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AP Language Vocab 6 Flashcards

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7991084706Snafu (n) (Can hit or have a snafu; Military acronym- Situation normal all f'd up)A glitch0
7991106815Multi-faceted (adj)Multi dimensional1
7991121916Banter (n) or (v) ("to engage in lighthearted banter"- used as a noun; Not serious, joking around )Back and forth conversation2
7991136955Behoove (v) (It would behoove pronoun (you, me) to...)To be to one's advantage/benefit3
7991147949Ergo (conjunction) (........;ergo,.......)Therefore4
7991153452Quack (n) (used sarcastically)A fake doctor5
7991159885Duplicitous (adj) (Root that comes from Latin- dup means double)Deceitful, deceptive6
7991171693Touché (expression) (Comes from the sport of fencing; In French it means touched)Good comeback7
7991175489En Masse (adv) (French)Means as a group8
7991180894Modus operandi (M.O.) (n) (Latin- Method of operating; The thing you're always known for)Something you always do in order to get something done, negative connotation9
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AP Review - Social Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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9710672964Social Psychologythe scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.0
9710672965Attribution Theorythe theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.1
9710672966Fundamental Attribution Errorthe tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.2
9710672967Attitudefeelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.3
9710672968Central Route Persuasionattitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.4
9710672969Peripheral Route Persuasionattitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.5
9710672970Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenonthe tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.6
9710672971Rolea set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.7
9710672972Cognitive Dissonance Theorythe theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes.8
9710672973Conformityadjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.9
9710672974Normative Social Influenceinfluence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.10
9710672975Informational Social Influenceinfluence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.11
9710672976Social Facilitationstronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.12
9710672977Social Loafingthe tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.13
9710672978Deindividuationthe loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.14
9710672979Group Polarizationthe enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.15
9710672980Groupthinkthe mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.16
9710672981Culturethe enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next17
9710672982Norman understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. They prescribe "proper" behavior.18
9710672983Personal Spacethe buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.19
9710672984Prejudicean unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.20
9710672985Stereotypea generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.21
9710672986Discrimination(Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.22
9710672987Ingroup"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.23
9710672988Outgroup"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.24
9710672989Ingroup Biasthe tendency to favor our own group.25
9710672990Scapegoat Theorythe theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.26
9710672991Other-Race Effectthe tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias27
9710672992Just-World Phenomenonthe tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.28
9710672993Aggressionphysical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.29
9710672994Frustration-Aggression Principlethe principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.30
9710672995Mere Exposure Effectthe phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.31
9710672996Passionate Lovean aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.32
9710672997Companionate Lovethe deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.33
9710672998Equitya condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.34
9710672999Self-Disclosurerevealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.35
9710673000Altruismunselfish regard for the welfare of others.36
9710673001Bystander Effectthe tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.37
9710673002Social Exchange Theorythe theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.38
9710673003Reciprocity Norman expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.39
9710673004Social-Responsibility Norman expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.40
9710673005Conflicta perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.41
9710673006Social Trapa situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.42
9710673007Mirror-Image Perceptionsmutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.43
9710673008Self Fulfilling Prophecya belief that leads to its own fulfillment44
9710673009Superordinate Goalsshared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.45
9710673010Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT)Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.46
9710673011Diffusion of Responsibilityreduction in feelings of personal burden in the presence of others47
9710673012Ethnocentricismevaluation of other cultures according to the standards and customs of one's own culture48
9710673013ComplianceConforming to a request or demand49
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APES Flashcards

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10507286161Clean Air Act of 1970(National)Set emission standards for cars, and limits for release of air pollutants0
10507293094Clean Water Act(CWA, 1972) set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways; aims to make surface waters swimmable and fishable1
10507297125Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) National(1980) "Superfund," designed to identify and clean up abandoned hazardous waste dump sites2
