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Campbell Biology Chap 7 8 9 10 & 48 Flashcards

Campbell Biology - Questions from Chapters 7-10 and Chap 48 - JCCC Steve Giambrone - Principles of Cell and microbiology

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546198252Of the following, which occurs during the Calvin cycle?ATP is hydrolyzed and NADPH is oxidized.
546198253The Calvin cycle occurs in the _____.Stroma.
546198254Most CO2 from catabolism is released during?The citric acid cycle.
546198255Which of the following is a correct description of the events of cellular respiration and teh sequence of events in cellular respiration?oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidation of pyruvate; oxidation of acetyl-CoA; oxidative phosphorylation
546198256What environmental changes can affect the rate of an enzyme reaction?pH; substrate concentration; heating or cooling of the enzyme
546198257Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced from lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step ______.enables the cell to recycle the reduced NADH to oxidized NAD+
546198258Is the following statement true or false: All cells have an equilibrium potential, a difference in electrical charges across their plasma membrane.False, the difference in electrical charge is membrane potential.
546198259Is the following statement about enzymes true or false: The action of competitive inhibitors may be reversible or irreversible.True
546198260In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and after a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in _____.Carbon dioxide.
546198261Above a certain substrate concentration, the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction drops as the enzymes become saturated. What would lead to a faster conversation of substrate into product under these saturated conditions?an increase in concentration of enzyme and/or an increase of temperature by a few degrees.
546198262The formation of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose is an endergonic reaction and is couple to what reaction or pathway?The hydrolysis of ATP
546198263What process and organelle accounts for the replacement of lipids and proteins lost from the plasma membrane?exocytosis and the smooth and rough ERs
546198264A photon of what color would carry the most energy?blue
546198265The binding of an allosteric inhibitor to an enzyme causes the rate of product formation by the enzyme to decrease. What would best explain why this decrease occurs?The allosteric inhibitor causes a structural change in the enzyme that prevents the substrate from binding at the active site.
546198266Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because?temperature is usually uniform throughout the cell.
546198267What are ganglia?It is a cluster of nerve cell bodies that carry out higher-order processing.
546198268The energy given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used in what process?pumping H+ across a membrane
546198269What is the range of wavelengths of light that are absorbed by the pigments in the thylakoid membranes?blue-violet and red-orange
546198270If an enzyme is added to a solution where its substrate and product are in equilibrium, what will occur?Nothing; the reaction will stay at equilibrium.
546198271Where do electrons entering the photosystem II come from?water
546198272True or False: Carbon Dioxide can freely diffuse across the plasma membrane?True
546198273In brewing beer, malatose (a disaccharide of glucose) is ______.the substrate for alcoholic fermentation
546198274What kind of molecule would be least likely to diffuse through a plasma membrane without the help of a transport protein?a large polar molecule
546198275True or False: The sodium potassium pump hydrolyzes ATP and results in a net charge of +1 inside the cell.False.
546198276True or False: Facilitated diffusion is a passive process.True.
546198277Which part of the equation DeltaG = DeltaH=TDeltaS tells you if a process is spontaneous?DeltaG
546198278What about energy is changed in the presence of an enzyme in a reaction?the activation energy.
546198279The active site of an enzyme may resemble a groove or pocket in the surface of a protein into which the _______ fits.substrate.
546198280The part of the neuron that carries the nerve impulses toward the cell body is called a(n) ______.Dendrite
546198281What is an example of cellular work accomplished with the free energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP, involved in the production of electrochemical gradients?proton movement against a gradient of protons
546198282Enzymes speed up the rate of the reaction without changing the ________ for the reaction.DeltaG or Free Energy
546198283What describes the electron transport chain?Electrons are passed from one carrier to another releasing a little energy at each step.
546198284In the overall process of glycolysis and cellular respiration, ______ is oxidized and _____ is reduced.glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced
546198285The function of cellular respiration is to _______.extract usable energy from glucose
546198286When one molecule is broken down into six component molecules, what will always be true?DeltaS is positive.
546198287Green olives may be preserved in brine, which is a 30% salt solution. How does this method of preservation prevent microorganisms from growing in the olives?The 30% salt solution is hypertonic to the bacteria, so they lose too much water and plasmolyze
546198288A plot of reaction rate (velocity) against temperature for an enzyme indicates little activity at 10C and 45C, with a peak of activity at 35C. The most reasonable explanation for the low velocity at 10C is that ______.there is too little activation energy available at 10C
546198289Where to the reactions of glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?the cytosol
546198290What metabolic pathway is the only pathway found in all organisms?glycolysis
546198291During the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, which compound is reduced as a result of the reaction.oxygen
546198292In the Calvin cycle, CO2 is combined with _______.a 5-carbon compound to form an unstable 6-carbon compound, which decomposes into two 3-carbon compounds.
546198293Consider the transport of protons and sucrose into a plant cell by the sucrose-proton cotransport protein. Plant cells continuously produce a proton gradient by using the energy of ATP hydrolysis to pump protons out fo the cell. Why, in the absence of sucrose, don't protons move back into the cell through the sucrose-proton cotransport protein?The movement of protons through the cotransport protein cannot occur unless sucrose also moves at the same time.
546198294_______, but not _______ can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.Autotrophs.... Heterotrophs
546198295How does carbon dioxide enter a leaf?through the stomata
546198296In descriptions of synapse organization, the _____ cell is the transmitting neuron and the ______ is the neuron, muscle, or gland cell that receives the signal.presynaptic..... postsynaptic
546198297If, during a process, the system becomes more ordered, then_____.DeltaS is negative
546198298Why is no carbon dioxide produced during glycolysis?The products of glycolysis contain the same total number of carbon atoms as in the starting material.
546198299How do enzymes lower activation energy?by locally concentrating the reactants
546198300Metabolic pathways in cells are typically far from equilibrium. What processes tend to lead to keep these pathways away from equilibrium?an input of free energy from the outside pathway and the continuous removal of the products of a pathway to be used in other reactions.
546198301If a red blood cell and a plant blood cell were placed in seawater, what would happen to the two types of cells?Both cells would lose water; the red blood cell would shrive, and the plant plasma membrane would pull away from the cell wall.
