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Myers for AP ~ Unit 12 Flashcards

These flashcard sets follow along with MYERS' PSYCHOLOGY FOR AP, 2nd Edition, textbook by David G. Myers. This is Unit 12 (Modules 65-69) and is "Abnormal Behavior."

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6670469375psychological disordera syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. (Adapted from American Psychiatric Association, 2013.)0
6670469376attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.1
6670469377medical modelthe concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.2
6670469378DSM-5the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.3
6670469379anxiety disorderspsychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.4
6670469380generalized anxiety disorderan anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.5
6670469381panic disorderan anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack.6
6670469382phobiaan anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.7
6670469383social anxiety disorderintense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. (Formerly called social phobia.)8
6670469384agoraphobiafear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide-open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic.9
6670469385obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).10
6670469386posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.11
6670469387posttraumatic growthpositive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.12
6670469388mood disorderspsychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder.13
6670469389major depressive disordera mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with fi ve or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.14
6670469390maniaa mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.15
6670469391bipolar disordera mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the over-excited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)16
6670469392ruminationcompulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes.17
6670469393schizophreniaa psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression.18
6670469394psychosisa psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.19
6670469395delusionsfalse beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.20
6670469396hallucinationfalse sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.21
6670469397somatic symptom disordera psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. (See conversion disorder and illness anxiety disorder.)22
6670469398conversion disordera disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. (Also called functional neurological symptom disorder.)23
6670469399illness anxiety disordera disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. (Formerly called hypochondriasis.)24
6670469400dissociative disordersdisorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.25
6670469401dissociative identity disorder (DID)a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.26
6670469402anorexia nervosaan eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintain a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) underweight.27
6670469403bulimia nervosaan eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomit ing or laxative use) or fasting.28
6670469404binge-eating disordersignificant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa.29
6670469405personality disorderspsychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.30
6670469406antisocial personality disordera personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.31
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AP WORLD HISTORY VOCABULARY Flashcards

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5015662847BEDOUINSNomadic people of the Arabian Peninsula, they were organized into kingship-based tribes0
5015664728KA'BAMost important shrine which held the Black Stone1
5015664729BLACK STONEThe shrine inside the KA'BA; held connections to spirits and Gods2
5015668331JINNSJinns represented the desert peoples spirits which were believed to reside in natural objects3
5015668332MUHAMMADThe founder of Islam; had a religious experience that he described as a vision from Allah4
5015673246UMMAMuslim community that began in Medina5
5015673247ABU BAKRMuhammad's successor; ordered those who had acted as secretaries for Muhammad to organize the Prophets revelations into Qur'an6
5015676847QUR'ANThe sacred word of Allah7
5015676848HADITHA collection of stories about and sayings of Muhammad8
5015679295SHARI'ALaw based on beliefs in the Qur'an and Hadith9
5015681351SEAL OF PROPHETSThe last of prophets send by God to communicate with human beings10
5015681352FIVE PILLARS OF FAITHThe basic principals of Islam11
5015685942CONFESSION OF FAITHTo become a muslim, a person must take this statement: "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet"12
5015685943PRAYERMuslims must pray 5 times a day turned to face Mecca13
5015687897FASTINGFor one month of the muslim year (Ramadan) muslims must fast from sunup to sundown14
5015689746ALMSThe faithful must give a portion of their wealth as alms to the needy15
5015689747HAJJOnce in a lifetime, a muslim must visit Mecca16