10507298719Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) International(1973) lists species that cannot be commercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products3
10507300598Lacey Act (1900) NationalThe Lacey Act protects both plants and wildlife by creating civil and criminal penalties for a wide array of violations. It prohibits trade in wildlife, fish, and plants that have been illegally taken, transported or sold.4
10507309450Endangered Species Act National(1973) identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations5
10507311424Marine Mammal Protection Act (National)A 1972 U.S. act to protect declining populations of marine mammals6
10507315236Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act1) 1938, National 2) Gives authority to FDA to oversee the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics 3) FDA/EPA7
10507317514The Kyoto Protocol(International Treaty)(2005) controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries8
10507319348Federal Water Pollution Control Act1) 1948, National 2) allowed the Public Health Service, to prepare programs for eliminating or reducing the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries and improving the sanitary conditions of surface and underground waters. 3) EPA9
10507322271Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act1) 1980, National 2) Declares that fish and wildlife are of ecological, educational, aesthetic, cultural, recreational, economic, and scientific value; provides assistance to states for the development of conservation plans and programs for nongame organisms 3) US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)10
10507326128Food Quality Protection Act(National)(1996) set pesticide limits in food, & all active and inactive ingredients must be screened for estrogenic/endocrine effects11
10507329580Occupational Safety and Health Act(National)is a federal law that establishes and promotes workplace safety standards for businesses.12
10507331569Ocean Dumping Ban Act (International)(1988) bans ocean dumping of sewage sludge and industrial waste in the ocean13
10507332981Resource Conservation and Recovery Act(1976) controls hazardous waste with a cradle to grave system14
10507335687Safe Drinking Water Act (International)(SDWA, 1974) set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants in drinking water that may have adverse effects on human health15
10507337459Soil and Water Conservation Act1) 1977, National 2) provides United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) broad strategic assessment and planning authority for conversation of soil and water 3) USDA16
10507338621Wilderness Act (National)1964; established 9.1 million aces of federally-protected wilderness in national forests for use of American people; made minimum size of each space 5,000 acres; no vehicles, permanent camps or structures allowed; aim is to keep wildlife and habitat as primitive as possible17
10507339975Montreal Protocol (International)(1987) phase-out of ozone depleting substances18
10507342417Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act(National)(1977) requires coal strip mines to reclaim the land19
10507344287National Environmental Policy Act(1969) Environmental Impact Statements must be done before any project affecting federal lands can be started20
10507346737National Park Act1) National, 1916 2) Established the National Park Service (NPS) 3) Department of the Interior21
10507348102National Wildlife Refuge System Act1) 1966, Nataional 2) Provides guidelines for administration and management of ares considered "wildlife refuges" 3) FWS22
10507349386Nuclear Waste Policy Act (National)(1982) U.S. government must develop a high level nuclear waste site (Yucca Mtn)23
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AP Macroeconomics Unit 1 Flashcards

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7335139641EconomicsThe science of scarcity; the science of how individuals and societes deal with the fact that wants are greater than the limited resources available to satisfy those wants.0
7335139642ScarcityThe condition in which our wants are greater than the limited resources available to satisfy those wants.1
7335139643MacroeconomicsThe branch of economics that deals with human behavior and choices as they relate to highly aggregate markets or the entire economy.2
7335139644MicroeconomicsThe branch of economics that deals with human behavior and choices as they relate to relatively small units - an individual, a firm, an industry, a single market.3
7335139645MarginalAdditional4
7335139646Marginal BenefitsAdditional benefits. The benefits connected to consuming an additional unit of a good or undertaking one more unti of an activity.5
7335139647Marginal CostsThe change in total cost from an economoic decision.6
7335139648Positive EconomicsThe study of "what is" in economic matters. (Facts)7
7335139649Normative EconomicsThe study of "what should be" in economic matters. (Opinions)8
7335139650Ceteris ParibusA Latin term meaning "all other things constant", or "nothing else changes"9
7335139651CapitalProduced goods that can be used as inputs for further production, such as factories, machinery, tools, computers and buildings10
7335139652EntrepreneurshipThe particular talent that some people have for organizing the resources of land, labor and capitol to produce goods, seek new business opportunities, and develop new ways of doing things.11
7335139653LaborThe physical and mental talents people contribute to the production process.12
7335139654LandAll natural resources, such as minerals, forests, water, and unimproved land.13
7335139655trade offGiving up one thing in return for another in the decision-making process.14
7335139656Opportunity CostsThe most highly valued opportunity or alternative forfeited when a choice is made.15
7335139657Production Possibilities Curve (PPC)Represents the possible combinations of the two goods that can be produced in a certain period of time, under the conditions of a given state of technology and fully employed resources.16
7335139658Law of increasing opportunity costAs more of a particular product is produced, the opportunity cost, in terms of what must be given up of other goods to produce each unit of the product, increases. Explains the convex shape of a nation's production possibilities curve.17
