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Great Depression & New Deal Flashcards

Term review for unit test on Great Depression and New Deal

620006863	Black Thursday	October 24, 1929; on this day J.P. Morgan's quick buying prevented a stock market crash
620006864	Black Tuesday	October 29, 1929; Stock Market Crash
620006865	"Okies"	name given to migrants fleeing the Dust Bowl
620006866	Dorothea Lange	WPA photographer most known for her photographs of migrant workers
620006867	21st Amendment	repealed prohibition
620006868	Bonus Army	group of WWI veterans who marched to Washington DC in 1932 to demand early pensions
620006869	Election of 1932	Hoover vs. FDR; two competing ideologies - laissez faire vs. government intervention
620006870	New Deal	the name given to FDR's massive plan for relief, recovery, and reform
620006871	Franklin Delano Roosevelt	popular American president most remembered for the New Deal
620006872	Eleanor Roosevelt	she was FDR's eyes and ears and a strong advocate for the New Deal
620006873	Hundred Days	Roosevelt's proposals for new economic programs were quickly approved by Congress during this period
620006874	3 R's of the New Deal	Relief, Recovery, and Reform
620006875	Relief	New Deal programs that provided direct and indirect aid to individuals and families
620006876	Recovery	New Deal programs designed to speed economic recovery
620006877	Reform	measures designed to regulate operation of banks and the stock market to prevent another crash
620006878	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation,	government program that insures bank deposits in case of a bank failure
620006879	Civilian Conservation Corps,	job creation program that employed young men in environmental projects
620006880	National Recovery Administration,	New Deal program that attempted to set prices and wages in key industries; declared unconstitutional
620006881	Agricultural Adjustment Act,	raised farm prices ad controlled production
620006882	Tennessee Valley Authority,	aimed to control flooding and promote conservation while generating electricity for rural areas in the south
620006883	Second New Deal	in 1925 president roosevelt launched a new set of programs and reforms which were called this.
620006884	Works Progress Administration,	program of Second New Deal that employed artists and construction workers
620006885	National Labor Relations Act	aka Wagner Act, law recognizing rights of unions to organize
620006886	Social Security System	program created during Second New Deal; provides old-age and disability pensions & unemployment insurance
620006887	American Liberty League	organization that opposed the New Deal on the grounds that it limited American freedoms
620006888	court packing	attempt by FDR to increase the size of the Supreme Court so judges favorable to his policies would be appointed
620006889	Huey Long	Governor and senator from Louisana who promoted a "Share Our Wealth" program
620006890	National Industrial Recovery Act,	called by Roosevelt "the most important and far-reaching piece of legislation ever passed in the United States."
620006891	Public Works Administration	created large scale public construction projects.
620006892	Civil Works Administration	created many manual labor jobs to supply short term relief
620006893	Federal Housing Administration,	provided small loans for home construction
620006894	National Youth Administration	provided jobs to young people
620006895	Securities and Exchange Commission	regulated the sale of stocks and bonds
620006896	dust bowl	the area that included wester kansas and oklahoma, northern texas, and eastern colorado and new mexico that suffered from the black blizzards
620006897	stock exchange	an organized system for buying and selling shares in corporations
620006898	land	to purchase to enlarge indian reservation
620006899	great depression	a severe economic crisis that started in the late 1920's . farm income dropped throughout the 1920's. many small banks suffered when farmers defaulted on their loans. some large banks collapsed after suffering huge losses from the stock market crash .
620006900	soap operas	were given this name because they were sponsored by laundry detergents
620006901	indina reorganization act of 1934	restored traditional tribal government and provided money for land purchases to enlarge some reservations
620006902	polio	paralyzed president Roosevelt
620006903	Hoover	was president during the Great Depression
620006904	Hoovervilles	Many families lived in shelters built from old boxes and formed these communities
620006905	Brain Trust	group of progressive lawyers, economists and social workers who advised Franklin D. Roosevelt

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Great Depression & New Deal Flashcards

Term review for unit test on Great Depression and New Deal

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44075554	Herbert Hoover	US president blamed for Depression; did "Too Little, Too Late"
44075555	speculation	making high risk investments in the stock market in hopes of getting rich quick
44075556	buying on margin	practice that contributed to inflated stock prices in the 1920s; required only 10% downpayment to purchase stock
44075557	Black Thursday	October 24, 1929; on this day J.P. Morgan's quick buying prevented a stock market crash
44075558	Black Tuesday	October 29, 1929; Stock Market Crash
44075559	stock	share of a company
44075560	Hoovervilles	this is the name for shanty towns that sprung up around major cities during the Great Depression
44075561	Dust Bowl	period of widespread drought and dust storms in the plains states during 1930s
44075562	"Okies"	name given to migrants fleeing the Dust Bowl
44075563	Dorothea Lange	WPA photographer most known for her photographs of migrant workers
44075564	Migrant Mother	famous Dust Bowl image of mother and children taken by Dorothea Lange
44075565	21st Amendment	repealed prohibition
44075566	Bonus Army	group of WWI veterans who marched to Washington DC in 1932 to demand early pensions
44075567	Election of 1932	Hoover vs. FDR; two competing ideologies - laissez faire vs. government intervention
44075568	New Deal	the name given to FDR's massive plan for relief, recovery, and reform
44075569	Franklin Delano Roosevelt	popular American president most remembered for the New Deal
44075570	"Nothing to fear but fear itself"	famous phrase from FDR's first inaugural address in 1933
44075571	Eleanor Roosevelt	she was FDR's "legs" and a strong advocate for the New Deal
44075572	Hundred Days	this early period in FDR's first term as President is notable because of how many programs and laws were created
44075573	bank holiday	temporary bank closures that allowed for federal inspection of financial institutions
44075574	3 R's of the New Deal	Relief, Recovery, and Reform
44075575	Relief	New Deal programs that provided direct and indirect aid to individuals and families
44075576	Recovery	New Deal programs designed to speed economic recovery
44075577	Reform	measures designed to regulate operation of banks and the stock market to prevent another crash
44075578	fireside chats	talks given by FDR to explain government policies in a reassuring, informative fashion
44075579	deficit spending	government spending in excess of tax revenues; done in 1930s to stimulate the economy
44075580	"Priming the Pump"	another phrase for deficit spending
44075581	FDIC	government program that insures bank deposits in case of a bank failure
44075582	CCC	job creation program that employed young men in environmental projects
44075583	NRA	New Deal program that attempted to set prices and wages in key industries; declared unconstitutional
44075584	AAA	New Deal program that attempted to boost farm prices by paying some farmers not to plant
44075585	TVA	New Deal program that led to creation of hydroelectric dams on Tennessee River
44075586	Second New Deal	renewed burst of legislative activity 1935-36
44075587	WPA	program of Second New Deal that employed artists and construction workers
44075588	Wagner Act	law recognizing rights of unions to organize
44075589	Social Security System	program created during Second New Deal; provides old-age and disability pensions & unemployment insurance
44075590	American Liberty League	organization that opposed the New Deal on the grounds that it limited American freedoms
44075591	court packing	attempt by FDR to increase the size of the Supreme Court so judges favorable to his policies would be appointed
44075592	Father Charles Coughlin	the "radio priest" who criticized FDR
44075593	Huey Long	Governor and senator from Louisana who promoted a "Share Our Wealth" program

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World History - Unit 1 Flashcards

This is for World History - Unit 1

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680801453	democracy	the process of creating a government elected by the people
680801454	direct democracy	a form of government in which citizens participate in the government
680801455	republic	a form of government in which powers rest with citizens who have the right to elect the leaders who make governmental decisions
680801456	Twelve Tables	an important victory for the Plebians - it was forcing creation of a written law code
680801457	Qur'an	the holy book of Islam is called the Qur"an
680801458	Diaspora	was when Jews were expelled from their homeland to many parts of the world where they shaved their bellies and spread Christianity and Judaism
680801459	Renaissance	in the 1300's a brilliant cultural movement arose in Italy over the next 300 years - it spread to the rest of Europe and helped develop the printing process
680801460	humanism	an intellectual movement thr focused on human potential and achievements
680801461	secular	the basic spirit of Renaissance society
680801462	patron	church leaders during the Renaissance who beautified Rome and other cities by spending huge amounts of money on art
680801463	perspective	shows three dimensions on a flat plane
680801464	vernacular	Dante's native language instead of Latin
680908646	Explain how a republic is different from a direct democracy	A republic is where the citizens elect leaders to make decisions.In a direct democracy the citizens participate directly in the government.
680908647	What did the Jews teach about the responsibilities of the individual and community to combat injustice?	Each person is responsible for their own choices. Each person has dignity that can never be taken away.
680908648	Explain why Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance	Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance because it helped the development of the printing press
680908649	Explain what it meant to be a Renaissance man	To be a Renaissance man meant a man who excelled in many fields
680908650	Describe the focus of the northern Renaissance	The focus of the northern Renaissance was to inspire people to live a Christian Life
680908651	Explain the importance of the printing press in spreading ideas	The printing press helped spread ideas in Europe because of the many languages
680908652	Pericles	increased the number of paid public officials and paid jurors, which enabled poorer citizens to participate in the government
680908653	Leonardo da Vinci	an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist; he was considered a true Renaissance man; he painted the Mona Lisa
680908654	Plato	Greek Philosopher who felt that society should be governed by philosophers-kings; he wrote The Republic
680908655	Niccolo Machiavelli	A Renaissance writer who wrote "The Prince" in which he examined how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies
680908656	Johann Gutenberg	developed the printing press, making it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply
680908657	Thomas More	A Christian Humanist of the Northern Renaissance; wrote "Utopia" about an imaginary land without greed, corruption, and war
680908658	Solon	Passed a law outlawing slavery based on debt;established four classes of citizenship based on wealth rather than heredity; created the Council of Four Hundred
680908659	William Shakepeare	an Elizabethian Age writer whose works were inspired by the classics and displayed a deep understanding of human beings
680908660	Aristotle	Greek Philosopher who examined the nature of the world and of human belief, thoughtm and knowledge; wrote politics
680908661	Jan van Eyck	used oil based paints to develop a new technique that created subtle colors in clothing and jewelry;his paintings displayed unusually realistic details and reveal the personality of his subjects
680908662	Cleisthenes	regarded as the founder of democracy in Athens;created the Council of Five Hundred that proposed laws and counseled the assembly
680908663	Albrecht Durer	produced prints that portrayed religious subjects, classical myths, or realistic landscapes

