suffrage	Women's right to vote
625173571	Industrialization	Process of industrial development in which countries evolve economically, from producing basic, primary goods to using modern factories for mass-producing goods. At the highest levels of development, national economies are geared mainly toward the delivery of services and exchange of information.
625173572	The Gilded Age	1877-1900; rapid industrialization, urbanization, immigration; rise of big business and the labor movement; the Populist movement
625173573	Reconstruction	the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
625173574	Free Silver	Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan
625173575	Haymarket Square Riot	A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.
625196398	Henry David Thoreau	United States writer and social critic (1817-1862)
625196399	Seneca Falls Convention	Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.
625196400	Chicago	Most violent city in America during the 1920s because of the gangster activities that flourished there, and because of the race riots that occured there early in the era. Also remembered for large meat-packing industry and wide manufacturing districts.
625196401	South Carolina	a state in the Deep South; first to sucede from the Union during the Civil War.
625196402	Steel Industry	An example of big buisness that was made possiable by Captain of Indusry Andrew Carnegie. It helped fuel industrialism in America amd the manufacturing center was Pittsburgh.
625196403	Spanish-American War	In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence
625196404	Mark Twain	United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)
625196405	Theodore Roosevelt	26th President of the United States, 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War
625196406	Thomas Edison	American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.
625196407	Trail of Tears	The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
625196408	Woodrow Wilson	28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize
625196409	Wright Brothers	Credited with the design and construction of the first practical airplane. They made the first controllable, powered heavier-than-air flight along with many other aviation milestones, also showing the beginning of the individual progressive spirit.
625196410	Zachary Taylor	General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated.
625196411	D.W. Griffith	carried the motion picture into the new era with his silent epics (The Birth of a Nation, Intolerance, etc.) which introduced serious plots and elaborate productions to filmmaking. Motion pictures were the first truly mass entertainment medium.
625196412	Battle of Gettysburg	Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.
625196413	14th Amendment	This amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels.
625196414	Election of 1876	Race for the presidency between Republican Rutherford B Hayes and Democrat Samuel J Tilden. The decision of the winner came down to congress but no one knew which house should vote because the Senate was Republican and the House of Reps was Democratic. Congress created a Special Electoral Commission consisting of 5 senators, 5 House Reps, and 5 justices from the Supreme court. Votes went 8-7 in favor of Hayes.
625196415	Grover Cleveland	22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

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US Ch.11-12 Jackson Age/Manifest Destiny Flashcards

US History Chapters 11-12 Jackson Age/Manifest Destiny.

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636702336	suffrage	the right to vote
636702337	spoils system	practice of handing out government jobs to supporters; replacing government employees with the winning candidate's supporters.
636702338	tariff	a tax on imports or exports
636702339	nullify	to cancel or make ineffective
636702340	secede	to leave or withdraw
636702341	relocate	to force a person or group of people to move
636702342	guerrilla tactics	referring to surprise attacks or raids rather than organized warfare
636702343	veto	to reject a bill and prevent it from becoming a law
636702344	laissez-faire	policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy
636702345	log cabin campaign	name given to William Henry Harrison's campaign for the presidency in 1840, from the Whigs' use of a log cabin as their symbol
636702346	joint occupation	the possession and settling of an area shared by two or more countries
636702347	emigrant	a person who leaves a country or region to live elsewhere
636702348	Manifest Destiny	Notion that America was destined by God to stretch from Atlantic to Pacific. Drew upon Thomas Jefferson's vision of an expansive "empire of liberty". Used as a rationale for expansionist foreign policy
636702349	prairie schooners	Large covered wagons used on the Oregon Trail
636702350	Monroe Doctrine	A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
636702351	Nullification Act	John C. Calhoun declared states had a right to nullify. South Carolina declared Nullification Act, stating both tariffs were unconstitutional and therefore illegal.
