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AP US History - Summer Assignment - Vocabulary Flashcards

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14464484093AbolitionistSomeone who wanted to end slavery, especially in the United States before the Civil War — when owning slaves was common practice0
14464487924AmnestyAn official pardon for people who have been convicted of political offenses1
14464490586ArmisticeAn agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce2
14464492170BilateralAn exchange agreement between the two nations or trading groups that gives each party favored trade status pertaining to certain goods obtained from the signatories3
14464494708BoycottTo stop buying or using the goods or services of a certain company or country as a protest4
14464495172CompactA signed written agreement that binds you to do what you've promised5
14464985504CultureThe customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group6
14464989327DesegregationThe ending of authorized segregation, or separation by race.7
14464990405EmigrantA person who leaves their home country in order to settle down in another country with hopes of having a better life in the settled country8
14464992559FilibusterThe process by which a legislator attempts to delay a bill or law by giving a prolonged speech, all while staying within the confines of the rules of Senate9
14464995466ImmigrantA person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country10
14464996382ImpressmentBritish practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service11
14464997675InsurgentA person who revolts against civil authority or an established government12
14465001032Laissez-FaireAn economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs and subsidies13
14465002323MercantilismThe economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism14
14465005036MonopolyWhen a business owns all of their competition and their business because they were able to buy out the competitors15
14465006451OrdinanceA piece of legislation enacted by a municipal authority (AKA a law)16
14465011277PlutocracyA political system governed by the wealthy people17
14465012817PrejudicePreconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience18
14465014050RatifySign or give formal consent to (a treaty, contract, or agreement), making it officially valid19
14465014912RepresentativeA system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.20
14465016706SegregationThe separation or isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group by enforced or voluntary residence in a restricted area, by barriers to social intercourse, by separate educational facilities, or by other discriminatory means21
14465019368SpoilsA system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.22
14465021405SuffrageThe right to vote23
14465021406UnificationThe process of being united or made into a whole.24
14465023765AlienA citizen of another country; foreign, strange25
14465024863AnarchyA state of disorder due to absence or nonrecognition of authority26
14465026998AutomationThe use of largely automatic equipment in a system of manufacturing or other production process.27
14465029763Bi-MetallismThe use of both gold and silver as a basis for a national monetary system28
14465030470CapitalThe most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of government and administrative center29
14465032295ConscriptionA military draft30
14465034093DelegateA person appointed or elected to represent others31
14465035135DespotA dictator with absolute power32
14465035934EntenteAn understanding or agreement between governments33
14465038710FrontierA zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.34
14465039722ImpeachTo accuse government officials of misconduct in office35
14465040700InalienableNot able to be taken away36
14465042194IntegrationThe act of uniting or bringing together, especially people of different races37
14465043398LiberalOpen to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values.38
14465048053MigrantA person who moves from one place to another, especially in order to find work or better living conditions39
14465049251NegotiationA form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree40
14465049809PatronageGranting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support41
14465051860PolicyA proposed or adopted course or principle of action42
14465054176ProclamationAn official public announcement43
14465055233RecessionA period of reduced economic activity44
14465059276SecessionFormal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation45
14465059882SovereigntyAbility of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states46
14465060480StatuteA written law passed by a legislative body47
14465062483TariffA tax on imported goods48
14465062484VeteranA person who has served in the armed forces49
14465063856AllianceA joining together for some common purpose50
14465064604AppeasementAccepting demands in order to avoid conflict51
14465065713BelligerentHostile and aggressive52
14465066315BlocA combination of countries, parties, or groups sharing a common purpose53
14465066998CaucusA meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform54
14465067788Conservativeholding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion.55
14465070171DemocracyA political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them56
14465070649DutyA moral or legal obligation; a responsibility57
14465071404ExportsGoods sold to other countries58
14465072127GenocideDeliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group59
14465073100ImperialismA policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force60
14465074132InflationA general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money61
14465075124IsolationismA policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups62
14465077000LynchingPutting a person to death by mob action without due process of law63
14465078522MilitaristA person who advocates war or warlike policies64
14465080270NeutralityA position of not taking sides in a conflict65
14465082122PetitionA formal message requesting something that is submitted to an authority66