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Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein Flashcards

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667155687	Gene Expression	-the DNA-directed synthesis of proteins (or RNAs), includes two stages, called transcription and translation
667155688	A. Garrod	-first suggested that genes determine phenotype through the action of enzymes, reasoning that inherited disease were caused by an inability to make certain enzymes
667155689	G. Beadle and E. Tatum's Experiment	-worked with mutants of a bread mold, Neurospora crassa, in order to demonstrate the relationship between genes and enzymes -did this by growing nutritional mutants on complete growth medium and then transferring samples to various combinations of minimal medium and one added nutrient -they were able to identify the specific metabolic defect for each mutant -From the growth patterns of the mutants, they deduced that each mutant was unable to carry out one step in the pathway for synthesizing arginine, presumably because it lacked the necessary enzyme -Because each of their mutants was mutated in a single gene, they concluded that each mutated gene must normally dictate the production of one enzyme -Their results supported the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis and also confirmed the arginine pathyway
667155690	Difference between RNA and DNA	(1) The sugar component of its nucleotides is ribose, rather than deoxyribose (2) Uracil (U) replaces thymine as one of its nitrogenous bases (3) Usually single stranded
667155691	Transcription	-the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template -the transfer of information from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) or another type of RNA, using the "language" of nucleic acids -making mRNA -synthesis of complementary RNA strand -RNA polymerase
667155692	Messenger RNA (mRNA)	-a type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein -carries information specifying amino acid sequences of proteins from DNA to ribosomes
667155693	Translation	-the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule -there is a change in "language" from nucleotides to amino acids
667155694	Ribosomes	-the sites of translation-the synthesis of a polypeptide -a cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits -facilitate the specific pairing of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons during protein synthesis -all are identical, whether they are free ribosomes that synthesize cytosolic proteins or ER-bound that make membrane and secretory proteins
667757711	RNA Processing	-modification of RNA before it leaves the nucleus, a process unique to eukaryotes
667757712	Primary Transcript	-an initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene -serves as a precursor to mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA, before being processed by splicing or cleavage -some intron RNA acts as a ribozyme, catalyzing its own splicing
667757713	Triplet Code	-a set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains
667757714	Template Strand	-the DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript -transcribed DNA strand
671031763	Coding Strand	-untranscribed DNA strand -same sequence as RNA
667757715	Codons	-a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a articular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code -read in the 5' to 3' direction
667757716	Reading Frame	-the way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons -the nucleotide sequence on mRNA is read starting at a start codon and reading each triplet sequentially
667757717	Promoter	-a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing DNA
667757718	RNA polymerase	-an enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription -untwists the double helix, exposing DNA nucleotides for base pairing with RNA nucleotides, and joins the nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing polymer
667757719	Terminator	-in prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end on a gene -it signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene
667757720	Transcription Unit	-a region of a DNA molecule that is transcribed into a an RNA molecule
667757721	TATA Box	-a promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex
667757722	Transcription Factors	-regulatory proteins that bind to DNA and stimulates transcription of specific genes -bind to promoter region -suite of proteins which bind to DNA -turn on or ff transcription -trigger the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA
667757723	Transcription Initiation Complex	-the completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to the promoter
667757724	Poly-A tail	-the modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides
667757725	5' cap	-the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule modified by the addition of a cap of guanine nucleotide
667879719	Intron	-a noncoding intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene -some are involved in regulating gene activity, and splicing is necessary for the export of mRNA from the nucleus -may facilitate recombination of exons between different alleles or even between different genes
667879720	Exons	-a coding region of a eukaryotic gene -are separated from each other by introns -expressed in protein synthesis
667879721	RNA Splicing	-the removal of noncoding proteins (introns) of the RNA molecule after initial synthesis
668284307	snRNP	-small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
668284308	snRNA (Small Nuclear RNA)	-small nuclear RNA -function may be catalytic in intron removal -plays structural and catalytic roles in spliceosomes, the complexes of protein and RNA that splice pre-mRNA
668284309	Splicesome	-a complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons -snips an intron out of the RNA transcript and connects the adjoining exons
668284310	Ribozymes	-RNA molecules that act as enzymes
668284311	Properties of RNA that allows them to function as enzymes	(1) It is single-stranded and can base-pair with itself, forming a specific three-dimensional structure (2) Some of its bases contain functional groups that can participate in catalysis (3) It can hydrogen-bond with other nucleic acid molecules, allowing it to precisely locate slicing regions
668284312	Alternative RNA Splicing	-allows some genes to produce different polypeptides -a type of regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns
668284313	Domains	-functional segments of a protein -an independently folding part of a protein
668284314	Exon Shuffling	-introns may facilitate recombination of exons between different alleles or even between different genes which can result in novel proteins
669180906	Transfer RNA (tRNA)	-an RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA -serves as adapter molecule in protein synthesis; translates mRNA codons into amino acids
669180907	Anticodon	-a specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule, thus assuring that amino acids are arranged in the sequence prescribed by the transcription of DNA
669180908	Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase	-an enzyme that joins each amino acid to the correct tRNA to create an aminoacyl tRNA -hydrolysis of ATP drives this process
669180909	Wobble	-a violation of the base-pairing rules in that the third nucleotide (5' end) of a tRNA anitcodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon -thus, one tRNA can recognize more than one mRNA codon, all of which code for the same amino acid carried by that tRNA
669180910	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	-the most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins forms the structure of ribosomes -ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling tRNA molecules to mRNA codons -plays catalytic (ribozyme) roles and structural roles in ribosomes
669180911	What are the three stages of protein synthesis?	(1) Initiation (2) Elongation (3) Termination
669180912	Initiation Stage of Translation	1) A small ribosomal subunit binds to both mRNA and a specific initiator tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine 2) The small subunit then moves, or scans, downstreamalong the mRNA until it reaches the start codon, AUG, which signals the start of translation; this is important because it establishes the codon reading frame for the mRNA 3) The initiator tRNA, already associated with the complex, then hydrogen bonds with the start codon. 4) The union of mRNA, initiator tRNA, and a small ribosomal subunit is followed by the attachment of a large ribosomal subunit, completing a translation initiation complex -proteins called initiation factors are required to bring all these componets together -the cell also spends energy in the form of a GTP molecule to form the initiation complex 5)At the completion of the initiation process, the initiator tRNA sits in the P site of the ribosome, and the vacant A site is ready for the next aminoacyl tRNA
669180913	Elongation of Translation	-amino acids are added one by one to the preceding amino acid; each addition involves the participation of several proteins called elongation factors and occurs in a three step cycle: 1) Codon Recognition-The anticodon of an incoming aminoacyl tRNA base-pairs with the complementary mRNA codon in the A site. Hydrolysis of GTP increases the accuracy and effieciency of this step 2) Peptide Bond Formation. An rRNA molecule of the large subunit catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the new amino acid in the A site and the carboxyl end of the growing polypeptide in the P site. This step attaches the polypeptide to the tRNA in the A site. 3) Translocation the ribosome translocates the tRNA in the A site to the P site. The empty tRNA in the P site is moved to the E site, where it is released. The mRNA moves along with its bound tRNAs, bringing the next codon to be translated into the A site.
669970708	Termination of Translation	1)When a ribosome reaches a stop codon on mRNA, the A site of the ribosome accepts a protein called a release factor instead of tRNA 2) The release factor hydrolyzes the bond between the tRNA in the P site and the last amino acid of the polypeptide chain. The polypeptide is thus freed from the ribosome. 3) The two ribosomal subunits and the other components of the assembly dissociate.
669970709	Release Factor	-a protein that binds directly to the stop codon on the A site during termination -causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an amino acid to the polypeptide chain
669970710	Polyribosomes (or polysomes)	-an aggregation of several ribosomes attached to one messenger RNA molecule
669970711	Post-translational Modifications	-amino acids may be chemically modified; one or more amino acids at the beginning of the chain may be enzymatically removed; segments of the polypeptide may be excised; or several polypeptides may associate into a quaternary structure
671031764	Signal Peptide	-a stretch of amino acids on a polypeptide that targets the protein to a specific destination in a eukaryotic cell -a sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of the polypeptide
671031765	Signal-Recognition Particle (SRP)	-a protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from the ribosome
671031766	SRP RNA	-a component of the signal-recognition particle (SRP), -the protein-RNA complex that recognizes the signal peptides of polypeptides targeted to the ER
671031767	Small Nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)	-aids in processing of pre-rRNA transcripts for ribosome subunit formation in the nucleolus
671031768	Small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA)	-are involved in regulation of gene expression
671031769	Prokaryote Genes	-DNA in cytoplasm -circular chromosome -naked DNA -no introns
671031770	Eukaryote Genes	-DNA in nucleus -linear chromosomes -DNA wound on histone proteins -introns vs. exons
671031771	Translation in Prokaryotes	-transcription and translation are simultaneous in bacteria -DNA is in cytoplasm -no mRNA editing -ribosomes read mRNa as it is being transcribed
671031772	Translation: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes	-time and physical separation between processes-takes eukaryote about 1 hour from DNA to protein -no RNA processing
671031773	Mutations	-changes in the genetic information of a cell (or virus), ultimately creating genetic diversity
671031774	Point Mutations	-a change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair
671031775	Base Pair Substitution	-a type of point mutation -the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides
671031776	Missense	-the most common type of mutation -a base pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid
671031777	Nonsense	-a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein
671031778	Insertion	-a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene
671031779	Deletions	-a mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene
671031780	Frameshift Mutation	-a mutation occurring when the umber of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the following nucleotides into codons
671031781	Mutagen	-a chemical or physical agent such as X-rays and UV light that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation
671036676	Spontaneous Mutations	-include base-pair substitutions, insertions, deletions, and longer mutations that occur during DNA replication, repair, or recombination