636702352	Indian Removal Act	Authorized the president to pursue ownership of all Indian land east of the Mississippi River. Said Indians would be compensated with new land west of the Mississippi River
636702353	Trial of Tears	Cherokees were force marched westward to present-day Oklahoma. The path they followed would later be named the Trail of Tears
636702354	Adams-Onis Treaty	U.S. purchased Florida but gave up claims to Texas. Giving up Texas made many southerners angry at Secretary of State John Q. Adams
636702355	Oregon Trial	an almost 2,000 mile-long trial leading from Missouri to Oregon; stretched over wild country and hazardous mountains
636702356	Mexican-American War	General Zachary Taylor led Americans to Rio Grande, in disputed territory on Mexico-Texas border. Skirmish between Mexican and American troops led to full-blown war. U.S. forces led by Winfield Scott landed at Veracruz, marched inland to capture Mexican capital. Forced Mexicans to accept peace treaty that ceded American Southwest to U.S.
636702357	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	Officially ended Mexican-American War. U.S. annexed California, Arizona, New Mexico, other areas in Southwest. Mexico lost 55% of its territory
636702358	Gadsden Purchase	Strip of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico that was acquired by the U.S. in 1853 for $10 million.
636702359	Andrew Jackson	Elected 7th president of the U.S., 1828. Served in the American Revolution, the Creek War of 1813-14, and was a major general in the War of 1812. Remembered as a great hero for leading American forces to victory in the Battle of New Orleans during the final days of the War of 1812. As president, organized relocation of some 90,000 Indians from the East to territories west of the Mississippi River. Strengthened the Union by rejecting South Carolina's attempt to nullify federal laws. Destroyed the Bank of the United States
636702360	Daniel Webster	United States politician and orator (1782-1817), Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850 and subsequently lost favor from his constituency
636702361	Winfield Scott	United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War (1786-1866)
636702362	Black Hawk	The leader of the Illinois tribes of Indians in the 1830's. When the Indians were uprooted, and forced out of their homes, he led the Indians in resisting the move. However, he wasn't powerful enough, because in 1832 they were brutally defeated, and forced to move into Oklahoma.
636702363	Osceola	Led a band of Seminoles that hid in the Everglades and used guerrilla tactics to defeat the U.S Army., Seminole leader who resisted the removal of his people from Florida in the 1830s.
636702364	Henry Clay	American senator and statesman, leader of Whig Party. Commonly referred to as the "Great Compromiser". Shaped Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850. Opposed annexation of Texas at first, then compromised position for political reasons
636702365	Martin Van Buren	President Andrew Jackson's Secretary of State from 1829 to 1831. As Secretary of State, was President Jackson's most trusted and loyal adviser. Vice president from 1833 to 1837. With Jackson's support, became 8th president of the U.S., 1837.
636702366	Whigs	American political party, founded to oppose Jacksonian Democrats in 1830s. Believed in economic improvement and domination of legislative branch. Torn apart by questions over expansion of slavery
636702367	William Henry Harrison	9th president. Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe. Nominated as the Whig's presidential candidate for 1840. Proven vote getter. Military hero who expressed few opinions on national issues and had not political record to defend.
636702368	John Tyler	elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery
636702369	James Polk	Democratic president of the United States, 1845-49. Oversaw Mexican-American War and largest expansion of U.S. territory since Louisiana Purchase

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Antebellum Reform Movement Flashcards

p. 317-337

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377567533	Romanticism	an often individualistic and emotional literary and artistic movement that emphasized liberation of the human spirit, romanticized plantation life and included historical eulogies
377567534	Hudson River School	A Romantic movement of painters who focused on Hudson River Valley as source of wisdom, spirit or fulfillment
377647098	Transcendentalists	Pioneered by the likes of Emerson and Thoreau, this group of writers, artists, and philosophers thought that man was essentially good and the goal of humanity was to transcend the limits of intellect and emotions to create an original connection to the Universe (often through nature).