14465083313PovertyThe state of being poor67
14465083872Propagandainformation, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view68
14465085543ReferendumA state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.69
14465086678SectionalismLoyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole70
14465087402SpecieMoney in the form of gold or silver coins71
14465092050StrikeAn organized work stoppage intended to force an employer to address union demands72
14465092494TenementA building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety73
14465093833VetoA constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a law-making body74
14465095152AmendmentA change in, or addition to, a constitution or law75
14465095845AppropriationA legislative grant of money to finance a government program or agency76
14465097265Bi-CameralHaving 2 houses/branches77
14465098864BlockadeAn act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving78
14465100663CharterA legal document giving certain rights to a person or company79
14465101302Coup d'etatA sudden overthrow of the government by a small group80
14465113556DepressionA long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment81
14465114110EmbargoAn official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country82
14465114618FederalismA system in which power is divided between the national and state governments83
14465115350HegemonyThe domination of one state or group over its allies84
14465117456ImportsGoods produced abroad and sold domestically85
14465118984InjunctionAn authoritative command or order86
14465119959JingoismExtreme patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy87
14465121077MandateAn official order or commission to do something88
14465123696MonarchyA government ruled by a king or queen89
14465123709NullifyTo counter; make void90
14465125986PlebisciteA direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal91
14465126809PrecedentAn earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances92
14465127833ProtectorateA country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power93
14465129769ReparationsPayment for war damages94
14465129770SeditionRebellion or resistance against the government95
14465130599SpeculationAn involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit96
14465132523SuburbA residential district located on the outskirts of a city97
14465133946TreatyA formally concluded and ratified agreement between countries98
14465134800WritAn official order issued by the government99
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AP Psychology Personality and Intelligence Flashcards

Personality

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12798335229Free AssociationIn psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.0
12798335230PsychoanalysisFreud's theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.1
12798335231UnconsciousAccording to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of whih we are unaware.2
12798335235Psychosexual StagesThe childhood stages of development during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.3
12798335236Oedipus ComplexAccording to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.4
12798335237Defense MechanismsIn psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.5
12798335238Projective TestA personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger proaction of one's inner dynamics.6
12798335239Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)A projection test in which people explores their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.7
12798335240Rorschach Inkblot TestThe most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.8
12798335241Collective UnconsciousCarl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.9
12798335243Unconditional Positive RegardAccording to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.10
12798335244Self-ConceptAll our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"11
12798335245TraitA characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.12
12798335246Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)The most widely researched and clinically see of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.13
12798335247Empirically Derived TestA test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.14
12798335248Social-Cognitive PerspectiveViews behavior as influence by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context.15
12798335249Reciprocal DeterminismThe interacting influences between personality and environmental factors.16
12798335250Personal ControlOur sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless.17
12798335251External Locus of ControlThe perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate.18
12798335252Internal Locus of ControlThe perception that one controls one's own fate.19
12798335253Spotlight EffectOverestimating other's noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).20
12798335255Self-serving BiasA readiness to perceive oneself favorably.21
12798335256IndividualismGiving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.22
12798335257Terror-Mangement TheoryProposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death.23
12798335258Preconsciouslevel of consciousness in which thoughts and feelings are not conscious but are readily retrieveable to consciousness24
12798335259Compensationa defense mechanism that conceals your undesirable shortcomings by exaggerating desirable behaviors25
12798335260Sublimation(psychology) modifying the natural expression of an impulse or instinct to one that is socially acceptable26
12798335261Identificationbolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group27
12798335278self conceptall our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"28
12798335279Trait TheoryModel of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality 1. how prominent and extreme traits are in a person dictate their behavior.29
12798335281Collectivismgiving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly30
12798335262intelligence testa method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.31
