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Flashcards

AP World History: Module 10 PK Flashcards

11738843268	Champa Rice	Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season; introduced into Champa from India	0
11738843269	Quipu	An elaborate recording system using knotted cords	1
11738843270	Ulama	Muslim religious scholars; primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies	2
11738843271	Sharia	Law of Islam; provides the foundation of Islamic civilization	3
11738843272	Hadith	A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law	4
11738843273	Madrasa	Type of religious college that gained sudden popularity outside Iran	5
11738843274	Schism	A formal split within a religious community	6
11738843275	Hagia Sophia	"Scared Wisdom" cathedral that dates to the reign of Justinian in Constantinople	7
11738843276	Cyrillic	A writing system that came to be used by Slavic Christians adhering to the Orthodox (Byzantine) right	8
11738843277	Grand Canal	The 1100 mile waterway linking the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers; begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire	9
11738843278	Shamanism	The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community; found in the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and in early societies in Central Asia	10
11738843279	Lama	A teacher (in Tibetan Buddhism)	11
11738843280	Water Margin	An early novel that features Chinese bandits who struggle under Mongol rule	12
11738843281	Porcelain	Highly valued pottery; traded to many other areas of the world	13
11738843282	Great Western Schism	A divide in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1415, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon	14
11738843283	Khipus	System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information	15
11738843284	Slavs	Indo-European peoples that had lived in Eastern Europe, very much in the paths of the east to west migrations that scattered them over the years	16
11738843285	Quechua	Native language that Incans spoke	17
11738843286	Toltecs	Powerful postclassic state in central Mexico that influenced much of Mesoamerica; Aztecs later claimed ties to this civilization	18
11738843287	Chichen Itza	Maya postclassic center; this center and Tula have similar decorative motifs, architecture, and urban planning	19
11738843288	Cholula	Developed around the same time as Teotihuacan; situated to serve as a trade center and religious pilgrimage destination	20
11738843289	Anasazi	Important culture of what is now the southwest United States; centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado; this culture built multistory residences and worshiped in subterranean buildings (kivas)	21
11738843290	Chiefdom	Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns; less powerful than kingdoms and empires and based on gift giving and commercial links	22
11738843291	Hopewell	Culture that spread throughout the Ohio River Valley; these people constructed large villages and monumental earthworks; depended on hunting and gathering and on a limited agriculture	23
11738843292	Mississippian	Influenced by Hopewell culture; reached its highest stage of evolution at the urban center of Cahokia	24
11738843293	Cahokia	Great urban center located near the modern city of East St. Louis, Illinois; served as a religious center and pilgrimage site	25
11738843294	Tiwanaku	Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia	26
11738843295	Wari	Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, possibly beginning as a colony of Tiwanaku	27
11738843296	Chimu	A powerful civilization that developed on the northern coast of Peru from about 1200 to its conquest by an Inca empire in the 1470s; capital city was Chan Chan	28
11738843297	Umayyad Caliphate	First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs; overthrown by Abbasid Caliphate	29
11738843298	Abbasid Caliphate	Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas; overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad	30
11738843299	Mamluks	Turkic military slaves that formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries; eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria	31
11738843300	Ghana	First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries; also modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast	32
11738843301	Fatimid Dynasty	Members who claimed to be Shi'ite Imams descended from Ali; established in Tunisia 909	33
11738843302	Al-Andalus	Iberian territories that the Muslims ruled; rulers took the title of caliph in 929 when Abd al-Rahman III did so in response to a similar declaration by the newly established Fatimid ruler in Tunisia	34
11738843303	Seljuk Turks	Family that established a Turkish Muslim state based on nomadic power	35
11738843304	Tughril Beg	Seljuk ruler who created a kingdom that stretched from northern Afghanistan to Baghdad	36
11738843305	Battle of Manzikert	Seljuk Turks vs. Byzantines; Seljuks beat the Byzantines, who fell back on Constantinople, leaving Anatolia open to Turkish occupation	37
11738843306	Salah-al-Din	Took advantage of Nur al-Din's timely death to seize power and unify Egypt and Syria; recaptured Jerusalem from Europeans and took the title Khadim al-Haramain	38
11738843307	Battle of Ain Jalut	Mamluks vs. Mongols; Mamluks defeated Mongols, stemming an invasion that had begun several decades before and legitimized their claim to dominion over Egypt and Syria	39
11738843308	Charlemagne	King of the Franks and emperor; through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy	40
11738843309	Medieval	"Middle age"; term used for period around 500-1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance	41
11738843310	Byzantine Empire	Eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward; capital city was Constantinople; fell to the Ottomans in 1453	42
