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AP Seminar Flashcards

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10518429674AntithesisParallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas0
10518432584Archaic dictionThe use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language1
10518434767ArchetypeA recurrent symbol or motif in literature, art, or mythology.2
10518437789AttitudeThe speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone3
10518439464AuthorityA reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge4
10518441867BiasPrejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue5
10518445502BeliefAn acceptance that a statement is true or that something exists6
10518447125ClaimAn assertion, usually supported by evidence7
10518448432Colloquial/ismAn informal or conversational use of language8
10518452611ConcessionA reluctant acknowledgment or yielding9
10518453952ConstructAn idea or theory containing various conceptual elements, typically one that is considered to be subjective and not based on empirical evidence10
10518456348ContextWords, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning11
10518461015CreditabilityThe quality of being trusted and believed in/ being convincing or believable12
10518461881DeductionReasoning from general to specific13
10518495164DictionWord Choice14
10518496764Ethics/ethical perspectivesystematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.15
10518505561EthosA Greek term referring to the character of a person, one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos); an appeal to ethics16
10518508502FrameworkThe basic structure underlying a system, concept, or text17
10518511916Historical CriticismAn approach to reading literature that explores both when it was written and when it is set - and how those contexts inform the work's meaning18
10518513916Ironycontradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result19
10518515584JuxtapositionPlacement of two things side by side for emphasis20
10518520012LogosA Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos)21
10518521920OccassionAn aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing22
10518528287Philosophythe study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, particularly as an academic discipline23
10518530779Political criticism/lenscriticism that is specific of or relevant to politics. It focuses on a text's political foundation24
10518542967PropagandaA negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information25
10518547547Psychological lens/perspectivethis approach examines the effect of modern psychology on literature and literary criticism26
10518535480PurposeOne's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing27
10518535481RefuteTo discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument28
10518539267SemanticsThe branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning; the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text29
10518554728Sociocultural lensa theory used in plenty fields such as psychology and is used to describe awareness of circumstances surrounding individuals and how their behaviors are affected specifically by their surrounding, social and cultural factors30
10518567068SpeakerA term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing31
10518567069SyntaxSenetence structure32
10518560304ValidityThe quality of being logically or factually sound, soundness or cogency33
10518563680ToneThe speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience34
10518562178UnderstatementLack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect35
10518565638ThesisThe central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer. Thesis statement: A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit36
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AP Bio chapter 15 Flashcards

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8241895687chromosome theory of inheritanceAccording to this theory, genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes0
8241895688LociPoint on the chromosome where the gene is found1
8241895689Thomas Hunt Morganused Drosophila melangaster (fruit flies) to confirm the existence of sex-linked traits2
8241895690SRY genesex determining region of the Y chromosome3
8241895691sex-linked genegene located on the X or Y chromosome4
8241895692hemizygousthe single set of genes that males acquire from their mother's X chromosome5
8241895693Barr bodyA dense body formed from a deactivated X chromosome.6
8241895694MosaicismCells in one individual have different genotypes - arise due to mutation during development (example: mottled coloration of a cat, a human with patches of normal skin and patches of skin lacking sweat glands)7
8241895695greaterthe number of genes in a cell is far _______ (greater/less) than the number of chromosomes8
8241895696linked genesGenes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses. (AaBb - the a and b traits are linked)9
8241895697genetic recombinationthe production of offspring with combinations of traits differing from either parent (example: a yellow wrinkled pea and a green smooth pea are combined and their offspring is a yellow smooth pea, unlike either parent)10
8241895698parental typesOffspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.11
8241895699recombinant types (recombinants)when offspring display phenotypes that are different than parents12
8241895700crossing overProcess in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.13
8241895701genetic mapAn ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.14
8241895702Alfred H. Sturtevant predicted that...the farther apart two genes are, the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency.15