12798335263intelligencemental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. it is one's potential, not what they achieve.32
12798335264general intelligenceaccording to Spearman and others, this underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.33
12798335265factor analysisa statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.34
12798335266savant syndromea condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.35
12798335267emotional intelligencethe ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. Daniel Goleman developed a theory concerning it that focused on the importance of self control, empathy, and awareness of one's own emotions.36
12798335268mental ageA measure of intelligence devised by Binet; the age at which a person is mentally performing at. It can be higher, lower, or the same as their chronological age.37
12798335269Stanford-Binetthe widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test. Louis Terman of Stanford University created it.38
12798335270intelligence quotient (IQ)Originally defined as the mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 Developed by Louis Terman.39
12798335271achievement teststests designed to assess what a person has learned. The AP Psychology Exam is an example40
12798335272aptitude teststests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn. SAT, and IQ test are examples41
12798335273Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.42
12798335274standardizationThe process of giving the test to a large group of representative and randomly selected people to establish consistent methods administration.43
12798335275content validitythe extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. The AP Psychology exam will measure your knowledge of Psychology, and not Chemistry.44
12798335276predictive validitythe success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. The SATs have predictive validity.45
12798335277intellectual disability(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.46
12798335282Multiple IntelligencesTheory created by Howard Gardner that there are many types of intelligences such as musical, interpersonal, naturalist, and bodily-kinetics. Come critics say these are more abilities than intelligences47
12798335283Triarchic TheoryRobert Sternberg's theory that intelligence is composed of Analytic Intelligence, Creative Intelligence, and Practical Intelligence.48
12798335284Deviation IQ ScoresReplaced the old IQ formula. IQ scores are now determined based on a normal curve with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.49
12798335285Cultural biasTendency for IQ tests to reflect the language, culture, history, and customs of the people who designed the test.50
12798335287stereotype threatjust being aware of negative stereotypes that apply to your group can negatively impact your performance on intelligence tests51
12798335289Critical Period HypothesisTheory that if one's Language Acquisition Device is not activated withing the first few years of life, the person will never fully acquire language. Likewise, if a second language is not introduced before puberty, the person's acquisition will be limited and they will speak that language with an accent.52
12798335290Flynn EffectIdea that over the course of history, intelligence has increased due to factors such as better diet and health and technological advancements.53
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AP Government Chapter 2 Flashcards

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15060813894UnalienableA human right based on nature or God0
15060813895Articles of ConfederationThe first constitution of the United States, adopted by Congress in 177 and enacted in 1781. The Articles established a national legislature, the Continental Congress, but most authority rested with state legislatures.1
15060813896Constitutional ConventionA meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution2
15060813897Shays' Rebelliona series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shay to block foreclosure proceedings3
15060813898Virginia PlanProposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for representation of each sate in congress in proportion to that state's population.4
15060813899New Jersey PlanProposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population.5
15060813900Great CompromisePlan to have a popularly elected House based on state population and a state-selected Senate, with two members for each state6
15060813901Judicial ReviewThe power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional7
15060813902FederalismGovernment authority shared by national and local governments8
15060813903Enumerated PowersPowers given to the national government alone9
15060813904Reserved PowersPowers given to the state governments10
15060813905Concurrent PowersPowers shared by the national and state governments11
15060813906Checks and BalancesFeatures of the Constitution that limit government's power by requiring that power be balanced among the different governmental institutions. These institutions continually constrain one another's activities.12
15060813907Separation of Powersa feature of the constitution that requires each of the three branches of government-executive, legislative, judicial-to be relatively independent of others so that one cannot control the others. Power is shared among these three institutions13
15060813908FactionInterest groups arising from the unequal distribution of property or wealth14
15060813909FederalistsSupporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time states were contemplating its adoption. Those who favor a stronger national government and want to ratify the constitution.15
15060813910AntifederalistsOpponents of the U.S. Constitution. Those who favor a weaker national government and believe the constitution needs individual rights.16
15060813911Block GrantA grant in-in-aid for a broadly define policy area.17
15060813912Federal MandatesMandatory conditions that are attached to laws in which the borrower must comply to.18
15060813913Category GrantA grant-in-aid for a specific policy.19
