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AP Literature Poetry Terms Flashcards

11115067439	alliteration	the repetition of identical or similar consonant sounds, normally at the beginning of words.	0
11115067440	allusion	a reference in a work of literature to something outside the work	1
11115067441	anaphora	the deliberate repetition of the first part of a line in subsequent lines	2
11115067442	antithesis	a figure of speech characterized by strongly contrasting words, clauses, sentences, or ideas	3
11115067443	apostrophe	a figure of speech in which someone, a abstract quality, or a nonexistent personage is directly addressed as though present	4
11115067444	assonance	the repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds	5
11115067445	asyndeton	a rhetorical term for a style which omits conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses producing a hurried rhythm	6
11115067446	ballad meter	a four-line stanza rhymed abcb in which lines one and three have four feet and lines two and four have three feet	7
11115067447	blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter, meter of most of Shakespeare's plays	8
11115067448	cacophony	a harsh, unpleasant combination of sounds or tones	9
11115067450	caesura	a pause, usually near the middle of a line of verse, usually indicated by the sense of the line	10
11115067456	chiasmus	rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an artistic effect	11
11115067453	conceit	an ingenious and fanciful notion or conception, usually expressed through an elaborate analogy, and pointing to a striking parallel between two seemingly dissimilar things, a brief metaphor	12
11115067449	consonance	the repetition of similar consonant sounds in a group of words	13
11115067451	couplet	a two-line stanza, usually with end-rhymes the same	14
11115067452	devices of sound	rhyme, alliteration, assonance, consonance, and onomatopoeia used for many reasons, including creating a general effect of pleasant or of discordant sound, to imitate another sound, or to reflect a meaning.	15
11115067471	diction	the use of words in a literary work, can be formal, informal, colloquial or slang	16
11115067479	didactic poem	a poem which is intended primarily to teach a lesson.	17
11115067454	dramatic poem	a poem which employs a dramatic form or some element or elements of dramatic techniques as a means of achieving poetic ends. The dramatic monologue is an example.	18
11115067485	elegy	a sustained and formal poem setting forth the poet's meditations upon death or another solemn theme	19
11115067488	ellipsis	A linguistically appropriate omission of words that are mutually understood and thus unnecessary	20
11115067491	end-stopped	a line with a pause at the end. Lines that end with a period, a comma, a colon, a semicolon, an exclamation point, or a question mark are end-stopped lines	21
11115067495	enjambment	the continuation of the sense and grammatical construction from one line of poetry to the next	22
11115067497	extended metaphor	an implied analogy, or comparison, which is carried throughout a stanza or an entire poem	23
11153540669	euphony	a style in which combinations of words pleasant to the ear predominate	24
12988604242	eye rhyme	rhyme that appears correct from spelling, but is half-rhyme or slant rhyme from the pronunciation	25
12988604243	feminine rhyme	a rhyme of two syllables, one stressed and one unstressed	26
12988604244	figurative language	writing that uses figures of speech (as opposed to literal language or that which is actual or specifically denoted	27
12988604245	free verse	poetry which is not written in a traditional meter but is still rhythmical.	28
12988604246	heroic couplet	two end-stopped iambic pentameter lines rhymed aa, bb, cc with the thought usually completed in the two-line unit.	29
12988604247	hyperbole	a deliberate, extravagant, and often outrageous exaggeration.	30
12988604248	imagery	the visual auditory, or tactile images evoked by the words of a literary work or the images that figurative language evokes.	31
12988604249	irony	the contrast between actual meaning and the suggestion of another meaning. Types of irony are verbal, socratic, dramatic, and situational.	32
12988604250	internal rhyme	rhyme that occurs within a line, rather than at the end. The following lines contain internal	33
12988604251	litote	an intentional use of understatement for ironic effect	34
12988604252	lyric poem	any short poem that presents a single speaker who expresses thoughts and feelings.	35
12988604253	malapropism	the use of an incorrect word in place of a similar sounding word for humorous effect.	36
12988604254	masculine rhyme	rhyme that falls on the stressed and concluding syllables of the rhyme-words.	37
12988604255	metaphor	a figurative use of language in which a comparison is expressed without the use of a comparative term like "as," "like," or "than."	38
12988604256	meter	the repetition of a regular rhythmic unit in a line of poetry. The meter of a poem emphasizes the musical quality of the language and often relates directly to the subject matter of the poem.	39
12988604257	menotymy	figure of speech which is characterized by the substitution of a term naming an object closely associated with the word in mind for the word itself.	40
12988604258	mixed metaphors	the mingling of one metaphor with another immediately following with which the first is incongruous	41
12988604259	narrative poem	a non-dramatic poem which tells a story or presents a narrative, whether simple or complex, long or short, like epics or ballads	42
12988604260	non-sequitor	a statement not connected in a logical or clear way to anything that has come before it.	43
12988604261	octave	an eight-line stanza. Most commonly, octave refers to the first division of an Italian sonnet.	44
12988604262	onnomatopoeia	the use of words whose sound suggests their meaning.	45