7335139659Productive EfficiencyThe situation that exists when a firm produces its output at the lowest possible per unit cost.18
7335139660Economic SystemThe way in which society decides to answer key economic questions- in particular those questions that relate to production and trade.19
7335139661invisible handPhrase coined by Adam Smith to refer to the self-regulating nature of a free marketplace. (self-interest and competition)20
7335139662Consumer SovereigntyThe idea that consumers ultimately dictate what will be produced (or not produced) by choosing what to purchase (and what not to purchase).21
7335139663Mixed CapitalismAn economic system characterized by largely private ownership of factors of production, market allocation of resources, and decentralized decision making with some government involvement in the economy.22
7335139664DemandHow much consumers are willing to buy at a given price.23
7335139665Law of DemandAs the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good falls, and as the price of a good falls, the quantity demanded of the good rises.24
7335139666UtilityA measure of the satisfaction, happiness, or benefit that results from the consumption of a good.25
7335139670SubstitutesTwo different goods that satisfy similar needs or desires. (Example: Hot dogs and hamburgers)26
7335139671ComplementsTwo goods that are used jointly in consumption. (Example: hot dogs and hot dog buns)27
7335139672SupplyThe willingness and ability of sellers to produce and offer to sell different quantities of a good at different prices during a specific time period.28
7335139673Law of SupplyAs the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of the good rises, and as the price of a good falls, the quantity supplied of the good falls.29
7335139674EquilibriumThe point that prices will eventually move to in a market. It is also the point where businesses will maximize their profits.30
7335139676Equilibrium PriceThe price at which quantity demanded of the good equals quantity shipped.31
7335139677Equilibrium QuantityThe quantity at which the amount of the good that buyers are willing and able to buy equals the amount that sellers are willing and able to sell, and both equal the amount actually bought and sold.32
7335139678ShortageA condition in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied. Shortages occur only at prices below equilibrium price.33
7335139679SurplusA condition in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded. Surpluses occur only at prices above equilibrium price.34
7335139680Price FloorA government-mandated minimum price below which legal trades cannot be made. These lead to a surplus of goods.35
7335139681Price CeilingA government-mandated maximum price above which legal trades cannot be made. These lead to shortages of goods.36
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AP World History Religions Flashcards

Ap world hosts religions

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11829950061Why did we develop belief systems?Because humans have always needed to understand natural phenomenon. We want to explain the world around us.0
11829950062PolytheismBelief in many gods1
11829950063MonotheismBelief in one God2
11829950064Animism-They practice nature worship -They believe that everything has a spirit -They communicated with and showed respect to ancestors. -It is practiced worldwide but mostly in Africa and the Americas.3
11829950065ShintoA Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits -"Way of the Gods" -Founded around the year 500 BCE -The Emperor of Japan was considered to be divine and a direct descendant of the Sun Goddess.4
11829950066HinduismA religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms. -Polytheistic -A result of cultural diffusion between the Aryans and other native people in India. -Practiced in India -The Vedas, Upanishads, etc.. were all significant writings.5
11829950067BrahmaThe term for the Supreme God and Universal Soul in Hinduism.6
11829950068ReincarnationIn Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding Basically Samsara7
11829950069Karma(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation (life)8
11829950070DharmaFulfilling one's duty in life9
11829950071Caste SystemA Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life10
11829950072Judaism-A religion with a belief in one god (Monotheistic) -It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. -Practiced worldwide but most Jews are in Israel. -They have 10 commandments11
11829950073BuddhismA religion founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama which teaches that the most important thing in life is to reach peace by ending suffering.12
11829950074The Four Noble TruthsThe core of the Buddhist teaching. There is suffering. There is a cause to suffering. There is an end to suffering. The is a path out of suffering (the Noble 8-fold path). 1. Life is full of pain and suffering 2. human desire causes this suffering 3. By putting an end to desire, humans can end suffering 4. Humans can end desire by following the Eightfold Path13
11829950075The Eightfold Path1. Know that suffering is caused by desire 2. Be selfless and love all life 3. Do not lie, or speak without a cause 4. Do not kill, steal, or commit other unrighteous acts 5. Do not do things which promote evil 6. Take effort to promote righteousness 7. Be aware of your physical actions, state of mind, and emotions. 8. Learn to meditate.14
11829950076ConfucianismA philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.15
11829950077Five Relationships in Confucianism:- Ruler to ruled - Father to Son - Older brother to Younger brother - Husband to Wife - Friend to Friend16
11829950078Taoism or Daoisman ideology whose central theme is the Way, a philosophy teaching that eternal happiness lies in total identification with nature and deploring passion, unnecessary invention; simple life of individuals -Ying and Yang is used to illustrate the natural harmony in the world.17
11829950079ChristianityA monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior. -Also has the Ten Commandments -Believe in the Holy Trinity Christians take part in sacraments.18
11829950080IslamA religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.19
11829950081The Five Pillars of Islam1. Confession of Faith 2. Prayer 3. Charity 4. Fasting 5. Pilgrimage20
