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Flashcards

AP BIO VOCAB Flashcards

5613875349	variation	Any difference between individuals of the same species.	0
5613877511	biodiversity	The number of species within a specific habitat.	1
5613877512	species	A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.	2
5613877513	population	A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area	3
5613880429	homologous	Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.	4
5613880430	analogous	Comparable	5
5613883173	relative fitness	The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population.	6
5613883174	gene pool	All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time	7
5613885482	gene	A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	8
5613885483	loci	Point on the chromosome where the gene is found	9
5613885484	adaptation	A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce	10
5613888262	genetic drift	A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.	11
5613888263	gene flow	Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population	12
5613890997	bottleneck effect	A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population	13
5613890998	founder effect	Change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population	14
5613894068	natural selection	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	15
5613894069	sexual selection	A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates. when individuals select mates based on heritable traits	16
5613896266	directional selection	Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.	17
5613896267	disruptive selection	form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle natural selection in which individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle of the curve	18
5613899119	stabilizing selection	Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes When individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end	19
5613899120	balancing selection	natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population	20
5613905221	heterozygote advantage	Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools.	21
5613908380	frequency dependent selection	the more frequent an allele, the more it will be selected against Fitness of trait dependent upon its frequency in population	22
5618705046	phylogeny	Evolutionary history of a species	23
5618708921	systematics	A scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.	24
5618712103	taxonomy	Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name	25
5618719691	phylogenetic tree	A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms	26
5618726114	Carolus Linnaeus	Father of Taxonomy	27
5618733505	DKPCOFGS	Domain / Kingdom / Phylum / Class / Order / Family / Genus / Species	28
5618748152	taxon	a taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family, or class	29
5618763889	sister taxon	Any taxa derived from a common ancestral node 2 phylogenetic groups that are each other's closest relatives	30
5618771632	branch point	represents the divergence of two species	31
5618774626	rooted tree	includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree	32
5618777356	basal tree	originates early from common ancestor. Near root. diverges early	33
5618787987	polytomy	a branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge, indicates that the evolutionary relationships among the descendant taxa are not yet clear.	34
5618790321	homology	Similarity resulting from common ancestry.	35
5618795227	analogy	A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way	36
5618798409	convergent evolution	Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species	37
5618802903	divergent evolution	when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time	38
5618806551	homoplasies	Analogous structures that have evolved independently.	39
5618809820	cladistics	classification based on common ancestry	40
5618809821	clade	A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.	41
5618812866	monophyletic	ALL descendants came from one common ancestor	42
5633014807	paraphyletic	contains common ancestor but only some descendants (most similar)	43
5633022072	polphyletic	contains group of species with different common ancestors	44
5633024585	outgroup	"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup	45
5633027062	ingroup	"Us" - people with whom one shares a common identity	46
5633030483	maximum parsimony	"Occam's Razor." A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.	47
5633034045	morphology	study of form	48
5633036342	fossil	A trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock.	49
5633039591	molecular	Model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently	50
5633042527	archaea	Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan	51
5633060329	bacteria	(microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission	52
5633063774	horizontal gene transfer	The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps, fusions of different organisms.	53
5633078118	mutation	A change in a gene or chromosome.	54
5633080282	point mutation	Gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides.	55
5633080283	gamete	Sex cell	56
5633087079	silent mutation	A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.	57
5633094109	wild type	An individual with the normal phenotype.	58
5633130445	mutant	an animal that has undergone mutation An organism genetically different from its parent	59
5633136276	nonsense mutations	A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.	60
5633142432	missense mutations	Most common type of mutation, a base pair mutation in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid although it might not be the correct one	61
5633154474	insertion	a type of mutation resulting from the addition of extra nucleotides in a DNA sequence or chromosome	62
5633165357	deletion	A change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed.	63
5633177658	frame shift mutation	a mutation involving the addition or loss of nucleotides; every codon beyond the gene is effected	64
5633180612	mutagens	physical and chemical agents that interact with DNA to cause mutations	65
5633182826	carcinogens	Cancer causing agents	66
5633185714	histone	protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin	67
5633195372	histone acetylation	The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins. Relaxes DNA coiling, allowing for transcription	68
5633197665	methylation	A chemical modification of DNA that does not affect the nucleotide sequence of a gene but makes that gene less likely to be expressed.	69
5633202451	control elements	segments of noncoding DNA in eukaryotic genes that help regulate transcription by binding to certain proteins.	70
5633207834	transcription factors	Collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription.	71
5633211338	proximal	Nearer to the trunk of the body	72
5633213988	distal	Farther from the trunk of the body	73
5633271994	enhancers	A DNA sequence that recognizes certain transcription factors that can stimulate transcription of nearby genes.	74
5633278959	repressor	A protein that suppresses the transcription of a gene.	75
5633284078	primary transcript	An initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA.	76
5633290370	regulatory proteins	regulate the cell cycle both inside and outside the cell	77
5633294990	selective degradation	The cell limits the longevity (or life span) of proteins.	78
5687039143	Ubiquitin	A protein that attaches itself to faulty or misfolded proteins and thus targets them for destruction by proteasomes	79
5687084401	repressible operon	normally on, but can be inhibited; normally anabolic, building an essential organic molecule	80
5687087404	operon	A unit of genetic function common in bacteria and phages, consisting of coordinately regulated clusters of genes with related functions.	81