11738843311	Kievan Russia	State established at Kiev in Ukraine around 880 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population	43
11738843312	Justinian	Byzantine emperor who ordered the collection of all Roman imperial edicts in a massive law code; Hagia Sophia cathedral dates to the time of his rule	44
11738843313	Corpus Juris Civilis	Body of Civil Law; collection of all Roman imperial edicts	45
11738843314	Kiev	Capital city of medieval Russia; taken over by Varangians around 880	46
11738843315	Novgorod	Important city during medieval times in Russia	47
11738843316	Vladimir I	A ruler of Novgorod; returned from exile to Kiev with a band of Varangians and made himself the grand prince of Kievan Russia	48
11738843317	Sui Dynasty	China reunified under this dynasty; the Grand Canal was finished during this dynasty; military ambition required a lot of organization and resources, along with their public works projects, eventually leading to military defeat and assassination of the second Sui emperor	49
11738843318	Li Shimin	One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor; led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia	50
11738843319	Tang Empire	Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded in 618 and ended in 907; these emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital of Chang'an	51
11738843320	Battle of the Talas River	Tang were defeated by an Arab Muslim army in this battle	52
11738843321	Chang'an	Capital of Tang empire; named in honor of the old Han capital; population of about 2 million	53
11738843322	Tributary System	A system in which countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China in exchange for trading rights or strategic alliances	54
11738843323	Empress Wu	Seized control of the government in 690 and declared herself the emperor, basing her legitimacy on claiming to be a bodhisattva	55
11738843324	Eunuchs	Castrated palace servants	56
11738843325	An Lushan Rebellion	Led by a Tang general who led about 200,000 soldiers; lasted for about 8 years and resulted in new powers for the provincial military governors who helped suppress it	57
11738843326	Silla Dynasty	Kingdom in southeast of the Korean Peninsula; defeated the southwestern kingdom of Paekche	58
11738843327	Koryo	Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259	59
11738843328	Yamato Period	Period when the Japanese court ruled from the Yamato province	60
11738843329	Taika Reforms	Reforms that gave this regime the key features of Tang government; there was a legal code, official variety of Confucianism, and an official reverence for Buddhism blended in with the local recognition of indigenous and immigrant chieftains as territorial administrators	61
11738843330	Nara Period	During this period, the rulers expanded their small regime outward from central Japan; did this by sending an army led by the shogun into regions on the peripheries of the Japanese islands	62
11738843331	Heian Period	Period when rulers continued to expand their regime outward from central Japan	63
11738843332	Fujiwara Clan	Aristocratic family that dominated the Japanese imperial court between the ninth and twelfth centuries	64
11738843333	Kamakura Shogunate	The first of Japan's decentralized military governments	65
11738843334	Annam/Da Viet	Early Vietnam; adopted Confucian bureaucratic training, Mahayana Buddhism, and other aspects of Chinese culture; elites continued to rule in the Tang style after that dynasty's fall	66
11738843335	Trung Sisters	Lived in Vietnam and led local farmers in resistance against the Han Empire	67
11738843336	Il-Khan	A "secondary" khan based in Persia; the khanate was founded by Hulegu, and was based at Tabriz in the Iranian province of Azerbaijan; controlled much of Iran and Iraq	68
11738843337	Golden Horde	Mongol khanate founded by Chinngis Khan's grandson Batu; based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam	69
11738843338	Timur	Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Chagatai Khanate; through conquest gained control of much of Central Asia and Iran; consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox	70
11738843339	Alexander Nevskii	Prince of Novgorod; submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde	71
11738843340	Ivan III	Prince of Moscow who established himself as an autocratic ruler	72
11738843341	Tsar	Russian title for a monarch first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III	73
11738843342	Teutonic Knights	German-speaking order of Christian warriors who sought to Christianize the pagan populations of northern Europe and colonize their territories with German settlers; also fought against other Christians	74
11738843343	Ottoman Empire	Islamic state founded by Oscan in northwestern Anatolia; after the fall of the Byzantine Empire it was based at Istanbul and encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe	75
11738843344	Yuan Dynasty	Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan	76
11738843345	Khubilai Khan	Last of the Mongol Great Khans and founder of the Yuan Empire	77
11738843346	Beijing	China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China	78
11738843347	Zhu Yuanhang	Chinese leader who mounted a campaign that destroyed the Yuan Empire and brought China under the control of his new empire, the Ming	79
11738843348	Ming Empire	Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire; later years of this empire saw a slowdown in technological development and economic decline	80
11738843349	Nanjing	New capital on the Yangzhou River, used by Hongwu instead of the northern capital of Beijing	81
11738843350	Yongle	Third emperor of the Ming Empire; sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel	82