11829950082Zoroastrianism- A dualistic faith, this means they believe in two gods representing good and evil -It was very important during the Sassanid Persian Dynasty.21
11829950083LegalismChinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws22
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AP World History Islam Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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11744692316Bedouinnomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats0
11744692317MeccaArabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam1
11744692318Medinatown northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar2
11744692319Umayyadclan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty3
11744692320Muhammad(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh4
11744692321Qur'anthe word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam5
11744692322Ummacommunity of the faithful within Islam6
11744692323Five Pillarsthe obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)7
11744692324Caliphthe successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community8
11744692325Alicousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism9
11744692326Abu Bakrsucceeded Muhammad as the first caliph10
11744692327JihadIslamic holy war11
11744692328Sunnisfollowers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads12
11744692329Shi'afollowers of Ali's interpretation of Islam13
11744692330Mawalinon-Arab converts to Islam14
11744692331Dhimmis"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus15
11744692332Abbasidsdynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad16
11744692333Hadiths"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam17
11744692334Wazirchief administrative official under the Abbasids18
11744692335DhowsArab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants19
11744692336Seljuk Turksnomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids20
11744692337Crusadesinvasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 129121
11744692338UlamaIslamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking22
11744692339SufisIslamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions23
11744692340Mongolscentral Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph24
11744692341Chinggis Khan(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms25
11744692342MamluksRulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves26
11744692343Arabic numeralsIndian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West27
11744692344Shrivijayatrading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam28
11744692345Malaccaflourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya29
11744692346Malistate of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers30
11744692347Mansatitle of the ruler of Mali31
11744692348Ibn BattutaArab traveler throughout the Muslim world32
11744692349Sundiatacreated a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 126033
11744692350Songhaysuccessor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao34
11744692351East African trading portsurbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar35
11744692352Great Zimbabwewith massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa36
11744692353Greek FireByzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople37
11744692354Iconsimages of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians38
11744692355Iconoclasmthe breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration39
11744692356ManzikertSeljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory40
11744692357Cyril and MethodiusByzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic41
11744692358Kievcommercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c42
11744692359Ruriklegendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 85543
11744692360Vladmir Iruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity44
11744692361Russian OrthodoxyRussian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire45
11744692362TatarsMongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact46
11744692363Middle Agesthe period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c47
11744692364Gothican architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls48
11744692365Vikingsseagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily49
11744692366Manorialismrural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection50
11744692367Serfspeasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system51
11744692368Three-field systempractice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure52
11744692369ClovisKing of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 49653
11744692370Carolingiansroyal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c54
11744692371Charles Martelfirst Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 73255
11744692372CharlemagneCarolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 80056
11744692373Holy Roman Emperorspolitical heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy57
11744692374Feudalismpersonal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service58
11744692375Vassalsmembers of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty59
11744692376William the Conquerorinvaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England60
11744692377Magna CartaGreat charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law61
11744692378Parliamentsbodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects62
11744692379Hundred Years Warconflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.63
11744692380Pope Urban IIorganized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control64
11744692381Investiturethe practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV65
11744692382Gregory VII11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops66
11744692383Thomas Aquinascreator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God67
11744692384Scholasticismdominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems68
11744692385Hanseatic Leaguean organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance69
11744692386Guildsassociations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities70
11744692387Black Deathbubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia71
