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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

10160888960	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
10160888961	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
10160888962	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
10160888963	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
10160888964	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
10160888965	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
10160888966	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
10160888967	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
10160888968	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
10160888969	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
10160888970	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
10160888971	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
10160888972	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
10160888973	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
10160888974	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
10160888975	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
10160888976	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
10160888977	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
10160888978	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
10160888979	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
10160888980	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
10160888981	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
10160888982	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
10160888983	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
10160888984	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
10160888985	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
10160888986	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
10160888987	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
10160888988	theory	general idea being tested	28
10160888989	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
10160888990	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
10160888991	mode	appears the most	31
10160888992	mean	average	32
10160888993	median	middle	33
10160888994	range	highest - lowest	34
10160888995	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
10160888996	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
10160888997	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
10160888998	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
10160888999	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
10160889000	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
10160889001	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
10160889002	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
10160889194	neuron		43
10160889003	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
10160889004	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
10160889005	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
10160889006	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
10160889007	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
10160889008	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
10160889009	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
10160889010	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
10160889011	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
10160889012	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
10160889013	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
10160889014	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
10160889015	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
10160889016	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
10160889017	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
10160889018	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
10160889019	master gland	pituitary gland	60
10160889020	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
10160889021	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
10160889022	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
10160889023	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
10160889024	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
10160889025	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
10160889026	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
10160889027	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
10160889028	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
10160889029	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
10160889030	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
10160889031	hippocampus	process new memory	72
10160889032	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
10160889033	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
10160889034	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
10160889035	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
10160889036	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
10160889037	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
10160889038	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
10160889039	occipital lobe	vision	80
10160889040	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
10160889041	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
10160889042	Broca's area	speaking words	83
10160889043	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
10160889044	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
10160889045	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
10160889046	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
10160889047	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
10160889048	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
10160889049	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
10160889050	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
10160889051	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
10160889052	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
10160889053	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
10160889054	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
10160889055	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
10160889056	rods	night time	97
10160889057	cones	color	98
10160889058	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