377647099	Utopianism	An Antebellum movement that rejected the rapid economic and social changes around them (as in the "burned over districts" of New York near the Erie Canal), preferring instead to try to create alternate, harmonious, often Christian communities
377647100	Brook Farm	Massive utopian experiment with communal agriculture, believed that leisure led to self-realization. Too socialistic, burned down in 1847
377647101	New Harmony	Indiana, 1825 - vision of total equality, socialistic, ironically beset by internal fighting, founded by visionary Robert Owen
377647102	Oneida Community	1848, Upstate New York - Founded by John Humphrey Noyes, income sources through silver factory, known for avant-garde beliefs like contraception, "communal (or open) marriage," and stirpiculture (a form of eugenics)
377647103	Shakers	Religious group founded by "Mother" Ann Lee, redefined gender roles, "danced free of sin," and was CELIBATE (wanted social order in place of chaos)
377647104	Joseph Smith	Founder of Mormonism (Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints), which began in 1830 in (you guessed it) Upstate New York. Book of Mormon was based on gold tablets he found in the side of a hill after being told to go there by the Angel "Moroni." Persecuted for 20 years, moved from NY to Nauvoo, IL (where Smith was killed in jail by a mob) to Deseret (meaning honeybee), a territory later reorganized and recognized as a the state of Utah by the US gov't. Brigham Young took the reigns after Smith's death.
377647105	Second Great Awakening	Late 1700s, early 1800s - rebirth of fiery evangelical Christianity, this time with an added focus on equality - A CATALYST FOR MUCH OF THE REFORM MOVEMENT
377647106	Charles Grandison Finney	Upstate NY - Most influential revival leader of the 1820s-30s, believed that everyone could be reborn (as opposed to predestined), held rallies (including women) against drinking
377647107	"Burned Over" Districts	Areas of NY so prone to religious awakenings that they were "burned over" with the holy spirit. Associated with the rapid economic growth of the era - a time of discomfort and transformation
377647108	American Society for the Promotion of Temperance	1826, used revivalists methods to preach temperance, but divided hard-drinking Catholic immigrants from established, strait-laced Protestants
377647109	Phrenology	PSEUDO-SCIENCE: examining head shapes to determine personality traits
377647110	Horace Mann	Massachusetts board of education, 1837: "education is the great equalizer," good for democracy. Supported education reforms to fight poverty and criminals - built the ideal model for public education in the US. Ironically, a New York prep school, the epitome of privilege and hereditary opportunity, bears his name today.
377647111	Dorothea Dix	Promoter of asylum reform; before her efforts, there was no distinction between criminals and insane people. Inspired by religion, improved state-controlled facilities
377647112	Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Two early feminists, advocates for women's suffrage (also abolitionists)
377647113	Seneca Falls Declaration	One of the products of the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, imitated the Declaration of Independence, rejected "separate spheres" for women, mainly written by Quakers
377647114	Cult of Domesticity	Ideal of middle-class mothers who looked after and served their husband and children. Think Leon Zhan and sandwich craft.
377647115	American Colonization Society	1817, supported by James Monroe (hence Monrovia, the capital of Liberia), challenged slavery without challenging property rights, advocated gradual purchase and freeing of slaves and sending them to Africa, lost steam by the 1830s
377647116	William Lloyd Garrison	Massachusetts-born abolitionist, contributor to the LIBERATOR newspaper, extremely persistent, advocated IMMEDIATE EMANCIPATION and full rights for freed slaves, founder of the American Antislavery Society
377647117	The Liberator	Garrison's mouthpiece, a vocal abolitionist paper supporting IMMEDIATE EMANCIPATION of slaves. Last issue printed with the 13th amendment in 1865
377647118	American Antislavery Society	Founded 1832, formed by Garrison, influential and relatively widespread (250,000 members by 1838 - mainly Quaker Northerners), but still rather radical for its day
377647119	David Walker's "Appeal"	This Boston free black's 1828 pamphlet encouraged slaves to rise up in rebellion or be confined to chains forever
377647120	Frederick Douglass	Escaped from slavery in 1838, brilliant orator who convinced many whites that blacks could equal or surpass their brains, eloquent lectures inspired blacks and won over whites. Had a back-and-forth relationship with Lincoln, wanted to serve as an officer in the Civil War, advocate of the use of black troops. Also: contributor to antislavery newspaper THE NORTH STAR
377647121	Grimké sisters	South Carolinian Quaker suffragettes (Angelina and Sarah) and abolitionists

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Unit 9: Civil War and Reconstruction Flashcards