8241895703linkage mapA genetic map based on recombination frequencies.16
8241895704NondisjunctionError in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate (one gamete receives two of the same type of chromosome and the other receives none)17
8241895705aneuploidyAbnormal number of chromosomes.18
8241895706monosomicReferring to a cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome, instead of the normal two.19
8241895707trisomicReferring to a cell that has three copies of a particular chromosome, instead of the normal two.20
8241895708polyploidycondition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes21
8241895709deletion, duplication, inversion, translocationwhat are the four types of chromosomal mutations that can occur in meiosis?22
8241895710Deletionthe loss of a part of DNA from a chromosome23
8241895711Duplicationchange to a chromosome in which part of the chromosome is repeated24
8241895712inversionA mutation involving a piece of a chromosome that breaks off and reattaches in reverse orientation.25
8241895713TranslocationThe process in which a segment of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.26
8241895714genomic imprintingVariation in phenotype depending on whether an allele is inherited from the male or female parent.27
8241895715organelle genesGenes found on an organelle instead of nuclear chromosomes28
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AP Language Rhetorical Terms Flashcards

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10911318263AllusionA reference to another work of literature, person, or event0
10911318267HyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement.1
10911318269verbal ironythe words literally state the opposite of the writer's true meaning2
10911318272NarrationAn account of events as they happen3
10911318273Oxymorona figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox4
10911318276ParrallelismThe principle of coherent writing requiring that coordinating elements be given the same grammatical form5
10911318278expository writingwriting that explains or analyzes6
10911318279Argumentationwriting that attempts to prove the validity of a point of view or an idea by presenting reasoned arguments; persuasive writing is a form of argumentation7
10911318286ad hominem argumentan argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue8
10911318289Colloquialisminformal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing9
10911318290Connotationthe implied or associative meaning of a word10
10911318291Euphemisman inoffensive expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive11
10911318293logical fallacyAn error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid12
10911318295Red HerringA side issue introduced into an argument in order to distract from the main argument.13
10911318296SatireA literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.14
10911318299abstractWords or phrases denoting ideas, qualities, and conditions that exist but cannot be seen15
10911318300ad populem argumenta fallacious argument that appeals to the passions and prejudices of a group rather than its reason16
10911318301AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.17
10911318302Anaphorathe repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses18
10911318304ApstropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.19
10911318305ClichéA stale image or expression, and the bane of good expository writing.20
10911318306complex sentenceA sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause21
10911318307concreteSaid of words or terms denoting objects or conditions that are palpable, visible, or otherwise evident to the senses.22
10911318308Inversionthe reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase23
10911318309loose sentenceA type of sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses24
10911318311periodic sentenceA sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.25
10911318314Syntaxthe order of words in a sentence and their relationships to each other26
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AP Language Tone Words Flashcards

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10530588432AbhorrentHateful0
10530588433AcrimoniousStinging, bitter in temper or tone1
10530588434Allusiveworking by suggestion rather than explicit mention2
10530588435Angst-riddenSeriously affected by a feeling of dread or anxiety3
10530588436AntipathyStrong dislike4
10530588437AudaciousBold, adventurous, recklessly daring5
10530588438AversiveIrritating or unpleasant6
10530588439BenevolentKindly; favorable towards7
10530588440Brusque(adj.) abrupt, blunt, with no formalities8
10530588441BurlesqueInvolving ludicrous or mocking treatment of a solemn subject9
10530588442BewilderedPerplexed by many conflicting situations or statements10
10530588443CausticSeverely critical or sarcastic11
10530588444Choleric(adj.) easily made angry, bad-tempered12
10530588445ColloquialInformal language13
10530588446ConciliatoryAppeasing; soothing; showing willingness to reconcile14
10530588447ContemptuousHaughty; scornful15
10530588448Credulousgullible; ready to believe anything16
10530588449CallousEmotionally hardened; insensitive; unfeeling17
10530588450ContriteExtremely apologetic, remorseful, repentant18
10530588451DerisiveExpressing ridicule19
10530588452Didacticintended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive20
10530588453Diffidentlacking self-confidence21
10530588454DisconsolateHopelessly sad22
10530588455Dismalmiserable, dreary23
10530588456earnestmarked by deep sincerity and serious intent24
10530588457effusiveemotionally unrestrained; gushy25
