AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AP World History CH. 16-18 Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5640249259caravelsSlender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia.0
5640249260sea based empiresSpain, England, France, Dutch1
5640249261British East India CompanyA joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.2
5640249262Columbian ExchangeAn exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.3
5640249263Prince Henry the Navigator(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.4
5640249264John Locke17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.5
5640249265Vasco da GamaPortuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.6
5640249266Christopher ColumbusAn Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.7
5640249267Ferdinand Magellan(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.8
5640249268BoersAlso known as Afrikaners, the sector of the white population of South Africa that was descended from early Dutch settlers.9
5640249269Cape ColonyDutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus.10
5640249270Francisco Pizarro-Spanish conquistador, conquered incans11
5640249271conquistadorsEarly-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)12
5640249272Hernando CortesSpanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)13
5640249273Montezuma IIthe last Aztec emperor in Mexico who was overthrown and killed by Hernando Cortes (1466-1520)14
5640249274AtahualpaLast ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438)15
5640249275mercantilismAn economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought16
5640249276Louis XIV(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.17
5640249277VersaillesA palace built for Louis XIV near the town of Versailles, southwest of Paris. It was built around a chateau belonging to Louis XIII, which was transformed by additions in the grand French classical style18
5640249278Adam Smith1723- 1790; Scottish; "Wealth of Nations"; first economist; "laissez-faire capitalism"; not completely against govt regulation; pro free trade; let individuals pursue own interest; attacks mercantilism- peep do thinks out of self interest (baker); prices should be fluctuated on just supply & demand- not what gov't say it is; philosophe; not hard-core conservative (gov't does have part); didn't trust businessmen; economics should have an economic (not military) end goal; skilled workforce and strong infrastructure determines power of country- not how much stacks of gold you have; colonization is dumb19
5640249279absolute monarchyA system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power20
5640249280constitutional monarchyA form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body.21
5640249281Protestant Reformation16th century series of religious actions which led to establishment of the Protestant churches. Led by Martin Luther22
5640249282Catholic Reformation (or "Counter Reformation")The Catholic hierarchy realized that they were losing lots of their people and their control so they decided to change the church to maintain some power23
5640249283JesuitsA religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the CHurch during the Counter-Reformation. Founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534, these "soldiers of the Counter-Reformation" were committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation.24
5640249284The Enlightenment (the European philosophical movement)17th and 18th centuries. period of time when people started questioning religious dogmas and emphasizing scientific reasoning and knowledge.25
5640249285Johannes Gutenberg1400-1468. German goldsmith and printer who is credited with inventing movable printing type in Europe abround 1439. Created the 42-line Gutenberg Bible, noted for its high aesthetic and technical quality. HIs printing technology was a key factor in the European Renaissance, and is considered on eof the most important inventions of all time.26
5640249286Niccolo Machiavelli(1469-1527) Italian historian, statesman, and political philosopher of the Renaissance. His greatest work is The Prince, a book of political advice to rulers in which he describes the methods that a prince should use to acquire and maintain political power. This book was used to defend policies of despotism and tyranny. Machiavelli wrote that a ruler should take any action to remain in power, or that "the ends justifies the means."27
5640249287The Renaissance- rebirth of interest in Greek and Roman (classical) ideas, literature and ar28
5640249288Martin Luther95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.29
5640249289The 95 ThesesIn 1517 Martin Luther compiled this list of arguments against the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences (and possibly posted this list on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg) -- They initiated the conflict with the pope that ultimately led to the Lutheran split from the Catholic Church30
5640249290Edict of Nantes1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.31
5640249291Isaac NewtonDefined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.32
5640249292Scientific RevolutionA major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.33
5640249293Galileo GalileiItalian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars34
5640249294Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543) Polish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went around it. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory.35
5640249295King Henry VIII (of England)King of England from 1509 to 1547 and founder of the Church of England; he broke with the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him a divorce.36
5640249296Time of Troubles1604-1613, During which the Russian nobles elected series of tsars a tried to demand their liberties. Contending factions and civil war. Finally in 1613 national assembly elected a 17 year old boy as tsar - start of Romanov dynasty.37
5640249297Romanov DynastyDynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917.38
5640249298CossacksA southern Russian band of peasant "warriors" who were treated poorly before they ran away. Later became and elite, somewhat powerful force.39
5640249299Czar Peter the Greatbrought back compulsory service which gave specific jobs to specific groups, brought western ideas to Russia, constant warfare with Turks and Sweds, made having beards a crime to show power over church/modernize and westernize country, founded St. Petersburg and made it his capital, killed son Alexis40