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616443519	Fort Sumter	First shots are fired at Charleston, North Carolina. December 20, 1860. Buchanan again backed down, marked start of Civil War
616443520	Executive power	power of the President of the United States, delegated or implied by the Constitution, to implement and enforce laws
616443521	Habeas corpus	principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime
616443522	Insurrection	A violent uprising against an authority or government, directly referring to Fort Sumter
616443523	Border states	States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede. Yeomen farmers held greater political power
616443524	Confederate States of America	formed in February of 1861 composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States provisional constitution Jefferson Davis, Alexander Stephens
616443525	1st Battle of Bull Run	First major battle of the Civil War (July 1861) 30,000 federal troops marched from D.C. to Virginia July 21, 1861, near Manassas, Virginia. General Irvin McDowell forced to retreat to Washington by General P.G.T. Beauregard Ended the North's hopes of winning the war quickly
616443526	2nd Battle of Bull Run	August 1862. Lincoln replaced McDowell with McClellan. Battle where Lee pushed most of the Union forces out of Virginia Lee decided to take war into the north
616443527	Anaconda Plan	Union planned a blockade that would notallow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy; control theMississippi and Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico
616443528	Antietam	September 17, 1862 Lee's attack on Maryland in hopes that he could take it from the Union, bloodiest day of the war, stalemate, McClellan replaced by Burnside, South would never be so close to victory again
616443529	Fredericksburg	Burnside suffered heavy losses against Confederate forces and resigned to Joseph Hooker. Confederate's victory in stalemate
616443530	Monitor and Merrimac	Two ships battled in the Cheasepeake Bay (Hampton Roads) for five hours, ending in a draw. March 9, 1862. Monitor - Union. Merrimac - Confederacy.
616443531	Shiloh	name of small log church. fought by Grant in an attempt to capture the railroad of the South. prevented the north from obtaining an easy victory. Confederate's strong resistance showed that the war was far from over.
616443532	Trent affair	1861 Union ship captured Confederacy sent emissaries, James Mason (Britain) and John Slidell (France). and took them to Boston as prisoners. angry British, Lincoln ordered their release
616443533	Alabama	British built ironclad ship that sunk and captured over 100 Union merchant ships Britain stopped aiding Confederacy with imminent Union victory
616443534	Laird rams	two confederate warships being constructed in British shipyards, they were eventually seized by the British to remain neutral in the Civil War.
616443535	Confiscation acts	series of laws passed by federal government designed to liberate slaves in seceded states; authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and stated that all slaves who fought with Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters; virtually emancipation act of all slaves in Confederacy
616443536	Emancipation Proclamation	Issued by Lincoln followingAntietam (close enough to a victory to empower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did not include border states), symbolic gesture to support Union's moralcause in the war
616443537	13th Amendment	This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States.
616443538	14th Amendment	Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
616443539	15th Amendment	Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
616443540	Gettysburg	Lee invaded Pennsylvania, bloodiest battle of the war, Confederate Pickett's Charge (disastrous), Lee forced toretreat (not pursued by Meade), South doomed to never invade North again, Gettysburg Address given by Lincoln (nation over union)
616443541	Vicksburg	Grant's best fought campaign, this siege ended in the seizure of the Mississippi River by the Union and split the Confederate army in two
616443542	Sherman's March	William T. Sherman Pushed through northern Georgia, captured Atlanta, "march to the sea" (total war and destruction), proceeded to South Carolina, He set fire to South Carolina's capital, Columbia.
616443543	Appomattox Court House	the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War
616443544	Ex Parte Milligan	1866 - Supreme Court decided that the suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional Ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under marshall law.
616443545	Draft riots	New York City Drafting extremely hated by Northerners, sparked by Irish-Americans against the black population, 500 lives lost, many buildings burned
616443546	Greenbacks	Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war. Lost only small part of face value
616443547	Morrill Tariff Act	Act passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war. raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent however later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war. raked in millions of dollars.