10530588458elegiacexpressing sorrow often for something past26
10530588459eruditescholarly, learned, bookish, pedantic27
10530588460euphoniouspleasing in sound28
10530588461exhortativeintending to give urgent advice, recommendations, or warnings29
10530588462facetious(adj.) humorous, not meant seriously30
10530588463fatuoussilly, foolish31
10530588464ferventcharacterized by intense emotion32
10530588465flippant(adj.) lacking in seriousness; disrespectful, saucy33
10530588466funerealsolemn as befitting a funeral34
10530588467graveserious; dignified; formal35
10530588468grimgloomy, harsh, and frightening36
10530588469haughtyarrogant, condescending37
10530588470hostileunfriendly; unfavorable; warlike, aggressive38
10530588471idylliccharming in a rustic way; naturally peaceful39
10530588472imperiousarrogantly domineering or overbearing40
10530588473inane(adj.) silly, empty of meaning or value41
10530588474incisivesharp; keen; cutting straight to the heart of the matter42
10530588475incredulous(adj.) disbelieving, skeptical43
10530588476indignantfeeling or showing anger or annoyance at what is perceived as unfair treatment44
10530588477insipidlacking flavor; dull; not at all stimulating45
10530588478insolentboldly rude or disrespectful46
10530588479irascibleirritable, easily angered, cranky, cross47
10530588480intimatemarked by close acquaintance48
10530588481jingoisticoverly patriotic49
10530588482jocundcheerful and lighthearted50
10530588483laudatorycontaining or expressing praise51
10530588484lugubriousexcessively mournful52
10530588485lyricalSonglike; characterized by emotions, subjectivity, and imagination.53
10530588486macabre(adj.) grisly, gruesome; horrible, distressing; having death as a subject54
10530588487maudlinoverly emotional55
10530588488morose(adj.) having a gloomy or sullen manner; not friendly or sociable56
10530588489nostalgicwishing for a return to the way things used to be; longing for the past; homesick57
10530588490narcissisticconceited; having excessive self-love or admiration58
10530588491obsequiousoverly submissive and eager to please59
10530588492pedanticmarked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects60
10530588493pensiveengaged in, involving, or reflecting deep or serious thought61
10530588494petulant(adj.) peevish, annoyed by trifles, easily irritated and upset62
10530588495pithy(adj.) short but full of meaning and point63
10530588496patronizingtreating with condescension; acting superior64
10530588497pretentiouspretending to be important, intelligent or cultured65
10530588498qualmishadj. slightly ill66
10530588499rancorousshowing deep-seated resentment67
10530588500repugnant(adj.) offensive, disagreeable, distasteful68
10530588501reticentnot revealing one's thoughts or feelings readily69
10530588502ribald(adj.) irreverently mocking; coarse, vulgar, or indecent in language70
10530588503sanguinecheerful; optimistic71
10530588504sardoniccynical; scornfully mocking72
10530588505saturninegloomy; sluggish73
10530588506scathingharshly critical74
10530588507sullen(adj) silent or brooding because of ill humor, anger, or resentment; slow moving, sluggish.75
10530588508servilesubmissive or fawning in attitude or behavior76
10530588509simperingwearing a childish grin77
10530588510tauntingsarcastically challenging or insulting78
10530588511tersebrief and to the point79
10530588512timoroustimid, fearful80
10530588513trepidationfear, apprehension81
10530588514vehementforceful; furious82
10530588515vexedtroubled persistently especially with petty annoyances83
10530588516vitriolicbitter, sarcastic84
10530588517vivaciouslively, sprightly, full of energy85
10530588518vituperativeusing or containing harsh, abusive censure86
10530588519veneratingregard with great respect87
10530588520wistfulvaguely longing, sadly thoughtful88
10530588521zealousfervent; fanatical89
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AP World History - Classical Era Flashcards

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10516801908Alexander the GreatLeader of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), who conquered Persia and Egypt, creating an empire that merged several cultures.0
10516801909AshokaThe most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who promoted Buddhism and practiced religious tolerance.1
10516801910Chandragupta MauyraFounder of the Mauryan dynasty. Began centralization of power in S. Asia.2
10516801911Caesar AugustusThe great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).3
10516801912ConstantineRoman emperor of the 4th century CE who legalized Christianity.4
10516801913Cyrus (the Great)Founder of the Achaemenid Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.5
10516801914Darius IAchaemenid king (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) who expanded the Persian empire through military conquest and undertook building campaigns in Susa and Parsargaade.6
10516801915GuptaEmpire that promoted hinduism and under which India entered a "golden age" of culture.7
10516801973Mauryan Empire8
10516801916Han dynastyChinese dynasty that restored unity in China, pacified the xiongnu, and set up the civil service exams to create competent bureaucrats to administer the empire.9
10516801917HellenisticThe spread of Greek culture throughout Afro-Eurasia from 323 to 30 B.C.E by Alexander the Great and hsi political successors.10
10516801918Ptolemaic EmpireDynasty of Egypt founded by descendants of Macedonian generals. They promoted science, greek learning, and trade.11
10516801919Mandate of HeavenThe ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.12
10516801920PatriciansWealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.13