12988604263	oxymoron	a form of paradox that combines a pair of contrary terms into a single expression. This combination usually serves the purpose of shocking the reader into awareness. "wise fool"	46
12988604264	paradox	a situation or action or feeling that appears to be contradictory but on inspection turns out to be true or at least to make sense.	47
12988604265	parallelism	a similar grammatical structure within a line or lines of poetry.	48
13658216852	polystndeton	repetition of conjugations	49
13658216853	quatrain	4 line stanza	50
13658216854	refrain	a line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem	51
13658216855	scancion	the process of analyzing a poem's meter	52
13658220146	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	53

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AP US History Period 1 Flashcards

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14750512295	maize cultivation	The growing of Indian corn, a staple of many Indians diets, leading many nomadic tribes to settle and develop great civilizations such as the Aztecs incas and Mayans.	0
14750512296	hunter-gatherer economy	A nomadic way of life with no agriculture focused on following food sources including animals and wild plants	1
14750512297	western hemisphere	The Americas	2
14750512298	west africa	A area of Africa that was previously unreachable until the invention of the caravel by the Portuguese, leading to exploitation of the region for its gold and slaves	3
14750512299	plantation-based agriculture	Large scale agriculture worked by slaves	4
14750512300	capitalism	Economic system based on private investment and possessions	5
14750512301	Cultural autonomy	Freedom of a group to express ones own culture without outside control i.g. The Christianization of the natives took away there Cultural autonomy	6
14750512302	great basin	Desert area with no drainage to the ocean	7
14750512303	agricultural economy	economy based on the production of crops	8
14750512304	spanish exploration	Colonization of the Americas by the conquistadors in search for gold, glory and god	9
14750512305	encomienda system	A government system where natives were given to colonists to work in return for converting them to Christianity.	10
14750512306	empire building	The Spanish increasing their empire through grafting their culture onto the natives and taking over the land	11
14750512307	white superiority	The European idea they were superior to other cultures/ races and needed to enforce European culture/religion on them	12
14750512308	great plains	The open plains of the Midwest where the natives adapted to roming the prairies on horseback	13
14750512309	permanent villages	The settlements of Indians tribes based on the spread of agriculture	14
14750512310	Portuguese exploration	Due to advancements in sailing technology the Portuguese were able to sail down the coast of Africa and open trade of gold and slaves, settle and make plantations and eventually find the way around Africa to the indies	15
14750512311	slave labor	Forced labor of people considered property by the people in charge	16
14750512312	feudalism	A political, economic, and social system based on the relationship between lord and vassal in order to provide protection	17
14750512313	political autonomy	the ability of a state to govern themselves without outside control	18
14750512314	Colombian exchange	the exchange between the new world and the old world consisting of the old world bringing wheat, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, sugar, rice, coffee, smallpox, malaria and yellow fever. while the new world sent gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, and syphills	19

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AP Terms Flashcards

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14633516187	Absolute	A word free from limitations or qualifications ("best," "all," "unique," "perfect")	0
14633516188	Abstract	words or phrases denoting ideas, qualities, and conditions that exist but cannot be seen. Love is an example of this term; so are happiness, beauty, and patriotism.	1
14633516189	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.	2
14633516190	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple-choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	3
14633516191	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	4
14633516192	Ambiguity	the multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	5
14633516193	Analogy	a similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. This can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something familiar. It can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	6
14633516194	Anaphora	repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses (Example: "In books I find the dead as if they were alive; in books I foresee things to come; in books warlike affairs are set forth; from books come for the laws of peace.")	7
14633516195	Anecdote	A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event. This will be related in some way to the topic presented and can provide laughter, truth, character features, or caution.	8
14633516196	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	9
14633516197	Antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.	10
14633516198	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.)	11
14633516199	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity.	12
14633516200	Appositive	a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it (Ex: The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the table.)	13
14633516201	Assonance	repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences. Ex: Men sell the wedding bells.	14
14633516202	Asyndeton	a construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions ("They spent the day wondering, searching, thinking, understanding.")	15
14633516203	Atmosphere	the emotions created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to this. Frequently it foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	16