5640249300Empress Catherine the Great (of Russia)Russian ruler admired by the philosophes; took steps to modernize and reform Russia; put limited reforms in place, but did little to improve the lives of the Russian peasants; gave nobles absolute power over serfs because she needed the nobles' support (just crushed them in a rebellion); fought to gain access to the Black Sea against Ottoman Turks and expanded empire into Poland became ruler after death of peter the 341
5640249301westernizationAn adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries.42
5640249302Pugachev RebellionEugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed43
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History Chapter 4 Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
10801792676DaoThe way of nature; an unchanging principle that governs natural phenomenons0
10801792677Yin and YangA belief in the unity of opposites1
10874289914WuConfucian physical and martial qualities2
10874292673WenConfucian qualities of rationality and literacy3
10874298669Laozi6th century bce archivist who wrote the beginnings of Daoism until his disappearance into the wild on a water buffalo4
10892491174Saint PaulAn early convert to Christianity; a missionary; spread Christianity and established Christian communities throughout the Roman Empire5
10893911652ZoroasterGreek version of the name Zarathustra6
10893932946Ahura MazdaThe one god in Zoroastrianism7
10893985179Free-willThe ability to make choices and act on one's own voluntarily.8
10894028555YahwehThe Jewish name for their one and only God9
10894028556KosherFood or food preparation methods that are in accordance with the Jewish law10
10894042313AnalectsConfucius's teachings written down by his students after his death.11
10895197401VedasSacred Hindu texts from about 600 B.C.E. that are made up of poems, hymns, prayers, and rituals.12
10895201534Period of Warring StatesA period in China after the fall of the Zhou Dynasty from 500-221 B.C.E. that was full of chaos, violence, and disharmony due to the lack of political unity.13
10895206309AristotleStudent of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; commented and wrote on everything14
10895210582SocratesAthenian philosopher who walked about the city15
10895214594PlatoSketched out the Republic design for good society16
10895224639Jesus of NazarethA young Jewish carpenter who lived in the province of Judea in the Roman Empire; believed to be the Son of God; inspired the religion of Christianity17
10897046270ConfuciusA educated, ambitious aristocrat who spent much of life looking for a political position to put his ideas into practices. (551-479 B.C.E.)18
10897061885EnlightenmentA state in which individual identity would be extinguished along with greed, hatred, and delusion19
10897064396MonasticismA religious way of life which involves leaving behind worldly pursuits and devoting oneself to spiritual activity20
10897079293DiasporaThe scatter of the Jews outside of Israel and Palestine, after the Babylonian exile.21
10898409944Deitiesa god or goddess22
10898413156Samsarathe cycle of life and rebirth in Hinduism23
10898418726KarmaThe belief that actions in this life, whether good or bad, will decide your place in the next life.24
10898419439MokshaThe Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.25
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Literature Vocabulary #16 Literary Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8709155008chiasmus *ex:* Coleridge: "Flowers are lovely, love is flowerlike."In poetry, a type of rhetorical balance in which the second part is syntactically balanced against the first, but with the parts reversed. In prose, this is called *antimetabole*0
8709161915caesura *ex:* Alexander Pope: "To err is human, to forgive divine." One would naturally pause after "human"a natural pause or break; a pause, usually near the middle of a line of verse, usually indicated by the sense of the line, and often greater than the normal pause.1
8709166647enjambment *ex:* Milton's Paradise Lost: "... Or if Sion hill / Delight thee more, and Siloa's brook that flowered / Fast by the oracle of God ..."the continuation of the sense and grammatical construction from one line of poetry to the next2
8709168248kenning *ex:* King: "ring-giver"; Ocean: "whale-road"a device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions or qualities3
8709171770meterthe repetition of a regular rhythmic unit in a line of poetry. Emphasizes the musical quality of the language and often relates directly to the subject matter of the poem. Each unit is known as a foot.4
8709175249poetic foot *ex:* Poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge illustrates all of these feet except the pyrrhic foot: "Trochee trips from long to short. / From long to long in solemn sort / Slow Spondee stalks; strong foot! yet ill able Ever to come up with Dactyl trisyllable. / Iambics march from short to long; / With a leap and a bound the swift Anapests throng.a group of syllables in verse usually consisting of one accented syllable and one or two unaccented syllables associated with it. The most common type are as follows: iambic u /; trochaic / u; anapestic u u /; dactylic / u u; pyrrhic u u; spondaic / /5
8709185705Scansiona system for describing the meter of a poem by identifying the number and type(s) of feet per line. Following are the most common types of meter: monometer: one foot per line dimeter: two feet per line trimeter: three feet per line tetrameter: four feet per line pentameter: five feet per line hexameter: six feet per line heptameter: seven feet per line octameter: eight feet per line iambic pentameter: a line consisting of five iambic feet anapestic tetrameter: a line consisting of four anapestic feet *In order to determine the meter of a poem, the lines are scanned, or marked to indicate stressed and unstressed syllables which are then divided into feet.*6