11744692388Period of the Six Dynastiesera of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han72
11744692389Jinshititle given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office73
11744692390Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhismemphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia74
11744692391WuzongTang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism75
11744692392Southern Songsmaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.76
11744692393Grand Canalgreat canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin77
11744692394JunksChinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula78
11744692395Flying moneyChinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency79
11744692396Footbindingmale imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.80
11744692397Taika reformsattempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army81
11744692398Fujiwaramid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power82
11744692399Bushiregional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies83
11744692400Samuraimounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor84
11744692401Seppukuritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor85
11744692402Gempei warsWaged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age86
11744692403Bakufumilitary government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai87
11744692404Shogunsmilitary leaders of the bakufu88
11744692405Daimyoswarlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states89
11744692406Sinificationextensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions90
11744692407Yidynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence91
11744692408Trung Sistersleaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society92
11744692409Khmers and ChamsIndianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi93
11744692410Nguyensouthern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi94
11744692411Chinggis Khanborn in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 122795
11744692412Shamanistic religionMongol beliefs focused on nature spirits96
11744692413Batugrandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 123697
11744692414Golden Hordeone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c98
11744692415Ilkhan khanateone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire99
11744692416Hulegugrandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad100
11744692417MamluksMuslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260101
11744692418Kubilai Khangrandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271102
11744692419White Lotus Societysecret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty103
11744692420Ottoman EmpireTurkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire104
11744692421Ming Dynastyreplaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China105
11744692422Ethnocentrismjudging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history106
11744692423Muhammad's primary historical achievementspread of Islam107
11744692437Silk Road Trade system108
11744692438Kingdom of Mali109
11744692424Inca and Rome both hadextensive road systems110
11744692425Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place111
11744692426Champa Ricetributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase112
11744692427Diasporic communitiesmerchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas113
11744692428Trans Saharan tradeDominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..114
11744692429Effect of Muslim conquestscollapse of other empires, mass conversion115
11744692430Tang Dynastyfollowed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence116
11744692431Black Deathplague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.117
11744692439Indian Ocean Maritime Trade118
11744692432Cities that rose during this time due to increased tradeNovgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu119
11744692433Timbuktutrade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people120
11744692434New forms of monetizationChecks, Bills of Exchange121
11744692440Bantu Migrations122
11744692435footbindingbegan during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming123
11744692436Marco Polotraveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan124
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AP Environmental Ecology Flashcards

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9717335072Populationa localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed, producing fertile offspring0
9717335073Communityall the organisms that inhabit a particular area; as assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction1
9717335074Ecosystemall the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact2
9717335075Bioticpertaining to the living organisms in the environment3
9717335076Abioticnonliving; referring to physical and chemical properties of an environment4
9717335077Biospherethe entire portion of earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems5
9717335078Nichethe sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment6
9717335079Clumped Distributionindividual aggregated patches, some organisms group together where food is abundant7
9717335080Uniform Distributionevenly spaced, some organisms maintain evenly distributed spacing to avoid aggressive interactions between neighbors8
9717335081Random Distributionunpredictable spacing, some plants grow in random groups if their seeds were windblown across an area9
9717335082Population Ecologythe study of populations in relation to their environment, including environmental influences on populations, on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size10
9717335086Age Structurethe relative number of individuals of each age in a population11
9717335087Immigration Ratethe rate of influx of new individuals INTO a population from other areas12
9717335088Emigration Ratethe rate of movement of individuals OUT of a population13
9717335089Carrying Capacitythe maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, (symbolized by K)14
9717335090Density Dependentany characteristic that varies according to an increase in population density15
9717335091Exponential Growthgrowth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, (represented by a J-Shaped curve when population size is plotted over time)16