5015692267MOSQUETemple for Muslim worship17
5015692268CALIPHPolitical and Religious successor to Muhammad18
5015694683JIHADUsed to describe Muslim warfare19
5015698755SHI'ITESThose who resisted the authority of the first three caliphs and also Ali's successor Muawiya; formed a significant minority within Islam20
5015701259UMAYYAD DYNASTYMuawiya founded dynasty21
5015701260SUNNISupporters of Muawiya; larger majority of Muslims22
5015706654CALIPHATESIslamic Empires which became hereditary23
5015706655PEOPLE OF THE BOOKJews and Christians who were considerably better treated24
5015709448ABBASID DYNASTYAbbasids claim to be descendants of Muhammad's uncle, so at first they were acceptable to Shi'ites than the Umayyads25
5015709449SHARI'ABody of Islamic Law26
5015712021ULAMAReligious scholars that interpreted the Qur'an27
5015712022VIZIERa head of government directed by the caliph and a state council28
5015712023SUFIA branch of Islam that grew quite rapidly during the Abbasid Dynasty, believed in a life devoted to seeking individual connections to divine truth29
5015714494GOLDEN AGESDuring the golden age, a civilization would be quite prosperous, innovative in arts, sciences and literature30
5015714495DHOWSsailing vessels with lateen sails that carried goods in the indian ocean routes31
5015719218THE THE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTSa compilation of folktales32
5015719242MADRASASurban universities that actively preserved and translated the writings of the indians and greeks33
5015722441MINARETkey feature in mosque, where a specially trained muezzin would call prayer 5 times a day34
5015722442SELJUK TURKSnomadic people originally from central asia who lived primarily on the borders of the Abbasid lands35
5015724866SULTAN"chieftain"36
5015724867MIDDLE AGESbetween 500 to 1500 C.E; preceded by the Roman Empire and followed by the European Renaissance37
5015728285MEDIEVAL TIMESbetween 500 to 1500 C.E; preceded by the Roman Empire and followed by the European Renaissance38
5015731913EARLY MIDDLE AGES500 to 1000 C.E; Germanic Tribes that had invaded the that invaded the Roman Empire settled into various parts Europe39
5015731914HIGH MIDDLE AGES1000 to 1500 C.E; Recover Began, Towns grew, small cities emerged, trade with other area of Easter Hemisphere emerged40
5015736598FUEDALISMa complex system of of political and and military loyalties that linked lords together41
5015736599MANORIALISMan economic system in which peasants were tied to the land to supply labor to their lords42
5015738895SERFSan agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate43
5015738896FRANKSFor a brief time in the late 8th and early 9th centuries, it looked as if one group would unite all of the Western Europe under one king; failed44
5015741839CLOVISThe Franks organized a series of Germanic Kingdoms under their kings mainly through Military conquest, starting with ruler CLOVIS45
5015741840CAROLINGIAN FAMILYClovis lost control of Frankish realm to46
5015744303CHARLEMAGNEconquered most of mainland western Europe, temporarily unifying it47
5015744304MISSI DOMINICIRoyal Agents Charlemagne sent out; "eyes and ears" to report back to king48
5015747632BARTERthe exchange of goods directly; early middle ages49
5015747633BENEDICTINE RULEcame to be followed by almost all Italian, English, and Frankish monks and nuns50
5015749960CANON LAWrules for behavior that first filled the void of political authority in the early days51
5015753412EXCOMMUNICATEto separate from church and its sacraments52
5015755887INTERDICTdeny religious rights to all people within a rulers realm53
5015755888HOLY ROMAN EMPIREestablished in spirit with Charlemagne's crowning in 80054
5015758861LIMITED GOVERNMENTlimits power on ruler55
5015758862MAGNA CARTERa document thats King John of England was forced to sign to guarantee rights of nobility56
5015760893PARLIAMENTScreated to give nobility and the clergy a voice among the elite57
5015762800HUNDRED YEAR'S WARFrance and England; for territories the English King controlled in France58
5015765053CRUSADESa medieval military expedition, one of a series made by Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries59
5015765054SALADINMuslim military and political leader who as sultan (or leader) led Islamic forces during the Crusades60
5015767799HANSEATIC LEAGUECities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia to facilitate trade as more towns purchased charters61
5015767800GUILDSassociation of people who worked in the occupation62
5015767801USURYthe charging of interest for the use of money63
5015770314GHETTOSsmall urban areas64
5015770315POGROMSanti-semetic mob actions65
5015773854THOMAS AQUINSthe great medieval theologian66
5015776983SCHOLASTICISMthe attempt to reconcile the beliefs and values of Christianly with logic reasoning from Greek Philosophy67
5015779342VERNACULAR LANGUAGESmost important development in medieval literature68
5015779343RENAISSANCErebirth, which would spread over Europe and come to full power in 15th and 15th centuries69
5015782264BYZANTIME EMPIREontinuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople70
5015785450SASSANID EMPIREsought to rebuild the old Persian Empire71
5015785451HERETICALholding an opinion at odds with what is generally accepted72