546198302What is one of the roles of phospholipids in the structure and function of biological membranes?Phospholipids form a selectively permeable structure.
546198303Chlorophyll molecules are in which part of the chloroplast?thylakoid membranes
546198304What is a good description for heat as it relates to biological reactions?An increase in heat increases the kinetic energy of the substrates and increases the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
546198305If your fingers touch a hot stove and you suddenly pull back, you have experienced a reflex. What is the correct order of the information processing in this reflex?sensory input, integration, motor output
546198306What cell structure exhibits selective permeability between a cell and its external environment?the plasma membrane
546198307What metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?glycolysis
546198308Which part of the catabolism of glucose by cellular respiration requires molecular oxygen (O2) and produces CO2?a combination of the citric acid cycle and electron transport
546198309CO2 is reduced in the _______.Calvin cycle
546198310During photosynthesis in chloroplasts, O2 is produced from _____ via a series of reactions associated with _______H2O.... photosystem II
546198311What is a function of membrane proteins that also facilitates tissue formation during embryogenesis?Membrane proteins with short sugar chains form identification tags that are recognized by other cells.
546198312What condition would tend to create greater membrane fluidity?a greater portion of unsaturated phospholipids
546198313Where to the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in a eukaryotic cell?the matrix of the mitochondrion
546198314What do the sign and magnitude of the DeltaG of a reaction tell us about the speed of the reaction?Neither the sign or the magnitude of DeltaG have anything to do with the speed of the reaction. The speed of the reaction is determined by the activation energy barrier of the reaction and the temperature.
546198315True or False: Enzymes can change the equilibrium point of reactions, but they cannot speed up reactions because they cannot change the net energy output.False.
546198316Enzymes can lower the ____________ of reactions, but they cannot change the ______________.activation energy ....... net energy output.
546198317In general, the hydrolysis of ATP drives cellular work by _______.releasing free energy that can be coupled to other reactions.
546198318Catabolism is to anabolism as _________ is to ___________.exergonic.... endergonic
546198319Schwann cells make up the _________.myelin sheath in the PNS
546198320When a poison such as cyanide blocks the electron transport chain, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle also eventually stop working. Why?NAD+ and FAD are not available for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to continue.
546198321What is the source of the energy that produces the chemiosmotic gradient in mitochondria?electrons moving down the electron transport chain
546198322When solid tumors of animals reach a certain size, the center of the tumor begins to die. To prevent this, the tumor can recruit new blood vessels. What purpose does the recruitment of blood vessels to growing tumors serve?It supplies oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration and glucose to the rapidly dividing cells
546198323The internal solute concentration of a plant cell is about 0.8 M. To demonstrate plasmolysis, it would be necessary to suspend the cell in what solution?1.0 M or any solution that is hypertonic to the plant cell
546198324The period for which an axon membrane cannot act is called ______.the refractory period.
546198325A drug that causes potassium to leak out of a neuron, increasing the positive charge on the outside, would ________.inhibit transmission of nerve signals by the neuron as it would add an additional positive charge to the outside of the neuron causing hyperpolarization of the membrane
546198326Both mitochondria and chloroplasts _______.use chemiosmosis to produce ATP
546198327The plasma membrane is referred to as the "fluid mosaic" structure. What do the words "fluid" and "mosaic" refer to?The fluid aspect of the membrane is due to the lateral and rotational movement of the phospholipids, and the embedded proteins account for the mosaic aspect.
546198328Passive transport permits the solute to move in either direction, but the net movement of the population of the solute occurs ________ of the molecule.down the concentration gradient
546198329The interplay of multiple excitatory and inhibitory inputs most affects what part of the neuron?axon hillock (the neuron's integrating center)
546198330What neurotransmitter typically had inhibitory effects?GABA
546198331The energy used to produce ATP in the light reactions of photosynthesis comes from _______.The movement of H+ through a membrane
546198332An increase in magnitude of the membrane potential is called ________.hyperpolarization
546198333How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants?In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially.
546198334What accompanies the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA before the citric acid cycle?The release of CO2 and the synthesis of NADH
546198335During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used for what purpose?at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form water
546198336What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis?It is reduced and then carries electrons to the Calvin cycle
546198337The concentration of solutes in a red blood cell is about 2%, but red blood cells contain almost no sucrose or urea. Sucrose cannot pass through the membrane, but water and urea can. Osmosis would cause red blood cells to shrink the most when immersed in what kind of a sucrose solution?a hypertonic solution
546198338During respiration in the eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in or on the ______.inner membrane of the mitochondrion
546198339Where in the plasma membrane would cholesterol most likely be found?in the interior of the membrane
546198340In what way to membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary?Certain proteins are unique to each membrane.
546198341What is the difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?Active transport requires energy from ATP, and facilitated diffusion does not.
546198342molecular oxygen is produced during ______.noncyclic electron flow during the light reactions
546198343During photosynthesis in a eukaryotic cell, an electrochemical gradient is formed across the _______.thylakoid membrane
546198344Where, relative to the cell, is the concentration of potassium much higher than the concentration of sodium while the cell is at resting potential?Inside the cell
546198345Where do the electrons entering photosystem II come from?water
546198346When is the asymmetrical distribution of membrane proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates across the plasma membrane determined?as the membrane is being constructed
546198347Muscle tissues make lactate from pyruvate to do what?Regenerate NAD+ when oxygen is scarce
546198348If muscle cells in the human body consume O2 faster than it can be supplied what is likely to result?The muscle cells will have trouble making enough ATP, will not be able to carry out oxidative phosphorylation, and will consume glucose at an increased rate
546198349What is the function of carbohydrates associated with the plasma membrane?Membrane carbohydrates function primarily in cell-cell recognition.
546198350Acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme that degrades acetylcholine. What effect on nerve transmission would occur following the administration of a chemical that inhibited acetylcholinesterase?Continuous excitatory postsynaptic potentials would occur in the postsynaptic neuron.
546198351Cells that provide metabolic and structural support to the neurons are called______.glia
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Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 12 Flashcards