15060813914Bicamerallegislature comprising of a two house system.20
15060813915Selective IncorporationStates cant make laws that take away constitutional rights.21
15060813916Welfare Reform Act of 1996This reduced the number of individual who rely on government assistance and help them become self-sufficient.22
15060813917Constitutiona nation's basic law. it creates political institutions, assigns or divides power in government, and often provides certain guarantees to citizens.23
15060813918Declaration of Independencethe document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence.24
15060813919Natural Rightsrights inherent in human beings, not dependent on governments which include life, liberty, and property.25
15060813920Consent of governedthe idea that government consent derives its authority to sanction of the people26
15060813921U.S Consitituionthe document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets form the institutional structure of the U.S government and the tasks these institutions performed. Replaced the AOC27
15060813922Connecticut Compromisethe compromise reached at the constitutional convention that established 2 houses in congress.28
15060813923Writ of habeas corpusa court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody.29
15060813924Republica form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws30
15060813925Federalists Papersa collection of 85 articles written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton under the name of "Publics" to defend the constitution in detail31
15060813926Bill of Rightsthe first 10 amendments to the U.S constitution, drafted in response to some of the Anti-Federalists concerns. The amendments define basic liberties as freedom of religion, speech, press, and guarantee defendant's rights.32
15060813927Equal Rights Amendmenta constitutional amendment passed by Congress in 1972 stating that the "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state an account of sex." The amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from 3/4s of the state legislatures.33
15060813928Marbury v. MadisonThe 1803 case in which chief justice John Marshall and his associates 1st asserted the right of the supreme court to determine the meaning of the U.S constitution. The decisions established the court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress in this case the Judiciary Act 1789.34
15060813929Judicial Reviewthe power of the courts to determine whether acts of Congress and, by implication, the executive are in accord with the U.S Constitution. Established by John marshall and his associates in Marybury vs. Madison35
15060813930Dual Federalismstrictly divided powers under dual states have more power. little. very little federal regulation. (Layer cake)36
15060813931Cooperate Federalismstate and federal government come together (marble cake)37
15060813932Commerce Clause"to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes"38
15060813933Limited Governmentthe idea that certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect the natural rights of citizens39
15060813934Legislatoran individual who proposes, draws up and enacts laws. He is a member of a legislative body, either elected or appointed. American congressmen and members of the British and Indian parliaments are examples40
15060813935Legislaturea deliberative group, usually a government group, either elected or appointed, made up of individuals who have the responsibility of writing, passing and appealing laws. City councils, county boards, parliaments and senates are all examples41
15060813936Proposing an amendment2/3 vote in each house of congress or by a national convention called by Congress at the request of 2/3 of the state legislatures.42
15060813937Ratifying an amendmentLegislatures of 3/4 of the states or special state conventions called in 3/4 of the states.43
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AP US History, Chapter 9 Flashcards

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15905007006Articles of ConfederationFirst American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient constitution in 1789 p. 1630
15905007007Old NorthwestTerritories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. The well organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions. p. 1651
15905007008Land Ordinance of 1785Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt. p. 1662
15905007009Northwest Ordinance of 1787Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories. p. 1663
15905007010Shay's RebellionArmed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries. p. 1684
15905007011Virginia Plan"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation. p. 1705
15905007012New Jersey Plan"Small-state plan" put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared that the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system. p. 1706
15905007013Great CompromisePopular term for the measure that reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia Plans at the Constitutional Convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College p. 1717
15905007014common lawLaws that originate from court rulings and customs, as opposed to legislative statutes. The United States Constitution grew out of the Anglo-American common law tradition and thus provided only a general organizational framework for the new federal government. p. 1718
15905007015civil lawbody of written law enacted through legislative statutes or constitutional provisions. In countries where civil law prevails, judges must apply the statutes precisely as written p. 1719
15905007016three-fifths compromiseDetermined that each slave could bed counted at three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to southern slave states p. 17210
15905007017anti-federalistsOpponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the sates to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights11
15905007018federalistsProponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safe-guard the people's liberties. p. 17412