5015790658CAESAROPAPISMpolitical theory in which the head of state, notably the Emperor, is also the supreme head of the church73
5015790659JUSTINIANListen and followed advice of wife Theodora74
5015793380HAGIA SOPHIAChurch of Holy Wisdom; one of most important examples Christian architecture75
5015793381THEODORAEmpress who had exerted a great deal of influence over her husband Justinian76
5015800599CYRILLICwriting system adopted by Eastern Orthodox countries77
5015912376ANIMISMSpirits residing in ordinary objects and polytheism78
5016791842VIKINGSraiders from Scandinavia79
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AP Language Set 10 Flashcards

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11773839534proliferateTo increase greatly in number; multiply0
11773847129sanctiona threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule1
11773857649trivialof little value or importance2
11773866160somnolentof a kind likely to induce sleep3
11773875009Slandermake false and damaging statements about someone4
11773890924ebulliencethe quality of being cheerful and full of energy; exuberance5
11773900417equivocateuse ambiguous language so as to conceal the truth or avoid committing oneself6
11773908112errantserious and unfriendly7
11773919120extraneousnot essential; superfluous8
11773925997enduresuffer (something painful or difficult) patiently.9
11773937597incumbantnecessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility.10
11773940965indolentwanting to avoid activity or exertion; lazy11
11773949876flagrant(of something considered wrong or immoral) conspicuously or obviously offensive.12
11773954941effusiveexpressing feelings of gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner13
11773965081fabricatedinvent or concoct (something), typically with deceitful intent.14
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AP World History Period 2 Flashcards

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10922483228AshokaThe most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.0
10922483229Athenian democracyA radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot.1
10922483230Caesar AugustusThe great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).2
10922483231Cyrus (the Great)Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.3
10922483232Darius IGreat king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.4
10922483233Greco-Persian WarsTwo major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.5
10922483234Gupta EmpireAn empire of India (320-550 C.E.).6
10922483235Han dynastyDynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement.7
10922483236Hellenistic eraThe period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.8
10922483237HerodotusGreek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.9
10922483238hopliteA heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a hoplite panoply and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.10
10922483239IoniaThe territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.11
10922483240Mandate of HeavenThe ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.12
10922483241Battle of MarathonAthenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.13
10922483242Mauryan EmpireA major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.14
10922483243Olympic GamesGreek religious festival and athletic competition in honor of Zeus; founded in 776B.C.E. and celebrated every four years.15
10922483244PatriciansWealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.16
10922483245Pax RomanaThe "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.17
10922483246Peloponnesian WarGreat war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.18
10922483247PersepolisThe capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.19
10922483248Persian EmpireA major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.20
10922483249PlebiansPoorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.21
10922483250Punic WarsThree major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.22
10922483251Qin DynastyA short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.23
10922483252Qin ShihuangdiLiterally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.24
10922483254WudiHan emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.25
10922483255XiongnuNomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.26
10922483256Yellow Turban RebellionA major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 C.E. and helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty.27
10922483263BrahmanThe "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.28
10922483264BrahminsThe priestly caste of India.29
10922483265BuddhismThe cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama30
10922483266ConfucianismThe Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.31
10922483267ConfuciusThe founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.32
10922483268ConstantineRoman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.33
10922483269DaodejingThe central text of Daoism; translated as The Way and Its Power.34
10922483270DaoismA Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.35
10922483271Filial pietyThe honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.36