10516801921plebiansMembers of the general citizenry of ancient Rome. It included all citizens not connected to one of Rome's privileged families. They had little real power.14
10516801922Pax RomanaThe "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.15
10516801923Peloponnesian WarGreat war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.16
10516801924PersepolisThe capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.17
10516801925PataliputraLocated at the confluence of the Ganges and Son Rivers in northeastern India. It was the capital city of the Mauryan and Gupta empires.18
10516801926AlexandriaAn important center of the Hellenistic civilization best known for the Lighthouse and largest library in the ancient world19
10516801927Appian Way (Via Appia)One of the earliest and strategically most important Roman roads of the ancient republic20
10516801928SamarkandImportant trading city that benefited from it's position along the silk roads.21
10516801929Qin DynastyA short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.22
10516801930Qin ShihuangdiLiterally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly united China and established a strong and repressive state.23
10516801931WudiHan emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.24
10516801932Han FeiFounder of legalism, a system justifying rule by a strong authority25
10516801933Kong FuziChinese philosopher who promoted a system of social and political ethics emphasizing order, moderation, and reciprocity between superiors and subordinates. The Analects contains a collection of his sayings and dialogues compiled by disciples after his death.26
10516801934SocratesThe first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).27
10516801935AristotleA Greek philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.) who stressed the importance of using empirical evidence to explain the natural world28
10516801936SolonAthenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.29
10516801937PlatoPhilosopher who believed the wisest men should rule. He introduced the idea that human misery due to their not engaging properly with a class of entities he called forms, chief examples of which were Justice, Beauty, and Equality.30
10516801938Bhagavad GitaA great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.31
10516801939BrahminsThe priestly caste of India.32
10516801940BuddhismThe cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama33
10516801941DaoismA Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.34
10516801942Filial pietyThe honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.35
10516801943HinduismA word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.36
10516801944HippocratesA very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.37
10516801945Jesus of NazarethThe prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).38
10516801946PaulFollower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity by preaching to both Jews and non-Jews and speaking to large audiences throughout the Roman Empire.39
10516801947PeterOne of the 12 Apostles who made Rome the center of Christianity and is known as the first pope.40
10516801948KarmaIn Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.41
10516801949LaoziA legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.42
10516801950LegalismA Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.43
10516801951NirvanaThe end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.44
10516801952Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.45
10516801953Theravada"The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes withdrawal from earthly pleasures in order to achieve nirvana46
10516801954MahayanaA form of Buddhism popular in East Asia that47
10516801955UpanishadsIndian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.48
10516801956VedasThe earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.49
10516801957Yin and YangExpression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.50
10516801958ZarathustraA Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.51
10516801959Manichaeisma syncretic religious system founded by a Persian claiming to be a prophet. It combined Gnostic Christianity, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and various other elements, which included doctrines of light and darkness:; the need for an ascetic life to purify the soul; and the need for personal salvation from the divine force of goodness.52
10516801960jatisocial distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.53
10516801961ZoroastrianismPersian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.54
10516801962helotsThe dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.55
10516801963PericlesA prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.56
10516801964SudraOriginally the lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers57
10516801965UntouchablesAn Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.58
10516801966VaisyaThe Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.59
10516801967Silk RoadTrade route stretching from China into Europe.60
10516801968Yellow Turban uprisingChinese peasant uprising that weakened the Han Empire.61
10516801969Spartacus RebellionOne of the largest slave revolts in history. It was led by a Roman slave who was backed by thousands of other slaves. It demonstrates the weakness of having a labor system increasingly dependent on slavery.62
10516801970ParthianEmpire in modern Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan. originally made of nomadic peoples from Central Asia . They were able to defend the region from the Romans.63
10516801971VisigothsTribe who sacked Rome in the 5th century CE64
