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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

9644239646	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9644239647	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9644239648	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9644239649	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9644239650	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9644239651	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9644239652	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9644239653	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9644239654	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9644239655	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9644239656	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9644239657	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9644239658	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9644239659	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9644239660	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9644239661	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9644239662	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9644239663	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9644239664	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9644239665	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9644239666	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9644239667	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9644239668	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9644239669	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9644239670	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9644239671	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9644239672	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9644239673	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9644239674	theory	general idea being tested	28
9644239675	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9644239676	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9644239677	mode	appears the most	31
9644239678	mean	average	32
9644239679	median	middle	33
9644239680	range	highest - lowest	34
9644239681	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9644239682	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9644239683	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9644239684	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9644239685	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9644239686	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9644239687	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9644239688	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9644239880	neuron		43
9644239689	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9644239690	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9644239691	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9644239692	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9644239693	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9644239694	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9644239695	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9644239696	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9644239697	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9644239698	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9644239699	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9644239700	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9644239701	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9644239702	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9644239703	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9644239704	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9644239705	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9644239706	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9644239707	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9644239708	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9644239709	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9644239710	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9644239711	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9644239712	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9644239713	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9644239714	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9644239715	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9644239716	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9644239717	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9644239718	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9644239719	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9644239720	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9644239721	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9644239722	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9644239723	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9644239724	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9644239725	occipital lobe	vision	80
9644239726	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9644239727	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9644239728	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9644239729	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9644239730	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9644239731	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9644239732	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9644239733	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9644239734	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9644239735	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9644239736	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9644239737	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9644239738	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9644239739	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9644239740	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9644239741	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9644239742	rods	night time	97
9644239743	cones	color	98
9644239744	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9644239745	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9644239746	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9644239747	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9644239748	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9644239749	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9644239750	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9644239751	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9644239752	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9644239753	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9644239754	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9644239755	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9644239756	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9644239757	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9644239758	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9644239759	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9644239760	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9644239761	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9644239762	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9644239763	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9644239764	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9644239765	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9644239766	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9644239767	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9644239768	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9644239769	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9644239770	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9644239771	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9644239772	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9644239773	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9644239774	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9644239775	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9644239776	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9644239777	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9644239778	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9644239779	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9644239780	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9644239781	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9644239782	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9644239783	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9644239784	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9644239785	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9644239786	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9644239787	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9644239788	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9644239789	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9644239790	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9644239791	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9644239792	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9644239793	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9644239794	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9644239795	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9644239796	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9644239797	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9644239798	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9644239799	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9644239800	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9644239801	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9644239802	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9644239803	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9644239804	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9644239805	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9644239806	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9644239807	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9644239808	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9644239809	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9644239810	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9644239811	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9644239812	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9644239813	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9644239814	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9644239815	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9644239816	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9644239817	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9644239818	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9644239819	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9644239820	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9644239821	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9644239822	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9644239823	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9644239824	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9644239825	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9644239826	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9644239827	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9644239828	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9644239829	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9644239830	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9644239831	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9644239832	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9644239833	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9644239834	encoding	information going in	189
9644239835	storage	keeping information in	190
9644239836	retrieval	taking information out	191
9644239837	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9644239838	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9644239839	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9644239840	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9644239841	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9644239842	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9644239843	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9644239844	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9644239845	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9644239846	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9644239847	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9644239848	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9644239849	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9644239850	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9644239851	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9644239852	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9644239853	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9644239854	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9644239855	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9644239856	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9644239857	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9644239858	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9644239859	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9644239860	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9644239861	context	environment helps with memory	216
9644239862	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9644239863	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9644239864	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9644239865	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9644239866	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9644239867	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9644239868	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9644239869	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9644239870	prototypes	generalize	225
9644239871	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9644239872	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9644239873	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9644239874	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9644239875	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9644239876	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9644239877	grammar is _________	universal	232