616443548	Homestead Act	Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.
616443549	Pacific Railway Act	1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)
616443550	Reconstruction	the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
616443551	Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction	Lincoln's approach to reconstruction. Entailed general amnesty to white southerners unless they were leaders of the confederacy as long as they said an oath of allegiance and accepted abolition. When 10% of state took the oath, the state could begin to redraft its constitution. Black men with an education and served in the Union army received automatic suffrage. Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee were readmitted by this plan before the war was over.
616443552	Wade-Davis Bill	Vetoed by President Lincoln, that would have given Congress control of Reconstruction, 1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.
616443553	Freedmen's Bureau	1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs
616443554	Black Codes	laws passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit african american workers
616443555	Radical Republicans	These were a small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stephens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after.
616443556	Civil Rights Acts of 1866	Declared all people born in United States the right to full and equal benefit of all laws.
616443557	Civil Rights Acts of 1875	defined rights of national citizenship, laws passed by congress after the civil war to guarantee the rights of blacks.
616443558	Reconstruction Acts	1867 - Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district.
616443559	Tenure of Office Act	1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet
616443560	Impeachment	a formal accusation of misconduct in office against a public official
616443561	Scalawags	A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners
616443562	Carpetbaggers	A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states;
616443563	Sharecropping	A system used on southern farms after the civil war in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.
616443564	Spoilsmen	1870s, leadership of the Republican party passed from the reformers (Stevens, Sumner, Wade) to political manipulators such as Senator Roscoe Conklin of New York and James Blaine of Maine during Grant administration
616443565	Patronage	(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
616443566	Credit Mobilier	A joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.
616443567	Liberal Republicans	Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside. Significantly dampened further Reconstructionist efforts.
616443568	Panic of 1873	Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver)
616443569	Redeemers	Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.
616443570	Ku Klux Klan	founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American
616443571	Force Acts (1870, 1871)	These acts were passed in 1870 and 1871. They were created to put a stop to the torture and harassment of blacks by whites, especially by hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. These acts gave power to the government to use its forces to physically end the problems.
616443572	Amnesty Act of 1872	United States federal law that removed voting restrictions and office-holding disqualification against most of the secessionists who rebelled in the American Civil War, except for some 500 military leaders of the Confederacy. The original restrictive Act was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives on May 1866.
616443573	Compromise of 1877	Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river, Settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South.
616443574	Abraham Lincoln	16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)
616443575	Jefferson Davis	an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865
616443576	Alexander H. Stephens	former vice president of the Confederacy, who claimed a seat in Congress during reconstruction under Johnson. Congress denied him and other Confederates seats in Congress
616443577	George McClellan	a general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice. Overly cautious.
616443578	Thomas Stonewall Jackson	Lee's chief lieutenant and premier cavalry officer. Confederate general whose men stopped Union assault during the Battle of Bull Run
616443579	Winfield Scott	veteran General who recommended Colonel Robert E. Lee to Lincoln to lead the Union army
616443580	Ulysses S. Grant	Won battles in the West and raised northern morale (esp. Shiloh, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson), made Union commanding general
616443581	Robert E. Lee	opposed to slavery and secession, but stayed loyal to Virginia, despite offer for command of Union Army. Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force
616443582	David Farragut	Union naval admiral whose fleet captured New Orleans and Baton Rouge
616443583	John Wilkes Booth	an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.
616443584	Copperheads	A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War
616443585	Andrew Johnson	A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.
616443586	Charles Sumner	Massachusetts Senator in 1856, his strong abolitionist convictions caused him to antagonize the South and the Lecompton Constitution in a speech called "The Crime Against Kansas". Radical Republican
616443587	Thaddeus Stephens	PA Congressman who hoped to revolutionize southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would be free to exercise their civil rights, receive education, and receive lands from planter class. Radical Republican
616443588	Benjamin Wade	Senator from Ohio and Radical Republican who was co-sponsor of the strict Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 that was ultimately vetoed by Lincoln.
616443589	Edwin Stanton	Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment.
616443590	Blanche K. Bruce	An American politician. Bruce represented Mississippi as a U.S. Senator from 1875 to 1881 and was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate.