14633516204	Caricature	A verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics.	17
14633516205	Chiasmas	A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ("Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary.")	18
14633516206	Cliché	an expression that has been overused to the extent that its freshness has worn off ("the time of my life," "at the drop of a hat")	19
14633516207	Coherence	the principle of clarity and logical adherence to a topic that binds together all parts of a composition.	20
14633516208	Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing. They give a work a conversational, familiar tone. These expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.	21
14633516209	Complex Sentence	a sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.	22
14633516210	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. This displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.	23
14633516211	Concrete	set of words or terms denoting objects or conditions that are palpable, visible, or otherwise evident to the senses. This is the opposite of abstract.	24
14633516212	Connotation	The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. This may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes.	25
14633516213	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. (Example: the denotation of a knife would be a utensil used to cut; the connotation of a knife might be fear, violence, anger, foreboding, etc.)	26
14633516214	Diction	Related to style, this term refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.	27
14633516215	Didactic	From the Greek, this term literally means "teaching." These words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	28
14633516216	Euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," this is a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept and may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement. Saying "earthly remains" rather than "corpse" is an example of this term.	29
14633516217	Extended Metaphor	a metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	30
14633516218	Figurative Language	writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.	31
14633516219	Homily	This term means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	32
14633516220	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.")	33
14633516221	Idiom	an expression in a given language that cannot be understood from the literal meaning of the words in the expression; or, a regional speech or dialect ("fly on the wall," "cut to the chase")	34
14633516222	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, this uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing.	35
14633516223	Inference/Infer	to draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	36
14633516224	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language	37
14633516225	Inverted Syntax	a sentence constructed so that the predicate comes before the subject (ex: in the woods I am walking)	38
14633516226	Irony	the contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.	39
14633516227	Verbal Irony	when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning.	40
14633516228	Situational Irony	when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen.	41
14633516229	Dramatic Irony	when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.	42
14633516230	Juxtaposition	placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast.	43
14633516231	Litotes	a form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. Examples: "not a bad idea," "not many," "it isn't very serious," "I have this tiny little tumor on the brain (Catcher in the Rye)"	44
14633516232	Loose Sentence (Non-Periodic Sentence)	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. Example: I arrived at the San Diego airport after a long, bumpy ride and multiple delays. The sentence could stop at: I arrived at the San Diego airport.	45
14633516233	Malapropism	the mistaken substitution of one word for another word that sounds similar ("The doctor wrote a subscription.")	46
14633516234	Metaphor	a figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.	47
14633516235	Metonymy	a term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," this term is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using this figure of speech. The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.	48
14633516236	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.	49
14633516237	Narrative	the telling of a story or an account of an event of series of events.	50
14633516238	Onomatopoeia	a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, not the effect.	51
14633516239	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an this is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness."	52
14633516240	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	53
14633516241	Parenthetical	a comment that interrupts the immediate subject, often to qualify or explain. Example: Strawberry jam, for instance, doesn't make a good spaghetti sauce.	54
14633516242	Polysyndeton	the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions that is necessary or natural.	55
14633516243	Parallelism	Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.	56
14633516244	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.)	57
14633516245	Pedantic	an adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy;" using big words for the sake of using big words)	58
14633516246	Periodic Sentence	The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence that the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.)	59
14633516247	Personification	a figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.	60
14633516248	Point of View	in literature, the perspective from which a story is told.	61
14633516249	First Person Narrator	tells the story with the first person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character.	62
14633516250	Third Person Narrator	relates the events with the third person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it."	63