5687087405	promoter	A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.	82
5687087406	regulator	An organism that uses energy to control its internal environment	83
5687093388	corepresser	cooperates with represser protein to switch an operon off	84
5687093389	inducible operon	An operon under positive control. It is usually "off" but can be turned "on".	85
5687093390	inducer	A specific small molecule that inactivates the represser in an operon.	86
5687093391	inducible enzymes		87
5687097087	catabolic pathways		88
5687099816	repressible enzymes		89
5687105100	anabolic pathways		90
5687105101	mRNA	A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein; also called messenger RNA.	91
5687105102	tRNA	An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA	92
5687108059	rRNA	Ribosomal RNA	93
5687108060	codon	A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid	94
5687108061	anticodon	group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon	95
5687111075	transcription	(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA	96
5687111076	translation		97
5687111077	ribosome	Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.	98
5687114198	protein		99
5687114199	polypeptide		100
5687115274	amino acid	Building blocks of protein	101
5687115275	enzyme	A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing	102
5687118144	template		103
5687126416	RNA polymerase		104
5687126418	TATA box		105
5687126419	pre-mRNA		106
5687131935	G nucleotide 5' cap		107
5687131936	poly-A-tail		108
5687132281	introns		109
5687134350	exons		110
5687134351	RNA splicing		111
5687136403	splicesomes		112
5687136404	P site		113
5687136405	A site		114
5687137482	E site		115
5687143020	C terminus		116
5687143197	start codon AUG		117
5687143198	GTP		118
5687143199	robozymes		119
5687147854	nucleiod		120
5687147855	nucleosome		121
5687151850	heterochromatin		122
5687153338	euchromatin		123
5687154763	purine		124
5687161007	pyrimidine		125
5687161008	rosalind franklin		126
5687161009	chargaff's rules		127
5687161010	double helix	Structure of DNA	128
5687161011	semiconservative replication		129
5687161012	x-ray chromatography		130
5687161013	origins of replication		131
5687161014	replication fork		132
5687161015	helicase		133
5687173823	topoisomerase		134
5687173824	primer		135
5687173825	DNA polymerase		136
5687176763	leading strand		137
5687176764	lagging strand		138
5687180047	okazaki fragments		139
5687180048	ligase		140
5687180049	telomeres		141
5687194023	restriction enzyme		142
5687194024	genetic engineering		143
5687203327	plasmid		144
5687203328	RFLPs		145
5687203329	sticky ends		146
5687203330	PCR		147
5687207979	gel electrophoresis		148
5687207980	gene cloning		149
5687211327	cloning vector		150
5687211328	genomics		151
5687214716	DNA microarray assays		152
5687218109	transformation		153
5687219807	recombinant DNA		154
5687219808	fruit flies		155
5687223099	E. coli		156
5687223100	DNA		157
5687223101	chromosome	A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus.	158
5687227086	chromatin	Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell	159
5687227087	chromatid	one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome	160
5687227088	centromere	Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached	161
5687230953	genetics	The scientific study of heredity	162
5687230954	heredity	Passing of traits from parents to offspring	163
5687230955	trait	A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.	164
5687230956	mendel		165
5687232168	cyclins	A group of proteins whose function is to regulate the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and whose concentrations rise and fall throughout the cell cycle	166
5687232577	spindles		167
5687235210	sister chromatids		168
5687235211	kinetochores		169
5687238229	haploid		170
5687238230	diploid		171
5687238231	somatic		172
5687241012	zygote		173
5687241013	mitosis	A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei.	174
5687241014	meiosis	Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms	175
5687241015	fertilization		176
5687247359	synaptonemal complex		177
5687247360	crossing over	Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.	178
5687248024	alternation of generations		179
5687251147	sporophyte		180
5687255976	gametophyte		181
5687255977	chiasmata		182
5687256505	genes	DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.	183
5687261903	allele	An alternative form of a gene.	184
5687261904	genotype		185
5687261905	phenotype		186
5687261906	dominant		187
5687266370	recessive		188
5687266371	homozygous		189
5687267846	heterozygous		190
5687271775	monohybrid cross		191
5687275597	dihybrid cross		192
5687275598	codominance		193
5687275599	incomplete dominance		194
5687279570	sex-linked traits		195
5687279571	locus		196
5687279572	autosome		197
5687283899	sex chromosomes		198
5687283900	karyotype		199
5687283901	pedigree		200
5687289104	law of segregation		201
5687291968	variation (genetic)		202
5687295772	law of independent assessment		203
5687295773	p generation		204
5687299132	F1 generation		205
5687299133	F2 generation		206
5687299134	test cross		207
5687299891	energy		208
5687302733	potential energy		209
5687302734	chemical energy		210
5687306692	kinetic energy		211
5687306693	heat		212
5687306694	membrane protein		213
5687310059	diffusion		214
5687310060	osmosis		215
5687310945	concentration		216
5687314732	tonicity		217
5687314733	isotonic		218
5687315683	hypertonic		219
5687317824	hypotonic		220
5687317825	signal transduction		221
5687318253	reception		222
5690604036	transduction		223
5690607107	response		224
5690607108	ligand		225
5690612091	g-coupled protein receptors		226
5690616102	intracellular receptor proteins		227
5690616229	protein kinases		228
5690622295	phosphorlyation		229
5690622296	cell theory		230
5690625199	electron microscope		231
5690625200	cytosol		232
5690627768	cytoplasm		233
5698247094	prokaryotic cell		234
5698247095	eukaryotic cell		235
5698250851	phospholipid		236
5698250852	plasma membrane		237
5698250918	metabolism		238
5698253402	organelle		239
5698256823	endomembrane system		240
5698261179	rough enoplasmic reticulum		241
5698261180	smooth endoplasmic reticulum		242
5698263994	glycoprotein		243
5698263995	golgi apparatus		244
5698266250	lysosome		245
5698266251	vacuoles		246
5698270989	peroxisomes		247
5698270990	ctyskeleton		248
5698274237	anchorage		249
5698276959	motor proteins		250
5698276960	microtubules		251
5698279547	microfilaments		252
5698279548	actin		253
5698279549	myosin		254
5698282585	intermediate filaments		255
5698282586	vesicles		256
5698296425	ribosomal RNA		257
5698296426	synthesis		258
5698301676	covalent bond		259
5698301677	hydrolysis		260
5698303511	element		261
5698303512	osmolarity		262
5698305489	hydrogen bond		263
5698305490	dehydration synthesis		264
5698314465	compound		265
5698314466	ionic bond		266
5698317513	polar / hydrophilic		267
5698322395	valence electrons		268
5698331496	nonpolar / hydrophobic		269
5698331497	electronegativity		270
5698334361	peptide bond		271
5698339537	receptor		272
5698339538	apoptosis		273
5698347148	hormone		274
5698347149	synapse		275
5698349327	negative feedback		276
5698349328	positive feedback		277
5698351952	homeostasis		278
5698351953	neurotransmitter		279
5698356744	endothermic / regulator		280
5698359814	ectothermic / conformer		281
5698359815	osmoregularity		282
5698361894	second messangers		283
5698361895	filtration		284
5698363817	reabsorption		285
5698363818	secretion		286
5698369476	carbohydrate		287
5698373381	lipid		288
5698373382	nucleic acid		289
5698379123	catabolic		290
5698379124	anabolic		291
5698383835	entropy		292
5698385919	exergonic		293
5698385920	endergonic		294
5698388291	ATP		295
5698388292	activation energy		296
5698392677	substrate		297
5698392678	reactant		298
5698521180	product		299
5698655725	cellular respiration		300
5698655726	glycolysis		301