10160889059	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
10160889060	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
10160889061	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
10160889062	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
10160889063	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
10160889064	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
10160889065	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
10160889066	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
10160889067	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
10160889068	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
10160889069	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
10160889070	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
10160889071	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
10160889072	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
10160889073	perception =	mood + motivation	114
10160889074	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
10160889075	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
10160889076	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
10160889077	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
10160889078	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
10160889079	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
10160889080	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
10160889081	insomnia	can't sleep	122
10160889082	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
10160889083	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
10160889084	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
10160889085	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
10160889086	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
10160889087	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
10160889088	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
10160889089	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
10160889090	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
10160889091	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
10160889092	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
10160889093	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
10160889094	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
10160889095	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
10160889096	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
10160889097	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
10160889098	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
10160889099	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
10160889100	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
10160889101	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
10160889102	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
10160889103	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
10160889104	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
10160889105	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
10160889106	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
10160889107	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
10160889108	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
10160889109	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
10160889110	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
10160889111	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
10160889112	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
10160889113	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
10160889114	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
10160889115	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
10160889116	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
10160889117	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
10160889118	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
10160889119	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
10160889120	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
10160889121	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
10160889122	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
10160889123	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
10160889124	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
10160889125	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
10160889126	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
10160889127	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
10160889128	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
10160889129	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
10160889130	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
10160889131	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
10160889132	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
10160889133	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
10160889134	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
10160889135	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
10160889136	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
10160889137	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
10160889138	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
10160889139	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
10160889140	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
10160889141	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
10160889142	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
10160889143	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
10160889144	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
10160889145	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
10160889146	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
10160889147	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
10160889148	encoding	information going in	189
10160889149	storage	keeping information in	190
10160889150	retrieval	taking information out	191
10160889151	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
10160889152	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
10160889153	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
10160889154	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
10160889155	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
10160889156	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