11738843351	Magna Carta	Document that affirmed that monarchs were subject to established law, confirmed the independence of the church and the city of London, and guaranteed the nobles' hereditary rights; signed in 1215 by King John	83
11738843352	Hundred Years' War	Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families	84
11738843353	New Monarchies	Term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450-1600; centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits	85
11738843354	Reconquest of Iberia	Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims; last Muslim ruler defeated in 1492, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms	86
11738843355	Ferdinand and Isabella	Married and united the two kingdoms of Aragon and Castile; conquest of Granada in 1492 secured the final piece of the Muslim territory for the new kingdom	87
11738843356	Janissaries	Christian prisoners of war enslaved and converted to Islam	88
11738843357	Devshirme	Regular levy of male children on Christian villages in the Balkans; children were placed with Turkish families to learn their language and then sent to Istanbul for instruction in Islam and military training	89
11738843358	Mexica	Northern peoples who pushed into central Mexico in the wake of the Toltec collapse	90
11738843359	Tenochtitlan	Capital of the Aztec Empire; population was about 125,000 on the eve of the Spanish conquest	91
11738843360	Tlateloco	One of the twin capitals; part of the foundation for modern Mexico City	92
11738843361	Aztecs	Created a powerful empire in central Mexico; forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax	93
11738843362	Tribute System	A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor; forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities; an important component of Aztec and Inca economies	94
11738843363	Inca	Largest and most powerful Andean empire	95
11738843364	Cuzco	Had a population of less than 30,000 in 1530; home of the Incas, who were highly skilled stone craftsmen and constructed impressive buildings of stone	96
11738843365	Caesaropapism	Emperor ruled as both secular lord and religious leader	97
11738843366	Teotihuacan	A large city with several impressive temples that controlled central Mexico for many years; developed agricultural techniques that allowed them to successfully raise crops in the tropics	98
11738843367	Olmecs	Civilization that existed in central Mexico by 800BCE	99
11738843368	Toltecs	Powerful group in central Mexico who established a capital at Tula; came to control much of the area around them; fell at around end of the twelfth century	100
11738843369	Dar al Islam	Islamic lands	101
11738843370	Delhi Sultanates	Muslim sultanate based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years	102
11738843371	Pochtecas	People who acted as imperial spies	103

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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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10500367531	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
10500367532	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
10500367533	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
10500367534	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
10500367535	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
10500367536	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
10500367537	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
10500367538	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
10500367539	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
10500367540	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
10500367541	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
10500367542	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
10500367543	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
10500367544	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
10500367545	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	14
10500367546	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	15
10500367547	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	16
10500367548	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	17
10500367549	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	18
10500367550	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	19
10500367551	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	20
10500367552	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	21
10500367553	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	22
10500367554	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	23
10500367555	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	24
10500367556	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	25
10500367557	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	26
10500367558	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	27
10500367559	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	28
10500367560	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	29
10500367561	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	30
10500367562	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	31
10500367563	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	32
10500367564	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	33
10500367565	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
10500367566	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	35
10500367567	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	36
10500367568	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	37
10500367569	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	38
10500367570	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	39
10500367571	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory	40
10500367572	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	41
10500367573	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	42