10516801972XiongnuCentral Asian tribe who harassed the early Chinese empires until they were occupied and pacified by the Han.65
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AP chapter 2 Flashcards

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6048789675Matter-composed of elements -has mass and takes up space0
6048789676Massamount of matter in an object1
6048790493Weightrelative mass or quantity of matter2
6048793180Different states of matter-solid -liquid -gas -plasma -Bose-Einsteins condensates3
6048793181Energycapacity to do work or put matter into motion -does not have mass -does not take up space4
6048793523Kinetic Energyenergy in action5
6048794869Potential Energystored energy6
6048796276Forms of energy-chemical -electrical -mechanical -radiant/ eclectromagnetic7
6048797656Can one form of energy be converted into another form?Yes, conversions are inefficient8
6048798550What happens when this conversion takes placeinefficient and energy is lost9
6048800188How is energy in food stored as?stored as potential energy10
6048803007The nervous system uses _____ _____ called as nerve impulses to transmit messages.electrical signals11
6048803358Atom-building blocks, smallest particle in an element12
6048804866Physical and chemical properties of an atom?observations that can be seen without changing the identity of an element13
6048805182Atomic symbol-consists of symbol of the element (1/2 letters) -atomic number -mass number14
6048805917Planetary model15
6048805918Orbital model16
6048806386Protons-located in nucleus -1 positive charge -1 amu17
6048806387Neutrons-located in nucleus -no electrical charge -1 amu18
6048806709Electrons-orbits nucleus -1 negative charge -0 amu - # of electrons= # of protons19
6048808377Where are protons, neutrons, and electrons present in in atom?-protons and neutrons are in the nucleus -electrons orbit nucleus20
6048809365Atomic Numbernumber of proteins21
6048809366Mass numbertotal number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus22
6048809717Isotopes-atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons -are often unstable and break down over time releasing energy23
6048809718Atomic weightaverage mass of all stable atoms for that element24
6048810406Radioactive isotopes-isotopes that decompose to more stable forms -can be used for diagnosis -atom25
6048811567Half life periodradioactive substance is the amount of time it takes for half of its atoms to decay26
6048813181Elements-substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances27
6048813182Compounds-2 or more different kinds of atoms bonded together28
6048813183Mixturesmost matter exists as mixtures; 2 or more components that are physically intermixed29
6048813510Solutions-homogeneous -particles are evenly distributed Ex: salt water30
6048813511Colloids-emulsion -heterogeneous mixtures -not evenly distributed, large particles ae visible Ex: jello31
6048813512Suspensions-heterogeneous mixtures -large solute particles that do settle out Ex: sand and water32
6048814290Solventssubstance most present in greatest amount33
6048815410Solute-substance dissolved in solvent -present in smaller amounts34
6048816161Chemical bonds-forces that hold together atoms of a molecule or compound -depends on the number of electrons in the outermost valence shell -octet rule35
6048816552Energy shells-fixed number of electrons in a valence shell -first shell: 2 electrons -second shell: 8 etc..36
6048816929Rule of 8the drive of atoms to completely fill valence shells37
6048859590Different types of chemical bonds-ionic -covalent -hydrogen38
6048860454Polar molecules-unequal sharing of electrons -slightly negative side of the molecule, slight positive charge at the other end Ex: water H2O39
6048860455Nonpolar molecules-equal sharing of electrons -charge balanced among atoms Ex: o=c=o carbon dioxide40
6048860732Dipolea molecule in which a concentration of positive electric charge is separated from a concentration of negative charge41
6048860733Hydrogen bonds-form due to the polar covalent bonds of molecules -positive end attracts negative end -weak bond -temporary Ex: water molecules42
6048861687How are hydrogen bonds formed?the positive end of one molecule attracts the negative end of another43
6048862853What is the significance of hydrogen bonds at cellular level?responsible for water's unique solvent capabilities44
6048864018Why is water a good solvent?-high heat capacity -high heat vaporization -universal solvent -reactivity -cushioning -cohesion and surface tension -ice is lighter then water -transparent45
6048864811What properties of water make it in important substance in our body?-used in all cells, organs and tissues -re-hydrates the body when water is lost when sweating, urination, breathing, and digestion -makes up around 65% of body46
6048871860What are the various patterns of chemical reactions?exergonic- net release of energy endergonic-net absorpt of energy47
6048872104Synthesisreaction brings atoms together to form a larger complex molecule -used in anabolic processes A+B= AB48
6048872331Decompositionreactions breakdown molecule into smaller molecules or atoms -catabolic reactions AB= A+ B49
6048872332Exchangereactions called displacement involves synthesis and decomposition- bonds are made and broken AB+ CD= AD+ CB50
6048872568Redox-a process in which one substance or molecule is reduced and another oxidized; oxidation and reduction considered together as complimentary processes. "redox reactions involve electron transfer"51
6048872569Chemical equilibrium-is the state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time52
6048872940Buffer-weak acids and bases that donate or accept protons to help resist changes in pH -do not completely dissociate53