616443591	Hiram Revels	Black Mississippi senator elected to the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis when the South seceded
616443592	Jay Gould	United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market
616443593	William Tweed	N.Y. political boss (did not hold a political office) that controlled the Democratic political machine known as Tammany Hall; Stole $200 million form New York City. Prosecuted by Samuel Tilden and sent to jail and died there.
616443594	Thomas Nast	Political cartoonist who's work exposed the abuses of the Tweed ring, criticized the South's attempts to impede Reconstruction, and lampooned labor unions. Created the animal symbols of the Democratic and republican parties and Uncle Sam.
616443595	Horace Greeley	An American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder of the Republican party, reformer and politician He helped support reform movements and anti-slavery efforts through his New York Tribune newspaper
616443596	Rutherford B. Hayes	19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history
616443597	Samuel J. Tilden	Samuel Jones Tilden was the Democratic candidate for the US presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. Had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes.
618179678	Beginning of Cvil War	April 12, 1861
618179679	Lincoln's use of executive power	without approval of Congress (1) called for 75000 volunteers to put down insurrection in the South (2) authorized spending for the war (3) suspending the privilege of writ of habeas corpus
618179680	Capital of Confederacy	Montgomery, Alabama to Richmond, Virginia
618179681	Border States (Maryland)	Maryland attacked Union troops, threatened railroad to Washington. Union army used marital law, kept state under federal control
618179682	Border States (Missouri)	presence of US troops prevented secessionists from gaining control
618179683	Border States (Kentucky)	state legislature voted to remain neutral in conflict
618179684	Reason for keeping border states	primary military + political loss would increase Confederate population by more than 50 percent would have severely weakened the North's strategic position
618179685	South military advantages	only had to fight a defensive war. Had to move supplies shorter distances than the North. experienced military leaders high troop morale
618179686	North military disadvantages	had to conquer area as large as western europe. had to move supplies longer distances.
618179687	North military advantages	North population = 22 million. South population = 5.5 million. 800,000 immigrants that aided Union. 180,000 emancipated black soldiers. U.S. Navy, gain control of water
618179688	North economic advantages	economy controlled most of banking and capital of the country. 85% factories + manufactured goods. 70% railroads. 65% of farmlands. skills of northern clerks and bookkeepers valuable in logistical support of military
618179689	South economy advantages	overseas demand for cotton would bring recognition and financial aid.
618179690	Irony of Southern politics	South's ideology of states' rights clashed with the South's need for a strong central government with strong public support to win the war (South had neither)
618179691	Confederacy constitution	modeled after US constitution nonsuccessive six-year term for president and vice president. presidential veto. denied confederate congress to levy a protective tariff and to appropriate funds. prohibited foreign slave trade
618179692	Confederacy economics	constant shortage of money loans, income taxes, impressment of private property failed forced to issue more than billion dollars of paper money (<2 cents at end of war)
618285678	Biography of Jefferson Davis	Born in Kentucky. Distinguished military career. Davis served in House of Representatives, Senate, and Secretary of War for Franklin Pierce. President of Secessionist Confederate States. Indicted for treason. Cotton farmer, military man, politician.
618285679	Northern expectation	Initially expected war to be at most a few weeks. Instead almost four years of fighting.

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AP Reconstruction Flashcards

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441707992	Radical Republicans	a small group (within Republican party) of men who thought that the federal government should be very tough with the South during Reconstruction to force it to change; they wanted more protection for freedmen and more guarantees that Confederate nationalism was completely eliminated.
441707993	Ten Percent Plan	Lincoln- when 10% of the states population swore an oath of loyalty to the U.S. the state could form a new government, declare end of slavery and send representatives to Congress
441707994	States Rights	Political position favoring the limitation of federal governments power and the greatest possible self-government by the individual state.
441707995	Ku Klux Klan	A secret society organized in the south after the civil war to resurrect white supremacy by means of violence and intimidation. They used their violence by prevent African Americans to vote.
441707996	14th amendment	Constitutional amendment, ratification in1868, that extended citizenship to everyone born or naturalized in the U.S.,barred former rebels from holding state or federal office, and renounced responsibility for confederate debts.