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DAT Biology - Cellular Metabolism Flashcards

Cellular Metabolism

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611268230	Autotrophs	An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms; Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules (e.g. glucose) from inorganic ones (water and carbon dioxide). - e.g. plants and photosynthesis.
611268231	Heterotrophs	Organisms that can only get the organic molecules and energy necessary for life through the consumption of other organic matter. In the food web, all consumers and decomposers are heterotrophs. Heterotrophs can be herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores.
611268232	anabolic processes	Consumes energy (endothermic) to create a complex molecule from simple ones (e.g. photosynthesis).
611268233	catabolic processes	breakdown of complex molecules to smaller molecules to release energy (exothermic). e.g. Glucose to CO2, H2O and ATP
611268234	Energy Carriers	ATP, NAD+ and FAD (both coenzymes).
611268235	Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)	E available immediately to do work. nitrogenous base, ribose, 3 phosphate functional groups; there is a high energy bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups. It can readily transfer that last phosphate group to many other molecules inside cells.
611268236	Glucose Catabolism	transfer of E from glucose to ATP occurs in two stages: glycolysis and cellular respiration
611268237	Glycolysis	anaerobic process occuring in the cytoplasm in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of (3C's) pyruvate and two net ATP are produced
611268238	Net rxn of Glycolysis	NET: Glucose + 2ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O Total E output of 4 ATP (via substrate level phosphorylation), but only 2 net bc 2 ATP required for rxn to go.
611268239	Anaerobic	process that does not require oxygen.
611268240	obligate	require their designated environment.
611268241	facultative	Have a preferred environment but can survive in either.
611268242	Fate of Pyruvate	Aerobic Organisms (use oxygen to survive):cellular respiration (ETC) Anaerobic Organisms: fermentation (alcohol or lactic acid fermentation)
611268243	Fermentation	Includes all the steps of glycolysis + reduction of pyruvate (from the oxidation of NADH to NAD+). Allows us to reform NAD+ so that it may be recycled and glycolysis may continue.
611268244	Alcohol Fermentation	Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. - occurs in yeast and some bacteria Pyruvate (3C) --> CO2 + Acetaldehyde (2C) Acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ --> Ethanol (2C) + NAD+
611268245	Lactic Acid Fermentation	series of anaerobic chemical reactions in which pyruvic acid uses NADH to form lactic acid and NAD+, which is then used in glycolysis; supplies energy when oxygen for aerobic respiration is scarce. - occurs in some fungi and bateria;also in mammalian muscle cells.
611268246	Net Rxn for Lactic Acid Fermentation	Pyruvate (3C) + NADH + H+ --> Lactic Acid + NAD+
611268247	Cori Cycle	The process by which accumulated lactate from anaerobic lactic acid fermentation is shuttled to the liver to be converted back to pyruvate and then to glucose and returned to muscle. The Cori cycle provides a means to deal with the pyruvate that accumulates during anaerobic glycolysis; Net loss of 4 ATP.
611268248	oxygen debt	amount of oxygen required to oxidize lactic acid produced anaerobically during strenuous muscle activity.
611268249	Cellular Respiration	The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules (carbs, fats and amino acids) such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work (ATP); involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis). - net: 36-38 ATP
611268250	Step 1: Pyruvate Decarboxylation	1st step of aerobic respiration in which pyruvate is transferred from cytoplasm to mitochondrial matrix where it loses a CO2. - Acetyl remains (2C) and is bound to coenzyme A (acetyl CoA
611268251	Net Rxn for Pyruvate Decarboxylation	Net: 2 Pyruvate (3C) + 2 CoA + 2 NAD+ --> 2 NADH + 2 acetyl-CoA (2C) + 2 CO2 (1C)
611268252	Citric Acid Cycle	a chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (2C - derived from pyruvate) with oxaloacetate (4C - regenerated at end of cycle) to 2 carbon dioxide ; - occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; - together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration. - Generates high E e-s carried in NADH and FADH2 for use in the ETC; - aka Krebs Cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) - Each turn (2turns/glucose) generates 1 ATP (in the form of GTP - via substrate-level phosphorylation), 3 NADH, 1 FADH2,
611268253	Net Rxn Kreb Cycle	2 Acetyl CoA + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 2 GDP + 2 Pi + 4 H2O --> 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP + 4 H+ + 2CoA
611268254	Substrate-Level Phosphorylation	The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism; - occurs during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
611268255	Electron Transport Chain	Process involving a series of enzyme complexes (cytochromes - contain central Fe ion) found along the inner mitochondrial membrane, the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes . - NADH and FADH2 are oxidized by tehse enzymes; the electrons are shuttled down the chain and are ultimately passed to oxygen and to produce water. The electron energy is used to pump H+ out of the mitochondrial membrane; the resulting H+ gradient is subsequently used to drive the production of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
611268256	NADH Pathway in ETC	- Complex I: hands of e-s to FMN - passed to Carrier Q (ubiquinone) - Complex III - passed to cytochrome c - Complex IV: protein cytochrome a3 passes to oxygen along with 2 H+ to make H2O - 1 NADH generates 3 ATP (exception: in cytoplasm aka in glycolysis, 1 NADH = 2ATP)
611268257	FADH2 pathway in ETC	Complex II aka succinate Q oxidoreductase passes to carrier Q - rest is the same as NADH - less d traveled so less E generated; 2 ATP per FADH2
611268258	Final e- Acceptor in ETC	Oxygen; 2H+ + 2e- + 1/2 O2 --> H2O
611268259	ETC disrupted by Cyanide and DNP	Cyanide: blocks the final transfer of e-s to O2 DNP: destroys mitochondria's ability to creat H+ gradient
611268260	ATP generation and the Proton Pump	reduced carries give up e-s and H+ are passed into matrix; accumulate and are pumped out into intermembrane space via complexes. gradient drives H+ passively back across inner mitochondrial membrane into the mito matrix (proton-motive force) via channels, enzyme complex aka ATP synthase, E is released and phosphorylation of ADP back to ATP occurs (oxidative phosporylation0.
611268261	Glycolysis occurs in the _______.	cytoplasm
611268262	Fermentation occurs in the ________.	cytoplasm
611268263	Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA occurs in the _________.	mitochondrial matrix
611268264	TCA cycle occurs in the _________.	mitochondrial matrix.
611268265	ETC occurs in the _________.	inner mitochondrial membrane
611268266	Oxidative Phosphorylation	The production of ATP from ADP and Pi molecules using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; occurs in mitochondria.
611268267	NADH and ATP output	4 ATP from glycolysis (2 NADH x 2) 6 ATP from pyruvate decarbox. (2 NADH x 3) 18 ATP from TCA (6 NADH x 3) 28 ATP total from NADH
611268268	FADH2	4 ATP from TCA Cycle (2FADH2 x 20
611268269	Krebs occurs in the _____	matrix of the mitochondria
611268270	How is the Krebs cycle linked to glycolysis? By what?	the Krebs cycle is linked to glycolysis by pyruvate. Pyruvate is the final product of glycolysis which is then converted to acetyl coA to be used in the Krebs cycle.
611268271	The Krebs cycle produces _______ and ______ which are used to form the ATP in the ETC.	NADH and FADH₂
611268272	What is the single greatest source of ATP?	the ETC
611268273	Glycolysis converts a single molecule of ______ into two molecules of ________?	Glycolysis converts a single molecule of _glucose_ into two molecules of __pyruvate_?
611268274	Glycolysis produces a net total of ___ ATP	2
611268275	During Glycolysis, ___ molecules of ___ are formed. Glycolysis however does not make ________.	During Glycolysis, _2_ molecules of _NADH__ are formed. Glycolysis however does not make ___FADH₂__.
611268276	Fermentation is a process that occurs during ______________ respiration in organisms such as __________.	anaerobic respiration, occurs in organisms like yeast. or lactic acid in humans
611268277	During Fermentation, yeast change _________ to __________.	glucose to pyruvic acid.
611268278	The pyruvic acid is then changed into __________.	ethyl alcohol, a waste product of the fermentation process.
611268279	Does Fermentation produce ATP?	Yes, fermentation produces 4 ATP when it changes glucose to pyruvic acid.