10500367574	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	43
10500367575	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	44
10500367576	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	45
10500367577	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	46
10500367578	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	47
10500367579	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	48
10500367580	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	49
10500367581	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	50
10500367582	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	51
10500367583	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	52
10500367584	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	53
10500367585	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	54
10500367586	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	55
10500367587	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	56
10500367588	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	57
10500367589	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	58
10500367590	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	59
10500367591	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	60
10500367592	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	61
10500367593	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	62
10500367594	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	63
10500367595	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	64
10500367596	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	65
10500367597	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	66
10500367598	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	67
10500367599	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	68
10500367600	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	69
10500367601	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	70
10500367602	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	71
10500367603	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	72
10500367604	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	73
10500367605	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	74
10500367606	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	75
10500367607	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	76
10500367608	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	77
10500367609	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	78
10500367610	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	79
10500367611	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	80
10500367612	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	81
10500367613	Fujiwara	mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	82
10500367614	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	83
10500367615	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	84
10500367616	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	85
10500367617	Gempei wars	Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age	86
10500367618	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	87
10500367619	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	88
10500367620	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	89
10500367621	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	90
10500367622	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	91
10500367623	Trung Sisters	leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society	92
10500367624	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	93
10500367625	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	94
10500367626	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	95
10500367627	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	96
10500367628	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	97
10500367629	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	98
10500367630	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	99
10500367631	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	100
10500367632	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	101
10500367633	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	102
10500367634	White Lotus Society	secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty	103
10500367635	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	104
10500367636	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	105
10500367637	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	106
10500367639	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	107
10500367653	Silk Road Trade system		108
10500367654	Kingdom of Mali		109
10500367640	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	110
10500367641	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	111
10500367642	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	112
10500367643	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	113
10500367644	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	114
10500367645	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	115
10500367646	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	116
10500367647	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	117
10500367655	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		118
10500367648	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	119
10500367649	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	120
10500367650	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	121
10500367656	Bantu Migrations		122
10500367651	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	123
10500367652	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	124

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AP World History Chapter 22 Flashcards