The Cell Cycle

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546174835cell divisionprocess by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
546174836cell cyclesequence of events from the production of a eukaryotic cell to the time the cell itself reproduces
546174837genomethe complete genetic material contained in an individual
546174838chromosomesthreadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
546174839chromatingranular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
546174840somatic cellsall the cells of your body except your sex cells
546174841gametesreproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells
546174842sister chromatidsidentical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S(DNA replication) subphase of interphase
546174843centromerethe region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis
546174844mitosisin eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes
546174845cytokinesisdivision of the cytoplasm during cell division
546174846M phasethe phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis
546174847interphasethe period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions
546174848G1 phaseThe first growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.
546174849S phaseThe synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
546174850G2 phasestage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles
546174851prophasethe replicated chromosomes, each consisting of two closely associated sister chromatids, condense. Outside the nucleus, the mitotic spindle assembles between the two centrosornes, which have replicated and moved apart.
546174852prometaphasestarts abruptly with the breakdown of the nuclear envelope. Chromosomes can now attach to spindle microtubules via their kinetochores and undergo active movement.
546174853metaphasechromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle, midway between the spindle poles. The kinetochore microtubules attach sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle.
546174854anaphasethe sister chromatids separate to form two daughter chromorosomes, each is pulled slowly toward the spindle pole it faces The kinetochore microtubules get shorter, and the spindle poles also move apart
546174855telophaselast phase of mitosis, chromosome are in two new cells and nuclear membranes start to reform
546174856mitotic spindleAn assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.
546174857centrosomeStructure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center. A centrosome has two centrioles.
546174858asterstar-shaped structure formed in the cytoplasm of a cell having fibers like rays that surround the centrosome during mitosis
546174859kinetochoreA specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.
546174860metaphase plateAn imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles
546174861cleavage furrowThe first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
546174862cell plateA double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.
546174863origin of replicationThe specific location on a DNa strand where replication begins.. Prokaryotes typically have a single origin of replication, while eukaryotes have several per chromosome.
546174864binary fissiona form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
546174865cell cycle control systemA cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
546174866checkpointA control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.
546174867cyclinprotein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle progresses; combines with and activates the kinases that function to promote the events of the cycle
546174868CDKsenzymes in an inactive form that are present in consistent concentrations over the cell cycle; *most significant enzyme in regulating cell cycle
546174869MPFMaturation-promoting factor (M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase.
546174870G0 phaseA nondividing state in which a cell has left the cell cycle.
546174871growth factorone of a group of external regulatory proteins that stimulate the growth and division of cells
546174872density-dependent inhibitionThe phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.
546174873anchorage dependenceThe requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to the substratum.
546174874transformationthe process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell
546174875malignant tumoran abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor.
546174876benign tumorA mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin
546174877metastasisspread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body
546174878platelet derived growth factorsecreted by blood platelets and endothelial cells in an area of injury, this is an agent that stimulates fibroblasts to multiply and synthesize collagen
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Campbell Biology Chap 7 8 9 10 Flashcards

Campbell Biology - Questions from Chapters 7-10 - JCCC Steve Giambrone - Principles of Cell and microbiology