14633516251	Third Person Omniscent	in which the narrator, with godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters.	64
14633516252	Third Person Limited Omniscent	in which the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all the remaining characters.	65
14633516253	Repetition	the duplication, either exact of approximate, of any element of language, such as sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	66
14633516254	Rhetoric	from the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	67
14633516255	Rhetorical Modes	this flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing	68
14633516256	Exposition	the purpose is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion.	69
14633516257	Argumentation	the purpose is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader.	70
14633516258	Persuasive	a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action.	71
14633516259	Description	the purpose is to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional and subjective.	72
14633516260	Narration	the purpose is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events.	73
14633516261	Rhetorical Question	a question posed with no expectation of receiving an answer.	74
14633516262	Sarcasm	from the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," it involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. When well done, it can be witty and insightful; when poorly done it is simply cruel.	75
14633516263	Satire	a work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm. The effects of satire are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.	76
14633516264	Semantics	the branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.	77
14633516265	Style	An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices.	78
14633516266	Syllepsis	a construction in which one word is used in two different senses ("After he threw the ball, he threw a fit.")	79
14633516267	Syllogism	from the Greek for "reckoning together," this term is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. o Major premise: All men are mortal. o Minor premise: Socrates is a man. o Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. This term's conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid.	80
14633516268	Symbol/Symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else.	81
14633516269	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part. Examples: to refer to a boat as a "sail"; to refer to a car as "wheels"; to refer to the violins, violas, etc. in an orchestra as "the strings." **Different than metonymy, in which one thing is represented by another thing that is commonly physically associated with it (but is not necessarily a part of it), i.e., referring to a monarch as "the crown" or the President as "The White House."	82
14633516270	Synesthesia	when one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another. Ex: the sight of red ants makes you itchy. In literature, this refers to the practice of associating two or more different senses in the same image. Example: Red Hot Chili Peppers' song title, "Taste the Pain."	83
14633516271	Syntax	the way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.	84
14633516272	Theme	the central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.	85
14633516273	Thesis	In expository writing, this is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.	86
14633516274	Tone	Similar to mood, this term describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both.	87
14633516275	Transition	a word or phrase that links different ideas.	88
14633516276	Understatement	the ironic minimalizing of fact, this term presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic.	89
14633516277	Wit	in modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights.	90

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AP US History Period 3 Flashcards

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13704855097	The French and Indian War (7 years war)	1754-1763 War between French and British in American colonies. Colonists moving into French land in Ohio River Valley Ended with Treaty of Paris 1963	0
13705077726	French Colonists	Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec 1608. Motives- fur trading, catholic jesuit missionaries	1
13705077727	Albany Plan	7yrs war. British coordinating war effort and colonian defense. Wanted to get iroquois to join them. Albany Plan of Union by Benjamin Franklin 1754 to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; turned down by the colonies and the Crown	2
13704855098	Proclamation Act of 1763	Line drawn by British Parliament, colonists not allowed to settle past Appalachian mountains	3
13704855100	Common Sense	1776 pamphlet written by Thomas Paine to get people to want independence	4
13705077728	Navigation Acts	Control colonial trade. Violators tried in Vice-Admirality Courts	5
13705077729	Sons of Liberty	Secret society formed to oppose British policies. Organized boycotts. Samuel Adams, Paul Revere Daughters of liberty organised "spinning bees"	6
13705165884	Commitees of Correspondence	1772 by Samuel Adams. Keep communication and help towns and colonies share information about resisting British laws. Colonial unity.	7
13705165885	Boston Tea Party (1773)	British passed Coercive Acts 1774 "Intolerable Acts" Colonists responded with Suffolk Resolves- rejected act and resorted to boycotting British goods	8
13705165886	1st Continental Congress	1774. Wanted to repair relationship with England	9
13705165887	2nd Continental Congress	1775 Sent the "Olive Branch Petition". Created a continental army with George Washington as the leader. Agreed to write a formal letter declaring their independence from England.	10
13704855101	The Declaration Of Independence	1776 document written by colonist elites to British King and Parliament stating independence and what all was wrong with British rule and the King	11