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8042597132	When the Portuguese arrived in India in 1498, they	found they had little to offer in trade, but could get rich by using force.	0
8042597133	The periphery of the Indian Ocean trading network around 1500, specifically Africa, Southeast Asia, and Japan, furnished what items to the network?	mainly raw materials	1
8042597134	The highest prices in the Asian network were paid for	spices	2
8042597135	The largest portion of Asian trade by volume in the Early Modern Era was the trade in	bulk items, usually foodstuffs, exchanged within each of the main zones.	3
8042597136	Rather than try to control trade in the Indian Ocean as had Portugal, the Dutch	attempted to monopolize the spice trade from the East Indies.	4
8042597137	Europeans learned that the greatest trading profits in Asia could be made by	peaceful cooperation with and integration into existing Asian trade networks.	5
8042597138	Europeans learned that the most successful missionary work in Asia occurred by	converting areas that had not been converted to Islam	6
8042597139	Following the defeat and expulsion of the Mongols from China,	the Ming Dynasty arose.	7
8042597140	The first Ming emperors of China attempted to end all of these abuses EXCEPT:	the influence of the scholar-gentry	8
8042597141	In the 17th century, the Japanese dealt with the long-term European challenge by	self-imposed isolation and forbidding most contact with Europeans.	9
8042597142	Where was the chief Dutch trading fortress and port in southeast Asia? Select one:	Batavia	10
8042597143	Despite their armaments, what factor convinced the Europeans that they could make little headway against the kingdoms of Asia? Select one:	Large populations of Asian kingdoms	11
8042597144	What Jesuit missionary was responsible for creating the strategy of converting Hindu elites as a means of achieving mass conversions? Select one:	Robert di Nobili	12
8042597145	Which of the following was one of the crucial points in the Asian sea trading network where trade converged? Select one:	The straits of Malacca	13
8042597146	What trade did the Portuguese intend to monopolize within the Asian trading network? Select one:	Spices	14
8042597147	Whose voyages of exploration opened the way for the Europeans to the Indies? Select one:	Vasco da Gama	15
8042597148	Which of the following was the first of the three military centralizers of Japan starting in the 16th century? Select one:	e. Oda Nobunaga	16
8042597149	Why were the Portuguese unwilling to exchange bullion for products within the Asian commercial system? Select one:	The doctrine of mercantilism equated possession of bullion with power and argued against negative trade balances.	17
8042597150	In what way did the Dutch and English participation within the Asian sea trading network change by the middle decades of the 17th century? Select one:	For both the Dutch and the English, peaceful commerce came to be more profitable than forcible control and monopolies were aimed at European rather than Asian rivals.	18
8042597151	The ultimate task of all the explorations launched by the Europeans from the 14th century onward was Select one:	finding a sea link between Europe and the wealthy civilizations of Asia.	19
8042597152	Which of the following was NOT a European contribution to the Asian sea trading network? Select one:	The establishment of an exchange of new crops and diseases similar to the "Columbian Exchange" with the Americas	20
8042597153	Which of the following was NOT a policy imposed as a result of Japanese isolation in the 17th century? Select one:	The Japanese elite abandoned all contact with Western learning and technological advance.	21
8042597154	In what way did the Jesuit missionaries maintain their positions at the court of the Ming emperors? Select one:	By demonstrating knowledge of scientific and technological skills	22
8042597155	Which of the following products was associated with the Indian zone of the Asian sea trading network? Select one:	Cotton textiles	23
8042597156	Which of the following reforms was NOT introduced by the first Ming emperor? Select one:	Family influence in the selection of men to the Chinese bureaucracy was eliminated.	24
8042597157	In what sense was the Spanish conversion of the Filipinos similar to their experience in the Americas? Select one:	Like the Amerindians, the Filipinos' brand of Christianity represented a creative blend of earlier beliefs and practices with Christianity.	25
8042597158	Which of the following products was NOT one of the products associated with the Indian zone of the Asian sea trading network? Select one:	Porcelain	26
8042597160	Why did the Chinese abandon the commercial voyages of the Zheng He expeditions? Select one: a. There was little of value for the Chinese to import in trade, and the voyages were expensive to carry out. b. Chinese commerce was not competitive enough due to competition from the Europeans. c. The size of the fleets was so limited that they could not compete with the greater capacity of the European voyages. d. Many of the ships were lost as a result of poor ship design and inadequate sailing technology. e. The trade with foreign regions produced a negative balance of trade for China that drained bullion from imperial coffers.	a	27
8042597159	In what year was the Tokugawa shogunate founded, marking the reestablishment of central government in Japan? Select one:	1603	28
8042597161	Why did the earliest of the Japanese military centralizers accept Christian missionaries? Select one:	Christianity was seen as a counterforce to the Buddhist orders that opposed the imposition of central rule.	29
8042597162	In terms of literature, what was the chief accomplishment of the Ming era? Select one:	The novel	30
8042597163	What was the initial Portuguese response to the encounter at Calicut? Select one:	They applied military force to obtain desired Asian products.	31