10160889157	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
10160889158	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
10160889159	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
10160889160	implicit memory	naturally do	201
10160889161	explicit memory	need to explain	202
10160889162	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
10160889163	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
10160889164	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
10160889165	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
10160889166	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
10160889167	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
10160889168	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
10160889169	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
10160889170	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
10160889171	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
10160889172	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
10160889173	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
10160889174	priming	association (setting you up)	215
10160889175	context	environment helps with memory	216
10160889176	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
10160889177	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
10160889178	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
10160889179	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
10160889180	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
10160889181	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
10160889182	children can't remember before age __	3	223
10160889183	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
10160889184	prototypes	generalize	225
10160889185	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
10160889186	against problem-solving	fixation	227
10160889187	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
10160889188	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
10160889189	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
10160889190	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
10160889191	grammar is _________	universal	232
10160889192	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
10160889193	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP World History: Review Flashcards

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9965332993	The Early Middle Ages 500-1000 CE	During this era Germanic tribes that had invaded the Roman empire settled into various parts of Europe. Most inhabitants of these kingdoms were pastoral nomads or subsistence farmers, and their political leaders were tribal chieftains. Very few people could read and write, little long-distance trade took place, and settlements were mainly villages and towns.	0
9965332994	The High Middle Ages 1000-1500 CE	About midway through the middle ages, signs of recovery began, accelerating especially after about 1200. Towns grew, small cities emerged, trade with other areas of the eastern hemisphere were established, and the social class system grew more complex with the emergence of a middle class. By the end of the era, the European renaissance was well entrenched in Italy and was spreading into Northern Europe.	1
9965332995	The Middle Ages	The economic system that evolved in Western Europe during early medieval times was manorialism, which defined both economic and political obligations between lords and present laborers. Most people were serfs who lived on and we're tired to self-sufficient agricultural estates (manors).	2
9965332996	Developments of the 19th century	At first, the serf's labor was difficult as they tried to use wooden plows for the heavy soil's of France and Germany, but during the 19th century a better plow with an iron plate, the moldboard, made the work a little easier. Another 19th century development was a new three fields system, which improved productivity through a rotation of crops that involved leaving 1/3 of the fields unplanted each year.	3
9965332997	Fourth century	The Roman Emperor Constantine moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople on the Bosporus between the black sea and the Mediterranean Sea. He converted to Christianity.	4
9965332998	Byzantine Empire	After the Western Roman empire fell, the eastern empire lived on for almost 1000 years, known during most of that time as the Byzantine Empire, after "Byzantium,", the town that Constantine renamed "Constantinople" as the capital city. The empire controlled eastern Mediterranean until the 12th century.	5
9965332999	The Byzantine Empire threats	The major political threat of the early Byzantine Empire was the Sassanid Empire to the east.	6
9965333000	Byzantine Empire emperor	The most important of the early Byzantine Emperor was Justinian, who ruled from 527 to 565 CE. Like Constantine, Justinian put a great deal of time, money, and effort into public buildings in Constantinople, most notably for the Hagia Sophia, or Church of Holy Wisdom, one of the most important examples of Christian architecture in the world.	7
9965400272	Previous to c. 600- c. 1400	Early inventions include camel saddles, stirrups, silk making techniques, and steel plow.	8
9965400273	c. 600- c. 1400	Soil has been depleted of its nutrients in most areas of the Roman empire, a factor that contributed to the decline of the civilization.	9
9965400274	How Islam spread	Islam was a missionary religion, deliberately spread by its adherents.	10
9965400275	Buddhism in China	Buddhism became a very important force in China during this era, and made its way to Korea, Japan, and south east Asia. Christianity became an important organizing force in most parts of Europe.	11
9965400276	c. 600- c. 1400	Technologies spread from their origins, and many more cultural exchanges took place.	12
9965400277	c. 600- c. 1400	Virtually all water and land trade routes grew more complex, bringing more goods to more people, but the spread of disease accelerated as well, with the appearance of the bubonic plague as an international epidemic in the 14th century.	13
9965400278	c. 600- c. 1400	In the Americas, Teotihuacan and Tenochtitlan also developed as cities, but they had no contact with the cities in the east. However, by the time the era ended in 1450, the world was already beginning to change as Europeans prepared to set sail on the Atlantic ocean.	14