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613818350Of the following, which occurs during the Calvin cycle?ATP is hydrolyzed and NADPH is oxidized.
613818351The Calvin cycle occurs in the _____.Stroma.
613818352Most CO2 from catabolism is released during?The citric acid cycle.
613818353Which of the following is a correct description of the events of cellular respiration and teh sequence of events in cellular respiration?oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidation of pyruvate; oxidation of acetyl-CoA; oxidative phosphorylation
613818354What environmental changes can affect the rate of an enzyme reaction?pH; substrate concentration; heating or cooling of the enzyme
613818355Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced from lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step ______.enables the cell to recycle the reduced NADH to oxidized NAD+
613818356Is the following statement true or false: All cells have an equilibrium potential, a difference in electrical charges across their plasma membrane.False, the difference in electrical charge is membrane potential.
613818357Is the following statement about enzymes true or false: The action of competitive inhibitors may be reversible or irreversible.True
613818358In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and after a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in _____.Carbon dioxide.
613818359Above a certain substrate concentration, the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction drops as the enzymes become saturated. What would lead to a faster conversation of substrate into product under these saturated conditions?an increase in concentration of enzyme and/or an increase of temperature by a few degrees.
613818360The formation of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose is an endergonic reaction and is couple to what reaction or pathway?The hydrolysis of ATP
613818361What process and organelle accounts for the replacement of lipids and proteins lost from the plasma membrane?exocytosis and the smooth and rough ERs
613818362A photon of what color would carry the most energy?blue
613818363Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because?temperature is usually uniform throughout the cell.
613818364The energy given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used in what process?pumping H+ across a membrane
613818365What is the range of wavelengths of light that are absorbed by the pigments in the thylakoid membranes?blue-violet and red-orange
613818366If an enzyme is added to a solution where its substrate and product are in equilibrium, what will occur?Nothing; the reaction will stay at equilibrium.
613818367Where do electrons entering the photosystem II come from?water
613818368True or False: Carbon Dioxide can freely diffuse across the plasma membrane?True
613818369In brewing beer, malatose (a disaccharide of glucose) is ______.the substrate for alcoholic fermentation
613818370What kind of molecule would be least likely to diffuse through a plasma membrane without the help of a transport protein?a large polar molecule
613818371True or False: The sodium potassium pump hydrolyzes ATP and results in a net charge of +1 inside the cell.False.
613818372True or False: Facilitated diffusion is a passive process.True.
613818373Which part of the equation DeltaG = DeltaH=TDeltaS tells you if a process is spontaneous?DeltaG
613818374What about energy is changed in the presence of an enzyme in a reaction?the activation energy.
613818375The active site of an enzyme may resemble a groove or pocket in the surface of a protein into which the _______ fits.substrate.
613818376What is an example of cellular work accomplished with the free energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP, involved in the production of electrochemical gradients?proton movement against a gradient of protons
613818377Enzymes speed up the rate of the reaction without changing the ________ for the reaction.DeltaG or Free Energy
613818378What describes the electron transport chain?Electrons are passed from one carrier to another releasing a little energy at each step.
613818379In the overall process of glycolysis and cellular respiration, ______ is oxidized and _____ is reduced.glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced
613818380The function of cellular respiration is to _______.extract usable energy from glucose
613818381When one molecule is broken down into six component molecules, what will always be true?DeltaS is positive.
613818382Green olives may be preserved in brine, which is a 30% salt solution. How does this method of preservation prevent microorganisms from growing in the olives?The 30% salt solution is hypertonic to the bacteria, so they lose too much water and plasmolyze
613818383Where to the reactions of glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?the cytosol
613818384What metabolic pathway is the only pathway found in all organisms?glycolysis
613818385During the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, which compound is reduced as a result of the reaction.oxygen
613818386In the Calvin cycle, CO2 is combined with _______.a 5-carbon compound to form an unstable 6-carbon compound, which decomposes into two 3-carbon compounds.
613818387Consider the transport of protons and sucrose into a plant cell by the sucrose-proton cotransport protein. Plant cells continuously produce a proton gradient by using the energy of ATP hydrolysis to pump protons out fo the cell. Why, in the absence of sucrose, don't protons move back into the cell through the sucrose-proton cotransport protein?The movement of protons through the cotransport protein cannot occur unless sucrose also moves at the same time.
613818388_______, but not _______ can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.Autotrophs.... Heterotrophs
613818389How does carbon dioxide enter a leaf?through the stomata
613818390If, during a process, the system becomes more ordered, then_____.DeltaS is negative
613818391Why is no carbon dioxide produced during glycolysis?The products of glycolysis contain the same total number of carbon atoms as in the starting material.
613818392How do enzymes lower activation energy?by locally concentrating the reactants
613818393Metabolic pathways in cells are typically far from equilibrium. What processes tend to lead to keep these pathways away from equilibrium?an input of free energy from the outside pathway and the continuous removal of the products of a pathway to be used in other reactions.
613818394If a red blood cell and a plant blood cell were placed in seawater, what would happen to the two types of cells?Both cells would lose water; the red blood cell would shrive, and the plant plasma membrane would pull away from the cell wall.
613818395What is one of the roles of phospholipids in the structure and function of biological membranes?Phospholipids form a selectively permeable structure.
613818396Chlorophyll molecules are in which part of the chloroplast?thylakoid membranes
613818397What is a good description for heat as it relates to biological reactions?An increase in heat increases the kinetic energy of the substrates and increases the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
613818398What cell structure exhibits selective permeability between a cell and its external environment?the plasma membrane
613818399What metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?glycolysis
613818400Which part of the catabolism of glucose by cellular respiration requires molecular oxygen (O2) and produces CO2?a combination of the citric acid cycle and electron transport
613818401CO2 is reduced in the _______.Calvin cycle
613818402During photosynthesis in chloroplasts, O2 is produced from _____ via a series of reactions associated with _______H2O.... photosystem II
613818403What is a function of membrane proteins that also facilitates tissue formation during embryogenesis?Membrane proteins with short sugar chains form identification tags that are recognized by other cells.
613818404What condition would tend to create greater membrane fluidity?a greater portion of unsaturated phospholipids
613818405Where to the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in a eukaryotic cell?the matrix of the mitochondrion
613818406True or False: Enzymes can change the equilibrium point of reactions, but they cannot speed up reactions because they cannot change the net energy output.False.
613818407Enzymes can lower the ____________ of reactions, but they cannot change the ______________.activation energy ....... net energy output.
613818408In general, the hydrolysis of ATP drives cellular work by _______.releasing free energy that can be coupled to other reactions.
613818409Catabolism is to anabolism as _________ is to ___________.exergonic.... endergonic
613818410Schwann cells make up the _________.myelin sheath in the PNS
613818411When a poison such as cyanide blocks the electron transport chain, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle also eventually stop working. Why?NAD+ and FAD are not available for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to continue.
613818412What is the source of the energy that produces the chemiosmotic gradient in mitochondria?electrons moving down the electron transport chain
613818413When solid tumors of animals reach a certain size, the center of the tumor begins to die. To prevent this, the tumor can recruit new blood vessels. What purpose does the recruitment of blood vessels to growing tumors serve?It supplies oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration and glucose to the rapidly dividing cells
613818414The internal solute concentration of a plant cell is about 0.8 M. To demonstrate plasmolysis, it would be necessary to suspend the cell in what solution?1.0 M or any solution that is hypertonic to the plant cell
613818415Both mitochondria and chloroplasts _______.use chemiosmosis to produce ATP
613818416The plasma membrane is referred to as the "fluid mosaic" structure. What do the words "fluid" and "mosaic" refer to?The fluid aspect of the membrane is due to the lateral and rotational movement of the phospholipids, and the embedded proteins account for the mosaic aspect.
613818417Passive transport permits the solute to move in either direction, but the net movement of the population of the solute occurs ________ of the molecule.down the concentration gradient
613818418The energy used to produce ATP in the light reactions of photosynthesis comes from _______.The movement of H+ through a membrane
613818419How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants?In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially.
613818420What accompanies the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA before the citric acid cycle?The release of CO2 and the synthesis of NADH
613818421During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used for what purpose?at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form water
613818422What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis?It is reduced and then carries electrons to the Calvin cycle
613818423The concentration of solutes in a red blood cell is about 2%, but red blood cells contain almost no sucrose or urea. Sucrose cannot pass through the membrane, but water and urea can. Osmosis would cause red blood cells to shrink the most when immersed in what kind of a sucrose solution?a hypertonic solution
613818424During respiration in the eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in or on the ______.inner membrane of the mitochondrion
613818425Where in the plasma membrane would cholesterol most likely be found?in the interior of the membrane
613818426In what way to membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary?Certain proteins are unique to each membrane.
613818427What is the difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?Active transport requires energy from ATP, and facilitated diffusion does not.
613818428molecular oxygen is produced during ______.noncyclic electron flow during the light reactions
613818429During photosynthesis in a eukaryotic cell, an electrochemical gradient is formed across the _______.thylakoid membrane
613818430Where, relative to the cell, is the concentration of potassium much higher than the concentration of sodium while the cell is at resting potential?Inside the cell
613818431Where do the electrons entering photosystem II come from?water
613818432When is the asymmetrical distribution of membrane proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates across the plasma membrane determined?as the membrane is being constructed
613818433Muscle tissues make lactate from pyruvate to do what?Regenerate NAD+ when oxygen is scarce
613818434If muscle cells in the human body consume O2 faster than it can be supplied what is likely to result?The muscle cells will have trouble making enough ATP, will not be able to carry out oxidative phosphorylation, and will consume glucose at an increased rate
613818435What is the function of carbohydrates associated with the plasma membrane?Membrane carbohydrates function primarily in cell-cell recognition.
613818436What do the sign and magnitude of the DeltaG of a reaction tell us about the speed of the reaction?Neither the sign or the magnitude of DeltaG have anything to do with the speed of the reaction. The speed of the reaction is determined by the activation energy barrier of the reaction and the temperature.
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Language Arts Mid-Term vocab Flashcards