8042597164	All of the following were sources of disappointment to the Europeans who arrived in Asia in the 16th and 17th centuries EXCEPT Select one:	Asian civilization seemed materially impoverished	32
8042597165	What peoples had preceded the Portuguese in entering the markets of south and southeast Asia? Select one:	Muslims	33
8042597166	What raw materials were the most highly valued exports in the Asian sea trading network for the Europeans? Select one:	Spices	34
8042597167	What group successfully asserted its control over China following the collapse of the Ming dynasty? Select one:	The Jurchens or Manchus	35
8042597168	Which of the following was a reform instituted by the first Ming emperor to reduce court factionalism and the power of the scholar-gentry? Select one:	Corrupt or incompetent members of the bureaucracy were punished by being beaten on the bare buttocks.	36
8042597169	Which of the following reasons is at least in part responsible for the peopling of the Yangtzi region in the southern part of China during the Ming era? Select one:	The introduction of crops from the Americas that could be cultivated on inferior soils and did not require irrigation	37
8042597170	Which of the following statements concerning Ming social organization is most accurate? Select one:	Under the continued influence of neo-Confucian ideology, Ming society remained rigidly stratified with emphasis on deference of youth to elders and women to men.	38
8042597171	What area of the Philippines were the Spanish NOT able to conquer? Select one:	Mindanao	39
8042597172	Where were foreigners permitted to do business in China during the Ming era? Select one:	At Macao and Canton	40
8042597173	The Portuguese won a major sea battle over a combined fleet of Egyptian and Indian vessels in 1509 at Select one:	Diu.	41
8042597174	What was the Portuguese lesson learned at Calicut? Select one:	Western products brought for trade were of little or no value.	42
8042597175	Which of the following items was more likely to be exchanged within the ports of each of the main trading zone rather than over greater distances between zones? Select one:	Rice	43
8042597176	How successful was the Portuguese monopoly on Asian products? Select one:	Though they managed to monopolize some spices grown in limited locales, the Portuguese lacked the manpower and ships to sustain a monopoly.	44
8042597177	During the reign of what Ming emperor did the Chinese launch commercial expeditions to southeast Asia, Persia, and Africa? Select one:	Yungle	45
8042597178	What was the significance of the mainland kingdoms and island states of southeast Asia that surrounded the three great manufacturing zones of the Asian sea trading network? Select one:	These regions fed raw materials—precious metals and forest products—into the trading network.	46
8042597179	Which of the following statements concerning the Ming economy is most accurate? Select one:	Much merchant wealth was invested in land as a means of social advancement.	47
8042597180	Who succeeded the Portuguese as the most successful European entrant into the Asian sea trading network? Select one:	Holland	48
8042597181	Which of the following was NOT a fortified trading port established by the Portuguese in the early 16th century? Select one:	Batavia	49
8042597182	Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of the Asian sea trading network? Select one:	There was no central control, and force was usually absent from commercial exchanges.	50
8042597183	What was the nature of the sea routes in the Asian trading network? Select one:	Most of the navigation consisted of sailing along the coastlines and avoiding open seas.	51
8042597184	How did the Dutch commercial strategy within the Asian trade network differ from that of the Portuguese? Select one:	The Dutch were more systematic in their monopoly control of a limited number of specific spices.	52
8042597185	Which of the following statements concerning Ming reforms in favor of the peasantry is most accurate? Select one:	Despite some attempts to improve economic conditions for the peasantry, the growing power of the rural landlords led to increased tenancy and landless laborers.	53
8042597186	Why did the Portuguese believe they could successfully enter the Asian sea trading by force? Select one:	Portuguese ships were more maneuverable and better armed than those of their Asian opponents.	54
8042597187	Which of the following products was associated with the Arab zone of the Asian sea trading network? Select one:	Glass	55
8042597188	The first Ming emperor of China was Select one:	Hongwu.	56
8042597189	Among which of the following groups did Roman Catholic missionaries enjoy some success? Select one:	Outcaste groups in Indian coastal regions	57

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AP World History Acronyms Flashcards

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11757297433	P.E.R.S.I.A	P - Political E - Economic R -Religious S - Social I - Intellectual A - Artistic	0
11757328565	S.O.A.P.S.Tone	S - Speaker O - Occasion A - Audience P - Purpose S -Subject T - Tone	1
11757348745	C.O.R.N.P.E.G	C - Class O - Occupation R - Religion N - Nationality P - Political Position E - Economic Identity G - Gender	2
11757377608	S.A.Q	Short Answer Question	3
11757382134	D.B.Q	Document Based Question	4
11757382135	L.E.Q	Long Essay Question	5

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AP World History - Strayer Unit 2 Flashcards

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11083186305	Persian Empire	Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.	0
11083186306	Athenian Democracy	First recorded democracy ever established. Direct democracy with juries of up to 2,500 people. Had to be an 18 year old male with Athenian parents to rule. Freedom of Speech.	1