9717335092Logistical Growthpopulation growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity17
9717335093K-Selectedstabilize around carrying capacity, have fewer offspring later in life, mature later, live longer and invest more parental care18
9717335094R-Selectedreside in unstable environment, have many offspring early in life, mature earlier, shorter life span, no parental care19
9717335096Type I Surivorship Curvelow death rates during early/middle life then increase among older age groups (humans)20
9717335097Type II Surviorship Curveconstant death rate over the organism's life span21
9717335098Type III Surviorship Curvevery high death rates for the young and then declines for those few individuals that survive the early period (insects)22
9717335099Symbiosisan ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact23
9717335100Commensalisma symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed24
9717335101Mutualisma symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit25
9717335102Parasitisma symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of another (the host) by living either within or on its host26
9717335103Intraspecific Competitioninteractions between the same species competing for resources27
9717335104Interspecific Competitioncompetition for resources between individuals of two or more species when resources are in short supply28
9717335105Predationan interaction between species in which one species (the predator) eats the other (the prey)29
9717335107Mimicrywhen a harmless species look like a species that is poisonous or harmful to predators30
9717335108Cryptic Colorationcamouflage that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against its background31
9717335110Pioneer Speciesthe first species to colonize previously disrupted or damaged ecosystems, beginning a chain of ecological succession that ultimately leads to a more biodiverse steady-state ecosystem32
9717335111Climax Communityin a community of organisms in a specific area there is one state of equilibrium controlled solely by climate33
9717335112Successionthe process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time34
9717335113Primary Successiona type of ecological succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms present and where soil has not yet formed35
9717335114Secondary Successiona type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil or substance intact36
9717335115autotrophsan organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from Carbon Dioxide (CO2)37
9717335117Herbivorean animal that eats mainly plants or algae38
9717335118Carnivorean animal that mainly eats other animals39
9717335119Detritivorea consumer that derives its energy and nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organism (a decomposer)40
9717335120Food Chainthe pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers41
9717335121Food Webthe interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem42
9717335122Trophic Levelsthe positions organisms occupy in a food chain43
9717335123Secondary Consumera carnivore that eats herbivores44
9717335124Primary Consumera herbivore; an organism that eats plants or other autotrophs45
9717335125Biogeochemical Cyclesany of the various chemical cycles, which involve both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems46
9717335126Carbon Cycleforming the framework of organic molecules, photosynthesis & cellular respiration circulate this nutrient47
9717335127Phosphorus Cyclecycling of this nutrient through geologic processes such as erosion and sedimentation48
9717335128Nitrogen Cyclethis nutrient is converted to compounds that can be assimilated by plants then returned in gas form to the atmosphere; all processes rely on bacteria49
9717335131Water Cyclethis nutrient cycle involves evaporation from the earth & transpiration from plants and falls then by precipitation back down to the earth to begin the cycle again50
9717335132Age Structure Diagramsa visual representation of the relative number of individuals of each age in a population51
9717335133Competitive Exclusion Principlethe concept that when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population52
9717335134Resource Partitioningthe division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all the coexisting species53
9717335135Zero Population Growth (ZPG)a period of stability in population size, when the per capita birth rate and death rate are equal54
9717335136Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)the total primary production of an ecosystem55
9717335137Net Primary Productivity (NPP)the gross primary production of an ecosystem minus the energy used by the producers for respiration56
9717335138Keystone Speciesa species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet experts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche57
9717335139Bottom-up Modela model of community organization in which mineral nutrients influence community organization by controlling plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control herbivores, which in turn control predator numbers58
9717335140Top-down Modela model of community organization in which predation influences community organization by controlling herbivore numbers, which in turn control plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control nutrient levels; also called the trophic cascade model59
9717335141Biological Magnificationa process in which retained substances become more concentrated at each high trophic level in a food chain60
9717335142Decomposersorganisms that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, the wastes of living organisms and converts them into inorganic forms; a detritivore61
9717335144Fundamental Nichethe niche potentially occupied by that species62
9717335145Realized Nichethe portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies in the environment63
9717335146Invasive Speciesa species often introduced by humans, that takes hold outside its native range64
9717335157Density dependent factorfactor that affects population based on size (disease, predation etc)65
9717335158Density independent factorfactor that affect population regardless of size (weather, humans etc)66
9717335159Species diversityvariety of organisms in a community67