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AP Bio - Genetics Flashcards

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5979418599	Apoptosis	Programmed cell death to remove cells that have become harmful to the organism or are no longer needed.	0
5979443438	Allele	One of two or more alternative states of a gene.	1
5979443439	Bacteriophage	A virus that infects bacterial cells	2
5979461386	Chromatid	One of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome; held together by a centromere	3
5979461387	Cytokinesis	Division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division; last part of the cell cycle.	4
5979461388	Crossing over	During meiosis I, an exchange of pieces of genetic material between homologous chromosomes; causes genetic recombination	5
5979461389	Codominance	When two or more alleles are equally represented in a heterozygote; example AB blood type.	6
5979467530	Codon	Three consecutive nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid	7
5979467531	Conjugation	Transfer of DNA from one unicellular organism to another	8
5979467532	CRISPR	A segment of bacterial DNA containing repeating nucleotide sequences that can be used in genetic engineering to alter an organism's DNA	9
5979571963	Diploid	Having two sets of chromosomes (2n); characteristic of non-gamete cells	10
5979571964	DNA Polymerase	Enzymes that synthesize DNA; only synthesize in the 5' to 3' direction	11
5979789065	DNA methylation	Addition of a methyl group (CH3) to the DNA strand resulting in a change in gene expression	12
5979571965	Epigenetics	The study of changes in an organism caused by gene expression rather than changes to the genetic code	13
5979573580	Epistasis	Interaction in which one gene modifies the phenotype of another.	14
5979573581	Frameshift Mutation	A mutation in which a nucleotide is added or deleted from DNA, creating a downstreaming effect on other codons.	15
5979624593	Gamete	A haploid reproductive cell (sperm/egg)	16
5979624594	Genotype	The genetic constitution that causes a trait or set of traits	17
5979624595	Gel Electrophoresis	A laboratory method that separates DNA, RNA, or proteins based on molecular size; used to show genetic relationships between organisms	18
5979628523	Haploid	Having only one set of chromosomes (n); such as in sex cells	19
5979628524	Heterozygous	Having two different alleles of the same gene (ex. Tt)	20
5979639261	Homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a given gene (ex. TT or tt)	21
5979681543	Homologous Chromosomes	Two of the same chromosome found in a diploid cell, one being derived from each parent	22
5979784212	Interphase	The period between two mitotic divisions during which the cell grows and DNA replicates	23
5979784213	Incomplete Dominance	When two alleles are expressed to create a phenotype that blends both traits.	24
5979871695	Missense Mutation	A mutation in which one base is substituted, causing a change in one amino acid	25
5979871696	Mitosis	Division of somatic cells to create two identical daughter nuclei	26
5979871697	Meiosis	Division of gametes to create four unique, haploid cells	27
5979873076	Nondisjunction	When sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis, resulting in cells that have one too many or one too few chromosomes; can cause Down Syndrome	28
5979875410	Nucleotide	The building block of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA); composed of a phosphate, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base (A,T,C,or G).	29
5979962087	Okazaki Fragment	A short segment of DNA produced by the discontinuous replication of DNA in the 5' to 3' direction	30
5979962088	Operon	A cluster of genes transcribed together to create a single mRNA molecule	31
5979962089	Operator	A site on DNA that a repressor can bind to to prevent transcription of mRNA	32
5979962090	Phenotype	The physical appearance or functional expression of a trait	33
5979964043	Pleiotropy	When one allele has more than one effect on the production of a phenotype	34
5979964044	Promoter	A DNA sequence that RNA polymerase attaches to in order to begin transcription of a gene	35
5979967590	Point Mutation	A change in one nucleotide in a DNA molecule; can be missense (changes amino acid); nonsense (codes for Stop codon), or silent (no change in amino acid)	36
5979970221	Plasmid	A small circular fragment of bacterial DNA that can self-replicate independent of chromosomal DNA	37
5979973120	Prion	Infectious proteins that cause cell death; cause of Mad Cow disease	38
5979973121	PCR	A process which uses DNA polymerase to create millions of copies of a desired DNA sequence.	39
5980117009	RFLP's	Fragments of DNA with varying lengths that have been cut by restriction enzymes and can be separated by size during gel electrophoresis	40
5980117010	Restriction Enzymes	An enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides	41
5980119679	Recombinant DNA	Fragments of DNA from two different species, spliced together through genetic engineering.	42
5980123104	Regulator Gene	A gene that controls the expression of other genes	43
5980123105	Repressor	A protein that regulates DNA transcription by preventing RNA polymerase from attaching to the operator	44
5980188004	RNA Primer	A short sequence of RNA nucleotides used as the starting point for replication by DNA polymerase	45
5980194060	RNA Polymerase	An enzyme that synthesizes mRNA molecules based on a DNA template	46
5980199088	Retrovirus	A virus containing RNA instead of DNA, and an enzyme (reverse transcriptase), that uses the infected cell's machinery to build DNA	47
5980188005	Somatic Cell	Body cells; any cell of a multicellular organism except for gametes	48
5980188006	Semiconservative Replication	Each parent strand of DNA is paired with a strand of new DNA during replication.	49
5980241763	Transduction	The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another by way of a virus/vector	50
5980241764	Translation	The assembly of a protein from amino acids coded for by mRNA codons	51
5980241765	Transformation	The uptake of DNA from the environment; occurs in some bacterial species	52
5980241766	Transcription	Synthesis of an mRNA molecule based on a DNA template	53
5980244034	Telomere	A specialized region of DNA that caps each end of a chromosome	54