11083186307	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece, 490 and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea each time.	2
11083186308	Hellenistic era	period when the Greek language and Greek ideas spread to the non-Greek peoples of southwest Asia	3
11083186309	Alexander the Great	Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.	4
11083186310	Augustus	The first emperor of Rome whose leadership brought about a long period of Pax Romana (Roman Peace).	5
11083186311	pax romana	Roman Peace A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.	6
11083186312	Qin Shihuangdi	(r.221-210 BCE) The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty who believed strongly in Legalism and sought to strengthen the centralized China through public works.	7
11083186313	Trung Trac	Vietnamese nationalist and hero; along with her sister, Trung Nhi, she raised an army that drove the Chinese out of Vietnam for a short period	8
11083186314	Han Dynasty	(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity	9
11083186315	Mauryan Dynasty	322-185 BCE. The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. Founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 and survived until 185 BCE. From its capitol at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes.	10
11083186316	Ashoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.	11
11083186317	legalism	Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws	12
11083186318	Confucianism	Chinese ethical and philosophical teachings of Confucius which emphasized education, family, peace, and justice	13
11083186319	ban Zhou	The first female Chinese historian who wrote about the Han dynasty in the first and second centuries CE.	14
11083186320	Daoism	Chinese religion from 500s BCE that emphasized following the mystical and indescribable "Way." It celebrated the chaos and contradictions of reality as well as the harmony of nature. The Yin and Yang symbolizes many aspects of this religion.	15
11083186321	Vedas	Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism.	16
11083186322	Upanishads	A collection of over two hundred texts composed between 900 and 200 BC that provide philosophical commentary on the Vedas	17
11083186323	Siddhartha Gautama	Founder of Buddhism	18
11083186324	Theravada	'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. It remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods	19
11083186325	Mahayana	"the Great Vehicle" - The largest of Buddhism's three divisions, prevalent in China, Japan and Korea, encompasses a variety of forms, including those that emphasize devotion and prayer to the Buddhas and bodhisattvas.	20
11083186326	Bhagavad Gita	A book in popular Hinduism that was a response to Buddhism and made reaching moksha way easier. The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.	21
11083186327	Zoroastrianism	One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail.	22
11083186328	Judaism	A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with a covenant between God and Abraham and his descendants the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. Holy Book is the Torah	23
11083186329	Greek Rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 B.C.E. to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	24
11083186330	Socrates	(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method. condemed to death for corrupting young minds.	25
11083186331	Plato	Philosopher (429 BC-347 BC) who studied under Socrates and questioned reality. He believed that studying ideas and forms held the truth to what is real and wrote the Republic, which described an ideal state with philosopher-kings, warriors, and masses. He also creates the Academy, an ancient school of philosophy. "How do we know what is real" "Philosophy begins in wonder"	26
11083186332	Aristotle	Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.	27
11083186333	Jesus of Nazareth	Founder of Christianity, he taught about kindness and love for God. His teachings were based on Judaism and spread throughout the Roman Empire and the world.	28
11083186334	Saint Paul	A man who is credited with the spread of Christianity throughout the roman empire. iIs letters that he wrote while under arrest by the Romans make up a large portion of the New testament.	29
11083186335	Saint Peter	Early leader of the Christian church; one of Jesus's twelve apostles; also known as Simon Peter, the first pope of the Catholic Church	30
11083186336	Church of the East	also known as the Nestorian Church,is a Christian church within of the Syriac tradition of Eastern Christianity. It was the Christian church of the Persian Sasanian Empire, and quickly spread widely through Asia. Between the 9th and 14th centuries it represented the world's largest Christian church in terms of geographical extent, with dioceses stretching from the Mediterranean to China and India. Several modern churches claim continuity with the historical Church of the East.	31
11083186337	Perpetua	Woman from upper class Roman family who converted to Christianity was persecuted and died a martyr. Wrote a prison diary that describes her arrest and trial.	32
11083186338	scholar gentry	Class that controlled much land and provided most candidates for civil service; replaced the old landed aristocracy as the political and economic elite of Chinese Dynasty; Agricultural society	33
11083186339	Wang Mang	A Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E. to 23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates.	34
11083186340	Ge Hong	Born into an upper class family in China during troubled times (283-343 C.E.), his efforts to balance Confucian service to society and his own desire to pursue a more solitary and interior life in the Daoist tradition reflected the situation of many in his class	35