6048874111What is the significance of buffer in the human body?carbonic acid- bicarbonate system or blood54
6048874346Ionic bond-complete transfer of electrons -separate ions (charged particles) form Ex: Na+ Cl- sodium chloride55
6048874647Covalent bond-polar or nonpolar56
6048875940What are the factors that influence the rate of chemical reaction?-temperature -concentration -particle sizes57
6048876558Bio-chemistryis the study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter -inorganic -organic58
6048876559Organic compounds-contain carbon, large, covalently bonded -share electrons -carbohydrates -fats -lipids -proteins, nucleic acids59
6048879629Inorganic compounds- do not contain carbon - -water -salts -acids and bases60
6048879630Salt-ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water -also known as electrolytes -separate into cations and anions61
6048880418What are the salts commonly found in the human body?NaCl CaCo3, KCl calcium phosphates62
6048880419Acids-proton donors, release hydrogen ions (H+) -electrolytes63
6048880929Common acids in the body?-Acetic acid -Acetylsalicylic acid -Ascorbic acid vitamin C. -Carbonic acid -Hydrochloric acid (HCl): stomach acid.64
6048881224Bases-proton acceptors, pick up H+ ions in solution -when a base dissolves in solution, it releases hydroxyl ion (OH-)65
6048881944What happens when base dissolves in water?it releases a hydroxyl ion (OH-)66
6048882944Hydrolysis reactionmonomers are released by adding a water molecule adding OH to one monomer and H to the other67
6048882945Carbohydrates-sugars and starches -contain C H O -ratio 2:1 Hydrogen and oxygen -3 classes: monosaccaharides, disaccharides, and polysaccahrides68
6048883281Functions of carbohydratesbodies main source of fuel69
6048883282Lipids-contain C H O, sometimes P -insouluble in water70
6048883711Classes of lipids-triglycerides or neutral fats: 3 fatty acids glycerol molecule, saturated and unsaturated -phospholipids: triglycerides, head (polar) and tail (nonpolar) regions -steroids71
6048883712Functions of lipidssteroids: cell membranes, steroid hormones, and vitamin D production, metabolism triglycerides: energy storage, insulation, protection phospholipids: cell membrane structure72
6048884276Proteins-20/30% cell mass - contains C H O N and sometimes S and P -polymers of amino acids73
6052537351Amino acids20 kinds -covalently bonded by peptide bonds -amine and acid group -act as either acid or base74
6048884277Peptide bondscovalently bond amino acids75
6048884618Structural levels of proteinsprimary: linear sequence of amino acid order secondary: how primary amino acids interact with each other- alpha helix (coils) beta pleated sheets (ribbons) tertiary: how secondary structures interact quaternary: how 2 or more polypeptides interact with each other76
6048884619Functional proteinsfunctional: "globular" -compact, spherical, water soluble and sensitive to environment -tertiary or quaternary Ex: antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes77
6052573205Structural proteins"fibrous" -strand like, water in- soluble, and stable -tertiary and quaternary -provide mechanical support and tensile strength Ex: keratin, collagen78
6048885044Protein denaturation-globular proteins unfold and lose their functional 3-D shape -active sites become deactivated -can be caused by decrease in pH or increased temperature -irreversible i changes are extreme79
6048886268Molecular chaperonsproteins that assist the covalent folding or unfolding and the assembly or disassembly of other macromolecular structures80
6048886269Enzymes-globular proteins that act as biological catalysts -enzymes are specific -increase speed of chemical reaction -lower the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction81
6048886596Mechanism of enzyme activites1.substrate bind at active site, temporarily forming an enzyme complex 2.the E-S complex undergoes internal rearrangements that form the product 3.the enzyme releases the product of the reaction82
6048886597What are nucleic acids made of?polymer of nucleotides -made of phosphate sugar back bone, nucleotides, and nitrogen bases83
6048887015Nucleotides-a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. -nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.84
6048887409Nitrogen basescytosine= C thymine= T adenine= A guanine= G85
6048887410DNAdeoxyribonucleic acid, -a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. -It is the carrier of genetic information-86
6048888296RNA-ribonucleic acid - a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information87
6048888674Difference between DNA and RNA?DNA has nitrogen bases and genetic information RNA generates protein and only a phosphate backbone88
6048889294ATP-modified nucleotide -creates energy89
6048889859Function of ATP in our bodies?gives cells energy90
6048891980HydrogenH91
6048891981CarbonC92
6048892340OxygenO93
6048892341NitrogenN94
6048892887PhosphorousP95
6048892888SulfurS96
6048893227PotassiumK97
6048893228SodiumNa98
6048893229IronFe99
6048893614ZincZn100
6048893615CalciumCa101
6048893929MagnesiumMg102
6048893930IodineI103
6048893931SeleniumSe104
6048894255ManganeseMn105
6048894256CopperCu106
6048894257ChromiumCr107
6048894483ChlorineCl108
6048894484FlourineF109
6048894485LeadPb110
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AP World History Vocab Flashcards

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7199197813B.C.EBefore Common Era0
7199199082C.E.Common Era1
7199255760AbdicateRenounce one's throne; fail to fulfill or undertake2
7199263354AccessionThe attainment of a position of rank or power3