9965400279	Arabic language within the Islam caliphate	One unifying force within the Islam caliphate was the widespread use of the Arabic language. Arabs borrowed an invention from China - paper - to share writing cheaply and easily, making the production of books possible.	15
9965400280	Poetry within Islam's golden age	Probably their greatest literary art was poetry, with thousands of poems created during Islam's golden age.	16
9965400281	Arabic numerals in India	Despite the implication of the name, Arabic numerals were an invention first devised in classical India. This system is a vast improvement over old numerical systems, such as Roman numerals, because it allows for calculations not possible before, particularly of large sums in the millions and billions. Muslims during the Abbasid age built on the Indian system to develop algebra, and to calculate distances of far away objects in the heavens, including those that form the Milky Way.	17
9965400282	Benefits of Christianity	Christianity, like Islam, provided order and organization that political leaders did not offer.	18
9965526024	When was Suez Canal completed?	1869	19

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AP World History - Continuities Flashcards

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9977930450	Period One and Two	Hunters and gatherers gradually migrated around the world.	0
9977930451	Period One and Two	Interactions among different groups were limited to groups that were near by. Interactions increased throughout the periods.	1
9977930452	Period One and Two	Geography and the environment interacted with human activities to shape changes and continuities during period one and two.	2
9977930453	Period One and Two	Period one and two are made up of two time periods distinguished by changes in the human lifestyle, which included marker events such as: the development of agriculture and early agricultural communities, and the appearance of the earliest urban-based societies	3
9977930454	Period Three	BELIEF SYSTEMS WERE UNIFYING FORCES FOR SOCIETIES: Islam rose as a universalizing religion and like Christianity and Buddhism, it spread from its origins to many different places to be embraced by people with different backgrounds. Buddhism became an important force in China as it made its way to Korea, Japan, and SE Asia. Christianity became an important organizing force in Europe.	4
9977930455	Period Three	CIVILIZATIONS SPREAD TO MANY PARTS OF THE GLOBE: Civilization spread to Sub- Saharan Africa, northern and western Europe, and Japan. The zones of civilization spread in the Americas, and some important civilizations came up in SE Asia. More nomads came into contact with civilization centers, and their groups peaked.	5
9977930456	Period Three	TRADE AND NUMEROUS NETWORKS INCREASED THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF NUMEROUS SOCIETIES: Tech spread from their origins, and more cultural exchanges took place. Most trade routes became more complex, which brought more goods to more people, but allowed diseases to spread more quickly as well, such as the bubonic plague	6
9977930457	Period Four	The two hemispheres of the world were joined in continuing contact, and world trade grew and only a few remained out of its influence.	7
9977930458	Period Four	The balance of power in the world changed as kingdoms of western Europe claimed lands of the Western Hemisphere and controlled older trade routes	8
9977930459	Period Four	Labor systems were transformed as slavery came into the new world and became more central to economic activities.	9
9977930460	Period Four	The natural environment changed as imported animals destroyed grasslands and altered farming habits. New crops meant soil conditions changed in many areas, and trees were cleared for farming. Population compositions changed as diseases spread to previously isolated people.	10
9977930461	Period Five	World was dominated by western civilizations, which based their power on tech innovations of the Industrial Revolution. Western states made commercial contacts through of steamships, railroads, and telegraph lines.	11
9977930462	Period Five	Industrialization changed life more than the economy. Industrialized countries experienced falling birth rates. Population movements from rural to urban areas continued, as well as from less to more industrialized countries. Cities grew and family size fell. Environment was altered as population and factories grew. Air pollution became a problem.	12
9977930463	Period Five	The British government model spread as the empire grew, and democratic government forms were spawned by major revolutions in N America and France. Absolutism was still in use, but Enlightenment ideals began to take root and spread	13
9977930464	Period Five	Inequality was a major source of interest. Slave systems were demolished by abolitionist movement, and other movements for equality began in industrialized states. Inequality grew between states as western countries gained power and economic resources at the expense of most other areas of the world, like Africa, Middle East, and China	14
9977930465	Period Six	Western Europe's position at the top of the world was broken after WWII and was replaced by the US and the Soviet Union. The Cold War ended in 1991 when the USSR fell	15
9977930466	Period Six	International organizations became increasingly important during this period, so that by the early 21st century, new power arrangement may be supplanting the political division of the world into nation-states.	16
9977930467	Period Six	Nationalism continues to be important, just like from 1750-1914. It has taken new patterns, as shown in fascism, decolonization, racism, genocide, and the breakup of the USSR	17
9977930468	Period Six	Like period 5, political revolutions characterize this period. Democratic values that inspired earlier revolutions have created waves of democratization that have impacted many more parts of the world than before.Radical movements that began during the 19th century offered important political offered important political alternatives to western liberal democracies.	18
9977930469	Period Six	Social reform and revolution continue during this period, with many effects, like the change in gender roles, peasant protests, the spread of Marxism, and religious fundamentalism.	19