9717335160Species richnessthe number of different species in a community68
9717335161Relative abundanceevenness of distribution of individuals among species in a community69
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Palabras AP Flashcards

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11655385191insinuarseto imply0
11655387999perdurarto last, endure1
11655390399sucederto happen2
11655394569poseerto have, to possess3
11655397872los rasgosfeatures, characteristics4
11655402116ejercerto practice a profession5
11655402117perjudicialdamaging, harmful6
11655404776los hallazgosfindings, discoveries7
11655406993la escasezscarcity, shortage8
11655409469la brechagap, divide9
11655413143aportarto contribute, to provide10
11655413144fomentarto promote, encourage11
11655416448ansiosoanxious, worried12
11655424434el trastornodisorder13
11655424435el dispositivodevice, gadget14
11655431647enganchadohooked, addicted15
11655434685me di cuenta deI realized16
11655438116verazreal life, true17
11655438117encajarto fit in18
11655444124empeorarto worsen, get worse19
11655444125la vida cotidianadaily life20
11655447249inagotableinexhaustible, endless21
11655454435padecerto suffer from22
11655454436la madrugadaearly morning23
11655456898prescindirto do without24
11655460755los anunciosadvertisements25
11655478468el propósitopurpose26
11655482968acontecimientoevent27
11655486576envejecerto grow old, to age28
11655489434la tercera edadold age29
11794823481destacarto highlight, emphasize30
11794828489el desprecioscorn, contempt31
11794833211perpetuoconstant32
11794839791contraproducentecounterproductive33
11794839792promoverto promote, encourage34
11794843202asiduofrequent, persistent35
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AP-Bio Key Words Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
79620984921st Law of ThermodynamicsEnergy cannot be created or destroyed. In other words, the sum of energy in the universe is constant.0
79621025182nd Law of ThermodynamicsEnergy transfer leads to less organization. That means the universe tends toward disorder.1
7962113661Gibbs Free EnergyA practical way to discuss thermodynamics.2
7962113662Endergonic ReactionsReactions with a negative change in Gibbs; energy is required3
7962117971Exergonic ReactionsReactions with a positive change in Gibbs; energy is given off4
7962124125Activation EnergyEnergy required to reach transition state.5
7962127102Enzyme (Properties)Biological catalysts that speed up reactions.6
7962129860Enzyme (Specificity)Each enzyme catalyzes only one kind of reaction.7
7962135966CofactorsFactors that help enzymes in catalyzing a reaction.8
7962139034DenatureEnzymes that are damaged by heat and/or deprived of their ability to catalyze.9
7962143496Allosteric SitesSites other than the active site in which substances bind to enzymes.10
7962146524Non-Competitive v Competitive InhibitionNon-Competitive: Distorts the enzyme shape so that it cannot function. A substrate still binds, but enzyme will not catalyze. Competitive: Shape of substance fits the active site of an enzyme and blocks substrates from getting in.11
7962149846Allosteric Inhibition12
7962160483Photosynthesis (equation)13
7962164290Cellular Respiration (def)Sugar makes energy.14
7962168145Stroma15
7962168146GranaStacks of Thalakoid Discs16
7962181755Light Dependent Reactions17
7962205442Light Independent Reactions18
7962210515Chlorophyll absorption versus emission spectra19
8051150317Describe the process in the picture.20
8051935763How do enzymes speed up reactions?They lower the activation energy.21
8051952709What are Bioenergetics?The study of the transformation of energy in living organisms.22
8051961967Bioenergetics do what?Breaking chemical bonds in the molecules found in biological organisms.23
8051954104What are the targeted molecules in enzymatic reactions called?Substrates24
8051948131Do enzymes change the energy of the starting or ending point?No25
8052025715After a leaf captures sunlight, where is the energy sent to?P68026
8052041600Why do enzymes need cofactors?27
8052003307What state do reactants have to go into in order to start the reaction with a little energy?Transition State28
8052006851What is the energy required to get to the transition state called?Activation Energy29
8052011044What must be broken before new bonds can be made?Chemical Bonds30
8052022311What is the correct order for DNA replication?1. Helicase, 2. RNA primase, 3. DNA polymerase, 4. Ligase31
8052000506EnthalpyThe measure of energy in thermodynamic system.32
8052038281What fits the active site and can block the substrate from getting in?A competitive Inhibitor.33
8052314813How can a cell control enzymatic activity?A cell can control enzymatic activity by regulating the conditions that influence the shape of the enzyme.34
8051988954What is induced fit?enzymes changing their shape to fit the shape of substrates.35
8065633874What are cofactors and why do enzymes need them?A cofactor is a metallic ion that helps the enzyme catalyze.36
8065701514Enzymes are denatured at a temperature above ______ celsius4237
8052272969What are the three important pigments in the thylakoid?Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and carotenoids38
8052321743When light energy is used to make ATP, it is called ____________________Photophosphorylation39
8052295899Which wavelengths of light are absorbed by photosystems I and II680 and 700 nanometers40
8052238773What does a noncompetitive inhibitor do to an enzyme?A noncompetitive inhibitor generally distorts the enzyme shape so that it cannot function.41
8065524230What is carbon fixation and where does it occur?CO2 is converted in carbohydrates. It occurs in the stroma.42
8065545293What does the acronym in CAM photosynthesis stand for?Crassulacean Acid Metabolism43
8065555998What is the input and output of Light-dependent reactions?Input is photons and output is ATP44
8065577395What is a mutation?A mutation is an error in the genetic code.45
8065595425How long can mistakes in DNA last for?Forever46
8065603690What causes DNA to be damaged?Chemicals, radiation or a mistake from a DNA or RNA polymerase47
8063925530What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration?C6H12O6+6O2 = 6H20+6CO2+ATP48
8063938115What is aerobic respiration?When ATP is made in presence of oxygen.49
8063973230What is anaerobic respiration?When ATP is made without oxygen.50