11083186341	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony.	36
11083186342	caste as varna and jati	distinct social class grouping; in China, Varna consisted of four classes that people were born into for life, and in India, Jati took on a similar form, but incorporated the specialized craftsman and guild workers into the system as well.	37
11083186343	ritual purity in Indian social practice	In India, the idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with images and objects of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods.	38
11083186344	sutee/sati	This was a Hindu ritual that when your husband died you had to be burned alive next to him by force or volunteered	39
11083186345	Greek and Roman slavery	In the Greek and Roman world, slaves were captives from war and abandoned children, and victims of Long-distance trade; manumission was common. Among the Greek household service was the most common form of slavery, but in parts of the Roman state, thousands of slaves were employed under brutal conditions in the mines and on great plantations	40
11083186346	Spartacus	A Thracian sold to slavery to become a Gladiator. He led a revolt of slaves against the Rome forces and won. He hoped to escape to freedom but his army waged more wars, they planned to invade Sicily but were betrayed and defeated in 71 B.C. Six thousand of his men were crucified as a warning.	41
11083186347	the "three obediences"	chinese women subject to father, then husband, then sons. confucianism.	42
11083186348	Empress Wu	(690 - 705 C.E.) Tang ruler who supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created.	43
11083186349	Aspasia and Pericles	Born to wealthy family, Aspasia was educated then moved to Athens where she met Pericles and they were a couple who treated each other equally. Pericles era as ruler is known as the 'Golden age of Athens'	44
11083186350	Helots	In ancient Sparta, captive peoples who were forced to work for their conquerors	45
11083186351	Meroë	Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century b.c.e. to the fourth century c.e. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa.	46
11083186352	Axum	The Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa.	47
11083186353	Piye	king of Kush around 750 B.C., who gained control of Egypt, becoming pharaoh and uniting Egypt and Kush	48
11083186354	Niger Valley Civilization	Distinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 bce to about 900 ce; in the floodplain of the middle Niger and that included major cities like Jenne-jeno; the Niger valley civilization is particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralize state structure, having veen organized in clusters of economically specialized settlements	49
11083186355	Mayan civilization	a member of a major pre-Columbian civilization of the Yucatán Peninsula that reached its peak in the 9th century a.d. and produced magnificent ceremonial cities with pyramids, a sophisticated mathematical and calendar system, hieroglyphic writing, and fine sculpture, painting, and ceramics.	50
11083186358	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	51
11083186359	Confucius (Kong Fuzi)	The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.	52
11083186360	Ban Zhao	A major female Confucian author of Han dynasty China (45-116 C.E.) whose works give insight into the implication of Confucian thinking for women.	53
11083186361	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	54
11083186362	Upanishads	Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	55
11083186363	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	56
11083186364	Aristotle	A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.	57
11083186365	Theravada	"The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.	58
11083186366	Buddhism	a religion, originated in India that believes life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment	59
11083186367	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince who turned ascetic (ca. 566-486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	60
11083186368	Mahayana	"Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism.	61
11083186369	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity & great compassion.	62
11083186370	Bhagavad Gita	A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.	63
11083186371	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	64
11083186372	Zarathustra	A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.	65
11083186373	Judaism	The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh/YHWH) with concerns with social justice.	66
11083186374	Isaiah	One of the most important prophets of Judaism, whose teachings show the transformation of the religion in favor of compassion and social justice (eighth century B.C.E.)	67
11083186375	Greek rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in Classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	68
11083186376	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.)	69
11083186377	Plato	A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.	70
11083186378	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	71
11083186379	Paul of Tarsus (Saint Paul)	The first great popularize of Christianity (10-65 C.E.)	72
11083186356	Church of the East	Planted churches in Syria and Persia that were distinct in theology and practice from the Roman Church	73
11083186357	Perpetua	Christian martyr (one who was killed for their beliefs) from Carthage. Educated and wealthy, she died being fed to leopards.	74
11083186380	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity (ca. 4 B.C.E.-30 B.C.E.).	75
11083186381	Theodosius	Roman emperor (r. 379-395 C.E.) who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman state, banning all polytheistic rituals.	76