9977930470	Period Six	The increasing interactions of societies that developed over the ages resulted in economic, tech, scientific, and cultural globalization	20
9977930471	Period Six	Demographic changes include a decrease in proportions of populations that live in western nations. Environmental changes continue as industrial and post- industrial development reach many parts of the globe	21

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AP World History Chapter 6 Flashcards

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7619461097	What nations does the Indian subcontinent encompass	Pakistan, nepal, bhutan, bangkedesh, india, and sri lanka	0
7619461098	Ecological zones of India	Mountainous northern zone, basins of Indus and Ganges rivers, southern peninsula, tropical coast	1
7619461099	Crop in India and where specifically is it grown	Rice in moist, flat Ganges plateau	2
7619461100	Has Indus Valley civilization writing been deciphered	No	3
7619461101	True, false	Ocean was not a barrier to travel & time	4
7619461102	What was Vedic age named after	Vedas, religious texts that are our main source of info during this period	5
7619461103	After collapse of Indus Valley civilization, no central authority	Became home to kinship groups	6
7619461104	New technologies made advance into Ganges plain possible	Iron tools, harder and sharper edge	7
7619461105	Stories about the Vedic era were preserved	by memorization and oral recitation	8
7619461106	Aryas	light skinned speakers of India eupopearan languages	9
7619461107	Dasas	Dark skinned speakers of Dravidian language	10
7619461108	Varna	Color classes were formed because skin color is concern of Indian society	11
7619461109	Brahmin	Priests and scholars	12
7619461110	Untouchables	people who lived outside the caste structure because of the impurity of their work	13
7619461111	Kshatriya	Warriors and officals	14
7619461112	Vaishya	Merchants, landowners	15
7619461113	Shudra	Peasants and laborers, dasas	16
7619461114	Brahmin priests taught that every living creature has immortal essence	The atman or breath	17
7619461115	The atman is	reborn into another body that depended on karma, or deeds	18
7619461116	Brahmanas	Descriptions of procedures for ritual and sacrifice	19
7619461117	Brahmins had power because	Link between gods and humans	20
7619461118	Woman experience in Vedic age	Might have studied sacred lore, hymns, rituals, married in late teens	21
7619461119	Dominant deities were	Male	22
7619461120	Moksha	Hindu concept of the spirits liberation from the endless cycles of rebirth	23
7619461121	Upanishads	Collection of a hundred mystical dialogues between teachers and disciples	24
7619461122	Threats to Vedic religion	Jainism and buddhism	25
7619461123	Jainism	Emphasizing holiness of the life force animating all luving creatures, para three strict nonviolence. Didn't eat bugs, ascetism, starved themselves	26
7619461124	Mahavira	Known to his followers as jina, established Jainism	27
7619461125	Who developed buddhism	Siddhartha Gautama, known as buddha or enlightened one, prince to wandering acestic	28
7619461126	Four noble truths	Life is suffering Suffering arises from desire Solution of suffering lies in curbing ones desire Desire can be curved if one follows the eightfold path	29
7619461127	People who followed Buddhism took vows of	Celibacy, nonviolence, and poverty	30
7619461128	Ultimate reward for Buddhism	Nirvana, snuffing out the flam	31
7619461129	When Buddha died, he left no final instructions,	just to be their own lamp	32
7619461130	Mahayana buddiphims	Embraced new principals and features	33
7619461131	Theravada Buddhism	Followed original teachings if the founder	34
7619461132	Vedic religion developed into	Hinduism	35
7619461133	Hinduism emphasized devotion to diety	Vishnu, shiva, or devi	36
7619461134	Puja	Service to the deity by clothing bathing feeding statue	37
7619461135	Hindus consider what river to be sacred	Ganges river	38
7619461136	There was a victory of Hinduism over Buddhism because	Hinduism responded to needs of people Buddhism demanded too much of people	39
7619461137	Maurayan empire	India's first centralized empire	40
7619461138	Maurayan empire was inspired by	Alexander the great	41
7619461139	Theory of foreign policy in maurayan empire	My enemies enemy is my friend	42
7619461140	Maurayan capital was	Pataliputra, where five tributaries join the Ganges	43
7619461141	Ashoka	a ruler of the Mauryan Empire who converted to Buddhism because of brutality of his conquests Chandra Gupta grandson	44
7619461142	Maurayan empire collapsed because	Dynastic disputes, expense of large army, administrative beurcracy, attacks from northwpeast	45
7619461143	New foreign powers dominated in northwest Greco Bactrian kingdom -	troops left in afganastan by alspexander the great	46
7619461144	New foreign powers dominated in northwest Large scale movement from	Pressure of han china on xiongu	47
7619461145	New foreign powers dominated in northwest Shakas	Iranian people driven along pamir and Himalayas	48
7619461146	Mahabharata	Tells stories of 2 cousins, pandavas and kaurayas whose quarrel over throne leads them to destructive battle . Winner - yudhishthira	49
7619461147	Baghavadita Gita	Self contained episode set in midst of those events Krishna reveals true identity as time in climax Offers resolution to tension in Indian society about duty to society and duty to ones soul	50
7619461148	What are the three Tamil kingdoms	Cholas, pandyas, cheras,	51
7619461149	What did the three Tamil kingdoms do	Always in conflict with one another lasted for 2000 years Classical period with great literacy and artistic	52
7619461150	Gupta empire	Powerful Indian state based	53
7619461151	What was Gupta empires capital	Also Pataliputra	54
7619461152	Chandra Gupta	Modeled himself as 1st maurayan king	55
7619461153	Wpdesciebe gupta	Sitting astride trade routes No centralized authority like mauryans Theatre state	56
7619461154	Achebievments of Gupta empire	Concept of zero Arabic numerals	57
7619461155	While muaryans were Buddhist, Gupta monarchs were	Hindus	58
7619461156	Gupta empire collapsed under	Pressure from huns	59
7619461157	Funan	1st major southeast Asian center Capital- modern day oc-ec	60
7619461158	Srivijan kingdom capital	Palembang	61
7619461159	Srivijan was a	Theater state	62