8709198376devices of soundthe techniques of deploying the sound of words, especially in poetry. Among devices of sound are *rhyme, alliteration, assonance, consonance, and onomatopoeia.* The devices are used for many reasons, including *to create a general effect of pleasant or of discordant sound, to imitate another sound, or to reflect a meaning.* *rhythm*: a rise and fall of the voice produced by the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in language. *feminine rhyme*: a rhyme of two syllables, one stressed and one unstressed, as waken and forsaken and audition and rendition. Feminine rhyme is sometimes called double rhyme. *masculine rhyme*: rhyme that falls on the stressed and concluding syllables of the rhyme-words. Examples include keep and sleep, glow and no, and spell and impel. *eye rhyme*: rhyme that appears correct from spelling, but is half-rhyme or slant rhyme from the pronunciation. Examples include watch and match, and love and move. *internal rhyme*- rhyme that occurs within a line, rather than at the end. The following lines contain internal rhyme: Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary, / Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore / While I nodded, nearly napping. . suddenly there came a tapping . . . . *end-stopped*- a line with a pause at the end. Lines that end with a period, a comma, a colon, a semicolon, an exclamation point, or a question mark are end-stopped lines. True ease in writing comes from Art, not Chance, / As those move easiest who have learned to dance.7
8709209103types of poemsa composition in verse, especially one that is characterized by a highly developed artistic form and by the use of heightened language and rhythm to express an intensely imaginative interpretation of the subject. *Elegy*: a poem of mourning, usually about someone who has died. A *Eulogy* is great praise or commendation, a laudatory speech, often about someone who has died. *Epic*: a long narrative poem, written in heightened language , which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society. *Free verse*: poetry that does not conform to a regular meter or rhyme scheme. *Lyric poem*: a poem that does not tell a story but expresses the personal feelings or thoughts of the speaker. A *ballad* tells a story. any short poem that presents a single speaker who expresses thoughts and feelings. Love lyrics are common, but lyric poems have also been written on subjects as different as religion and reading. *Sonnets and odes* are lyric poems *narrative poem*: a non-dramatic poem which tells a story or presents a narrative, whether simple or complex, long or short. *Epics and ballads* are examples of narrative poems. *Didactic poem*: a poem which is intended primarily to teach a lesson. The distinction between didactic poetry and non-didactic poetry is difficult to make and usually involves a subjective judgment of the author's purpose on the part of the critic or the reader. Alexander Pope's Essay on Criticism is a good example of didactic poetry. *dramatic poem*: a poem which employs a dramatic form or some element or elements of dramatic techniques as a means of achieving poetic ends. The *dramatic monologue* is an example.8
8709223405structurethe arrangement of materials within a work; the relationship of the parts of a work to the whole; the logical divisions of a work. The most common units of structure in a poem are the *line and stanza*. *stanza*- usually a repeated grouping of three or more lines with the same meter and rhyme scheme *refrain*: a word, phrase, line, or group of lines that is repeated, for effect, several times in a poem. *blank verse*- unrhymed iambic pentameter. Blank verse is the meter of most of Shakespeare's plays, as well as that of Milton's Paradise Lost. *couplet*- a two-line stanza, usually with end-rhymes the same. *octave*- an eight-line stanza. Most commonly, octave refers to the first division of an Italian sonnet. *quatrain*- a four-line stanza with any combination of rhymes; a four-line stanza with any combination of rhymes. *rhyme royal*- a seven-line stanza of iambic pentameter rhymed ababbcc, used by Chaucer and other medieval poets. *sestet*- a six-line stanza. Most commonly, sestet refers to the second division of an Italian sonnet. *sonnet*- normally a fourteen-line iambic pentameter poem. The conventional Italian, or Petrarchan sonnet is rhymed abba, abba, cde, cde; the English, or Shakespearean, sonnet is rhymed abab, cdcd, efef, gg. *tercet*- a stanza of three lines in which each line ends with the same rhyme. *terza rima*- a three-line stanza rhymed aba, bcb, cdc,etc. Dante's Divine Comedy is written in terza rima. *villanelle*- a nineteen-line poem divided into five tercets and a final quatrain. The villanelle uses only two rhymes which are repeated as follows: aba, aba, aba, aba, aba, abaa. Line 1 is repeated entirely to form lines 6, 12, and 18, and line 3 is repeated entirely to form lines 9, 15, and 19; thus, eight of the nineteen lines are refrain. Dylan Thomas's poem "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night" is an example of a villanelle.9
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Literature Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
10689132882EUPHEMISMa mild indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.0
10689132883ALLEGORYstory or poem in whichcharacters, settings, and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities.1
10689132884ALLUSIONreference to someone or something that is known from history, literature, religion, politics, sports, science, or another branch of culture. An indirect reference to something from literature, etc.)2
10689132885MICROCOSMcommunity, place, or situation regarded as encapsulating in miniature the characteristic qualities or features of something much larger3
10689132886AMBIGUITYdeliberately suggesting two different, and sometimes conflicting meanings in a work. An event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way- -this is done on purpose by the author, when it is not done on purpose, it is vagueness, and detracts from the work.4
10689132887ANTAGONISTopponent who struggles against or blocks the hero, or protagonist, in a story5
10689132888PROTAGONISTchief, main, or leading character in a work.6
10689132889CHARACTERIZATIONthe process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character7
10689132890INDIRECT CHARACTERIZATIONthe author reveals to the reader what the character is like by describing how the character looks and dresses, by letting the reader hear what the character says. by revealing the character's thoughts and feelings, by revealing the characters private thoughts and feelings, by revealing the character on other people (showing how other characters feel or behave toward the character), or by showing the character in action. Common in modern literature8
10689132891DIRECT CHARACTERIZATIONthe author tells us directly what the character is like : sneaky generous. mean to pets and so on. Romantic style literature relied more heavily on this form.9
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!