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DAT Biology III Flashcards

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560810395	Ectotherms	obtain heat from environment
560810396	Endotherms	generate own heat
560810397	What do chemorepectors monitor in Human respiration	level of [H+] in the carotid arteries
560810398	What is the air passages?	Nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea, bronchi, bronchoiles, Alevoli
560810399	Another name for the pharynx	throat
560810400	Another name for the larynx	voice box
560810401	order these, larynx, pharynx, trachea	1. Pharynx 2. Larynx 3. Trachea (PLT similar to BLT)
560810402	Negative pressure breathing	Inhalation
560810403	diaphragm contracts/flattens	inhalation
560810404	external intercostal muscles contract	inhalation
560810405	rib cage and chest up and out	inhalation
560810406	thoracic cavity increase in volume	inhalation
560810407	passive breathing process	exhalation
560810408	diaphragm relax	exhalation
560810409	external intercostal muscles relax	exhalation
560810410	chest wall pushes inward	exhalation
560810411	thoracic cavity volume decrease	exhalation
560810412	reduce pressure in thoracic cavity	inhalation
560810413	constantly drink/rarely urinate/excrete salts through gills	marine fish
560810414	rarely drink/urinate constantly/absorb salts through gills	fresh water fish
560810415	Flame cells (protonephridia) are in what type of animal use in the excretory system?	platyhelminthes
560810416	what uses nephridia for excretory system?	annelids
560810417	malpighian tubles for excretory system?	arthropods (produce nitric acid, solid waste)
560810418	What produces urea and where?	Amino acid and in the liver, fuses with blood then goes to kidney
560810419	Which part is more concentrated? medulla or cortex	medulla has more concentrated urine because of the collecting duct
560810420	filtration through glomerulus. The filtrate is hypertonic/isotonic/hypotonic to the blood plasma?	istonic to blood plasma
560810421	Filtration is a passive or active process and via what?	passive via hydrostatic pressure forces 20% into glomerulus
560810422	secretion is passive or active?	passive and active
560810423	where does reabsorption mostly occur? and is it passive or active?	-most in proximal convoluted tubule. -active process when reabsorbing amino acids/vitamins and . but reabsorption/sodium -passive with water
560810424	The descending loop of henle only reabsorbs what?	water (descending is the loop on he left)
560810425	Ascending loop of henle only reabsorbs what?	Na and Cl
560810426	what is the point of mucus in stomach?	protects stomach lining from acidic juice such as HCl and pepsinogen
560810427	What is the physical and chemical breakdown of food in the stomach?	physical breakdown = food size gets smaller chemical = food mixes with gastic juice produce by the glands in stomach. (pepsinogen become pepsin)(chyme in stomach release gastrin which release HCl)
560810428	enzyme pepsin	Produce in chief cells and stomach pepsinogen --> pepsin acidic and breaks down protein
560810429	HCl	Produce by gastrin in stomach kills bacteria and dissolves glue that is holding food together
560810430	what causes stomach ulcers?	pepsin may cause stomach ulcers if mucus breaks down in stomach
560810431	pyloric sphincter	chyme passes from stomach to duodenum (beginning of small intestine)
560810432	Where does most of the digestion occur?	in the duodenum of the small intestine (this is where the the intestinal glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder mix with chyme) duodenum, ilium, jijunum
560810433	the ilium and jijunum absorbs digested food through villi, what are the two ways the digested food can travel? and what passes through each? where does it eventually go?	1. capillaries = amino acid and monosaccharides passes and goes into blood capillaries 2. lacteals = large fatty acids and glycerol passes and goes into lymph system
560810434	What 3 enzymes does the pancreas produce and what does each do?	1. Trypsin (proteases) and also converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin 2. chymotrypsin (proteases) 3. amylase (starch digestion)
560810435	What does bile do? Passage of Bile	Function = emulsify fat and neutralize pH becase bile is alkaline 1. liver makes bile 2. bile store in gall bladder 3. bile pass bile duct 4. bile pass pancreatic duct 5. bile goes into small intestine where fats are digested(emulsify)
560810436	Main function of large intestine?	reabsorb water and salt to form solid waste and stored int he rectum
560810437	Where and why is Gastrin secreted and what does it secrete?	-Gastrin is produced by cells of the stomach lining when food enters the stomach or it can produce upon smell of food -it secretes HCl (gastric juice)
560810438	Where is secretin produce and why? and what does it stimulate?	- produce in small intestine - produce by cell lining of duodenum when food enters -stimualte bicarbonate production to neutralize acidity of chyme
560810439	Where is choecystokinin produce and why? and what does it stimulate?	- produce by small intestine in response to fats - it stimulates bile release from the gall bladder and the release of panreatic enzyme into small intestine
561095444	Resting Potential at __. How many of what pumps in and out?	-70 mV pumps 2K+ in and 3Na+ out (active) making inside negative Neuron permeable to K+ going back out but not Na+ coming back so stays negative
561095445	Action Potential at __. What happens?	-50 mV Threshold/All or nothing response - Na channels open to allow Na to come in and depolarize (making inside less negative from -70 to -50)
561095446	Repolarization	- Na channels close - K channels open in response to depolarization, K floods out, repolarizing the cell back to resting potential.
561095447	Hyperpolarization	more neg inside than resting potential because K channels open for too long
561095448	Myelin in PNS is called?	Schwann cells
561095449	Myelin in CNS is called?	oligodendrocytes
561095450	Cell bodies clustered together is called what in the PNS? CNS?	PNS = ganglia CNS = nuceli
561095451	plexus	network of nerves
561095452	Which muscle is mutlinucetated?	skeletal always and cardiac sometimes, smooth is mononuceleated
561095453	myogenic	capable of contracting without stimulation from nerve cells (smooth and cardiac)
561095454	highly branched and connected by gap junctions (smooth, cardiac , or skeletal)	cardiac
561432921	Increase plasma osomolarity produce?	ADH secretes when you have an increase plasma osomolarity means less water and more salts in plasma and you want to secrete ADH to make the collecting duct permeable to water and promote water reabsorption.
561432922	decrease blood volume, you want to produce more?	ADH or Aldoesertone
561432923	Where is glycogen stored?	muscles and liver
561432924	What is acromegaly and what hormone causes it?	cause by over production of Growth hormone in adults, disapportionate overgrowth of bone
561432925	What are direct hormones?	PEG - prolactin , endorphins, growth hormones
561432926	What are tropic hormones?	FLAT
561432927	What 3 hormones belong to adrenal cortex?	1. mineral = aldolesterone 2. glucocorticoids = increase glucose in blood via gluconeogenesis, decrease protein production 3.sex hormones = androgens
561432928	if the blood volume in the kidneys fall, what does it produce? and what does the thing it produce affect?	1. release renin 2. renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I to angiotensin II release Aldoesterone 3. Aldoesterone increase Na reabosption, water fallows Na
561432929	what does the pineal gland secretes?	1. melatonin = regulates circadian rhythms
561432930	GnRH regulates?	LH and FSH
561432931	estrogen and progesterone regulates ?	GnRH
561432932	LH and FSH regulates ?	estrogen and progesterone
561432933	What are the four stages of menstrual cycle?	1. Follicular stage 2. ovulation 3. Luteal stage 4. menstruation
561432934	what happens in the follicular stage?	-FSH stimulates development of follicle -follicle secrete estrogen peak -estrogen stimuates spike LH
561432935	Ovulation stage	because of LH spike follicle burst and release ovum
561432936	Luteal Stage	burst ovum becomes corpus luteum Endometrium thickens due to estrogen and progesterone to prepare for implantation
561432937	Menstruation	negative feedback Corpus luteum disintegrates due to low FSH and LH Endometrium disintegrates in absence of estrogen and progesterone
561432938	Deuterostomes	radial cleavages, usually indeterminate cleavages, anus forms first
561432939	Protostomes	spiral cleaves, usually determinate cleavages, mouth forms first
561432940	Notochord derived from the?	mesoderm
564734076	What supports the cytoskeletal structure?	microfilaments and intermediate filatments
564734077	what are microfibrils?	building blocks of the cellulose
564734078	Endergonic	compound synthesis from smaller chemical to bigger chemical are enderognic (anabolic)
564734079	Animals cells become lysed while plants cells?	become turgid
564734080	Helper T cells are activated by?	antigens presented by macrophages
564734081	Cytotoxic T cells activated by?	antigens presented by infected cells
564734082	Double fertilization within the ovule of an angiosperm	one time mitosis to produce 2 sperm cells that separately fertilize a egg cell and 2 polar nuclei through the aids of a pollen tube.
564734083	Total number of ATP required for the synthesis of one glucose molecule via Calvin Cycle	18
564734084	The male sex hormones are produced by?	interstitial cells
564734085	Prostate gland	facilitates ejaculation of sperms by prematurely secreting a thin, milky fluid
564734086	Synapsis	synapsis of homologous chromosomes is the making of tetrad in prophase I or Meiosis I.
564734087	Rate constant equation for half life	k=0.693/time of half-life
564734088	Combustion produces what and uses what in excess amount?	Produce CO2 and H20 and requires O2 in excess
564734089	Formation of acetals from aldehydes and alcohols is carried out via...	nucelophic additions
566028112	what are the 3 nonspecific leukocytes?	nutrophiles, macrophages, natural killer (NMN)
566028117	what are interferons and what does it do?	helps neighbors produce anti-viral proteins to prevent spread of virus
566028119	what manufactures antibodies and what does it do?	plasma cells makes antibodies inactivate antigens by binding to them followed by phagocytosis
566028122	Once B cells encounters an antigen, it proliferates into two cells, what are they and with the help out what?	proliferate into Plasma cells and Memory cells with the help of T helper cells
566028124	When activated, what are the two types of T cells?	1. cytotoxic T cells (aka killer T cells) - lyse non-self cells 2. helper T cells - stimulate proliferation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells
566028125	What happens during cell-mediated response?	T cells responds to non-self cells (antigen) and produce cytotoxic T cells t destroy non-self cells OR T cells produce helper T cells that bind to macrophages that engulf non-self cells
566028127	during fertilization, sperm recognize what to ensure proper reproduction?	zona pellucida
566028128	In humans, penetration triggers what?	meiosis II
566028130	What is the blastocoel and what stage is it in?	fuild filled cavity in bastula
566028132	what is the blastopore and what stage is it in?	in gastrula, becomes the anus or mouth first
566119842	The neural tube forms?	Central Nervous System
566119843	What is the gray crescent in frog?	cytoplasm where sperm penetrates egg
566119844	blastodisc	blastulation in birds
566119845	Primitive streak	where gastrulation occurs in birds, not blastopore
566119846	blastocyst	im humans where gastrulation occurs. consist of trophoblast (outter ring of cells, forms the chorion) and embryoblast (where gastrulation ocurs)
566119847	simple reflex	afferent to efferent via spinal cord
566119848	complex reflex	reticular activitating sys. "startle response"
566119849	instinct behavior	mammals take care of offspring
566119850	fixed action pattern	innate behavior that once trigger, goes to completion.
566119851	imprinting	innate programming of behavior if stimulus experience during early life
566119852	Operant conditioning	reinforcement method
566119853	spatial learning	return to important location Ex. birds to their nest
566119854	habituation	repeat stimulation decrease response (scarying someone, if you stay in the same location and scare repeatly they will eventually not yell)
566119855	observational learning	animal copy behavior of another
566119856	insight	animal exposed to new behvior uses prior experience to gain desirable outcome
566119857	agonistic behavior	This often ritualized contest that determines which competitor gains access to a resource
566119858	Altrusitic behavior	risk of self to help another
566119859	Environmental Rhythms	maintained by environmental stimuli (ex. traffic light signals)
566119860	biotic potential	max growth rate of population under ideal condition
566119861	carrying capacity	max number of individuals in population that can be sustained by habitat
566119862	density-dependent factors	density dependent on predation, resouce, etc K selected better due to competition
566119863	density-independent factors	occur independently of the density of population ex. flood, extreme climate R selected do better due to quick reproduction
566119864	what has an exponential growth?	when birth rate exceed mortality rates