7619461160	Borodour	Was Largest human instruction in Southern Hemisphere, temple	63

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AP world history #3 Flashcards

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10752073524	Rock and Pillar Edicts	Definition: The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of more than thirty inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka as well as boulders and cave walls, made by Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire during his reign. Significance: The rock edicts are important sources for a modern understanding of ancient Indian political and religious history, particularly with regard to the influence of the Buddha's teachings on the king and, through him, on the people at large. Date: 269 BCE to 232 BCE	0
10752075156	Arabic Numerals	Definition: any of the numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Arabic numerals reached western Europe through Arabia, replacing Roman numerals, but probably originated in India. Significance: It helped create the way we use numbers today. Date: 1200 AD	1
10752075157	Han Dynasty	Definition: The Han Dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China. Significance: Its legacy, however, can be observed in China to this day. The Han Dynasty created things like the Silk Road, Iron technology, the wheelbarrow, etc... Date: 206 BC	2
10752076327	Satrap	Definition: Satraps were the governors of the provinces of the ancient Median and Achaemenid Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires. Significance: They helped keep the peace in the areas, while the supreme leader was not in that area. Date: The early 5th century BC	3
10752077433	Delian League	Definition: The Delian League (or Athenian League) was an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens. Significance: In 454 BC, Pericles moved the treasury from Delos to Athens, allegedly to protect it from Persia. Effectively, it turned the Delian League into the Athenian Empire. Date: 478 BCE	4
10752086936	Hellenism	Definition: The imitation or adoption of the ancient Greek language, thought, customs, art, etc.: the Hellenism of Alexandrian Jews. the characteristics of Greek culture, especially after the time of Alexander the Great; the civilization of the Hellenistic period. Significance: It spread Greek ideas and culture from the Eastern Mediterranean to Asia. Historians call this era the "Hellenistic period." Date: The Hellenistic Period is usually accepted to begin in 323 BC with Alexander's death and ends in 31 BC.	5
10752088363	Patricians	Definition: The patricians (from Latin: patricius) were originally a group of ruling class families in ancient Rome. Significance: The distinction between patricians and plebeians in Ancient Rome was based purely on birth. Date: 494 BC	6
10752090000	Plebeians	Definition: Plebeian, also spelled Plebian, Latin Plebs, plural Plebes, member of the general citizenry in ancient Rome as opposed to the privileged patrician class. Significance: They protected some basic rights of all Roman citizens regardless of their social class. Eventually, the plebeians were allowed to elect their own government officials. They elected "tribunes" who represented the plebeians and fought for their rights. They had the power to veto new laws from the Roman senate. Date: 494 BC	7
10752091382	Twelve Tables of Rome	Definition: The Twelve Tables was a set of laws inscribed on 12 bronze tablets created in ancient Rome. Significance: They were the beginning of a new approach to laws where they would be passed by the government and written down so that all citizens might be treated equally before them. Date: 450 B.C	8
10752094066	First Triumvirate	Definition: The First Triumvirate of ancient Rome was an uneasy alliance between the three titans Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus which dominated the politics of the Roman Republic. Significance: Date: From 60 BCE until 53 BCE	9
10752099589	Second Triumvirate	Definition: The Second Triumvirate was a political association of convenience between three of Rome's most powerful figures: Mark Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian in the 1st century BCE. Significance: Date: 43 BC	10
10752099651	Pax Romana	Definition: The Pax Romana (Roman Peace) was a period of relative peace and stability across the Roman Empire which lasted for over 200 years, beginning with the reign of Augustus. Significance: The main importance was that all of the land surrounding the Mediterranean was at peace because everyone was under Roman Law. Date: 27 BCE - 14 CE	11
10752101155	Paganism	Definition: Paganism is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for populations of the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, either because they were increasingly rural and provincial relative to the Christian population or because they were not miles Christi. Significance: The original pagans were followers of an ancient religion that worshiped several gods (polytheistic). Today, pagan is used to describe someone who doesn't go to synagogue, church, or mosque. It could be that they worship several gods at once, or they have no interest in a god at all. Date: It is crucial to stress right from the start that until the 20th century, people did not call themselves pagans to describe the religion they practiced.	12
10752101156	Christianity	Definition: Early Christianity is the history of Christianity in antiquity, from its origins until the First Council of Nicaea in 325. ... The early Gospel message spread orally, probably originally in Aramaic, but almost immediately also in Greek. Significance: Christianity is responsible for the way our society is organized and for the way we currently live. So extensive is the Christian contribution to our laws, our economics, our politics, our arts, our calendar, our holidays, and our moral and cultural priorities. Date: 1st century	13
10752102889	Edict of Milan	Definition: The Edict of Milan was a letter signed by the Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. Significance: A proclamation that permanently established religious toleration for Christianity within the Roman Empire. It was the outcome of a political agreement concluded in Milan between the Roman emperors Constantine I and Licinius in February 313. Date: February 313	14