441707997	Edwin Stanton	Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment.
441707998	Segregation	The separation of a race of class from the rest a race of class from the rest of society, such as separation of blacks from whites in most Southern school systems
441707999	Whiskey Ring	Distillers and Revenue officials in St. Louis who were revealed in 1875 to have defrauded the government of millions of dollars in Whiskey taxes, with the collusion of federal officials
441708000	13th amendment	constitutional amendment ratified in 1865 that abolished slavery in the United States and its territories.
441708001	Freedmen's Bureau	Federal agency set up in 1865 to provide food, schools, and medical care to freed slaves in the South. It also aided former slaves in their transition to freedom, especially by administering relief and sponoring education.
441708002	Sharecropping	a system of farming in which landowners provided land, tool and supplies to grow crops and workers (usually freedpeople and poor whites) provided the labor; since the workers had to give most of the crops to the landowners, this system left many freedpeople and poor whites with a lot of debt
441708003	Military Reconstruction Act	Divided the 10 confederate states into 5 military districts; each governered by a military commander authorized by congress to use military to protect life and property.
441708004	Carpetbagger	Derogatory Southern term for the Northerners who came to the south after the civil war to take part in Reconstruction
441708005	Indian Ring	Grant's Secretary of War, William W. Belknap was impeached for accepting bribes to award fraudulent contracts to companies wanting to do business on the Indian reservations.
441708006	Black Codes	Laws passed by the southern states after the civil war to limit the freedoms of african americans and force them to return to agricultural labor.
441708007	Civil Right Act of 1866	It granted full citizenship to African Americans & gave the federal government the power to intervene to protect their rights.
441708008	Tenure of Office Act	Specified that officials appointed with the senates consent were to remain in office until senate approved succesor.
441708009	15th amendment	Forbids any state to deny the right to vote on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude or because a person use to be a slave.
441708010	Scalawags	White southerners who aligned themselves with the republican party.
441708011	Credit Mobilier Scandal	Company cedited to build the Union Pacific railroad. Sold shares cheaply to congressmen who approved federal subsides for railroad construction.
441708012	Black Friday	New financers Jim Fisk and Jay Gould attempt to fraudulently corner the gold market. Grants brothe-in-law took bribes to make sure Grant didn't act against them.
441708013	Panic of 1873	-raises money question -debators seek inflationary monetary policy by continuing circulation of greenbacks -creditors intellectual support hard money
441708014	Johnson's Plan	Reconstruction plan nicknamed "Restoration"; did not punish the South except for the rich & highest ranking Confederate officers; opposed equal rights for African Americans
441708015	Election of 1876	One of the closest elections in US History; caused the end of Reconstruction
441708016	Samuel Tilden	Democratic presidential nominee during the Election of 1876; won 184 votes but ended up losing by 1 electoral vote
441708017	Rutherford B. Hayes	man who became president after the Compromise of 1877, Republican
441708018	Compromise of 1877	The political compromise that gave Republican Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency in exchange for the withdrawal of all Federal troops from the Southern states. This agreement ended Reconstruction. Americans started to focus on other issues that were concerning america.
441708019	poll tax	charging money in order to vote; used to prevent African-Americans from voting
441708020	Impeachment	the process used by a legislative body [a group of people who make laws] to bring charges of wrongdoing against a public official
441708021	Abraham Lincoln	Republican President of the United States at the beginning of Reconstruction, he wished to make the South's return to the Union as quick and easy as possible.
441708022	Andrew Johnson	17th President of the United States, a Democratic, who took over after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln; he favored a lenient Reconstruction policy, supported states' rights, and opposed African American equality. Impeached by the House of Representatives, but was found not guilty by a single vote in the Senate.
441708023	Ulysses S Grant	Civil War hero and the 18th President of the United States, a Republican, whose Reconstruction efforts were undermined by corruption within his administration.
441708024	Rutherford B. Hayes	The 19th President of the United States, a Republican, whose election brought an end to Reconstruction.
441708025	Radical Reconstruction	Period after the Civil War when the Republicans had the majority in Congress. As a result more African Americans voted in upcoming elections.

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