9644239878	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9644239879	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9644283219	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9644283220	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9644283221	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9644283222	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9644283223	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9644283224	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9644283225	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9644283226	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9644283227	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9644283228	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9644283229	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9644283230	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9644283231	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9644283232	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9644283233	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9644283234	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9644283235	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9644283236	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9644283237	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9644283238	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9644283239	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9644283240	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9644283241	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9644283242	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9644283243	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9644283244	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9644283245	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9644283246	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9644283247	theory	general idea being tested	28
9644283248	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9644283249	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9644283250	mode	appears the most	31
9644283251	mean	average	32
9644283252	median	middle	33
9644283253	range	highest - lowest	34
9644283254	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9644283255	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9644283256	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9644283257	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9644283258	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9644283259	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9644283260	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9644283261	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9644283454	neuron		43
9644283262	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9644283263	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9644283264	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9644283265	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9644283266	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9644283267	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9644283268	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9644283269	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9644283270	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9644283271	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9644283272	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9644283273	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9644283274	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9644283275	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9644283276	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9644283277	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9644283278	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9644283279	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9644283280	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9644283281	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9644283282	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9644283283	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9644283284	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9644283285	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9644283286	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9644283287	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9644283288	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9644283289	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9644283290	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9644283291	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9644283292	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9644283293	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9644283294	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9644283295	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9644283296	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9644283297	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9644283298	occipital lobe	vision	80
9644283299	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9644283300	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9644283301	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9644283302	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9644283303	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9644283304	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9644283305	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9644283306	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9644283307	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9644283308	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9644283309	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9644283310	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9644283311	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9644283312	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9644283313	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9644283314	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9644283315	rods	night time	97
9644283316	cones	color	98
9644283317	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9644283318	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9644283319	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9644283320	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9644283321	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9644283322	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9644283323	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9644283324	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9644283325	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9644283326	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9644283327	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9644283328	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9644283329	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9644283330	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9644283331	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9644283332	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9644283333	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9644283334	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9644283335	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9644283336	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9644283337	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9644283338	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9644283339	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9644283340	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9644283341	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9644283342	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9644283343	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9644283344	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9644283345	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9644283346	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9644283347	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9644283348	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9644283349	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9644283350	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9644283351	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9644283352	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9644283353	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9644283354	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9644283355	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9644283356	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9644283357	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9644283358	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9644283359	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9644283360	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9644283361	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9644283362	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9644283363	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9644283364	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9644283365	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9644283366	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9644283367	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9644283368	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9644283369	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9644283370	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9644283371	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9644283372	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9644283373	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9644283374	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9644283375	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9644283376	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9644283377	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9644283378	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9644283379	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9644283380	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9644283381	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9644283382	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9644283383	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9644283384	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9644283385	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9644283386	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9644283387	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9644283388	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9644283389	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9644283390	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9644283391	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9644283392	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9644283393	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9644283394	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9644283395	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9644283396	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9644283397	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9644283398	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9644283399	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9644283400	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9644283401	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9644283402	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9644283403	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9644283404	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9644283405	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9644283406	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9644283407	encoding	information going in	189
9644283408	storage	keeping information in	190
9644283409	retrieval	taking information out	191
9644283410	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9644283411	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9644283412	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9644283413	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9644283414	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9644283415	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9644283416	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9644283417	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9644283418	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9644283419	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9644283420	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9644283421	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9644283422	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9644283423	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9644283424	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9644283425	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9644283426	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9644283427	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9644283428	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9644283429	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9644283430	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9644283431	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9644283432	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9644283433	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9644283434	context	environment helps with memory	216
9644283435	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9644283436	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9644283437	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9644283438	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9644283439	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9644283440	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9644283441	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9644283442	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9644283443	prototypes	generalize	225
9644283444	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9644283445	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9644283446	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9644283447	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9644283448	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9644283449	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9644283450	grammar is _________	universal	232
9644283451	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9644283452	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Literature Review Terms Flashcards