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APES Atmosphere Flashcards

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10448200487	What is the order of the layers starting at Lithosphere?	Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mesosphere, Outer core, Inner core	0
10448217543	Describe the Lithosphere	The brittle outermost layer of the planet that is approximately 100 km thick. Lower part of the lithosphere (physical layer) is the upper portion of the mantle (chemical layer).	1
10448218085	Describe the Asthenosphere	The outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock	2
10448218086	Describe the Mesosphere	It is directly above the stratosphere. The temperature decreases when you go up. Meso means middle. Rock in this layer flows more slowly than in the asthenosphere.	3
10448218602	Describe the Outer Core	Liquid layer composed of nickel and iron	4
10448218603	Describe the Inner Core	Dense solid layer made of nickel and iron	5
10448221556	They are 3 different processes...what are they?	Tectonic Cycle - The build up and break down in the lithosphere. Rock Cycle - Constant formation and breakdown of rock. Slowest of all Earth's cycles. Soil formation - Mix of geologic and organic components.	6
10449157114	Where are the convection currents located?	Mantle Counter clockwise are going against each other Clockwise is pulling them apart	7
10449161183	Hot Spots	Island form from...crust moves over hot spots, molds, moves and creates an island Volcanos are not active if they are not on these	8
10449167132	Who proposed Pangaea in 1912?	Alfred Wegener - it fit well under water	9
10449169558	There are five peaces of evidence that the earth was Pangaea...what are they?	Fossil similarities, Glacier Scars,Rock layering pattern, Coal deposits,Erosion	10
10449173030	Plate tectonics definition	The theory that states that Earth's lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion	11
10449181800	Fossil similarity evidence	Similar types of rocks/fossils in different continents. Would not make sense if they were in different geographical locations.	12
10449181801	Glacier Scars	In different continents that are similar	13
10449183032	Rock layering	Match perfectly in different continents that wouldn't make sense alone	14
10449185267	Coal desposits	Coal found usually in warm tropical climates were found in arctic regions	15
10449186009	Erosion	Same in different parts of the world The break down of rock	16
10449199926	3 different types of plate boundaries	Divergent, Convergent, Transform	17
10449202643	They can be ----- or ----- plate boundaries. They can combine as well sometimes.	Continental and/or Oceanic	18
10449207648	Oceanic crust and lithosphere, are very ---- and ----compared to the continental crust	Dense and Thin	19
10449212701	Oceanic crust is located --- the continental crust due to its ----	Below and Density	20
10449215453	All about Divergent boundaries	They spread apart They create Rift Vallies No volcanic activity Example is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge - newest crust Happens mostly in the ocean Lava fills gaps it makes -which makes new crust Seafloor spreading is also an example Newest crust on earth	21
10449219846	What type of Convergent boundaries are there?	Continent - Continent Continent - Ocean Ocean - Ocean	22
10449238976	Continent - Continent	Smash together Mountain ranges are an example No volcanic activity You can find these in Mountain Everest (Rare to find continental plates on land) (Made of lighter materials like silicon dioxide.)	23
10449240392	Continent - Ocean	Ocean goes below the continental crust Ocean trenches are the result of this Ocean goes underneath and melts into molten lava Volcanic activity Ex: Andes Mountain	24
10449241320	Ocean - Ocean	Smash together Creates TRENCHES Volcanic activity Found in Canada (Lie primarily below the ocean. The crust is dense and rich with iron.)	25
10449220592	All about Transform boundaries	Slide past each other Earthquakes happen likes this Make faults and earthquakes (can happen in any boundary put most frequently in transform boundaries) Volcanic activity Found in CALIFORNIA	26
10449268972	Richter Scale	Increase by a factor of 10 - 6.1 and 7.1 are very different - 10 times as powerful Measures Earthquake magnitude	27
10449280162	Subduction Zone	Where one plate is being pushed underneath the other	28
10449282243	Faults	A fracture in rock across which there is movement	29
10449283795	Epicenter	Point on surface directly above where the earthquake occured	30
10449302764	Consequences of plate movement - VOLCANOS	As a plate moves over a hot spot, rising magma forms a volcano. 85% occur along plate boundaries. Others occur near hot spots. May eject cinders, ash, dust, rock, or lava into the air.	31
10449306653	Earthquakes	Occur when the rocks of the lithosphere rupture unexpectedly along a fault.	32
10449319812	Fault zone	Large expanses of rock where movement has occurred	33
10449344349	The sun's energy interacts with the atmosphere and the oceans, providing Earth's ---- and ----.	Climate and Weather	34
10449347066	Composition of Air and Air Pressure	Air contains Nitrogen (78%); Oxygen (21%); Argon (1%); Carbon Dioxide (0.03%); and other gases Water vapor and other contaminants are not included in the composition listed above, yet they play a great effect in temperature in climate and weather.	35
10449352816	Order of layers starting at Trophosphere	Troposphere, Stratosphere, OZONE LAYER, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere	36
10449395795	About the layers of the Atmopshere	Weather occurs in the troposphere which is the thinest layer. Warm (Troposphere) - Cold (Stratosphere) - Ozone layer gets warmer - Gets colder (Mesosphere) - Then drastically warmer due to being close to the sun (Thermosphere) Ozone layer - O and O find another O and it keeps happening Things prevent oxygen from bonding such as chloroform carbon. Good ozone is in the stratosphere and the bad ozone is in the troposphere.	37
10449406255	Troposphere	All weather occurs Gasses are dense and trap the sun's heat (absorbed or reflected (albedo) off the surface) - maintains heat (greenhouse effect) Temperatures decrease with altitude 16oC → -60oC The air is warmed by heat radiating from Earth's surface, the evaporation of water vapor, and water vapor condensing back to Earth.	38
10449412066	Stratosphere	Where planes fly Look at ozone layer - traps harmful UV rays - eye damage and skin cancer The tropopause (the dividing line between the troposphere and the stratosphere) occurs where the temperature no longer decreases. Contains the ozone layer (O3) that reduces the amount of harmful ultraviolet radiation. Contains 9% of the Atmospheric gases	39