8065622780what is the difference between first and second law of thermodynamics?First law of thermodynamics is when energy cannot be created or destroyed and second law is when energy transfer leads to less organization.51
8065627097What is an Okazaki fragment? What does it do?The pieces of nucleotides put into the lagging strand. It allows the RNA primase to smoothly transcribe to complementary sequence.52
8065750669True or false: Post translational regulation marks unnecessary protein for destructionFalse. Many proteins, like enzymes, benefit from being made ahead of time, meaning the cell does not destroy them53
8065874898What happens to an operon with a repressor bound to the operator region?Transcription of the operon will not occur54
8065691823True or false: Post transcriptional regulation marks unnecessary RNA for destructionTrue. RNAi creates a double stranded RNA, stopping the RNA from translating, marking it for destruction55
8065714389What happens in the third position in an anticodonThe third position is said to experience wobble pairing. (things that don't normally bind will pair up)56
8063980249What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration?1. Glycolysis 2. Formation of acetyl-CoA 3. Krebs cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain57
8065682443What is a group of three nucleotides called?they are called a codon58
8065669652What is translationTranslation is the process of turn an mRNA into a protein59
8065642091Where do light dependent reactions occur?They occur in the grana of chloroplasts60
8065629909Where do the electrons go after leaving photosystem IIthey go to photosystem I61
8065632104What are the three times gene regulation can occur?Pre-transcriptionally, post-transcriptionally, and post-translationally62
8065613269What does topoisomerase do?It cuts and rejoins the helix of DNA63
8065608826The region of bacterial DNA which regulates gene expression is called an _______Operon64
8063998732What are the 2 cofactors and how much ATP do they each have?NADH (produces 3 ATP) and FADH (produces 2 ATP).65
8065754688What happens after after the first cycle in PCR?There are two identical double-stranded DNA molecules.66
8065769256What happens after the second cycle in PCR?The two double-stranded DNA segments will be copied in four.67
8065774147What is this the Krebs Cycle also known as?Citric Acid Cycle68
8065771260What happens during the third position in an anticodon?the third position is said to experience wobble pairing. (things that don't normally bind will pair up)69
8066166242There is also another class of RNA, called __________, or _________. These are small snippets of RNA that are naturally made in the body or intentionally created by humans.interfering RNAs, RNAi70
8065856412The three main types of RNA are:messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA)71
8065788508Name the three ways RNA differs from DNA1. RNA is single-stranded 2. The five-carbon sugar in RNA is ribose 3. RNA uses uracil instead of thymine72
8090142988what does ATP means?adenosine triphosphate73
8090205033What process do organisms use to increase energy like breaking down ATP to power endergonic reactionsexergonic proces74
8065723991What is the Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)?A technique to make many copies of a specific DNA region in a test tube rather than an organism.75
8090152662what does ADP mean?adenosine diphosphate76
8065834143ChemiosmosisThe pumping of ions and diffusion of ions to create ATP77
8065846720What happens as a result of oxidative phosphorylation?(ETC)Electrons go through "oxidation", ADP is phosphorylated to create ATP.78
8065727031Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?Mitochondrial Matrix79
8065744617What three types of energy are produced in the Krebs Cycle?1 ATP, 3 NADPH, 1 FADH280
8065770850What creates the protein gradient during chemiosmosis?The pumping if hydrogen ions into the inter membrane space.81
8064033312What is another name for the Electron Transport ChainOxidative Phosphorylation82
8079110404What does light reaction produce?Light reaction is used to produce NAPH and ATP.83
8079143730When does photosynthesis occur?Chloroplast contains chlorophyll, then absorbs the light energy that is needed to make photosynthesis.84
8079195569what are the products of photosynthesis?Carbon Dioxide, Water, Glucose and Oxygen.85
8079263967How many groups are in the ribosome?There are three groups.86
8079284841What are the three phases of translation?Initiation, Elongation, and Termination.87
8090169897Are our transcripts monocistronic or polycistronic?Monocistronic88
8090184462What three phases are involved in Transcription?Initiation, Elongation, and Termination.89
8090138127True or False, RNA polymerase doesn't need a primer to transcribe DNA.True90
8155455915NucleotideMakes up DNA; has a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base91
8155465860DNADeoxyribose nucleic acid; blueprint of the cell92
8155469710DeoxyribosePentagon shaped sugar in DNA, linked to a phosphate and a nitrogenous base93
8155474599Nitrogenous baseIn DNA: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine In RNA: adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine94
8155487541Phosphodiester bondsBonds between sugars and the phosphates, Sugar-Phosphate Backbone of DNA95
8155492347Double HelixDNA forms into a long twisted ladder, called a double helix96
8155495813Who found the structure of DNA and when?Watson, Crick, and Franklin in 195397
8173291722What is the chemical formula for glycolysis?Glucose + 2 ATP + 2NAD+ - 2 Pyruvic acid + 4 ATP + 2NADH98
8173291723How much ATP does glycolysis make?4 ATP (2NADH, 2 pyruvate molecules)99
8173298240Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?Cytosol100
8173361810Where is pyruvic acid transported t?The mitochondrion101
8173379872What is the process of turning pyruvic acid into acetyl-CoA?Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex102
8173388284What are each pyruvic acid converted to?Acetyl Coenzyme A103
8173403374Gene rearrangements involve what kind of DNA sequence?Deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations104
8173413969What is frame mutation?a genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.105
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