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6969299037	allegory	story or poem that can be used to reveal a hidden meaning	0
6969299038	alliteration	beginning of same letter or sound in closely connected words	1
6969299039	allusion	indirect of passing reference	2
6969299040	anaphora	repetition in first part of a sentence , to have an artistic meaning	3
6969299041	antagonist	a hostile person who is opposed to another character	4
6969299042	apostrophe	figure of speech used to adresss an imaginary character	5
6969299043	approximate rhyme	words in rhyming pattern that sound alike	6
6969299044	aside	when a character's dialogue is spoken but not heard by other actors on the stage	7
6969299045	assonance	repetition of vowel sounds	8
6969299046	blank verse	poetry written in meter without an ending rhyme	9
6969299047	cacophony	blend of unharmonious sounds	10
6969299050	flat character	story character who have no depth, usually has one personality or characteristic	11
6969299051	round character	character who has complex personality: contradicted person	12
6969299052	dynamic character	changes throughout the story, through major conflict	13
6969299053	static character	person who doesn't change throughout story keeps same personality	14
6969299054	characterization	process of revealing characters personality	15
6969299055	climax	point where conflict hits its highest point	16
6969299056	comedy	drama that is amusing or funny	17
6969299057	conflict	struggle between opposing forces	18
6969299058	connotation	secondary meaning to a word	19
6969299059	consonance	repetition of same consonant in words close together	20
6969299060	couplet	two rhyming lines in a verse	21
6969299061	denotation	the literal meaning of a word	22
6969299062	denouement	final outcome of the story	23
6969299063	deus ex machina	resolution of a plot by chance or coincidence	24
6969299064	didactic writing	writing with a primary purpose to teach or preach	25
6969299065	direct presentation of character	author telling the reader how a character is and what actions it will do further in the story	26
6969299066	double rhyme	rhyme where the repeated vowel is in the second last syllable of words involved (ex; born scorn)	27
6969299067	dramatic exposition	prose commentaries, to provide background information about the characters and their world	28
6969299068	end rhyme	rhymes occurring at the end of line	29
6969299069	end stopped line	line ending in regular punctuation	30
6969299070	English sonnet	a sonnet rhyming ababcdcdededgg	31
6969299071	epiphany	when a character receives a spiritual insight into they life	32
6969299073	extended figure	A figure of speech sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem.	33
6969299074	falling action	Events after the climax, leading to the resolution	34
6969299076	figurative language	Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.	35
6969299077	figure of speech	a way of saying something other than the ordinary way	36
6969299078	foot	basic unit in the scansion or measurement of verse , stressed and un stressed syllables	37
6969299079	form	external pattern or shape of a poem	38
6969299080	free verse	Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme	39
6969299081	hamartia	tragic flaw which causes a character's downfall	40
6969299082	imagery	Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)	41
6969299083	indirect presentation of character	the personality of a character is revealed by what he or she does or says	42
6969299084	internal rhyme	A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line	43
6969299085	irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	44
6969299086	verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant	45
6969299087	dramatic irony	Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.	46
6969299088	irony of situation	refers to an occurrence that is contrary to what is expected or intended	47
6969299089	italian sonnet	A sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd	48
6969299091	melodrama	a play based upon a dramatic plot and developed sensationally	49
6969299092	metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	50
6969299093	meter	A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	51
6969299095	motivation	A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior	52
6969299096	narrator	Person telling the story	53
6969299097	octave	8 line stanza	54
6969299098	onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents.	55
6969299099	hyperbole	A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor	56
6969299100	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	57
6969299101	paradox	A contradiction or dilemma	58
6969299102	paraphrase	A restatement of a text or passage in your own words.	59
6969299103	personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	60
6969299104	plot	Sequence of events in a story	61
6969299105	point of view	The perspective from which a story is told	62
6969299106	omniscient point of view	The point of view where the narrator knows everything about the characters and their problems - told in the 3rd person.	63
6969299107	third person limited point of view	narrator tells the story from only one character's pov	64
6969299108	first person point of view	a character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself	65
6969299109	objective point of view	a narrator who is totally impersonal and objective tells the story, with no comment on any characters or events.	66
6969299110	protagonist	Main character	67
6969299111	quatrain	A four line stanza	68
6969299112	rhythm	A regularly recurring sequence of events or actions.	69
6969299113	rhyme scheme	A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem	70
6969299114	rising action	Events leading up to the climax	71
6969299115	sarcasm	the use of irony to mock or convey contempt	72
6969299116	satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	73
6969299117	scansion	Analysis of verse into metrical patterns	74
6969299118	sestet	6 line stanza	75
6969299119	setting	The context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.	76
6969299120	simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	77
6969299121	soliloquy	A long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage	78
6969299122	sonnet	14 line poem	79
6969299123	stanza	A group of lines in a poem	80
6969299124	stream of consciousness	private thoughts of a character without commentary	81
6969299125	syllabic verse	Verse measured by the number of syllables rather than the number of feet per line.	82
6969299126	symbol	A thing that represents or stands for something else	83
6969299129	tercet	3 line stanza	84
6969299130	terza rima	a verse form with a rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc, etc.	85
6969299131	theme	Central idea of a work of literature	86
6969299132	tone	Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character	87
6969299133	tragedy	A serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character	88
6969299134	truncation	Utilizing a melody with part of the end omitted.	89
6969299135	understandment	the deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis	90
6969299136	verse	A single line of poetry writing arranged with a metrical rhythm, typically having a rhyme	91
6969299137	vilanelle	a nineteen-line poem with two rhymes throughout, consisting of five tercets and a quatrain, with the first and third lines of the opening tercet recurring alternately at the end of the other tercets and with both repeated at the close of the concluding quatrain.	92