Study Guide for Language arts

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610078235assetuseful or valuable quality
610078236unfathomableimpossible to understand
610078237roguedeceitful or unreliable scoundrel
610078238incredulousnot willing or able to believe
610078239abidingnever ending
610078240nonchalantcalm or relaxed
610078241resignedresign
610078242apprehensivein fear or dread of possible evil/harm
610078243defiantboldly resisting authority
610078244contemptuousfeeling hatred, scornful
610078245premonitionan early warning about a future event
610078246imploringlyin a begging, pleading manner
610078247sullena brooding, ill humor
610078248subsideto wear off, or die down
610078249eludeescape physically or mentally
610078250delinquenta young offender
610078251indignantangry at something unjust, or wrong
610078252gallantbrave and noble
610078253recurringcoming back
610078254aghasthorrified
610078255exploituse or manipulate to ones advantage
610078256falterpause uncertainly
610078257divertto send in a different direction than originally intended
610078258conformbe similar; to be in line with
610078259liableheld legally responsible
610078260acquitto pronounce not guilty
610078261mediuma means of communicating something
610078262demographicstats of common categories of the population (gender, age)
610078263consumersomeone who uses goods or services
610078264biasa prejudiced view
610078265inferto draw a conclusion from evidence
610078266subjectiveinfluenced by personal opinion, or bias
610078267objectivenot influenced by personal opinion, just facts
610078268connotationthe feelings or emotions surrounding a word
610078269denotationthe dictionary definition of a word
610078270bipartisansupported by both sides
610078271novellaa work of fiction that is shorter than a novel but is shorter than a short story
610078272victorianof or relating to queen Victoria of great britain or the age she ruled
610078273caroljoyful religious song celebrating the birth of Christ
610078274stavea stanza or verse
610078275redemptiondelivering from sin or saving from evil
610078276repentturn away from sin or do penitence
610078277monoone
610078278primefirst or main
610078279polymore than one
610078280lat/laterside
610078281epiafter, among, or over
610078282circumaround
610078283autoself
610078284equ/equiequal
610078285bitwo or twice
610078286ambiboth or around
610078287con/comwith or together
610078288adforward, near
610078289ditwo
610078290panall
610078291omniall
610078292malbad, ill, or wrong
610078293belliwar
610078294mortdeath
610078295dedown, remove
610078296abfrom, away, off
610078297dempeople
610078298contraagainst
610078299antiagainst or opposite
610078300nonno or not
610078301vertruth
610078302benegood, well
610078303theoGod
610078304paterfather
610078305matermother
610078306archchief or most important
610078307animlife, spirit
610078308amorlove
610078309BandwagonPersuades the audience to follow the crowd and conform to others;peer pressure
610078310testimonialGetting a respected person or celebrity to endorse a product
610078311glittering generalitiesVague statements that sound good, but no proof, evidence, or supporting reasons (leaves your dishes virtually spotless)
610078312emotional word repetitionUsing emotionally powerful words over and over in order to achieve the speakers intended effect on the audience
610078313bait and switchOne product or price is advertised, but the seller makes you pay something different
612642903complete sentencehas a subject, verb, and a complete thought
612642904dependant clausesubject and verb, but not a complete thought
612642905phrasemissing a subject or verb
612642906run-ontwo or more independant clauses have been combined without proper punctuation or conjunctions
612642907fragmentIs either a dependent clause trying to stand alone, or an incomplete thought, or a phrase trying to stand alone
612642908independant clauseexpresses a complete thought and can stand alone
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Empires and Encounters 1450-1750 Flashcards