7199271972AestheticConcerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty; a set of principles underlying and guiding the work of a particular artist or artistic beauty4
7199279732AgrarianRelating to cultivated land or the cultivation of land; a person who advocates a redistribution of landed property, especially as part of a social movement5
7199289747AmenitiesA desirable or useful feature or facility of a building or place6
7199297354AnarchyA state of disorder due to absence or nonrecognition of authority7
7199304668AnimismThe attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena; the belief in supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe8
7199313186AntiquityThe ancient past, especially the period before the Middle Ages9
7199316662AppeasementThe action or process of making less angry by agreeing to their demands; relieve or satisfy10
7199324955AristocracyThe highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices11
7199333143AsceticismSevere self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgences, typically for religious reasons12
7199342236AssimilateTake in information, ideas, or culture and understand fully13
7199352520AuthoritarianFavoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority, especially that of the government, at the expense of personal freedom14
7199361388AutocracyA system of government by one person with absolute power15
7199365060BarbarismAbsence of culture and civilization16
7199385414BureaucracyA system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than the by elected representatives17
7199391509City-stateA city with its surrounding territory forms an independent state18
7199396798CivicRelating to a city or town, especially its administration; relating to the duties or activities of people in relation to their town, city, or local area19
7199411272ClassicalRelating to ancient Greek or Latin literature, art, or culture; regarding as representing an exemplary standard: traditional and long-established in form or style20
7199804883ColonialRelating to or characteristic of a colony or colonies; living in colonies21
7199808746CommerceThe activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale; social dealings between people22
7199810531CommunalConflict between different communities, especially those having different religions or ethnic origins23
7199894022ConcubineA woman who lives with a man but has lower status than his wife or wives24
7199898505ConscriptionCompulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces25
7199902104CosmopolitanFamiliar with and at ease in many different countries and cultures26
7199907637CoupA sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government; a notable or successful stroke or move27
7199917715DemographyThe study of statistics such as births, deaths, incomes, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations28
7199922044DespotA ruler or other person who holds absolute power, typically one who exercises it in a cruel or oppressive way29
7199926521DiasporaThe dispersion of any people from their original homeland30
7199930405DissentThe expression or holding of opinions at variance with those previously, commonly, or officially held31
7199932710DissidentA person who opposes official policy, especially that of an authoritarian state32
7199938421DomesticRelating to the running of a home or to family relations; existing or occurring inside a particular country33
7199940891DynastyA line of hereditary rulers of a country34
7199949386EdictAn official order or proclamation issued by a person in authority35
7199950978EgalitarianRelating to or believing in the principle that are people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities36
7199955397EliteA select part of a group that is superior to the rest in terms of ability or qualities37
7199960646EmigrateLeave one's own country in order to settle permanently in another38
7199963950EpicA long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation39
7199968192EthnocentricEvaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture40
7199972851FeudalismThe dominant social system in medieval Europe in which the nobility holds lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, nationally in exchange for military protection41
7199986051GenocideThe deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation42
7199992022GentryPeople of good social position, specifically the class of people next below the nobility in position and birth43
7199993904GuildA medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power; an association of people for mutual aid or the pursuit of a common goal44
7199996971HierarchyA system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority45
7202511902HominidsA primate of a family that includes humans and their fossil ancestors and at least some of the greatest apes46
7202516094HomogeneousOf the same kind; alike; consisting of all parts of the same kind47
7202522221IdeologyA system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy48
7202527313ImperialRelating to an empire49
7202531720ImperialismA policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force50
7202534866IndigenousOriginating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native51
7202538229InfrastructureThe basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise52
7202541772LineageLineal descent from an ancestor; a sequence of species of which is considered to have evolved from its predecessor53
7202552567LinguisticRelating to language54
7202554813ManifestClear or obvious to the mind or eye; display or show by one's act or appearance55
7202556875MaritimeConnected with the sea, especially in relation to seafaring commercial or military activity; living or found near the sea; bordering on the sea56