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AP Flashcards

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5610165932	white matter	0
5610165933	anterior horn of gray matter	1
5610170027	posterior horn of gray matter	2
5610173246	posterior root	3
5610173247	anterior root	4
5610176943	dorsal root ganglion	5
5610176954	spinal nerve	6
5610180475	olfactory bulb	7
5610180476	olfactory tract	8
5610184093	optic (II) n.	9
5610184094	trigeminal (V) n.	10
5610189864	facial (VII) n.	11
5610194718	vagus (X) n.	12
5610194719	phrenic n.	13
5610198765	sympathetic chain ganglia	14
5610198766	musculocutaneous n	15
5610201660	median n.	16
5610201661	ulnar n.	17
5610204834	axillary n.	18
5610204835	radial n.	19
5610208519	obturator n.	20
5610208520	femoral n.	21
5610211114	sciatic n.	22
5610211115	common fibular n.	23
5610253041	tibial n.	24
5610253042	epidural space	25
5610258265	superior sagittal sinus	26
5610258266	dura mater	27
5610263710	subdural spae	28
5610263711	arachnoid mater	29
5610266414	subarachnoid space	30
5610266415	pia mater	31
5610266416	cerebrum	32
5610270178	longitudinal fissure	33
5610270179	cerebral cortex	34
5610272676	basal nuclei	35
5610272677	white matter	36
5610272678	frontal lobe	37
5610272679	parietal lobe	38
5610277072	occipital lobe	39
5610277073	temporal lobe	40
5610280271	lateral sulcus	41
5610280272	central sulcus	42
5610282304	precentral gyrus	43
5610282305	postcentral gyrus	44
5610282306	corpus callosum	45
5610285574	thalamus	46
5610285575	hypthalamus	47
5610285576	midbrain	48
5610285577	pons	49
5610288824	medulla oblongata	50
5610288825	lateral ventricles	51
5610288826	third ventricle	52
5610292676	cerebral aqueduct	53
5610292677	fourth ventricle	54
5610292678	cerebellum	55
5610294389	arbor vitae	56

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Ap Lang Flashcards

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11494063094	Analogy	a comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification. Example: Her hair is as dark as the night	0
11494063095	Argument vs. Argumentation	Argument- an exchange of diverging or opposite views Argumentation-the action or process of reasoning systematically in support of an idea, action, or theory. Example: when me and mallory are fighting, when she explains her side of the story and I listen.	1
11598625663	Active Voice	describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the verb. Example:Harry ate six shrimp at dinner	2
11598625664	Alliteration	the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. Example: Peter PIper picked a pick of pickled peppers.	3
11598629259	Allusion	figure of speech that refers to a well-known story, event, person, or object in order to make a comparison in the readers' minds. Example: Big Brother	4
11598629260	Allegory	a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one. Example: Aslan the lion represents Christ in the Lion King	5
11754945147	Ambiguilty	the quality of being open to more than one interpretation; inexactness. Example:	6
11754950895	Anaphora		7
11754954728	Anecdote		8
11754954729	Antithesis		9
11754959129	Antecedent		10
11754959130	Assumption		11