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319316248UighursTurkish group with strong ties to both the Islamic world and China; excelled as merchants and scribes; business in many languages with Buddhist influences; Located in western provence of Xinjiang. Brought under Chinese control in early 1700's when China expanded until present day.
319316249genocidesystematic killing of a racial or cultural group
319316250Xinjiangan autonomous province in far northwestern China on the border with Mongolia and Kazakhstan; the largest province in the People's Republic of China and the homeland of the Uighur people
319316251Mughal Empirean Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.
319316252Quing dynastyalso known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in Chinese history, and was the last ruling dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912
319316253missionariespeople sent out to carry a religious message; also focuses on converting non-Christians to Christianity
319316254trading companiesestablished in Asia by the british, dutch, and portuguese, colonization of small groups of merchants; These were responsible for trading goods back and forth to various lands. They handled the economic issues with exploration.
319316255columbian exchangeNew Network of interaction between Americas and the rest of the world (4 continents) created in the 16th century. The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. Europe benefitted most with increased wealth, mountains of new information which led to the scientific revolution, new land for expansion of European's rapidly growing population
319316256Hernan CortesSpanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.
319316257AtahualpaLast ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438)
319316258HuascarAfter Huayna Capac died; there was a civil war between his two sons. He was the older brother and was heir to the throne., fought brother in civil war for leader of Inca, killed shortly before Pizarro's arrival
319316259Old World Diseasessmallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, yellow fever. Brought from Europe and Africa resulting in huge number of deaths of Native Americans (no resistance)
319316260Governer BradfordLeader of Plymouth colony. Believed that all the "great" dying of Native Americans from disease was caused by the "great hand of God".
319316261Plymouth colonyA colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Seperatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691.
319316262America received from Europe/Africa (Columbian Exchange)Old word diseases, Wheat, rice, sugarcane, grapes, horses, pigs, cattle, goats, sheep.
319316263Europe received from America in columbian exchangeCorn, potatoes, peanuts, sweet potatoes, cassava (tapioca, root) which ultimately provided the nutritional foundation for the immense population growth in Europe (60 to 390 million within 500 years). Also received airborne fungus (killed potato crops) which resulted in starvation of many Irish people because they depended on potatoes.
319316264silver minesfound in Mexico and Peru; Encouraged Spain's unsuccessful effort to dominate Europe. the rise in quantity of silver contributed to a huge growth in transatlantic commerce (business/trading).
319316265Slave tradeEuropean trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. Integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe and created a lasting link between the three continents. Scattered African peoples throughout the Western Hemisphere. Slave labor used extensively on sugar and cotton plantations which were then traded abroad. 80% ended up in Brazil/Caribbean
319316266Scientific Revolutionan era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method
319316267Industrial Revolutionthe change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.
319351608Objections to Empire-building (expansion)destruction of societies (murder), loss of independence, repression of native peoples who are seen as inferior. Examples: 1. genocide (Columbus wanted to annihilate native peoples) 2. loss of independence (Chinese control of Uighurs, Slave trade)
319351609Empires of 1450-1750Western Europe- 1.Spanish expanded to Caribbean and mexico;2.Portuguese expanded to coast of present day Brazil; 3.British, French, and Dutch expanded to eastern coast of North America; Western Europe had advantage of closer proximity to the Americas (as compared to Asia); Asian Empires had good access to the enormously rich markets of the Indian Ocean so had little incentive to venture farther.
319351610Wind patternAtlantic winds were steady and in the same direction and therefore were easily mastered; Monsoon winds of Indian Ocean were more unpredictable and alternated in direction.
319351611European motivation for exploration1. Gain access to the world to improve commerce/trade (direct access to Asia instead of through Muslim states) 2. Impoverished nobles and commoners sought wealth and status 3. Religious freedom and/or desire to "spread the word" as a missionary.
319351612Advantages of Europeans1. access to formed trading companies which allowed for mobilization of people and goods 2. seafaring technology 3. Ironworking, weapons, horses
323746286mercantilisman economic system/policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver to increase a it's wealth. Colonies in this system provided closed markets for the manufactured goods of the "mother country".
323746287Differences in colony societies1.settler-dominated 2.slave-based 3.ranching 4.mining
323746288Economic foundation of colonies in Mexico and Peru1.commercial agriculture 2.silver/gold mining; Native peoples provided the forced labor
323746289creolesSpaniards born in the Americas
323746290peninsularesSpaniards born in Spain; they deemed themselves superior to creoles.
323746291mestizosmixed-race (Spaniards with Native Indians) in Mexico and Peru. Came about because of imbalance of men to women from Spain (7 men to 1 woman). Generally looked down upon by Spaniards. Worked as artisans, clerks, supervisors of labor gangs, lower level government/church positions
323746292Resistance to orders from Spain"I obey but I do not enforce". Colonists progressively saw their American societies as independent rather than as an extension of Spain.
323746293Classes in Mexico and Spain1. Spanish settlers (top) 2. Mestizos (middle) 3. Native peoples (low)
323746294Native IndiansRepesented the lowest societal class. Abused and exploited; used as slave labor
323746295Tupac Amaru revoltPeru (1780-1781); revolt of native peoples in the name of the last independent Inca emporer
323746296Economic foundation of Brazil and Caribbeansugarcane plantations using African slave labor; sugar used as sweetener, preservative, medicine, and sculptures
323807936compare Demographic composition of Brazil with Highland Spanish America (Peru)Biggest difference is the percentage of africans (Brazil-50%, vs Peru-12%) and the percentage of native americans (Brazil 9% vs Peru 42%); rest of demographics were Europeans and mixed-race
323807937concubinewoman who lives with a man without being legally married to him
323807938Mulattoesoffspring of Portuguese-African unions
323807939Social system in North Americanless racial mixing because more European women available. black Africans, "red" Native Americans, white Europeans
323807940Racial system of North America compared to Caribbean and South AmericaNorth America - all people with any African ancestry made a person black which was not true in Brazil/Caribbean. White characteristics were prized more highly in both societies though economic status was more important factor than color in Brazil/Latin America.
323807941North Americaestablished 100 years after Spain settled the Caribbean and Latin America. Considered as unpromising leftovers of the New World
323807942parliamentthe lawmaking body of British government; A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation
323807943PuritansProtestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization
323807944Quakersa Christian sect founded by George Fox about 1660; religious group who settled Pennsylvania - very tolerant and nonviolent
323807945Differences in European colonies in 16 & 17th centuries1. British settlers were by far more numerous 2.Spanish settlers (funded by Catholic Church) were much more interested in spreading Christianity to natives. 3. Spanish settlements had elaborate bureaucracy (more organization) Overall Latin America much more dominant.
323807946Change in balance of the American Colonies in 19 & 20th centuriesby the 19th century, US was more politically stable, more democratic, more economically successful, and more internationally powerful than a divided, unstable, and economically less developed Latin America.
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Commerce & Culture Flashcards

500-1500 CE

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520393297American WebUsed to describe "network of trade" = exchange of luxury goods and ideas over large areas
520393298Black DeathA collection of epidemic diseases that swept Eurasia
520393299BorobudurThe Sailendras built the largest Buddhist monument that had a carving program = example of cultural exchange and syncretism
520393300Bubonic PlagueFatal disease transmitted by fleas in the Mediterranean world.
520393301Ghana, Mali, SonghayImportant states in Western and Central Sudan that influenced economic opp in Trans-Saharan Trade
520393302Great ZimbabwePowerful African state that gained wealth by trading gold to the East African Coast
520393303Ibn BattutaFamous Muslim who traveled Islamic world and wrote about what he saw
520393304Indian Ocean trading networkLargest Sea-based system of communication and exchange: From S. China to E. Africa Exchanged : luxury goods, bulk goods, ideas and crops
520393305Jie peopleNomadic people who controlled N. China; many converted to Buddhism
520393306MalaysiansSpeakers of Austronesian languages = became traders in SE Asia and Madagascar
520393307Monsoons"wind currents for trade" Blew East in the Summer, Blew West in the Winter
520393308Oasis cities of central AsiaCenters of Eurasian Trade : Merv, Samarkand, Khotan, Dunhuang
520393309PochtecaProfessional Merchants among Aztecs
520393310SailendrasKindgom in Central Java heavily influenced by Indian Culture
520393311Sand RoadsRoutes of Trans-Saharan Trade in Africa
520393312Silk RoadsLand-based trade routes linked to Eurasia
520393313SrivjayaMalay kingdom that was known for the creation of a native/Indian hybrid culture
520393314Sudan"Land of Black People" A major exchange circuit in West Africa
520393315Swahili CivilizationE.African civilization with a blend of Bantu, Islamic and other Indian Ocean trade elements
520393316Third-wave civilizationCivilizations from 500-1500 CE & known for intensifying trade networks
520393317Trans-saharan slave tradeSmall-scale trade - difficult to travel across desert Export of W.African slaves to Islamic N.Africa
520393318VeniceItalian city became major center of Mediterranean Trade
520393319TimurTurkic Warriors who tried to restore Mongol Empire
520393320Triple AllianceLaunched the Aztec Empire by the 1428 agreement between Mexica & two other city-states
520393321YongleChinese Emperor in Ming Dynasty who wanted to restore China by spreading awareness of superiority (thru fleets) to Asia and E. Africa
520393322Zheng HeGreat Chinese Admiral - commanded a fleet, 300 ships on voyages from 1405.
523251432What lay behind the emergence of Silk Rd commerce and what kept it going for so many centuries?controlled by pastoral peoples. When trading networks were protected on journeys.
523251433What made silk such a highly desired commodity across Eurasia?China was being greedy and wouldnt share.
523251434What were the major economic, social and cultural consequences of Silk Rd commerce?...
523251435What accounted for the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Rd?...
523251436What was the impact of disease along the Silk Rd?...
523251437How did the operation of the Indian Ocean trading network differ from that of the Silk Rd?...
523251438What lay behind the flourishing of Indian Ocean commerce in the postclassical millennium?...
523251439What is the relationship between the rise of Srivjaya and the world of Indian Ocean commerce?Dominated from 670-1025 in Indian Ocean Trade because had tons of gold, access to rare spices, resources, military.
523251440What was the role of Swahili civilization in the world of Indian Ocean commerce?Merchant class developed -> hierarchy of classes began
523251441What changes did trans-saharan trade bring to West Africa?became a major new international trade route that made new relationships among distant people (cause of camel owners and of the gold found in W.Africa)
523251442In what ways did networks of interaction in the Western Hemisphere differ from those in the Eastern Hemisphere?East: silk, sea, sand roads (long-distance) West: little contact with other people nearby ( no horses..camels) mostly agricultural still, so no trade or connections/interactions.
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Chapt 8: Commerce and Culture 500 CE- 1500 CE Flashcards