10449429764	Mesosphere	The stratopause (between the stratosphere and mesosphere) occurs where the temperature stops increasing. Does not trap a lot of heat Coldest layer of the Atmosphere There are very few gas molecules, so the pressure is 1/1000th of that at Earth's surface.	40
10449437004	Thermosphere	The mesopause (between the mesosphere and thermosphere) occurs where the temperature stops going down. Closest layer to outer space Extreme heat in the top layer (gets the first of the sun's rays) NORTHERN LIGHTS happen here	41
10453940153	Montreal Protocol	(1987) phase-out of ozone depleting substances	42
10453945699	Climate and seasons are due to the...	Tilt of our axes as we revolve around the sun	43
10453946312	Coriolis effect	The effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents. - Affect prevailing winds Right = North Left = South	44
10457406718	Convection Currents	They are under the earth and in the ocean...the rising of heat and sinking of cold air	45
10457408900	Increase --- --- the closer we get to the Earth	Air density	46
10457411247	Hadly Cell Ferrell Cell Polar Cell (Angles latitude in parcipitation)	0 - 30 degrees latitude 30 - 60 degrees latitude 60 -90 degrees latitude	47
10461051335	Rain shadow effect - What are the steps?	1) Moist, warm air blows onshore 2) As air rises over mountains, to cools, causing moisture to condense and fall as precipitation 3) Dry air descends and warms, promoting evaporation. Up - Rainy windward slope...Down - Dry leeward slope	48
10461056486	North America is affected by El Nino by...	Floods the Americas, but causes droughts in other countries.	49
10461059330	ENSO	El Nino Southern Oscillation	50
10461061119	El Nino is naturally occurring humans do not affect it TRUE OR FALSE	True - Dry get wet and wet places become dry. California floods and places like Florida gets dry. La Nina is the opposite.	51
10461061692	Permafrost	Permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground - supposed to be PERMANENTLY FROZEN	52
10461062023	Prevailing Winds	Global winds that blow constantly from the same direction	53
10470113259	Unequal heating	Caused by albedo or reflection of sun off the atmosphere. About the atmosphere and what distance it has to go through equator is closer to the sun so it has a shorter distance to travel.	54
10539081295	Deep ocean currents or Density currents	The deeper, salter, colder water moves underneath the surface current in different patterns	55
10539082659	Ocean currents	A movement of ocean water that follows a regular pattern	56
10539084114	Surface currents	Develop from friction between the ocean and the wind that blows across the surface	57
10539084844	Gyre	A circular motion of water in each of the major ocean basins	58
10539087022	Climate is affected when cold and warm currents go to different places in the world TRUE or FALSE	True	59
10539088018	Hydrosphere	The portion of the Earth that is composed of water	60
10539089380	70% of the earth is water	97% is Ocean water 3% is fresh water Only .0071% as usable freshwater at the surface (We use mroe than avaliable)	61
10539093400	H20 Cycle - Water cycle	Transpiration is when the plants soak up some of the water.	62
10539096336	Groundwater	Water stored beneath the earth's surface	63
10539097765	Porosity	The amount of air space between the rock and the soil Lot of space = more porosity Not much space = low porosity	64
10539099281	Permeability	A material's ability to allow fluids to pass	65
10539105943	Impermeable layers	Water can flow through very easily; soil has very small pores spaces; ex: clay	66
10539106994	Zone of Saturation	- Area where groundwater fills up all pores in the soil - The zone of aeration is above the Zone of saturation - The water table is the boundary between these two zones (goes up and down)	67
10539108909	Well has to go into the water table, can cause a --- --- --- (the water table moves)	Cone of depression	68
10539111347	Groundwater is not really renewable because we use more faster than it ---	Renews	69
10539114495	Groundwater depletion	Groundwater subsidence (sinking) can occur if water is used faster than it is replenished	70
10539115625	Wetlands - land consisting of marshes, bogs or swamps; saturated land - permanent or semi-permanent	- Only 4 states have more wetlands then NC - Organisms live in wetlands, some migrate there - provide a home - Full of plants, soaking wet, water comes from rain storms and is muddy - Filters water - Help control floods, and soak up water - Water sticks to water, plants slow water down with roots of plants - Wetlands are made when a stream runs through the forest floor - Makes estuaries when lakes mixes with ocean water and creates wetlands	71
10539116791	Human use: Conflicts, and how people use it, agriculture, production of products, etc. OF WATER	Soil Erosion - Know about Desertification - The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture. Salinization - The process of increasing salt content. Waterlogging - Saturate with water; make (something) waterlogged. KNOW THIS	72
10539123737	Soil	- Lots of time to form - soil is broken down rocks -- Weathering - Physical - Anything that breaks a rock apart - Chemical - Erosion -- Things affecting soil - Time , topography, organisms, climate, parent material - Composition - Can take 50 - 100 years -- Climate - Need non-freezing temps to encourage decomposition plus climate determines vegetation which provides the organic matter for soil	73
10539127379	Horizon (soil wise)	Organic (O)(close to black in color) - Topsoil (A) - Subsoil (B) - Parent Rock ©	74
10539130086	Soil Conservation, What can we do to maintain soil?	- Replenish organic material - Crop Rotation - Reduce man-made or natural erosion from plowing (agriculture) - Use animal poop	75
10539133711	Parent Material	- The type of rocks naturally found in an area - Quartz sand based rocks create nutrient depleted soil that is not good for farming - Soil with calcium carbonate parent material will have plenty of calcium, a high pH and be good for farming	76
10539136268	Climate	Need non-freezing temps to encourage decomposition plus climate determines vegetation which provides the organic matter for soil	77
10539137848	Topography	- Geographical features of the area -- Steep slopes will constantly erode leading to poor soil - River deltas have seasonal flooding that deposit nutrients and silt which lead to good soil - Organisms help churn soil mixing nutrients evenly plus they aid in decomposition and nutrient cycling	78