15905007019The FederalistCollection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton and published during the ratification debate in New York to lay out the Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution. Since their publication, these influential essays have served as an important source for constitutional interpretation. p. 17613
15905007020Society of CincinnatiExclusive, hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental Army. Many resented the pretentiousness of the order, viewing it's a vestige of pre-Revolutionary traditions. p. 17814
15905007021disestablishTo separate an official state church from its connection with the government. Following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, though some New England states maintained established Congregational Churches well in to he nineteenth century. p. 17815
15905007022Virginia Statute for Religious FreedomMeasure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship Served as model for the religion clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution. p. 17816
15905007023civic virtueWillingness on the part of citizens to sacrifice personal self-interest for the public good. Deemed a necessary component of a successful republic. p. 17917
15905007024republican motherhoodIdeal of family organization and female behavior after the American Revolution that stressed the role of women in guiding family members toward republican virtue. p. 17918
15905007025Lord SheffieldParliamentarian who persuaded Britain to take a hard line in negotiations with the newly independent United States, closing off American trade with the West Indies and continuing to enforce navigation laws. His approach prompted many Americans to call for a stronger central government, culminating in the 1787 Philadelphia convention.19
15905007026Daniel ShaysRevolutionary War veteran who led a group of debtors and impoverished back-country farmers in a rebellion against the Massachusetts government in 1786, calling for paper money, lighter taxes, and an end to property seizures for debt. Though quickly put down, the rebellion raised the specter on mob rule, precipitating calls for a stronger national government.20
15905007027Patrick HenryAmerican revolutionary and champion of states rights, Henry became a prominent anti-federalist during the ratification debate, opposing what he saw as despotic tendencies in the new national constitution.21
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APES Vocabulary 14 Flashcards

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12463291485Physical weatheringThe mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals.0
12463291486Chemical weatheringThe breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both.1
12463291487Acid precipitationPrecipitation high in sulfuric acid and nitric acid from reactions between water vapor, sulfur, and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere.2
12463291488ErosionThe physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem.3
12463291489Parent materialRock underlying soil; the material from which the inorganic components of a soil are derived.4
12463291490Soil degradationThe loss of some or all of a soil's ability to support plant growth.5
12463291491HorizonA horizontal layer in a soil defined by distinctive physical features such as texture and color.6
12463291492O horizonThe organic horizon at the surface of many soils, composed of organic detritus in various stages of decomposition.7
12463291493A horizonFrequently the top layer of soil, characterized by mixing of organic material and mineral material.8
12463291494E horizonThe zone of leaching that forms under the O horizon or, less often, the A horizon.9
12463291495B horizonFrequently the second major soil horizon, composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter.10
12463291496C horizonThe least-weathered soil horizon, which always occurs beneath the B horizon and is similar to the parent material.11
12463291497CEC of a soilThe ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations.12
12463291498Base saturationThe proportion of soil bases to soil acids, expressed as a percentage.13
12463291499Native speciesA species that occurs naturally within a region, either evolving there or arriving and becoming established without human assistance14
12463291500Exotic speciesAn introduced species living outside its native habitat, which has arrived there by human activity, either deliberate or accidental.15
12463291501Invasive speciesan organism (plant, animal, fungus, or bacterium) that is not native and has negative effects on our economy, our environment, or our health.16
12463291502Habitat lossThe process in which natural habitat is rendered functionally unable to support the species present.17
12463291503Habitat fragmentationThe process by which habitat loss results in the division of large, continuous habitats into smaller, more isolated remnants.18
12463291504Lacey ActA U.S. act that prohibits interstate shipping of all illegally harvested plants and animals.19
12463291505CITESA 1973 treaty formed to control the international trade of threatened plants and animals. (Stands for Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)20
12463291506IUCN Red ListThe world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species.21
12463291507Marine Mammal Protection ActA 1972 U.S. act to protect declining populations of marine mammals.22
12463291508Convention on Biological DiversityA 1992 international treaty formed to help protect biodiversity.23
12463291509Edge HabitatThe intersection of two different habitat types24
12463291510Biosphere reserveA protected area consisting of zones that vary in the amount of permissible human impact.25
12463291511Habitat corridorAn area of habitat connecting wildlife populations separated by human activities or structures26
12463291512Debt for nature swapA transaction in which a foreign exchange debt owed by a developing country is transferred to another organization on the condition that the country use local currency for a designated purpose, usually environmental protection.27
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While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!