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DAT Biology II Flashcards

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560400536	Bryophytes	1st subgroup of Plants Mosses, liverwarts and hornworths (No xylem so have to live in moist places) male antheridium produce flagellated sperm that swim to fertilize female archegonium
560400537	Tracheophytes	2nd subgroup of Plants seedless plants (A tree, or a pot of leaf) (have vascular bundle) sporophyte dominate
560400538	Lycophyta	seedless tracheophytes club mosses nonwoody (there is no wood like trees, just steams) microphyll leaves (small leaves)
560400539	Pterophyta	seedless tracheophytes Ferns large leaves (megaphylls)
560400540	Psilophytes	seedless tracheophytes
560400541	Sphenophytes	seedless tracheophytes
560400542	Microsprangium	produce male spores in seeded plants of tracheophytes
560400543	Macrosprangium	female spores in seeded plants of trachophytes
560400544	Gymnosperms	naked seeded plants of tracheophytes Coniferophyta Cone bearing, pines, fir, spruce, juniper, cedar
560400545	Angiosperms	Flowering plants Anthophyta Have female and male reproductive system within flower
560400546	What is the Pistill and what does it contain?	Female parts of a flower Stigma catch pollen, brings it down the style to the ovary
560400547	What is the stamen and what does it contain/	Male parts of flower stalk of filament and on top is the anther, produces pollen
560400548	sepals and what does it do	they are petals and serves to attract bees for pollination
560400549	Coelom	fluid filled body cavity, arise within mesoderm
560400550	Acoelomates	animals with no coelom
560400551	Coelomates	animals with coelom such as protosomes and deuterostomes
560400552	Protosomes	(blastopore on top) 1st opening forms mouth
560400553	Deuterostomes	(blastopore bottom) 1st opening forms anus
560400554	Cnidarians, what are the two body forms?	1. medusa (umbrella like Ex. Jellyfish) 2. polyp (sessile, cylinder shaped Ex. Corals)
560400555	Do Cnidarians have a coelom?	No, they are acolomates
560400556	Cindocytes, what is it and who does it belong to?	stinging cells belonging to cindarians
560400557	What circulatory system (aka vascular system) do Cnidarians have?	None! two cell think but nothing specialize. all cells in direct contact with ex or internal environment
560400558	Nervous system do Cnidarians have?	net nerve
560400559	Respiratory system of Cnidarians?	simple diffusion
560400560	Do annelida have red blood cells?	no
560400561	How do Cnidarians digest and excrete?	use tentacles bring in food and excrete via simple diffusion
560400562	Platyhelminthes	flat worms
560400563	What are tapeworms?	Platyhelminthes
560400564	how do Platyhelminthes move?	hydrostatic skeleton
560400565	how many layers do Platyhelminthes have?	3 layer cells
560400566	Do Platyhelminthes have coelom?	nope! acolomates
560400567	What type of tissues and organs do Platyhelminthes have?	true!
560400568	How many openings do Platyhelminthes have?	one for both digestion and ingestion
560400569	Why are Platyhelminthes flat?	to increase S.A. for O2 exchange
560400570	Nematoda	Round worms
560400571	do Nematoda have a coelom?	yes (protostomic cholomate), has mesoderm
560400572	What type of nervous system do Nematoda have?	nerve cords and nerve ring
560400573	what circulatory system do Nematoda have?	none
560400574	what type of digestion do Nematoda have?	long digestive tubes with anus
560400575	Annelida	segmented earth worms, leeches
560400576	Do Annelida have coelom?	yes, they have a TRUE BODY CAVITY (protostomic cholomate)
560400577	annelida Vascular system (same as circulatory system)?	open circulatory system (blood moves from dorsel to head) Aortic loop which is the heart dorsal vessel connect tot he ventral vessel
560400578	annelida digestive system?	contains nephridia which expells waste 1 way digestive tract with mouth and anus
560400579	how do annelida move?	hydrostatic skeleton
560400580	annelida respiratory system?	moist skin for diffusion
560400581	annelida nervous system?	central Nervous system ventral nerve cord and anterior brain of fused ganglia(clusters of nerve cell bodies)
560400582	Molluska	snails, cuttlefish, squid, octopus
560400583	how has mantles and what are they made of?	molluska , made of of calcium carbonate
560400584	How do Molluska breakth?	gills
560400585	Molluska have what type of heart and body?	chamberd hearts and visceral(internal) body containing organs
560400586	Molluska have what type of nervous system?	pair of ventral nerve cords
560400587	what type of circulatory system do Molluska have?	open circulatory system with large opening called hemocoel
560400588	do Molluska have coelom?	yes, protostomic colomate
560400589	Arthropod	Insects, spiders, crustaceans
560400590	what type of lungs do spiders have?	book lungs
560400591	what are the skin of insects and crustacean made of?	chitin exoskeleton
560400592	Jointed appendages are unique to what?	arthropod
560400593	arthropods have what type of excretion system?	Malpighian tube to remove nitric acid waste
560400594	arthropod vascular system?	open circulatory system, blood flows dorsal to sinuses
560400595	do arthropod have coelom?	yes, protostomic colomate
560400596	arthropod nervous system?	central N.S. similar to annelida but more specialized
560400597	arthropod respiratory system?	tracheae
560400598	arthropod digestive system/	similar to annelids, one way tract with anus and mouth. have salivary glands as well
560400599	what are the tracheae in insects called?	spiracles for simple diffusion respiration
560400600	Echinoderm	starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars
560400601	Echinoderm, do they have a coelom?	yes, but deuterostomic colomate
560400602	what type of symmetry do Echinoderm have?	radial
560400603	Chordate	Vetebrate and Nonvertebrate
560400604	What four things do chordate have at lease once in their life?	1. dorsal hollow nerve cord 2. pharyngeal gill slits 3. notochord arised from mesoderm 4. tail
560400605	do chordate have coelom? and what type	yes, deuterostomic colomate
560400606	nae two chordate that do not have vertebrate?	lancelets and tunicates
560400607	What has vetebrates?	fish, amphibia, reptiles, birds, mammals
560400608	how many chambered hearts do fish have?	2
560400609	how do fish fertilize?	externally
560400610	Name two (class Agnatha) jawless fish and what happens to their notocord?	lamprey and hagfish (retain notocord aka spinal cord throughout life)
560400611	Name a cartilagious fish? and what type of notochord do they have?	sharks, they have reduce notochord
560400612	What do bony fish have that jawless and cartilagious fish do not have?	scales
560400613	What happens to the notochord of bony fish when they become adults?	lose notochord
560400614	What are Amphibia?	frogs, salamander
560400615	What are Amphibia called during laval stage? and what do they have?	tadpole have gills and tail
560400616	What do Amphibia adults have?	lungs, legs, NO TAIL
560400617	how many chamberd hearts do Amphibia have?	3
560400618	how do Amphibia fertilize?	externally
560400619	How many chambered hearts do birds have?	4
560400620	What are Monotreme?	mammals that lay leathery eggs instead of giving birth to live youngs
560400621	what are Marsupials?	mammals who's young are carried in a pouch
560400622	examples of Placental Mammals are?	baths, whale, mouse, humans
560433436	dicots and monocots belong to angiosperm of gymnosperm?	Angio
560433437	Dicots have ___ leaf venation while monocots have __ leaf?	dicots have netted : monocots have parallel
560433438	Dicots have ___ vascular bundles while monocots have __ ?	dicots have circular: mono have scattered
560433439	Dicots have ___ root while monocots have __ ?	dicots have single large root : mono have fibrous root (clusters of many roots)
560433440	What are the three ground tissues?	Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
560433441	Parenchyma = thin or thick wall? common or not? function?	think walls, most common, storage and photosynthesis
560433442	Collenchyma = thin or thick wall? flexible or not? function?	thick, flexible wall. provides support
560433443	sclerenchyma = thin or thick? function?	thick, support
560433444	what are dermal tissues?	epidermis cells that over outside of plants
560433445	Vascular bundle, xylem or pholem is inside?	xylem inside
560433446	Two types of xylem?	vessel and tracheids cells
560433447	xylem, thick or thin?	thick, the old xylem forms lumber while the new xylem becomes the sapwood
560433448	phloem, thick or think?	thin, it is the bark of tree, once remove tree will die
560433449	two types of phloem cells?	companion and sieve tube cells
560629631	Epicotyl	top portion of embryo, develops into upper steam and leaves
560629632	Hypocotyl	bottom portion of embryo, develops into lower steam and roots
560629633	Cotyledon	grows and feed embryo, can be dicots or moncots
560629634	What are the three zones in order of germination and development of the roots and steams?	1. zone of cell division 2. zone of elongation 3. zone of maturation (forms vascular bundles and parenchyma)
560629635	What are two meristem cells? and what do they grow into?	1. apical meristem (primiary growth) = grows in length (roots and steams) 2. lateral meristem aka cambium or cork cambium (secondary growth) = grows in diameter (2nd xylem and 2nd pholem)
560629636	What does the cortex do in roots and where is is located?	It is towards the inside, below the epidermis. Bulk of the root and store starch
560629637	What are casparian strip?	within the endodermis of the roots, next to cortex. control water flow
560629638	Do stem have casparian strip?if not, what do they have to prevent water loss?	No, they have cutin to protect stem
560629639	Do leaves have opening on the upper surface? why?	no, to prevent water loss
560629640	what is the function of the epidermis of the leaf?	protect the cuticle (waxy material cutin) and reduce water loss
560629641	what are palisade mesophyll?	large surface area for photosynthesis (expose to light)
560629642	what are spongy mesophyll?	parachyma cells, gas exchange for leafs
560629643	guard cells?	control opening and closing of stomata
560629644	Stoma	opening located in lower epidermis does gas and water exchange opens during the day to let CO2 in and close at night to limit loss of water vapor
560629645	what are the three factors in rise of water in xylem?	1. capillary movement (liquid in think tube will rise due to surface tension) 2. transpiration (evaporation of water create negative pressure to pull water up) 3. Root pressure
560629646	What is translocation in plants?	movement of carbs through pholem from source to sink (active process)
560629647	Sink	sugar to starch (not soluble in water)
560629648	source	starch to sugar (sugar is soluble in water)
560629649	What inhibits lateral buds?	Auxin
560629650	What does Auxin do?	promote plant growth
560629651	Gibberlins	stem elongation
560629652	What does Gibberlins inhibit?	formation of new roots
560629653	What does Gibberlins terminate?	dormancy of seeds and buds
560629654	Cytokinins	plant hormone, cytokinesis, cell division
560629655	Abscisic Acid (ABA)	growth inhibitor
560629656	Auxin more on shaded side __ growth.	more
560629657	Gravitropism, which why does plant grow if it has negative gravitropism?	negative means grows upwards positive means grows downwards
560629658	Thigmotropism?	touch EX. climbing plants
560629659	Photoperiodism	response due to change in photoperioid (length of day and night)
560629660	What will a flash of red light during the night do to a plant?	it will reset the plant's clock (photoperiod)
560629661	Does brief period of darkness during the day have any effect on plants?	no