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Test 2 AP Language and Composition Glossary of Literary and Rhetorical Devices Flashcards

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7238517485	Imagery	Word or words that create a picture in the reader's mind. Usually this involves the five senses.	0
7238517486	Invective	A long, emotionally violent, attack using strong, abusive language.	1
7238517487	Irony	When the opposite of what you expect to happen does.	2
7238517488	Verbal irony	When you say something and mean the opposite/something different.	3
7238517489	Dramatic irony	When the audience of a drama, play, movie, etc. knows something that the character doesn't and would be surprised to find out.	4
7238517490	Situational irony	Found in the plot (or story line) of a book, story, or movie. Sometimes it makes you laugh because it's funny how things turn out.	5
7238517491	Juxtaposition	Placing things side by side for the purposes of comparison. Authors often use this device of ideas or examples in order to make a point.	6
7238517492	Mood	The atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished through word choice (diction).	7
7238517493	Motif	A recurring idea in a piece of literature.	8
7238517494	Oxymoron	When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox.	9
7238517495	Pacing	The speed or tempo of an author's writing. Writers can use a variety of devices to achieve this style.	10
7238517496	Paradox	A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true.	11
7238517497	Parallelism	Sentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns. It is used to add emphasis, organization, or sometimes pacing to writing.	12
7238517498	Anaphora	Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or clauses in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.	13
7238517499	Chiasmus	When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of the words is reversed. Also called antimetabole.	14
7238517500	Antithesis	Two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel structure.	15
7238517501	Zeugma (Syllepsis)	When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words it governs or modifies.	16
7238517502	Parenthetical Idea	Parentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of the sentence. It is almost considered an aside...a whisper, and should be used sparingly for effect, rather than repeatedly.	17
7238517503	Parody	An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes. It borrows words or phrases from an original, and pokes fun at it. This is also a form of allusion, since it is referencing a previous text, event, etc.	18
7238517504	Persona	The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story. Do not confuse with alter-ego.	19
7238517505	Poetic device	A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences or lines.	20
7238517506	Alliteration	The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words.	21
7238517507	Assonance	The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds. "From the molten-golden notes"	22
7238517508	Consonance	The repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of words or within words.	23
7238517509	Onomatopoeia	The use of a word which imitates or suggests the sound that the thing makes.	24
7238517510	Internal rhyme	When a line of poetry contains a rhyme within a single line.	25
7238517511	Slant rhyme	When a poet creates a rhyme, but the two words do not rhyme exactly - they are merely similar.	26
7238517512	End rhyme	When the last word of two different lines of poetry rhyme.	27
7238517513	Rhyme Scheme	The pattern of a poem's end rhymes.	28
7238517514	Stressed and unstressed syllables	In every word of more than one syllable, one of the syllables is stressed, or said with more force than the other syllable(s).	29