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245308466In what ways was trade significant, and how did it generate change within the societies that it connected?It altered consumption, affected the day-to-day working lives of many people, encouraging them to specialize in producing particular products for sale in distant markets rather than for use in their own communities. diminished the economic self-sufficiency of local societies
245308467What goods were transported along the Silk Roads? For what reasons was silk the key trade item along these routes?most of good were luxury products rather than staple goods. Silk was used as currency and as a means of accumulating wealth. it became a symbol of high status. it also became associated with the sacred in the expanding world religions of Buddhism and Christianity.
245308468Buddhism successfully spread into central Asian along the Silk Roads. Why? To what part of foreign societies did Buddhism appeal? What blocked Buddhism from successfully spreading westward?Appealed to merchants who preferred its universal message to that of a Brahim-dominated Hinduism that privileged the high castes.
245308469In what ways did the spread of Buddhism affect Buddhism itself?It was more attractive. it picked up elements of other cultures while in transit
245308470Why did India become the fulcrum of the Indian Ocean commercial network?Its ports bulged with good from both east and west.
245308471What neighboring cultures most heavily influenced the Swahili civilization?Islam and Arabic
245308472What role of Swahili civilization in the world of Indian Ocean commerce?merchants were welcome visitors. Major visiting area.
245308473Prior to the mid 15th century,, what was the most significant source of slaves for Europeans?Slavic cultures
245308474What factors inhibited the development of long distance exchange networks in the Americas?no domesticated animals to help trade,no clear writing system, little contact with each other geographic boundaries
245308475What was the impact of disease along the Silk Roads?Black death. people were infected with unfamiliar diseases. smallpox and measles
245308476Black DeathAn outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.
245308477Straits of Malaccawell-traveled stretch of water between Malaysia and Indonesia used for trade along the Spice Route
245308478PochtecaSpecial merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items
245308479monsoonsseasonal wind pattern in southern Asia; a primary feature of India's climate
245308480quipuscomplicated system of knots tied on strings of various colors used by the inca of south america to record information.
245308481"American web"A term used to describe the network of trade that linked parts of pre-Colombia Americas; although less intense and complete than the Afro- European trade networks this web nonetheless provided the exchange for luxury goods and ideas over large areas
245308482Great ZimbabweCity, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385)
245308483tse-tse flyblood-sucking African fly
245308484Muhammad ToureSonghai king who converted to Islam; extended his rule as far north as the salt mining center at Taghaza in the western Sahara and as far east Agada and Kano; tried to centralize his territories by building a strong army, improving taxation process, and replacing local Songhai officials with more efficient Arab ones; enjoyed economic prosperity
245308485Mansa Musathis Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west africa
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AP Biology Functional Groups Flashcards

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449160668Hydroxyl-OH
449160669Carbonyl=CO
449160670Carboxyl-COOH
449160671Amino-NH2
449160672Sulfhydryl-SH
449160673Phosphate-OPO3 2-
449160674Methyl-CH3
449166847HydroxylAlchohols
449166849Carboxylorganic acids
449166850AminoAmines
449166851SulfhydrylThiols
449166852PhosphateOrganic phosphates
449166853HydroxylPolar, form hydrogen bonds
449166854Carbonylstructural isomers with different properties
449166855Carboxylacts as an acid; donates H+
449166856AminoActs as a base; pick up H+
449166857Sulfhydryltwo can react and form a covalent bond
449166858PhosphateNegative charge to molecule; potential to react with water
449166859HydroxylEthanol
449166860CarbonylKetones; Aldehydes
449166861CarboxylAcetic Acid
449166862AminoGlycine
449166863SulfhydrylCysteine
449166864PhosphateGlycerol phosphate
449169677CarbonylAcetone, Propanal
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AP Bio, Basic Chemistry Flashcards