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DAT Biology Flashcards

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559664479	Carotenoids	lipid derivatives, produce pigments in plants and animals , An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.
559664480	Porphyrins	lipid derivatives, a group of light-sensitive, pigmented, ringed chemical structures that are required for the synthesis of hemoglobin. Complexed with metals usch as iron in hemoglobin and chlorophyll with Mg
559664481	Can H20 and hydrocarbons pass freely across membrane?	yes (small, uncharged, non-polar, hydrophobic can pass)
559664482	Porins	allow passage of certain ions and small polar molecules such as aquaporins in kidneys for H20
559664483	Rough ER	protein synthesis, creates glycoproteins for secretion
559664484	Smooth ER	synthesis of hormones, lipids, breakdown of toxins and drugs in liver
559664485	cyclosis	transport of material in cytoplasm (steaming movement)
559664486	Peroxiomes	breakdown of H2O2, fatty acids, AA. In liver and kidneys to break down toxins, by-products of photorespiration in plants
559664487	Centrioles	two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope; play a role in cell division. Are microtubles (MTOCs)
559664488	Storage vocuoles	store starch, pigments, toxic substances (nicotine) in plants
559664489	Contractile vacuoles	in single cell organism, pump excess water out of cell Ex. fresh water protozoa to prevent bursting
559664490	Desmosome	aka spot welding, support and stability
559664491	Tight junctions	animal cells, seal to prevent passage of materials btwn cell
559664492	gap junctions	narrow tunnels btwn animal cells, only ions exchange
559664493	plasmodesma	barrow channels between plant cells for exchange of materials
559664494	Bulk flow	collective movement of substance (like blood or urine) in same direction due to force
559664495	dialysis	diffusion of solutes across selective permeable membrane (passive)
559664496	plasmolysis	water of out cell, results in collapse aka shrivel (passive)
559664497	Total ATP in Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic	Eukaryotic = 36 ATP Prokaryotic = 38 ATP
559664498	Glycolysis	1 glucose + 2 ATP + 4 ADP + 2NAD + 2Pi --> 2 pyruvate + 2ADP + 4 ATP + 2NADH +2H + 2H2O = 2 ATP
559664499	Fermination	1 pyruvate + NADH --> (Ethanol + CO2 in Plants) and (Lactic Acid in animals use for muscle cells) + NAD
559664500	Pyruvate decarboxylation	2 pyruvate + 2 Coenzyme A + 2 NAD --> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2CO2 + 2NADH = - 2 ATP
559664501	Citric Acid Cycle	2 Acetyl CoA + 6NAD + 2FAD + 2ADP + 2H20 --> 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP = 2 ATP
559664502	Electron Transport Chain	10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 34 ADP + 34pi + 10 H + 5O2 ---> 10 NAD + 2 FAD + 34 ATP + 10H20 = 34 ATP
559664503	How man ATP per NADH and FADH?	1 NADH = 3 ATP 1 FADH = 2 ATP
559664504	Where does the H+ accumulate in Mitochondria	Between Inner and Outer membrane/ cross crista (btw inner and outer membrane vs matrix)
559664505	Cori Cycle	liver converts lactic acid lack into glucose when ATP is available
559664506	Noncyclic Photophosphorylation	Photosystem 2 P680 Generates = NADPH, ATP, photolysis of H2O (to get 2 electrons)
559664507	Cyclic Photophosphorylation	Photosystem 1 P700 Generates ATP only
559664508	Calvin Cycle (Dark Cycle)	fixes Co2 (6 cycles) 1. carboxylation 2. reduction 3. regeneration and carbohydrate synthesis
559664509	Dark reaction takes place in the ?	stroma of the chlorplasts
559664510	Light reaciton takes place in the ?	chlorophyll of the thylakoid of the chlorplasts
559664511	Where does H+ accumulate in chemiosmosis in chloroplasts?	inside thylakoids
559664512	Chromatin	uncoiled DNA in Interphase
559664513	Chromosomes	chromatin condense into chromosomes in Prophase of Mitosis
559664514	Epistasis	One gene affects the phenotypic expression for a second gene Ex. Chad's bald head affects the expression of this red hair
559664515	Pleiotropy	Single gene has more than one phenotypic expression Ex. sick cell anemia
559664516	Polygenism	many genes afffect single trait Ex. Height, diff heights around the world for single trait
559664517	Linked genes	on same chromosome, segerates dependently
559664518	X-inactivation	one of the 2 X chromosomes does not uncoil = create barr body Ex. Calico Cats
559664519	Aneuploidy	extra or missing chromosomes, usually because of nondisjunction of sex or somatic cells
559664520	Mutations in somatic cells can lead to ___ while in sex cells can transmit to __	Mutations in somatic cells can lead to tumor while mutation in sex cells can transmit to offspring
559664521	Replication	1. Helicase 2. Single Stranded binding proteins 3. Primase lays RNA primers 4. DNA Pol III 5. DNA ligase (seals backbone of Okazaki fragments) 6. DNA Pol I (replace RNA primers with DNA) 7. Telomere
559664522	Missense Mutation	codes for different Amino Acid
559664523	Nonsense Mutation	codes for stop codon
559664524	Euchromatin	loosely bound, active transcription, 92% of human genome, in boht Euk and Prok cells
559664525	Heteromatin	tightly bound, not active
559896520	Describe Inductive system. How does transcription happen? How does transcription not happen?	- When repressor binds to operator = prevent RNA pol (no transcription) - When repressor binds to inducer(or a cofactor) = RNA pol attach to begin transcrption
559896521	Put these in order and describe each for an Operon (bacterial gene regulation) = promotor, operator, regulatory genes, structural genes	1. regulatory genes = codes for repressors or activators for operon 2. Promotor = RNA pol attach to begin transcription 3. Operator = Can block RNA pol if bound of repressor 4. Structural Gene = codes for genetic product
559896522	Lac Operon = 1. what is its function? 2. How to prevent transcription? 3. How to allow transcription?	1. lac genes allow for the catabolism of lactose 2. Transcription is prevented when the repressor binds to the operator 3. Transcription occurs when the regressor binds to the lactose
559896523	Transcription Steps	1. RNA Pol binds to promoter via transcription factor and unzips DNA 2. RNA Pol forms complementary RNA 3. Transcription terminated at special sequence
559896524	Promoter regions in Prok and Euk?	Prok = -35 sequence and Pribnow box Euk = TATA box
559896525	What is the template strand and two other names for it?	- Template strand is the one being transcribed It is also known as the non-coding or anti-sense
559896526	What is the complementary strand and two other names for it?	- The complementary RNA (1 strand of mRNA 5' -> 3') is the one being formed from the template strand It is also known as coding strand or sense
559896527	Monocistronic	Eukaryotic 1 RNA -> 1 Protein
559896528	Polycistronic	Prokaryotic 1 RNA --> Many Proteins
559896529	How many RNA Pol are in Prok and Euk? And what do they make?	Prok = Only 1 = RNA Pol Eurk = 3 RNA Pol 1 = rRNA RNA Pol 2 = mRNA RNA Poll 3 = tRNA (READ MY TEETH)
559896530	What is 5'Cap/ Poly A Tail/ Splicing out introns	Only in Eukaryotic 1. 5'Cap and poly A tail ensures mRNA stability in protein synthesis 2. Splicing out introns and connecting exons makes mRNA small and easier to transport
559896531	Speciation 1. Allopatric 2. Sympatric 3. Adaptive Radiation 4. Ecological Speciation 5. Morphological Speciation	1. Allopatric = geographic isolation via barrier 2. Sympatric = no geographicn isolation 3. Adaptive Radiation = many species from single ancestor 4. Ecological Speciation = adaption because of location and activity 5. Morphological Speciation = seperation becuz of physical measures
559896532	Prezygotic vs. Postzygotic isolating mchanism	Prezygotic = prevent fertilization Postzygotic = prevent formation of fertile progeny
559896533	Parallel Evolution	Two rated species make similar adaptation under similar circumstances after diverging from a common ancestor (think of a fork)
559896534	Coevolution	Two or more species evolve together (responding to each other's new evolutionary features)
559896535	Phyletic gradualism	evolution occurs gradually through accumulation of small changes over long period of time
559896536	Punctuated equilibrium	long periods of nothing happening and little change puncutated with short, rapid evolution
559896537	Archaea	-Domain -Prokaryotes -Cell walls and plasma membrane distinct from prok and euk. made of polysaccarides -DNA associated with histones - ribosomes not inhibited by antibiotics Ex. methanogens (produce methane) and Extremophiles (halophiles, thermophiles)
559896538	Cell wall of Bacteria	- peptodoglycan cell wall
559896539	Bacteria DNA?	single DS circular DNA, not associated with histones
559896540	Domain Bacteria	Kingdom Monera - prokaryotes - single celled
559896541	Cyanobacteria	are photosynthetic bacteria Can withstand high temp believed to descend from first organisms with a developed photosynethic capability
559896542	Blue Green Algae	Are cyanobacteria
559896543	Nitrogen fixing bacteria	fixes N2 to NO3 Ex. roots of legumes and lighting
559896544	Staphylococci	clusters of circular bacteria
559896545	Streptococci	chain of circular bacteria
559896546	Domain Eukarya	Kingdom Protisa, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
559896547	Protista it's subgroups	Plant and Animal characteristics - Algae like (energy via photosynthesis) (multicellular) - Protozoa (Animal like) (single cell) - Fungus like (multicellular)
559896548	euglenoids	Protista - algae like (photosynthetic) - flagella made of microtubles for location via powerstroke
559896549	Dinoflagellates	Protista - algae like (photsnthetic) - di (2) flagella - some bioluminescent while others produce toxin
559896550	Phytoplankton	Protista - algae like
559896551	Diatoms	Protista - have silica shells that fit together like a box with lid
559896552	Brown algae	Protista - kelps
559896553	Rhodophyta	Protista - read algae
559896554	Cholorphyta	Protista - green algae
559896555	Protozoa	Belong to Protista - animal like - unicellular -heterotropic like little animals
559896556	Rhizopoda	Protoza - Amoebas - move by extending pseudopods
559896557	Foraminifera	Protoza - made of calcium carbonate
559896558	Apicomplexans	Protoza - parasites of animals
559896559	Paramecium	Protoza - move and feed with cilia made by microtubulin - have vacuole for excretion
559896560	Nervous system of protoza	no organized nervous system. move via stimuli such as head, light, chemical, etc.
559896561	Digestion of protoza	phagocytosis via vaculoes which fuse with lysosomes Or cilia sweep food in
559896562	Myxomycota	Fungus like protista - plamodial slime molds
559896563	Slim molds (Acrasiomycota)	fungus like protista - coenocytic (many nuclei)
559896564	Oomycota	fungus like protista - water molds, mildrew, whit rusts -form filaments but not septa - coenocytic (many nuclei)
560105230	Cell wall of fungi?	chitin
560105231	Fungi are either? two things	1. saprophytic (bread mold) 2. parasitc (athelet's foot)
560105232	Hyphae	haploid, filaments in fungi
560105233	Mycelium	mass of hyphae
560105234	coenocytic	some lack septa so they are mutli nucleated such as oomycota and slim molds belonging to the fungus like protista
560105235	septate	crosswalls, multicellular form like mushrooms in fungus
560105236	Haustoria	ends of tissues for nutrients absorption in fungus
560105237	Plasmogamy	fusion of cells from two different fungal strain to produce single cell with 2 nuclei (2 cells become 1 cell with 2 nuclei)
560105238	Karyogamy	fusion of 2 haploid nuceli to form single diploid nucleus (1N +1N = 2N)
560227281	Zygomycota	aka zygote, no septa, reproduce sexually, bread mold, Fungi
560227282	Glomeromycota	mutual relationship with roots of plants
560227283	Ascomycota	fungus, have septa, Yeakts and truffles aka sacs
560227284	Acrasimycota	not a fungus, cellular slime molds belonging to fungus like protista that has coenocytic (many nuclei)
560227285	Basidiomycota	fungus with septa (multicellular) Ex. Mushrooms aka club fungi
560227286	Deuteromycota	imperfect fungi, artifical group Ex. Penicillium
560227287	Lichens	mutual relationship btwn fungi and algae
566679328	Nitrogen fixing bacteria	N2 to NO3 (light, legumes)
566679329	Nitrifiying Bacteria	N2 to NH4 to NO3 (chemosynthesis)
566679330	denitrifying bacteria	NH3 to N2
566679331	Heart Right side is ___/Left side is ___	Right side is deoxygenated/Left side is oxygenated
566679332	Electrocardiogram (what is R, QRS. T)	R = artial depolarization QRS = ventricular contraction T = repolarization
566679333	Arteries (3 things)	thick walls muscular elastic vessels
566679334	capillaries	thin walls smallest diameter
566679335	veins	think walls blood flow in vein depends on muscles during movement (veins have valves to prevent flow back of blood in legs) inelastic vessels
566679336	purkinje fibers	contraction of venticles
566679337	3 blood proteins	immunoglobulins, albumin, fibrinogen
566679338	two types of bone	compact (haversian system) and spongy bone (filled with yellow and red bone marrow)
566679339	What is another name for resorption	ostesclasts destory bones
566679340	endochondrial ossification	cartilage replaced by bone
566679341	intramembranous ossification	embryonic, undifferentiated connective tissue replaced by bone
566679342	axial skeleton	skull, vertebral, column, rib cage
566679343	appendicular skeleton	bones of appendages, pectoral and pelvic
566679344	origin	muscle to stationary bone
566679345	insertion	muscle to bone that moves
566679346	tendon	muscle to bone
566679347	ligament	moveable joints (bone to bone)