10752104398	Zoroastrianism	Definition: The ancient pre-Islamic religion of Iran that survives there in isolated areas and, more prosperously, in India, where the descendants of Zoroastrian Iranian (Persian) immigrants are known as Parsis, or Parsees. Significance: It likely influenced the other major Western religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Date: 6th century	15
10752107245	Confucianism	Definition: The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. Significance: Confucian thought has a profound future significance in improving the role of the family in the society. Date: 551-479 BC	16
10752109283	Daoism/Taoism	Definition: Is a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao. Significance: Taoism differs from Confucianism by not emphasizing rigid rituals and social order. Date: Over a period of 200-300 years. c.400 B.C.	17
10752109284	Polytheism	Definition: Polytheism is the belief in many gods. Significance: Polytheism characterizes virtually all religions other than Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which share a common tradition of monotheism, the belief in one God. Date: 15th - 5th century BCE	18
10752111026	Legalism	Definition: Legalism in ancient China was a philosophical belief that human beings are more inclined to do wrong than right because they are motivated entirely by self-interest. Significance: The Han Dynasty reigned for a long time, from 202 BCE to 220 CE, and began many of the most important cultural advances in Chinese history, the opening of the Silk Road being only one of them. They originally kept a form of Legalism as their official philosophy but it was a much gentler version than that of the Qin. Date: 475-221 bce	19
10752111027	Hinduism	Definition: Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots and no single founder. Significance: The Om and Swastika are symbols of Hinduism. The Swastika, which represents good luck, later became associated with evil when Germany's Nazi Party made it their symbol in 1920. Hindus revere all living creatures and consider the cow a sacred animal. Food is an important part of life for Hindus Date: 2300 B.C. and 1500 B.C	20
10752113802	Buddhism	Definition: A religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) and later spreading to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia, holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment that enables one to halt the endless sequence of births and deaths. Significance: The word Buddha means "enlightened." The path to enlightenment is attained by utilizing morality, meditation and wisdom. Buddhists often meditate because they believe it helps awaken truth. Date: 6th century	21
10752113803	Judaism	Definition: The religion developed among the ancient Hebrews that stresses belief in God and faithfulness to the laws of the Torah: the religion of the Jewish people. Significance: Judaism, monotheistic religion developed among the ancient Hebrews. the first monotheistic religion. Date: 3500 years ago	22
10752115997	Theravada/Mahayana	Definition: Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism (often called northern Buddhism) are forms of Buddhism, a spiritual religion and philosophy created by Gautama Buddha (b. c. 566 b.c.e.) and followed by more than 700 million people worldwide. Significance: Theravada Buddhism is more conservative. It places importance on the original Pali language as the birth language of the Buddha. Pali is used in worship. Date: 1st century BCE or 1st century CE.	23

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AP literature Flashcards

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11496222607	oxymoron	contradictions put next to each other	0
11496237839	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	1
11496224784	apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	2
11496230768	Synecdoche	use a part to represent the whole	3
11496225855	anthropomorphism	Monkey King	4
11496248198	allusion	用典	5
11496834671	antithesis	对仗	6
11496839422	Polysyndeton	连词叠用法	7
11496842484	Asyndeton	连词省略法	8
11496954217	antimetabole	回环 regression 意思不变 I know that I like, and I like what I know	9
11496958340	Chiasmus	交叉法意思变 She looks good from far, but far from good	10
11496964698	Enjambment	the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza.	11
11496997032	Zeugma	a figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses	12

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AP Literature Flashcards

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10580904880	allegory	story or poem that can be used to reveal a hidden meaning	0
10580904881	alliteration	beginning of same letter or sound in closely connected words	1
10580904882	allusion	indirect of passing reference	2
10580904883	anaphora	repetition in first part of a sentence , to have an artistic meaning	3
10580904884	antagonist	a hostile person who is opposed to another character	4
10580904885	apostrophe	figure of speech used to adresss an imaginary character	5
10580904886	approximate rhyme	words in rhyming pattern that sound alike	6
10580904887	aside	when a character's dialogue is spoken but not heard by other actors on the stage	7
10580904888	assonance	repetition of vowel sounds	8
10580904889	blank verse	poetry written in meter without an ending rhyme	9
10580904890	cacophony	blend of unharmonious sounds	10
10580904891	caesura	pause in the middle of a line	11
10580904892	catharsis	the release of emotions through art (emotional cleanse)	12
10580904893	flat character	story character who have no depth, usually has one personality or characteristic	13
10580904894	round character	character who has complex personality: contradicted person	14
10580904895	dynamic character	changes throughout the story, through major conflict	15
10580904896	static character	person who doesn't change throughout story keeps same personality	16
10580904897	characterization	process of revealing characters personality	17
10580904898	climax	point where conflict hits its highest point	18
10580904899	comedy	drama that is amusing or funny	19
10580904900	conflict	struggle between opposing forces	20
10580904901	connotation	secondary meaning to a word	21
10580904902	consonance	repetition of same consonant in words close together	22
10580904903	couplet	two rhyming lines in a verse	23