10922483272Greek rationalismA secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.37
10922483273HinduismA word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.38
10922483274HippocratesA very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.39
10922483276Jesus of NazarethThe prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).40
10922483279LaoziA legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.41
10922483280LegalismA Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.42
10922483283NirvanaThe end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.43
10922483284PlatoA disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.44
10922483286Saint PaulThe first great popularizer of Christianity (10-65 C.E.).45
10922483287Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.46
10922483288SocratesThe first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).47
10922483292VedasThe earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.48
10922483293Warring States PeriodPeriod in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.49
10922483294Yin and YangExpression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.50
10922483295ZarathustraA Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.51
10922483296ZoroastrianismPersian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.52
10922483298dharmaIn Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.53
10922483299helotsThe dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.54
10922483300karmaIn Indian belief, the force generated by one's behavior in a previous life that decides the level at which an individual will be reborn.55
10922483304"ritual purity" in Indian social practiceIn India, the idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods.56
10922483305scholar-gentry classA term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials.57
10922483311Empress WuThe only female "emperor" in Chinese history (r. 690-705 C.E.); patronized scholarship, worked to elevate the position of women, and provoked a backlash of Confucian misogynist invective.58
10922483322MayaThe major classical civilization of Mesoamerica; flourished from 250 to 900 C.E.59
10922483323MocheAn important regional civilization of Peru, governed by warrior-priests; flourished from around 100 to 800 C.E.60
10922483328Semi-sedentaryTerm frequently used to describe the peoples of the eastern woodlands of the United States, Central America, the Amazon basin, and the Caribbean islands who combined partial reliance on agriculture with gathering and hunting.61
10922483329TeotihuacánThe largest city of pre-Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000; seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico, flourished between 300 and 600 C.E., during which time it governed or influenced much of the surrounding region. The name is an Aztec term meaning "city of the gods."62
10922483330TikalMajor Maya city, with a population of perhaps 50,000 people.63
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AP World History Unit 1 Flashcards

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5053064503Sumerfirst known civilization which existed in the southern half of mesopatamia0
5053064504Sumerian City-Statescities which became states to prevent conflicts and and oversee and control their agriculture1
5053064505Sargon of AkkadThe creator of empire in Mesopatamia. ( a city near Kish and Babylon)2
5053064506Hammurabi and the Babylonian EmpireLeader (1792-1750 B.C.E.) who further organized the government by implementing laws and taxes3
5053064507Hammurabi's LawsA complete set of laws compiled from those of previous rulers4
5053064508The Assyrian EmpireThe empire proceeding the Babylonian Empire which was in northern Mesopotamia that used newly invented iron weapons5
5053064509New Babylonian EmpireNext king of the Babylonian Empire who lavished wealth in his capital city6
5053064510Bronze MetallurgyAn advancement of metalworking by Mesopotamian metalworkers in order to create stronger tools and weapons (400 B.C.E.)7
5053064511Iron MetallurgyThe further advancement of metalworking by creating stronger tools using iron8
5053064512The WheelThis invention brought the advancement of transportation on land9
5053064513ShipbuildingThis technology/craft improved marine transportation to increase long distance trade10
5053064514Trade NetworksRoutes, at the time usually traveled by donkey caravan used to trade items or send messages over long or even short, local distances11
5053064515Social ClassesThis was primarily developed based on one's wealth even in the neolithic time period12
5053064516Temple CommunitiesThese were inhabited by priests and priestesses who received offerings such as food, drinks, and clothing for their interaction with the gods and goddesses13
5053064517SlavesThese were mainly prisoners of war, men or women who were in debt and criminals. They mostly served as house servants but some worked in fields and temple communities14
5053064518Patriarchal SocietyBecause of this most men in Mesopotamia ruled above all women. They were in charge of all important matters and were always in charge of their family15