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APUSH Chapter 29 - Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad Flashcards

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357599305	Election of 1912	Democrats - Woodrow Wilson. The Democrats had a strong progressive platform that called for stronger antirust laws, banking reform, and tariff reductions. Republicans - Taft.
357599306	New Nationalism	Since TR wasn't selected at the GOP nomination for president, he entered as a 3rd party and had New Nationalism be his platform in the 1912 election. New Nationalism campaigned for stronger control of trusts, woman suffrage, and programs of social welfare.
357599307	New Freedom	1912 Election, Woodrow Wilson (D)'s platform. favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets. Democrats shunned the social-welfare programs and supported the fragmentation of trusts.
357599308	"the triple wall of privilege"	President Wilson called for an "all-out war" on tariffs, banks, and trusts.
357730897	Underwood Tariff Bill	Passed in 1913, after Wilson convinced congress to pass it. It significantly reduced the tariff rates., It was also the first ever implementation of a graduated income tax on incomes $3000+ (See 16th Amendment)
358044256	16th Amendment	Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.
358044257	Federal Reserve Act.	a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply. Under this law, the Federal Reserve Board was created, which had its members appointed by the president. They oversaw the 12 regional Federal Reserve banks.
358044258	Federal Reserve Notes	paper currency issued by the fed that eventually replaced all other types of federal currency - issued by the Federal Reserve Board. Thus, the amount of money in circulation could be increased as needed for the requirements of business.
358044259	Federal Trade Commission Act of 191	Authorized a presidentially-appointed commission to oversee industries engaged in interstate commerce, such as the meatpackers. The commissioners were expected to crush monopolies at the source.
358044260	Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914	Strengthened the Sherman Act's list of business practices that were deemed objectionable.This law outlawed interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefitting labor, it declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property. The significance of the event is that the labors were able to get power and they were able have some kind of voice because the monopoly in the nation was getting weaker.
358044261	Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916	made loans available to farmers at low rates of interest.
358044262	Warehouse Act of 1916	Authorized loans on the security of staple crops.
358044263	La Follette Seamen's Act of 1915	benefited sailors by requiring decent treatment and a living wage on American ships.
358044264	Workingmen's Compensation Act of 1916	Gave assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability.
358044265	Keating owen act 1916	Prohibited interstate commerce of goods made by children
358044266	Adamson Act of 1916	established an 8-hour work day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce.
358044267	Louis D. Brandeis	the first Jew to be a Supreme Court justice nominated by President Wilson
358044268	What were Wilsons views on foreign policy?	President Wilson was an anti-imperialist and withdrew from aggressive foreign policy.
358321952	Hay-Pauncefote Treaty	(TR) , negotiations with Colombia, six mile strip of land in Panama, $10 million, US could dig canal without British involvement
358321953	Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912,	A Bill that was repealed in 1914 by Wilson.. The act was accused of being unfair to Britain because the US was exempt from all trading tolls but they weren't and
358321954	Jones Act 1916	granted Phillipines territorial status and promised independence as soon as stable government was achieved
358321955	What happened in Haiti in 1915? And what did Wilson do to protect them?	Political turmoil broke out -- Wilson dispatched marines to protect American lives and property. In 1916, he signed a treaty with Haiti providing for U.S. supervision of finances and the police.
358321956	How did Wilson expand the Caribbean holdings?	He purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917
358321957	What was happening in mexico under Wilson's presidency?	The Mexican Revolution in 1913 -- the president was murdered and replaced with General Victoriano Huerta. Many immigrants moved to America
358321958	Wilson initially didn't want to get involved with Mexico. What made Wilson decide to get involved with the Mexican revolution?	A small party of American sailors were accidentally captured by the Mexicans so Wilson ordered the navy to seize the Mexican port of Vera Cruz.
358321959	Venustiano Carranza	The successor of Huerta, President of Mexico after Huerta was overthrown
358321960	Francisco Villa	"Pancho villa" -- attempted to provoke a war between Mexico and the U.S by killing Americans. He was a rival of Carranza
358321961	General John J. Perishing	unsucessful campaign against pancho villa. Perishing was sent by Wilson to mexico to break up Villa's band of outlaws but then retreated once the US faced Germany as a threat for war
358637907	How did WWI start?	Franz Ferdinand, Archiduke and heir to the Austria-Hungary throne, was killed by Serbians while in Bosnia trying to strengthen their loyalty. An outraged Vienna government, backed by Germany, presented an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia, backed by Russia, refused to budge. Russia began to mobilize its army, alarming Germany on the east, and France confronted Germany on the west.
358637908	Central Powers	Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire
358637909	Allied Powers	Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and later the US
358637910	What did President Wilson issue when there was a declaration of WWI?	A neutrality agreement, saying the US would not involve itself -- 1914
358637911	What was the American attitude towards Germany at the beginning WWI?	Most Americans were anti-Germany from the outset of the war. Kaiser Wilhelm II, the leader of Germany, seemed the embodiment of arrogant autocracy. Yet, the majority of Americans were against war.
358637912	Kaiser Wilhelm II	was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.
358637913	Explain the impact of WWI on American Industries at the beginning of the war	American industry prospered off trade with the Allies. Germany and the Central Powers protested American trading with the Allies, although America wasn't breaking the international neutrality laws -- Germany was free to trade with the U.S., but Britain prevented this trade by controlling the Atlantic Ocean by which Germany had to cross in order to trade with the U.S.
358637914	Lusitania	Sunk in 1915 by a German submarine. It was a British Ship but had aboard 128 Americans, who were killed. Forced Germany to stop submarine warfare.
358637915	What was the "American" response after the sinking of Lusitania?	The american people demanded war but Wilson still didn't want to enter the war
358637916	Arabic	1915 -- The second British ship that Germany sunk
358637917	Sussex	The third French ship that Germany sunk
358637918	What did Wilson do after Germany sink the Sussex?	Wilson informed the Germans that unless they renounced the inhuman practice of sinking merchant ships without warning, he would break diplomatic relations, leading to war.
358637919	Election of 1916	Republicans chose Charles Evans Hughes. Democrats chose Woodrow Wilson on an anti-war campaign. He won.