13704855102	Battle of Saratoga	Revolutionary war. British and Americans in country side, Americans win by a lot and show they have a chance	12
13704855103	French American Alliance	Formed after battle of Saratoga when Americans proved to French they can win and French are allies because they want to damage an age old enemy	13
13704855104	Treaty of Paris 1783	1783 ended the American Revolutionary War. Boundary extended to Mississippi river. Franklin, Adams, John Jay	14
13704855105	Enlightenment	A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.	15
13704855106	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.	16
13704855107	George Whitefield	Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."	17
13704855108	Great Awakening	a religious movement that became widespread in the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s	18
13704855109	Ben Franklin	A delegate from Pennsylvania and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen colonies.	19
13704855111	Sugar Act of 1764	An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.	20
13704855112	Virtual Representation	The political theory that a class of persons is represented in a lawmaking body without direct vote.	21
13704855114	Townshend Acts	A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea	22
13704855115	Popular Sovereignty	A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.	23
13704855116	Thomas Jefferson	Wrote the Declaration of Independence	24
13704855119	Patriots	(also known as Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or American Whigs) were those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rejected British rule during the American Revolution and declared the United States of America as an independent nation in July 1776.	25
13704855120	Tories/Loyalists	Colonists who favored remaining under British control	26
13704855121	Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments to the Constitution	27
13704855122	Articles of Confederation	1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)	28
13704855123	Shay's Rebellion	1787. Post-war depression, farmers hard hit. Ex-Revolutionary War soilders demanded lower taxes, end of foreclosures, paper $, and end of imprisonment for debt	29
13704855124	Republican Motherhood	The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children	30
13704855125	Northwest Ordinance	1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states	31
13704855126	Federalist Papers	A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.	32
13704855127	Federalists	Supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution	33
13704855128	Antifederalists	Weaker national government	34
13704855129	Constitutional Convention 1787	To revise Articles of Confed. Great Compromise- 2 senators per state and House of Representatives based on population 3/5 compromise and end to slave trade in 1808 Create new, stronger centeral govm.	35
13704855130	Whiskey Rebellion	In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.	36
13704855131	XYZ Affair	A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats	37
13704855132	Bank of the United States (BUS)	Alexander Hamilton economic plan. Jefferson opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.	38
13704855133	Alien and Sedition Acts	Series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants	39
13705942097	French Revolution (1789)	Federalists pro-England, Jeffersonian (Democratic) Republicans pro-French. Wanted extension of our own liberty English immpressment of U.S ships Proclamation of Neutrality 1793	40
13705942098	Jeffersonian Republicans	Agrarian vision, south and west, strict interpretation of constitution, state rights	41
13705942099	Washington's Farewell Address	1796, warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances.	42

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AP Language Literary Terms, AP Language terms Flashcards

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13981177235	Cumulative (Loose) Sentence	begins with a main clause that is followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause. These phrases or clauses add information to the main or independent clause.	0
13981177236	Periodic Sentence	a sentence that, by leaving the completion of its main clause to the end, produces an effect of suspense.	1
13981177237	Litotes/Understatement	a figure of speech in which a negative statement is used to affirm a positive statement.	2
13981177238	Warrant	expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.	3
13981177239	Ethos	an appeal to ethics and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader.	4
13981177240	Pathos	an appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response.	5
13981177241	Logos	an appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason.	6
13981177242	Concession	an acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.	7
13981177243	Syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.	8
13981177244	Major premise	contains the term that is the predicate of the conclusion.	9
13981177245	Minor premise	contains the term that is the subject of the conclusion.	10
13981177246	Induction	a logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universal, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.	11
13981177247	Deduction	a logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise).	12
13981177248	Equivocation	a fallacy of argument in which a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language.	13
13981177249	Refutation	a denial of the validity of an opposing argument.	14
13981177250	Diction	a speaker's choice of words. Analysis of diction looks at these choices and what they add to the speaker's message.	15
13981177251	Simile	a figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using words like, as, or as though.	16
13981177252	Metaphor	figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using like or as.	17
13981177253	Anaphora	the intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect.	18