5053064519Women's RolesAlthough they weren't stripped entirely of all power, women still served important roles in their society such as advising kings becoming priestesses, working as scribes but very rarely having great power16
5053064520Cuneiform WritingA a picture based writing system; used by Sumerians17
5053064521EducationUnlike today education in Mesopotamia was based on a specific craft the individual wanted to pursue such as architecture. The system was almost entirely vocal and had little written instruction18
5053064522Astronomy and MathematicsThis helped create accurate calendars and improve agricultural cylcles19
5053064523The Epic of GilgameshLiterature of Mesopotamia about a greedy king and a companion20
5053064524The Early Hebrewsnomads who inhabited land between Mesopotamia and egypt21
5053064525Moses and MonotheismMoses believed that there was only one god named Yaweh and all other gods were just figments of their imaginations22
5053064526The Early PhoeniciansExisted solely as small city-states along the Mediterranean coast23
5053064527Phoenician Trade NetworksAt the time trade was primarily what they were known for. Early on they traded with neighbors through land but then added maritime trading to their main sources of income and fuel of their economy24
5053064528Alphabetic WritingThe Phoenicians developed a 22 character based system that made written communication much easier compared with cuneiform writing25
5053064529HorsesWere first used as a source of food but after domesticated they were used for riding/travel26
5053064530The Nature of Indo-European Migrationsexpanded very far out throughout the continent with the help of horses allowing quick transportation and diffusion of culture27
5053064531The HittitesA group of ancient Indo-Europeans who took over Anatolia28
5053064532War ChariotsA technological advancement to make battle easier developed by Hittites29
5053064533Iron MetallurgyThe refinement of metalworking by the Hitittes30
5053064534The Nile River ValleyA river that runs through East Africa that has served greatly in the development of several cultures and the trade of goods31
5053064535Early Agriculture in the Nile Valleygrains; animals included donkeys and cattle32
5053064536MenesAn Egyptian conqueror/ruler33
5053064537Cities of the Nile ValleyIn the Nile Valley, popultation clustered mostly in agricultural villages to trade with neighbors up and down the river. Cities emerged34
5053064538Patriarchal SocietyVested authority over public and private affairs in their men35
5053064540Iron MetallurgySouthern Nile societies mad up for their lack of bronze with the large scale production of iron36
5053064541TransportationCurrent take boats upper to lower Egypt on the Nile, while the winds can take boats from lower to upper Egypt37
5053064542Trade NetworksEfficient Transport = long distance trade38
5053064543Hieroglyphic WritingEgyptians supplemented pictographs with symbols representing sounds and ideas39
5053064544MummificationThe yearning for immortality explains the Egytian practice of mummifying the dead40
5053064545The BantuAmong the most influential people of Saharan Africa in ancient time were those who spoke Bantu languages41
5053064546Bantu MigrationsBy 3000 B.C.E. they were slowly spreading south into the west African forest, and after 2000 B.C.E. the expanded rapidly to the south toward the Congo River Basin and East toward the Great Lakes42
5053064547Iron and MigrationAfter about 1000 B.C.E., the pace of Bantu migrations quickened, as Bantu people began to produce iron tools weapons43
5053064548The Indus RiverWater form rain & melted snow carried silt unpredictable agriculture suppliment to the harrapan society44
5053064549Harappan and Mohenjo-DaroTwo main cities societies that were well structured and advanced45
5053064550Specialized Labor & TradeAgriculture economy traded domestic and foreign pottery, tools, decorations, god,silver, copper traded by ships46
5053064551The VedasNumerous Poems collection of religious works that spoke of the Aryan gods47
5053064552Vedic AgeMainly a term that identifies a time period where Aryans were in conflict with many indigenous Indian societies48
5053064553Caste & Varnaidentities developed gradually as the Aryans established settlements throughout India. Varna means color to refer to the major social classes49
5053064554Social in Late Vedic AgeThe 4 main varnas are priests, warriors, artisans and merchants, landless peasants and serfs50
5053064555Subcastes and JatiThe subcastes that you are put in depending on your occupation.51
5053064556Caste and Social MobilityThe social mobility in the caste system means that it is flexible .52
5053064557Aryan GodsMany gods for different natural environmental factors such as fire, dawn, the sky and the sun53
5053064558Brahman, The Universal SoulFoundation for all things that exist54
5053064559Teachings of UpanishadsSouls temporarily go to heaven and are then reincarnated55
5053064560Religion and Vedic SocietyJust as Brahman theories about the origins of varna distinctions reflected Aryan society about 1000 B.C.E.56
5053064561The Yellow Riverriver that begins in east china that carries yellow silt. It has been a very influential river in the development of Chinese dynasties and civilizations.57