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AP Literature Flashcards

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11266994560	Allegory	A narrative or description having a second or symbolic meaning beneath the surface one	0
11266997708	Allusion	A reference, explicit or implicit, to something in previous literature or history	1
11267000371	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting or humorous incident	2
11267004226	Artistic unity	That condition of a successful literary work whereby all its elements work together for the achievement of its central purpose	3
11267010876	Cacophony	A harsh, discordant, unpleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds	4
11267014029	Euphony	A smooth, pleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds	5
11267017014	Genre	A type or class, as poetry, drama, etc.	6
11267019201	Imagery	The representation through language of sensory experience	7
11267021967	Mood	The pervading impression of a work	8
11267025349	Moral	A rule of conduct or maxim for living expressed or implied as the "point" of a literary work. Compare Theme	9

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AP Literature Flashcards

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10741670498	derisive	tauntingly; expressing ridicule	0
10741674592	euphemism	an inoffensive expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive	1
10741681905	motif	a recurrent element in a literary or artistic work	2
10741687490	anaphora	the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses	3
10741691685	oxymoron	conjoining contradictory terms	4
10741699358	syntax	basic rules to form sentences	5
10741702562	effusive	full of enthusiasm	6
10741705458	elated	in high spirits; proud and joyful	7
10741718279	ebullient	extremely joyous and delighted	8
10741726217	ethereal	light, airy, delicate	9
10741729632	complacent	contented to a fault with oneself	10
10741732877	sanguine	optimistic and cheerful	11
10741738883	reverent	feeling or showing deep respect	12
10741741708	vexed	troubled with petty annoyances	13
10741747470	indignant	angered at something unjust or wrong	14
10741751623	truculent	fierce and cruel	15
10741754686	intransigent	uncompromising, stubborn	16
10741759372	condemnatory	expressing strong disapproval	17
10741759373	inflammatory	causing excitement or anger	18
10741763901	strident	loud and harsh	19
10741766183	obstreperous	noisy, unruly	20
10741772979	guileful	deceitful, tricky	21
10741775955	pugnacious	eager to fight	22
10741778169	nefarious	extremely wicked	23
10741778170	vitriolic	bitter, sarcastic	24
10741783272	contumacious	disobedient, rebellious	25
10741787260	hubristic	excessively proud or self-confident	26
10741787261	haughty	arrogantly superior and disdainful	27
10741789486	belligerent	hostile and aggressive	28
10741792914	condescending	patronizing, superior	29
10845182890	irony	contrast between expectation and reality	30
10845190097	satiric	ridiculing to show weakness in order to make a point	31
10845208414	Juvenalian	harsh, biting satire	32
10845225275	Horation	playful and humorous satire	33
10845228648	wry	humorously sarcastic or mocking	34
10845233219	contemptuous	insulting or scornful	35
10845242131	bantering	playful teasing	36
10845245363	flippant	lacking respect or seriousness	37
10845250796	patronizing	condescending, superior	38
10845261066	droll	amusingly odd	39
10845267793	ribald	humorously vulgar	40
10845272025	pretentious	pompous, self-important	41
10845280757	malicious	spiteful, harmful	42
10845289376	acidulous	sour in taste or manner	43
10845294185	allusion	a reference to another work of literature, person, or event	44

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Ap literature Flashcards

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10703017988	Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds, and starts with the same letter	0
10703017989	Allusion	A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or object	1
10703429734	Canon	A body of books narratives and others texts considered important	2
10703429735	Allegory	a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	3
10703429736	Epic	A long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds of a persons courage/ bravery	4
10703429737	epic hero	a brave and noble character in an epic poem, admired for great achievements or affected by grand events	5
10703429738	Kenning	a compound expression in Old English and Old Norse poetry with metaphorical meaning	6
10703429739	Litotes	Understatement using double negatives, a understatement	7
10703429740	Foil	A character who acts as a contrast to another character, protagonist (the bad guy)	8
10703429741	Hyperbole	Unreal exaggeration to emphasize a real situation	9
10703429742	Personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	10
10703429743	Simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	11
10703429744	Metaphor	a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.	12
10703429745	Caesura	A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.	13
10703429746	Didacticism	teaching or intending to teach a moral lesson.	14
10703429747	dichotomy	two-part division	15

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AP Biology - Macromolecules Flashcards

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10758081638	monosaccharide	C6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose	0
10758081639	disaccharide	two monosaccharides joined together; C12H22O1; maltose, lactose, and sucrose	1
10758081640	dehydration synthesis	condensation; joining compounds together with water released	2
10758081641	hydrolysis	breakdown of a compound by adding water	3
10758081642	polysaccharide	polymers of carbohydrates	4
10758081643	cellulose	structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls	5
10758081644	starch	storage polysaccharide found in plants	6
10758081645	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids	7
10758081646	saturated fat	fat without double bonds	8
10758081647	unsaturated fat	fat with double bonds	9
10758081648	peptide bond	bond creating amino acid chains or polymers	10
10758081649	functional group	components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions	11
10758081650	cohesion	capacity to resist tension to rupture	12
10758081651	polymer	long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together	13
10758081652	monomer	building block for polymers; only made by producers	14
10758081653	hydrocarbon	organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon	15
10758081654	macromolecule	giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules	16
10758081655	glycosodic linkage	covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction	17
10758081656	carboxyl	oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group	18
10758081657	amine	nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton	19
10758081658	phosphate	phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid	20
10758081659	nonpolar	electrons shared equally	21
10758081660	polar	electrons shared unequally	22
10758081661	cohesion	water's capacity to resist tension to rupture	23
10758081662	adhesion	attraction between different kinds of molecules	24
10758081663	surface tension	measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	25
10758081664	evaporative cooling / heat of vaporization	property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules	26
10758081665	hydroxyl	hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar	27

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AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards