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Chapter 29: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt Flashcards

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676720660	Progressive Movement	reform effort, generally centered in urban areas and begun in the early 1900s, whose aims included returning control of the government to the people, restoring economic opportunities, and correcting injustices in American life.
676720661	How the Other Half Lives	a book by John Riis that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who live in the tenements
676720662	muckraker	The term Muckrakers was given by Roosevelt and refers to reform-minded journalists who wrote for popular magazine after 1900 until WWI. The muckrakers wanted to expose the dirty things that were going on behind big business. After they wrote The Jungle in 1906, Upton Sinclair affected the passing of the Meat Inspection Act. p 384
676720663	Lincoln Steffans	Muckraker and managing editor of McClure's magazine; he exposed government corruption in his 1904 book, The Shame of the Cities.
676720664	Ida Tarbell	muckraker who targeted the unfair practices of big business. Her articles about the standard oil company led to demands for tighter controls on trust.
676720665	David G. Phillips	Wrote a series in Cosmopolitan titled "The Treason of the Senate" which boldly charged that 75 of the 90 senators represented the railroads and trusts, not the people. His indictment impressed President Roosevelt. He continued his writing until he was killed in 1911.
676720666	Ray Stannard Baker	Following the Color Line (1908) was a series spotlighting the plight of 9 million blacks—of whom 90 percent still lived in the South and one-third were illiterate.
676720667	John Spargo	The Bitter Cry of the Children,Journalist and novelist, he wrote of the unfair treatment of children used as child labor. Stressed better education, better schools and teachers. A muckraker novel.
676720668	Initiative	allowed all citizens to introduce a bill into the legislative and required members to take a vote on it
676720669	Referendum	The name given to the political process in which the general public votes on an issue of public concern.
676720670	Recall	the act of removing an official by petition
676720671	17th amendment	Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.
676720672	woman's suffrage	woman's right to vote
676720673	Galveston, Texas	1901- appointed expert-staffed commissions to manage urban affairs. (City-manager system). They were frustrated by the inefficiency and corruption of machine-oiled city government.
676720674	Wisconsin Plan	Robert La Follette who is a reformer and a republican who will fight and win the republican machine. Ends up being governor of Wisconsin. Bob supports direct election of senators, use of primaries, and restrictions on lobbyists. (Wanted to make Government less corrupt)
676720675	Women's Club Movement	gave a broad civic entry to middle-class women; literary clubs that educated women in "poem and prose" but eventually became a meeting hall for social issues and current events
676720676	Separate Spheres	Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics
676720677	Children's Bureau	An agency created during Taft's administration to protect the rights of children
676720678	Women's Bureau	Emerged after the war in the Department of Labor to protect women in the workplace.
676720679	National Consumer's League	Organization for female activists that ensured safe food products for family consumption.
676720680	Muller v. Oregon	1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health
676720681	Lochner v. New York	overturns new york law setting 8 hr maximum working hours for bakery workers- 1905
676720682	Triangle Shirtwaist Fire	a fire in New York's Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911 killed 146 people, mostly women. They died because the doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. Dramatized the poor working conditions and let to federal regulations to protect workers.
676720683	Women's Christian Temperance Union	This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.
676720684	Roosevelt's Square Deal	Includes the various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt Administration. Conservation, Trust-busting, and Labor policies.
676720685	Anthracite Coal Strike	1902 United Mine Workers of America strike in eastern Pennsylvania which threatened to cause an energy crisis requiring the federal government to intervene on the side of labor (first time)
676720686	Elkins Act	(1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers
676720687	Hepburn Act	This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.
676720688	Northern Securities Trust	(ROOSEVELT) The Northern Securities Company was a holding company in 1902. The company was forced to dissolve after they were challenged by Roosevelt, his first trust-bust.
676720689	Northern Securities Supreme court case	Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.
676720690	Upton Sinclair	muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.
676720691	The Jungle	Muckraking book by Upton Sinclair that detailed the gross innards of the meatpacking industry
676720692	Meat Inspection Act	Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption.
676720693	Pure Food and Drug Act	the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs
676720694	Desert Land Act of 1877	Earth conservation act: government sold arid land cheaply on the condition that the purchaser irrigate the soil within three years
676720695	Forest Reserve Act of 1891	Authorized the President to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves
676720696	The Carey Act of 1894	This act distributed federal land to the states under the condition that it be irrigated and settled (date)
676720697	Newlands Act of 1902	Authorized Washington to collect money from the sae of public lands in the Western states, using funds for the development of irrigation projects
676720698	Roosevelt Dam	built on the Arizona River; conservation project
676720699	Boy Scouts of America	outdoor youth organization formed partly as a response to growing desire for conservationism
676720700	The Sierra Club	John Miur, political group that lobbies and tries to get environmental laws passed
676720701	Jack London	a naturalist who achieved a degree of popular success with his adventure stories The Call of the Wild (1903) and The Sea Wolf (1904) celebrating the triumph of brute force and the will to survive. He believed in Friedrich Nietzsche's doctrine of the superman
676720702	Gifford Pinchot	head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them
676720703	Bureau of Reclamation	a federal agency established in 1902 providing public funds for irrigation projects in arid regions
676720704	Panic of 1907	A serious recession, proved the govt. still had little control over the industrial economy. Conservatives blamed Roosevelt's mad economic policies for the disaster, and the president disagreed, but acted quickly to reassure business leaders that he wouldn't interfere with their private recovery efforts.
676720705	Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908	Authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral, response to the "Roosevelt panic" of 1907, smoothed for the Federal Reserve Act f 1913
676720706	Roosevelt's opinion of Taft	TR disliked Taft because Taft was far more conservative than TR was. TR hand-picked Taft to be his successor and to carry on his Progressive policies.
676720707	Dollar Diplomacy	Foriegn Policy idea by Taft to make countries dependant on the U.S. by heavily investing in their economies
676720708	Taft and Manchuria	Taft put his new policy to the test in Manchuria, where he offered to purchase and develop the Manchurian Railway to prevent Russia and Japan from seizing control of it and colonizing the region.
676720709	Taft and United States Steel	Taft's efforts included one suit against the country's largest corporation, U.S. Steel, for the acquisition of a Tennessee company during Roosevelt's tenure.
676720710	Taft Trust Buster	used government power to break up monopolies. During the 4-year Taft administration, the government brought 90 antitrust lawsuits. During the 7 ½ years Roosevelt administration there were 44.
676720711	Payne-Aldrich Bill	A bill that added hundreds of higher tariff revisions. Signed by Taft which went against his campaign promises and upset the progressives
676720712	Pinchot-Ballinger conflict	Ballinger allowed private companies to destroy reserved lands. Pinchot attacked him for it. Ballinger resigned and Pinchot was fired by Tafft. This contributed to the splitting of the Rep. party, causing Tafft to lose in 1912 and break friendship between him and Roosevelt.
676720713	National Progressive Republican League	Formed in 1911, this organization proffered Wisconsin's La Follette as its leading candidate for Republican nomination. However, Roosevelt was so angered by Taft's policies that he essentially broke his two-term pledge, shoved La Follette out of the way, and took the nomination.

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