AP Biology - Evolution Flashcards
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| 5739859421 | use and disuse | Specific traits that are used more become larger and stronger, while less used parts weaken and are not passed down to offspring. Idea from Lamarck | 0 | |
| 5739868348 | inheritance of acquired characteristics | organisms can pass body modifications down to their offspring. Idea from Lamarck | 1 | |
| 5739873555 | adaptions | inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their change at survival and reproduction in certain enviornments | 2 | |
| 5739884229 | natural selection | The differences in survival and reproduction among individuals in a population as a result of their interaction with the environment. individual organisms with certain enhanced characteristics survive and reproduce at a larger rate because of the enhanced traits while those without enhanced traits die. Darwin's theory | 3 | |
| 5739897400 | homologous structures | Body parts that resemble one another in different species because they have evolved from a common ancestor. (example: the hand structure of humans and a bat) | 4 | |
| 5739924575 | Cladagram | Relationships among animals within the same species, groups of organisms, or those that share a common ancestor are displayed. | 5 | |
| 5739941961 | Paleontolgy | provides fossils that reveal the prehistoric existence of extinct species. As a result, changes in species and the formation of new species can be studied. Additionally, common ancestors can be found, and the fossils can be carbon dated to find a relative time period of which it lived. | 6 | |
| 5739976104 | Biogeography | using geography to describe the distribution of species | 7 | |
| 5739978803 | Embryology | reveals similar stages in development in related species, or species with a common ancestor. | 8 | |
| 5739987716 | Comparative anatomy | describes two kinds of structures that contribute to the identification of evolutionary relationships among species. | 9 | |
| 5739991155 | Analogous structures | body parts that resemble one another in different species, not because the have evolved from a common ancestor, but because they evolved independently as adaptions to their environments. (example: wings of a bird and wings of a butterfly) | 10 | |
| 5740020754 | Vestigial structures | homologous structures that a species once had, but no longer has because they no longer needed it for survival. (example: the tailbone of a human) | 11 | |
| 5740029973 | molecular biology | examines the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of DNA and proteins from different species. | 12 | |
| 5740051520 | Microevolution | describes the details of how populations of organisms change from generation to generation and how species originate. | 13 | |
| 5740060569 | macroevolution | describes patterns of changes in groups of related species over broad periods of geologic time. | 14 | |
| 5740137218 | fitness | Survival of the fittest: Adapting superior inherited traits that benefit and increase chance of survival within a given environment. | 15 | |
| 5740156950 | evidence of evolution | 1. populations possess an enormous reproductive potential 2. Population sizes remain stable 3. Resources are limited 4. Individuals compete for survival | 16 | |
| 5740179204 | Stabilizing selection | Eliminates individuals that have extreme or unusual traits. Individuals with the most common trait are the best adapted. Favors the middle trait when no evolution is occurring |  | 17 |
| 5740185229 | Directional selection | Favors traits that are at one extreme within a range of trait, while traits at the opposite are rarely selected. Opposite extreme will die out after several generations. |  | 18 |
| 5740193002 | Disruptive selection | Occurs when the enviornement favors extreme or unusual traits, while selecting against the common traits. Both extremes are being favored middle trait dies out extremely uncommon |  | 19 |
| 5740205219 | Sexual selection | The differential mating of males and sometimes females within a population. The female within a species selects a male for mating (example: a female bird choosing a specific male bird because of his courtship ritual, or a female peacock choosing a male peacock because of his colored feathers). | 20 | |
| 5740231183 | Artificial selection | A form of directional selection carried out by humans when they sow seeds or breed animals that possess desirable traits. |  | 21 |
| 5740290112 | Mutations | Provides the raw material for new variation | 22 | |
| 5740301587 | Sexual reproduction | creates individuals with new combinations of alleles through crossing over, independent assortment of homologous, or random joining of gametes. | 23 | |
| 5740324001 | Diploidy | the presence of two copies of each chromosome in a cell -- most common in plants | 24 | |
| 5740334389 | Heterozygote advantage | When the heterozygous condition bears a greater selective advantage than either homozygous condition. As a result, both alleles and all three phenotypes are maintained in the population by selection. (example: someone who is heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia is immune to the disease) | 25 | |
| 5740402820 | Genetic Drift | a random increase or decrease of alleles or a species (founder effect and bottleneck) | 26 | |
| 5740407745 | Founder effect | when allele frequencies in a group of migrating individuals are, by chance, not the same as that of their population origin. (colonies that move and form their own population) | 27 | |
| 5740417093 | Bottleneck | When the population undergoes a dramatic decrease in size due to a natural disaster, plague, or any other random occurrence. | 28 | |
| 5740430895 | Inbreeding | occurs when individuals mate with relatives (incest) | 29 | |
| 5740440474 | Allopatric Speciation | When a population is divided by a geographic barrier so that interbreeding between the two resulting populations is prevented. Common barriers are mountains and rivers. |  | 30 |
| 5740456667 | Sympatric Speciation | the formation of a new species without the presence of a geographic barrier through balanced polymorphism, polyploidy (inheriting more than enough genes), and hybridization (an area between two species' habitats where they mate and live). |  | 31 |
| 5740496330 | Hybrid | when two species reproduce that do not have enough matching genetics to create an offspring that is fertile (example: a donkey and a horse create a mule, but they are typically infertile) | 32 | |
| 5740504305 | Habitat isolation | when species do not encounter one another because of their environment and where they live | 33 | |
| 5740509857 | Temporal isolation | when a species mate or flower during different seasons of the year or times of day | 34 | |
| 5740524314 | Behavioral isolation | when a species does not recognize another species as a mating partner because it does not perform the correct courtship rituals, display the proper visual signals, sing the correct mating songs, or release the proper scents for mating. | 35 | |
| 5740545248 | Mechanical isolation | when male and female genitalia are structurally incompatible or when flower structures select for different pollinators | 36 | |
| 5740558181 | Reproductive isolatoin | when the male cannot fertilize a female because the male gametes die within the female, during fertilization, or cannot enter the female gametes | 37 | |
| 5740581242 | Phyletic gradualism | the argument that evolution occurs slowly over an extended period of time that could last centuries | 38 | |
| 5740587801 | Punctuated equilibrium | the argument that evolution occurs all at once and is "punctuated" This is the more common from of evolution | 39 | |
| 5740639471 | Translocation | Trans = movement/change changing of the location of a chromosome to another chromosome | 40 | |
| 5740646864 | Inversion | When a sequence of chromosomes break off and then flip -- leads to infertility | 41 | |
| 5740651131 | Duplication | a duplicated gene | 42 | |
| 5740653537 | Deletion | The removal of a gene in its entirety | 43 |