13981177254	Rhetoric	it is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience.	19
13981177255	Allusion	brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) to to a work of art.	20
13981177256	Hyperbole	deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point.	21
13981177257	Personification	attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.	22
13981177258	Asyndeton	omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	23
13981177259	Polysyndeton	the deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses or words.	24
13981177260	Parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.	25
13981177261	Antithesis	opposition, or contrast or ideas or words in a parallel construction.	26
13981177262	Enumeration	to mention separately as if in counting; name one by one; specify, as in list	27
13981177263	Rhetorical Question	Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer. Ex.) Are you stupid?	28
13981177264	Chiasmus	the reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases. Ex.) He went to the country, the country went to him.	29
13981177265	Rebuttal	In the Toulon model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections.	30
13981177266	Fallacy of Argument	a flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect.	31
13981177267	Bandwagon Appeal	a fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it.	32
13981177268	Begging the Question	a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute.	33
13981177269	Anecdote	a brief story used to illustrate a point or claim.	34
13981177270	Modes of Disclosure	Exposition- illustrates a point Narration- tells a story Description- creates a sensory image Argumentation- takes a position on an issue and defends it.	35
13981177271	Example	a specific event, person, or detail of an idea cited and/or developed to support or illustrate a thesis or topic.	36
13981177272	Contrast/ Comparison	a method of presenting similarities and differences between or among at least two persons, places, things, ideas, etc. may be organized by: Subject by subject Point by point Combination	37
13981177273	Cause and Effect	establishes a relationship: B is the result of A.	38
13981177274	Classification	separates items into major categories and details the characteristics of each group is placed within the category.	39
13981177275	Process	simply "how to" do something is done. It can have one of two purposes. It can either give instructions or inform the reader about how something is done.	40
13981177276	Definition	identifies the class to which a specific term belongs and those characteristics which make it different from all the other items in that class.	41
13981177277	Narration	is nothing more than storytelling. There is a beginning, a middle, and an end.	42
13981177278	Description	writing that appeals to the senses. It can be objective, which is scientific or clinical, or it can be impressionistic, which tries to involve the reader's emotions or feelings.	43
13981177279	Dogmatism	a fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community.	44
13981177280	False Dilemma or Dichotomy	a fallacy of argument in which a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible alternatives, one of which is often made to seem vastly preferable to the other.	45
13981177281	False authority	a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the expertise of someone who lacks appropriate credentials.	46
13981177282	Faulty causality	a fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second. Also called post hoc, ergo propter hoc, this forms the basis of many superstitions.	47
13981177283	Hasty generalization	a fallacy of argument in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data.	48
13981177284	Non sequitor	a fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically; one point doesn't follow from another.	49
13981177297	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.	50
13981177298	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells").	51
13981177299	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.	52
13981177300	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	53
13981177301	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them.	54
13981177302	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	55
13981177303	Antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.	56
13981177304	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.)	57
13981177305	Apostrophe	A prayer like figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer.	58
13981177306	Atmosphere	The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described.	59
13981177307	Caricature	a verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics.	60
13981177308	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.	61
13981177309	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.	62
13981177310	Literary Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense	63
13981177311	Connotation	The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning.	64
13981177312	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.	65
13981177313	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.	66
13981177314	Didactic	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching."	67
13981177315	Euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT	68
13981177316	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	69
13981177317	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	70
13981177318	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apotrophe hyperbole irony metaphor oxymoron paradox personification simile syneddoche understatement	71
13981177319	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.	72
13981177320	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	73
13981177321	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.")	74
13981177322	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.	75
13981177323	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	76