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AP Familienstruktur Flashcards

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11599553951	verheiratet	married	0
11599553952	getrennt	separated	1
11600945789	beraten	to advise	2
11600950904	beeinflussen	to influence	3
11600959203	die Betreuung	care	4
11600964035	die Beziehung	relationship	5
11600970878	der Ehrgeiz	ambition	6
11600976431	die Ewigkeit	eternity	7
11600987030	das Geheimis	secret	8
11600987031	gewöhnen	to get used to	9
11600992122	höflich	polite	10
11601003619	die kinderbetreuung	childcare	11
11601007728	kuscheln	to cuddle	12
11601011054	ledig	single	13
11601017456	die Leidenschaft	passion	14
11601020548	die Macht	power	15
11601024072	meckern	to complain	16
11601028543	der Misbrauch	abuse	17
11601032531	der Mitglied	member	18
11601035077	der Nachwuchs	offspring	19
11601040293	neidisch	envious	20
11601042916	pflegen	to care for	21
11601046763	die Puppe	doll	22
11601050227	die Rente	pension	23
11601055316	der Rentner	pensioner	24
11601059430	schimpfen	to scold	25
11601063252	schweigen	to be silent	26
11601073211	Sehnsucht nach	longing for	27
11601076032	selbstständig	independent	28
11601085610	sich beschweren	to complain	29
11601088835	teilen	to share	30
11601088836	die Tränen	tears	31
11601095126	überzeugt	convinced	32
11601100486	der Umfall	accident	33
11601104847	unterschätzen	to underestimate	34
11601115008	verantwortlich	responsible	35
11601123775	der Verlust	loss	36
11601127484	versprechen	to promise	37
11601130827	die Verwandtschaft	relatives	38
11601134617	wachsen	to grow	39
11601138981	die Weisheit	wisdom	40
11601142717	wetten	to bet	41
11601145904	wütend	angry	42
11601149263	zärtlich	tender	43
11601160433	das Einzelkind	only child	44
11601172924	gestorben	dead	45
11601182973	Die Riesige Familie	the enormous family	46
11601202426	die Zwillige	twins	47
11601213917	Sinnvolles	meaningful	48
11601221213	Lebenszeit	lifetime	49
11601228234	älteste	oldest	50
11601228235	jüngste	the youngest	51