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11262137639	Caste System	a class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich	0
11262137640	Patriarchy	A male dominated society	1
11262137641	Matriarchal	A female dominated society	2
11262137642	Mandate of Heaven	an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.	3
11262137643	Silk Road	an ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea	4
11262137644	Social Heirarchy	how individuals and groups are arranged in a relatively linear ladder	5
11262137645	Reincarnation	the rebirth of a soul in a new body.	6
11262137646	Assimilation	The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group	7
11262137647	Monotheistic	The belief in only one god	8
11262137648	Eightfold Path	the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.	9
11262137649	Zoroanstrianism	one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.	10
11262137650	Greek Philosophy	the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics	11
11262137651	Polytheistic	The belief in many gods	12
11262137652	Legalism	strict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit.	13
11262137653	Confucianism	a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.	14
11262137654	Buddhism	is a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one").	15
11262137655	Islam	the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah.	16
11262137656	Judaism	an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud.	17
11262137657	Christianity	the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.	18
11262137658	Daoism	a philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao.	19
11262137659	Han Dynasty	an empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 24 c.e.	20
11262137660	Persia	an empire located in modern day Iran but stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq.	21
11262137661	Gupta	an empire located in northern India that lasted from 320-550 c.e.	22
11262137662	Ancient Egypt	an empire that lasted for 3000 years	23
11262137663	Roman empire	located in modern day Italy but expanded to outlying countries throughout its reign, it lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e.	24
11262137664	Maya	located in modern day central america, it lasted from 1800 b.c.e- 250 c.e.	25
11262137665	State	A body of people living in a defined territory who have a government with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority	26
11262137666	Empire	an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.	27
11262137667	Hebrew Scriptures	Torah, Old Testament	28
11262137668	Assyrian Empire	this empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eighth centuries BCE.	29
11262137669	Babylonian Empire	Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites.	30
11262137670	Roman Empire	Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.	31
11262137671	Sanskrit Scriptures	An ancient Indic language of India, in which the Hindu scriptures and classical Indian epic poems are written and from which many northern Indian languages are derived.	32
11262137672	Vedic Religions	Core beliefs in sanskrit scriptures; Hinduism; influence of Indo-European traditions in the development of the social and political roles of a caste system; importance of multiple manifestations of Brahma to promote teachings about reincarnation.	33
11262137673	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	34
11262137674	Mauryan Empire	(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.	35
11262137675	Ashoka	Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.	36
11262137676	Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)	Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.	37
11262137677	Emperor Constantine	Founded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire.	38
11262137715	Buddha		39
11262137716	Shiva		40
11262137717	Brahma		41
11262137718	Vishnu		42
11262137719	Darius I		43
11262137720	Alexander the Great		44
11262137721	Parthenon		45
11262137722	Agora at Corinth		46
11262137723	Hoplite Armor		47
11262137678	Gupta Empire	(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.	48
11262137724	Roman Columns		49
11262137725	Greek Columns		50
11262137726	Pantheon		51
11262137727	Aqueduct		52
11262137728	Colosseum		53
11262137729	Circus Maximus		54
11262137679	Christianity Rho Chi Symbol (Emperor Constantine)	Religion?	55
11262137730	Indian Ocean Maritime System		56
11262137731	Silk Road		57
11262137732	Trans-Saharan Trade Route		58
11262137680	filial piety	In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.	59
11262137681	monasticism	A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith	60
11262137682	shamanism	The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia.	61
11262137683	animism	Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.	62
11262137684	ancestor veneration	Veneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors	63
11262137685	syncretic religion	Combines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both	64
11262137686	Persian Empire	Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.	65
11262137687	Qin Dynasty	the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall	66
11262137688	Han Dynasty	(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity	67
11262137689	Phoenicia	Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks.	68
11262137690	Hellenistic	Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.	69
11262137691	Teotihuacan	A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450.	70
11262137692	Moche	civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.	71
11262137693	Chaco	An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.	72
11262137694	Cahokia	an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.	73
11262137695	Persepolis	A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby.	74
11262137696	Chang'an	Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time.	75
11262137697	Pataliputra	The captial of both Muryan and Gupta empires	76
11262137698	Athens	A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.	77
11262137699	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.	78
11262137700	Alexandria	City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.	79
11262137701	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul	80
11262137702	Silk Roads	trade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire	81
11262137703	Trans-Saharan Caravan Route	Islamic trade in West Africa was conducted by caravans of camels. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size was a thousand camels per caravan, with some being as large as 12,000.	82
11262137704	Indian Ocean Sea Lanes	lanes throughout the Indian Ocean connecting East Africa, southern Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and southern China	83
11262137705	Mediterranean Sea Lanes	Trade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together. The need for a sea rout for trade in the region. Trade increased and diffusion of cultures occurred	84
11262137706	Qanat System	a traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields	85
11262137707	Shaduf	a mechanical device that consists of a long pole balanced on a crossbeam. It has a rope and bucket on one end and a weighted balance on the other. It is used for transferring water from the river to the fields.	86
11262137708	Jesus of Nazareth	a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity.	87
11262137709	Paul of Tarsus	A Pharisaic Jew who persecuted the Early Christian community; later, he had an experience of the Risen Christ and became the "Apostle to the Gentiles" writing numerous letters to the Christian communities.	88
11262137710	Greco-Roman Philosophy	Ideas that emphasized logic, empirical observation, and nature of political power and hierarchy.	89
11262137711	Zoroastrianism	What religion?	90
11262137712	Christianity	What religion?	91
11262137713	corvee labor	unpaid forced labor usually by lower classes, forced upon them by the government	92
11262137714	tribute	Money paid by one country to another in return for protection	93