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291922321matteranything that takes up space and has mass
291922322elementa substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
29192232392How many elements occur in nature?
291922324compounda chemical substance that consists of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio
29192232525How many elements are essential for life?
291922326carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygenNinety-six percent of all the matter in living organisms is composed of what four elements? (alphabetical order)
291922327trace elementelements required by an organism in minute quantities; examples in humans are boron and iodine
291922328protonelectric charge = 1+, location in atom=nucleus, mass in Daltons ~ 1
291922329neutronelectric charge = neutral, location in atom=nucleus, mass in Daltons ~ 1
291922330electronelectric charge = 1-, location in atom = electron cloud (around nucleus), mass in Daltons ~ 1/2000
291922331protonWhich type of subatomic particle must be the same in number for all atoms of the same element?
291922332atomic numberthe number of protons contained in the nuclei of all atoms of a particular element
291922333mass numbera number representative of the sum of the protons plus neutrons in an atom's nucleus
291922334isotopesdifferent atomic forms of an element that have more neutrons, and therefore a greater mass, than other atoms of the same element
291922335non-radioactive isotopestype of isotope that reacts only when combined with atoms of another element
291922336radioactive isotopestype of isotope have spontaneously-decaying nuclei, allowing for the constant release of particles and energy
291922337radioactive isotopesuses of these include: 1) tracers to follow atoms through metabolism or other chemical processes within an organism; 2) used as tracers in diagnostic methods by injecting them into blood and measuring amount of tracer later excreted; 3) used to determine date/age of fossils
291922338electronsWhich subatomic particles are directly involved in the chemical reactions between atoms?
291922339farther awayWhich has more potential energy, an electron close to the nucleus or one farther away?
291922340releases energyIf an electron falls from a higher shell to a lower one, does the electron absorb energy or release energy?
291922341outermostHow an atom behaves chemically mostly depends on the number of electrons in the atom's ____________ shell.
291922342orbitalthe three-dimensional space in which an electron is found 90% of the time
291922343chemical bondan attraction that exists between atoms after they either share or transfer their valence electrons
291922344covalent bondthe sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms; considered a strong bond in biology
291922345ionic bondthe attraction that exists between opposing (positive and negative) charges within the atom
291922346moleculethe composition that results from two or more atoms being held together by a covalent bond
291922347single covalent bondtype of bond that exists when two atoms share a pair of electrons; weakest form of this type of bond
291922348double covalent bondtype of bond that exists when two atoms share two pairs of electrons; second strongest form of this type of bond
291922349triple covalent bondtype of bond that exists when two atoms share three pairs of electrons; strongest form of this type of bond
291922350structural formuladiagram that illustrates the pairing and sharing of electrons between two atoms
291922351molecular formuladiagram that demonstrates the number of atoms within a given molecule
291922352electronegativitythe attraction that exists between a particular type of atom because of the electrons involved in a covalent bond
291922353nonpolar covalent bondin this type of bond, the electrons are shared equally between two atoms
291922354polar covalent bondin this type of bond, the electrons are shared unequally between two atoms
291922355iona charged atom or molecule
291922356cationa positively charged ion
291922357aniona negatively charged ion
291922358hydrogen bondthe type of bond that is formed when a hydrogen atom that is already bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
291922359van der Waal bondsthe type of bonding that occurs when atoms and molecules are close in proximity, and are the result of constantly changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable them to stick together
291922360tetrahedronshape of molecule that results from 4 bonded atoms
291922361bent, pyramidshapes of molecule that results from 3 bonded atoms
291922362linearshape of molecule that results from 2 bonded atoms
291922363chemical equilibriumthe point at which the forward and reverse reactions in a chemical reaction offset each other, thus diminishing their effects on the reactants involved
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APUSH The American Pageant Chapter 23 Vocabulary Flashcards

APUSH Chap 23

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611503638"Waving the bloody shirt"An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.
611503639Jim FiskOne of the two millionaire partners, who were notorius in the financial world. He provided the brass while the undersized and cunning Gould provided the brains.
611503640Credit Mobiliera joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.
611503641Whiskey RingDuring the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.
611503642Liberal RepublicansParty formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside. Significantly dampered further Reconstructionist efforts.
611503643"Crime of '73"through the coinage act of 1873, the US ended the minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard. this was attacked by those who supported an inflationary monetary policy, particularly farmers and believed in the unlimited coinage of silver
611503644Greenback Labor PartyPolitical party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.
611503645"Gilded Age"A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.
611503646Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)a fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army who had served in the American Civil War
611503647"Stalwarts"Republicans in the 1870s who supported Ulysses Grant and Roscoe Conkling; they accepted machine politics and the spoils system and were challenged by other Republicans called Half-Breeds, who supported civil service reform.
611503648"Half-Breeds"during the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881), a moderate Republican party faction led by Senator James Blaine that favored some reforms of the civil service system and a restrained policy toward the defeated South. They were half loyal to Grant and half committed to reform the spoils system
611503649Compromise of 1877agreement that ended the disputed election of 1876 between Rutherford Hayes and Samuel Tilden; under its terms, the South accepted Hayes's election. In return, the North agreed to remove the last troops from the South, support southern railroads, and accept a southerner into the Cabinet. This is generally considered to mark the end of Reconstruction.
611503650Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)The Supreme Court case that upheld a Louisiana segregation law on the theory that as long as the accommodations between the racially segregated facilities were equal, the equal protection clause was not violated. The Court's ruling effectively established the constitutionality of racial segregation and the notion of "separate but equal."
611503651Chinese Exclusion ActUnited States federal law passed on May 6, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years.
611503652U.S. vs Wong KimSupreme Court ruled in favor of Chinese born Americans, felt that they could not strip them of citizenship because of 14th Amendment
611503653Pendleton ActFederal legislation which created a system in which federal employees were chosen on the basis of competitive examinations, therefore making merit, or ability, the reason for hiring people to fill federal positions
611503654MugwumpsA group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.
611503655"Billion-Dollar" CongressRepublican congress of 1890. passed record # of significant laws that helped shape later policies and asserted authority of federal govt., gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890
611503656McKinley Tariffraised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition.
611503657People's PartyStarted as Farmer's Alliance, farmers came together and became organized, translated into Populists. Wanted to unite farmers of south/west/poor blacks and whites and industrial/factory workers
611503658Soft/cheap moneypaper money which is not connected to a treasury or gold supply, favored by debtors so their debts could be payed off for lose, when issued caused depreciation
611503659Hard/sound moneyPaper money backed by gold; extremely important during late 1860's and early 1870's (Panic of 1873). Creditors wanted disappearance of greenbacks
611503660contractionPolicy which decreased the amount of money per capital in circulation between 1870 and 1880
611503661resumption1879 - Congress said that greenbacks were redeemable for gold, but no one wanted to redeem them for face gold value. Because paper money was much more convenient than gold, they remained in circulation; helped get America out of recession
611503662spoils systemrewarding people with government jobs on the basis of their political support
611503663crop-lien systemSystem that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.
611503664pork-barrel billsWhen congress votes for an unnecessary building project so that a member can get more district popularity
611503665populismthe political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite
611503666grandfather clauseA clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.
611503667"Ohio idea"1867 - Senator George H. Pendleton proposed an idea that Civil War bonds be redeemed with greenbacks. It was not adopted.
611503668Tweed Ringthe corrupt part of Tammany Hall in New York City, that Samuel J. Tilden, the reform governor of New York had been instrumental in overthrowing.
611503669Bland-Allison Actan 1878 law passed over the veto of President Rutherford B. Hayes requiring the U.S. treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. The goal was to subsidize the silver industry in the Mountain states and inflate prices.
611503670"redeemers"white Democrats who used their political power to oppress the Black community
611503671"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"an insult made against NY Irish-Americans by a republican clergyman in the 1884 election. Blaine's failure to repudiate this statement lost him NY and contributed to his defeat by Grover Cleveland.
611503672Sherman Silver Purchase ActRequired the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.
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