7202563343MartialOf or appropriate to war; warlike57
7202564606MatrilinealOf or based on kinship with the mother or the female line58
7202568411MercenaryOf a person or their behavior concerned with making money at the expense of ethics; a professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army59
7202573259MonarchyA form of government with a monarch at the head60
7202577022MonopolyThe exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service61
7202579812MonopolizeObtain exclusive possession or control of a trade, commodity, or service; have or take the greatest share of62
7202587661MonotheismThe doctrine or belief that there is only one God63
7202589775MysticalInspiring a sense of spiritual mystery, awe, and fascination64
7202594007Nation-stateA sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogenous in factors such as language or common descent65
7202598905NeoNew; a new revived form of66
7202601199NeolithicRelating to or donating the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed67
7202608034NomadicLiving the life of a someone who is constantly moving; wandering68
7202609229NomadA member of a people having no permanent abode, and who travel from place to place to find fresh pasture for their livestock69
7202614300OligarchyA small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institute70
7202620155PantheonAll the gods of a people or religion collectively; a building in which the illustrious dead of a nation are buried or honored71
7202626397PapalRelating to a pope or to the papacy72
7202628170PapacyThe office or authority of the pope73
7202630034ParliamentThe highest legislature, consisting of the sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons74
7202685169Parliamentary SystemA system of government in which the power to make and execute laws is held by a parliament.75
7202694261PastoralUsed for or relating to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle76
7202698093PatriarchalRelating to or characteristic of a system of society or government controlled by men77
7202702509PatrilinealRelating to or based on relationship to the father or decent through the male line78
7202704463PatronageThe power to control appointments to office or the right to privileges79
7202707547PeasantA poor farmer of low status who owns or rents a small piece of land for cultivation80
7202709933PharaohA ruler in ancient Egypt81
7202711904PietyThe quality of being religious or reverent; a belief or point of view that is accepted with unthinkable conventional reference82
7202716536PiousDevoutly religious; making a hypocritical display of virtue83
7202720940PolityA form or process of civil government or constitution84
7202722667PolygamyThe practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at one time85
7202725263PolytheismThe belief in or worship of more than one god86
7202831352ProvincialOf or concerning the religions outside the capital city of a country, especially when regarded as unsophisticated or narrow-minded87
7202846269RegentA person appointed to administer a country because the monarch is a minor or is absent or incapacitated88
7202852977RepublicanBelonging to, or characteristic of a republic89
7202856409RhetoricThe art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques90
7202859914SedentaryTending to spend much time seated; somewhat inactive91
7202862034SerfAn agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate92
7202866060ShariaIslamic canonical law based on the teachings of Koran and the traditions of the prophet prescribing both religious an secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking. It has generally been supplemented by legislation adapted to the conditions of the day, though the manner in which it should be applied in modern states is a subject of dispute between Islamic fundamentals and modernists93
7202875879Sinicizeto make Chinese in character or bring under Chinese influence94
7202880784SinificationA process whereby non-Han Chinese societies come under the influence of Han Chinese state and society95
7202883603StateA nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government96
7202887256SteppeA large area of flat unfrosted grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia97
7202890195StratificationThe arrangement or classification of something into different groups98
7202892562Sub-SaharanFrom or forming of the African regions south of the Sahara desert99
7202895435SubordinateLower in rank or position; a person under the authority or control of another within an organization100
7202898790SuccessionA number of people or things sharing a specific characteristic and following one after the other; the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.101
7202900707SyncretismThe amalgamation or attempted of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought102
7202903210TextilesA type of cloth or woven fabric103
7202903919TheocracyA system of governing which priests rule in the name of God or a god104
7202905454TheologyThe study of the nature of God or a god105
7202906090TotalitarianRelating to a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state106
7202910844Tributary StateA state that is subordinate to a more powerful neighbor107
7202911533TyrannyCruel and oppressie government or rule108
7202912257UrbanIn, relating to, or characteristic of a city or town109
7202916017UrbanizeMake or become urban in character110
7202916991UsurpTake a position of power or importance illegally or by force111
7202919914VernacularThe language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region112
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