10580904904	denotation	the literal meaning of a word	24
10580904905	denouement	final outcome of the story	25
10580904906	deus ex machina	resolution of a plot by chance or coincidence	26
10580904907	didactic writing	writing with a primary purpose to teach or preach	27
10580904908	direct presentation of character	author telling the reader how a character is and what actions it will do further in the story	28
10580904909	double rhyme	rhyme where the repeated vowel is in the second last syllable of words involved (ex; born scorn)	29
10580904910	dramatic exposition	prose commentaries, to provide background information about the characters and their world	30
10580904911	end rhyme	rhymes occurring at the end of line	31
10580904912	end stopped line	line ending in regular punctuation	32
10580904913	English sonnet	a sonnet rhyming ababcdcdededgg	33
10580904914	epiphany	when a character receives a spiritual insight into they life	34
10580904915	euphony	smooth choice and arrangement of sounds	35
10580904916	extended figure	A figure of speech sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem.	36
10580904917	falling action	Events after the climax, leading to the resolution	37
10580904918	feminine rhyme	lines rhymed by their final two syllables	38
10580904919	figurative language	Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.	39
10580904920	figure of speech	a way of saying something other than the ordinary way	40
10580904921	foot	basic unit in the scansion or measurement of verse , stressed and un stressed syllables	41
10580904922	form	external pattern or shape of a poem	42
10580904923	free verse	Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme	43
10580904924	hamartia	tragic flaw which causes a character's downfall	44
10580904925	imagery	Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)	45
10580904926	indirect presentation of character	the personality of a character is revealed by what he or she does or says	46
10580904927	internal rhyme	A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line	47
10580904928	irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	48
10580904929	verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant	49
10580904930	dramatic irony	Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.	50
10580904931	irony of situation	refers to an occurrence that is contrary to what is expected or intended	51
10580904932	italian sonnet	A sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd	52
10580904933	masculine rhyme	A rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable	53
10580904934	melodrama	a play based upon a dramatic plot and developed sensationally	54
10580904935	metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	55
10580904936	meter	A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	56
10580904937	metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it	57
10580904938	motivation	A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior	58
10580904939	narrator	Person telling the story	59
10580904940	octave	8 line stanza	60
10580904941	onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents.	61
10580904942	hyperbole	A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor	62
10580904943	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	63
10580904944	paradox	A contradiction or dilemma	64
10580904945	paraphrase	A restatement of a text or passage in your own words.	65
10580904946	personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	66
10580904947	plot	Sequence of events in a story	67
10580904948	point of view	The perspective from which a story is told	68
10580904949	omniscient point of view	The point of view where the narrator knows everything about the characters and their problems - told in the 3rd person.	69
10580904950	third person limited point of view	narrator tells the story from only one character's pov	70
10580904951	first person point of view	a character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself	71
10580904952	objective point of view	a narrator who is totally impersonal and objective tells the story, with no comment on any characters or events.	72
10580904953	protagonist	Main character	73
10580904954	quatrain	A four line stanza	74
10580904955	rhythm	A regularly recurring sequence of events or actions.	75
10580904956	rhyme scheme	A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem	76
10580904957	rising action	Events leading up to the climax	77
10580904958	sarcasm	the use of irony to mock or convey contempt	78
10580904959	satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	79
10580904960	scansion	Analysis of verse into metrical patterns	80
10580904961	sestet	6 line stanza	81
10580904962	setting	The context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.	82
10580904963	simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	83
10580904964	soliloquy	A long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage	84
10580904965	sonnet	14 line poem	85
10580904966	stanza	A group of lines in a poem	86
10580904967	stream of consciousness	private thoughts of a character without commentary	87
10580904968	syllabic verse	Verse measured by the number of syllables rather than the number of feet per line.	88
10580904969	symbol	A thing that represents or stands for something else	89
10580904970	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	90
10580904971	synesthesia	describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")	91
10580904972	tercet	3 line stanza	92
10580904973	terza rima	a verse form with a rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc, etc.	93
10580904974	theme	Central idea of a work of literature	94
10580904975	tone	Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character	95
10580904976	tragedy	A serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character	96
10580904977	truncation	Utilizing a melody with part of the end omitted.	97
10580904978	understandment	the deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis	98
10580904979	verse	A single line of poetry writing arranged with a metrical rhythm, typically having a rhyme	99
10580904980	vilanelle	a nineteen-line poem with two rhymes throughout, consisting of five tercets and a quatrain, with the first and third lines of the opening tercet recurring alternately at the end of the other tercets and with both repeated at the close of the concluding quatrain.	100