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Unit 1 AP hug Flashcards

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7353233505	Human Geography	the study of spatial variations in the patterns and processes related to human activity	0
7353233506	Globalization	the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.	1
7353233507	Physical Geography	the branch of geography dealing with natural features and processes.	2
7353233508	Spatial	relating to space. "the spatial distribution of population"	3
7353233509	Spatial Distribution	is the arrangement of a phenomenon across the Earth's surface and a graphical display of such an arrangement is an important tool in geographical and environmental statistics.	4
7353233510	Spatial Perspective	An intellectual framework that looks at the particular locations a specific phenomenon, how and why it is there, where it is, and how its spatially related to other phenomena in other places.	5
7353233511	Human-Environment	the area that a human lives in. They are varied from there, even more so by humans ability to adapt the environment to us and us to the environment. : a spatial perspective that invites consideration of the relationship among phenomena in individual places-including between humans and the world	6
7353233512	Determinism	the idea that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment	7
7353233513	Possibilism	the idea that the natural environment places limits on the set of choices available to people	8
7353233514	Absolute location	The exact position of a place on the earth's surface. Most commonly defined by latitude and longitude.	9
7353233515	Relative location	the location of something in relation to something else (example: Oklahoma City is directly north of Dallas: Buffalo Wild Wings is next door to Taco Cabana)	10
7353233516	Site	The absolute location of a place, described by local relief, landforms, and other cultural or physical characteristics : physical characteristics of a place	11
7353233517	Situation	Location of place relative to other places	12
7353233518	Toponym	the name given to a place on earth which can be named for a person, religion, origin of settlers and physical features.	13
7353233519	Place	A specific point on earth distinguished by particular characteristics	14
7353233520	Sense of Place	Feelings evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place	15
7353233521	Movement	an act of changing physical location or position or of having this changed.	16
7353233522	Spatial Interaction	the movement of people, goods and ideas within and across geographic space	17
7353233523	Absolute Distance	The distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length such as a mile or kilometer	18
7353233524	Relative Distance	A measure of distance that includes the costs of overcoming the friction of absolute distance separating two places. Often relative distance describes the amount of social, cultural, or economic connectivity between two places.	19
7353233525	Linear Pattern	a pattern that is along straight lines, like rivers, streets, on railroad tracks.	20
7353233526	Centralized Pattern	objects that circle another object; also known as centralized pattern.	21
7353233527	Random Pattern	A pattern that has no regular distortion that can be seen.	22
7353233528	Dispersed/Scattered	If objects in an area are relatively far apart	23
7353233529	Clustered/ Agglomerated	If the objects in an area are close together	24
7353233530	Physical Landscape	is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms and how they integrate with natural or man-made features	25
7353233531	Cultural Landscape	The human-modified natural landscape specifically containing the imprint of a particular culture or society	26
7353233532	Culture	the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of society	27
7353233533	Cultural Diffusion	the spread of culture	28
7353233534	Expansion Diffusion	a form of diffusion in which the cultural component spreads outward to new places while remaining strong in its original hearth	29
7353233535	Contagious Diffusion	a form of expansion diffusion in which numerous places or people near the point of origin become adopters	30
7353233536	Hierarchical Diffusion	occurs when the diffusion innovation or concept spreads from a place or person of power or high susceptibility to another ina leveled pattern	31
7353233537	Stimulus Diffusion	expansion diffusion in which the innovative idea diffuses from its hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters	32
7353233538	Relocation Diffusion	a form of diffusion that involves the actual movement of the original adopters from their point of origin to a new place	33
7353233539	Cartography	The theory and practice of making visual representations of Earth's surface in the form of maps	34
7353233540	Reference Map	location of places and geographic features	35
7353233541	Thematic Map	A type of map that displays one or more variables- such as population, or income level-within a specific area tell stories- display a specific attribute or theme	36
8360853796	choropleth map	use colors and pre-defined geographic areas to compare regions	37
7353233542	Mental Map	map carried around in your head, may or may not be accurate or detailed	38
7353233543	Distortion	disadvantages for maps depicting the entire world of the: shape, distance, relative size, and direction of places on maps	39
7353233544	Projection	The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map	40
7353233545	Generalization	relationship between distance on a map and on Earth's surface	41
7353233546	Geographic Information System (GIS)	computer system for the collection, storage, and retrieval of geographic data ex: analyze spatial data to help develop good geographic strategies for use of land	42
7353233547	Region	an area which is marked by common characteristics : A unique area : a territory that encompasses many places that share similar physical and/or cultural attributes	43
7353233548	Formal or Uniform Region	Definition of regions based on common themes such as similarities in language, climate, land use, etc.	44
7353233549	Function or Nodal Region	Definition of regions based on common interaction, for example, a boundary line drawn around the circulation of a particular newspaper : an area organized by a focal point	45
7353233550	Perceptual or Vernacular Region	Highly individualized definition of regions based on perceived commonalities in culture and landscape : an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity	46
7353233551	Mercator Projection	Made by Gerardus Mercator in the 1500's; it includes direction and size: makes higher latitude regions	47
7353258824	Mercator Projection		48
7353233552	Gail Peters Projection	Makes seeing relative sizes at places much easier; makes most continents longer	49
7353257401	Gail Peters Projection		50
7353233555	Goode's Homolosine Projection Equal Area	No distortion with the longitude and latitude; only useful with world maps; areas are accurate on map;	51
7353252667	Goode's Homolosine Projection Equal Area		52
7353233557	Robinson Projection	Useful for displaying info across oceans; land much smaller than others of same size	53
7353244467	robinson projection		54
8360980327	winkel tripel projection		55

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