13981177324	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	77
13981177325	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.	78
13981177326	Loose sentence/non-periodic sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.	79
13981177327	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.	80
13981177328	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.	81
13981177329	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.	82
13981177330	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	83
13981177331	Onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.	84
13981177332	Oxymoron	Oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox.	85
13981177333	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	86
13981177334	Parallelism	the use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.	87
13981177335	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	88
13981177336	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).	89
13981177337	Periodic sentence	The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.	90
13981177338	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.	91
13981177339	Point of view	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told.	92
13981177340	Prose	written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.	93
13981177341	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	94
13981177342	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	95
13981177343	Sarcasm	Involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.	96
13981177344	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.	97
13981177345	Subordinate clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, this clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought.	98
13981177346	Syllogism	A deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	99
13981177347	Symbol/symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else.	100
13981177348	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.	101
13981177349	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.	102
13981177350	Thesis	The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.	103
13981177351	Tone	Describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both.	104
13981177352	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, effectively signal a shift from one idea to another.	105
13981177353	Understatement	the ironic minimalizing of fact; presents something as less significant than it is.	106
13981177354	Wit	in modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights.	107
13981177355	Slippery Slope	This is the failure to provide evidence to support a claim that one event will lead to a catastrophic chain of events.	108
13981177356	Straw man	When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak.	109
13981177357	Ethos	An appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.	110
13981177358	Juxtaposition	Making on idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite.	111
13981177359	Logos	An appeal to reason.	112
13981177360	Pathos	An appeal to emotion.	113
13981177361	Rhetorical Question	A question whose answer is assumed.	114
13981177362	Simile	A critical figure of speech in an argument when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using the word "like," "as," or "than" in order to better perceive its importance.	115
13981177363	rhetorical appeal	the persuasive devices by which a writer tries to sway an audience's attention and response to any given work. See logos, ethos, and pathos.	116
13981177364	descriptive detail	When an essay uses this phrase, look for the writer's sensory description.	117
13981177365	Anaphora	Figure of repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases; repetition of the initial words over successive phrases or clauses	118
13981177366	Anecdote	A brief story that illustrates or makes a point	119
13981177367	Appeal to authority	A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a famous person or institution.	120
13981177368	Argumentation	one of the four forms of discourse which uses logic, ethics, and emotional appeals (logos, ethos, pathos) to develop an effective means to convince the reader to think or act in a certain way.	121
13981177369	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	122
13981177370	Asyndeton	A series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction).	123
13981177371	tone	A speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject.	124
13981177372	audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	125
13981177373	Begging the question	Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.	126
13981177285	understatement	"I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain." Holden Caulfield, Catcher in the Rye	127
13981177286	allusion	The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora's box of crimes.	128
13981177287	hyperbole	"I'll love you, dear, I'll love you/Till China and Africa meet,/And the river jumps over the mountain"	129
13981177288	invective	"I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth." Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels	130
13981177289	antithesis	"To err is human; to forgive divine." Alexander Pope "An Essay on Criticism"	131
13981177290	euphemism	"I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs." William Shakespeare Othello	132
13981177291	paradox	"Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it." -Gandhi	133
13981177292	alliteration	"His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead."	134
13981177293	oxymoron	"Yet I should kill thee with much cherishing. / Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow, / That I shall say good night till it be morrow."	135
13981177294	personification	"Pearl Button swung on the little gate in front of the House of Boxes. It was the early afternoon of a sunshiny day with little winds playing hide-and-seek in it."	136
13981177295	inverted syntax	"Patience you must have, my young padawan."	137