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AP World History: The Hebrews Flashcards

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10876271640Where did the Hebrews originate?Mesopotamia0
10876275071Who was Abraham?Father of Judaism (Religious beliefs state that all Hebrews were descendants of Abraham.)1
10876280024Were the Hebrews monotheistic or polytheistic?Monotheistic2
10876283194What was the Hebrews' religion called?Judaism3
10876307682What did the Hebrews call their god?Yaweh (According to Hebrews, Yaweh was good and merciful, however mankind was always punished for their sins.)4
10876345739What did Yaweh give Moses after the Hebrews had been led out of Egypt?He gave them a covenant that all Hebrews had to obey, and in turn Yaweh would take care of them.5
10876366066Who was Moses?A prophet of Yaweh who helped lead the Hebrews out of Egypt. (Prophets would be sent down to spread Yaweh's religion and they wished for world peace.)6
10876394527What were the two Kingdoms?Israel and Judah (Judah's capital was Jerusalem.)7
10876415005Who destroyed the kingdom of Israel?The Assyrians8
10876417838Who destroyed Jerusalem?The Chaldeans9
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Schemes and Tropes for AP Language & Composition Flashcards

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7950562017Antithesismakes use of contrasting words, phrases, sentences, or ideas for emphasis of dissimilarity. (Generally used in parallel grammatical structures.)0
7950595093Juxtapositionhighlighting comparisons and similarities1
7950609344Parallelismsimilarity in structure in a pair of series or related words, phrases, or clauses.2
7950635576AnastropheA scheme in which normal word order is changed for emphasis.3
7950645443AppositionPlacing side-by-side two coordinate elements, the second of which serves to identify, rename, explain or modify the first4
7950677018ParenthesisThe insertion of a verbal unit in a position which is incongruous with the normal word flow5
7950725290AsyndetonDeliberate omission of conjunctions b/w words, phrases, or clauses.6
7950778047EllipsisThe omission of one or more words readily implied by context7
7950806075AlliterationThe recurrence of initial or medial consonant sounds.8
7950816784AnaphoraThe repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences.9
7950837010AssonanceSimilar vowel sounds repeated in successive or proximate words containing different consonance.10
7950850147ClimaxConsists of arranging words, clauses, or sentences in the order of increasing importance weight or emphasis.11
7950863737PolysyndetonThe use of conjunction b/w each word, or clause.12
7950880178AnalogyA comparison b/w two things to describe or explain one thing by examining its similarities w/ another thing (similes and metaphors)13
7952221893Metaphorimplied comparison b/w two things of unlike nature14
7952242758MetonymySubstitution of some attribute or suggestive word for what is actually meant15
7952255668SimileExplicit comparison b/w two things of unlike nature using like or as.16
7952277495SynechdocheFigure of speech in which a part stands for the whole.17
7952289126ApostropheThe act of addressing some abstraction or personification that is not physically present18
7952294092PersonificationInvesting abstractions for inanimate objects w/ human qualities or abilities.19
7952303404Pun: play on words1. Use of words alike in sound but different in meaning 2. Use of words that are spelled the same but w/ different sounds and meanings.20
7952317692Pun: SyllepsisUse of word understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which modifies or governs.21
7952329507HyperboleThe use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis22
7952333996IronyUse of a word in such a way as to convey a meaning opposite to the literal meaning of the words.23
7952345450LitotesDeliberate use of understatement24
7952351656Onomatopoeiause of words whose sound echoes the same sense25
7952357354OxymoronThe yoking of two terms which are ordinarily contradictory26
7952364787ParadoxA seemingly self-contradictory statement that when investigated/ explained may prove to be well founded/true27
7952368603Rhetorical QuestionA question asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to get an answer.28
7952378323AnadiplosisRepeats the last word of one phrase, clause, or sentence29
7952383243SarcasmThe use of irony to mock or convey contempt30
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AP Language & Composition Terms (November 5-November 9) Flashcards

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11373766961Apathylack of emotion or interest0
11373765525ambiguousunclear or doubtful in meaning1
11478400363ferventpassionate2
11478401417vagranta wandering homeless person; a tramp3
11478403174undermineto weaken; to wear the foundation of4
11478405043obvliousunaware; unconscious5
11478411010indifferentnot caring one way or the other6
11478412558obscurewithout bias7
11478414746revereto worship; to honor with respect8
11478420503discriminateto differentiate; to make a clear distinction; to see the difference9
11478422212embellishto add details; to exaggerate10
11478423963denounceto speak out against; to condemn11
11478426208innovateto be creative; to introduce something new12
11478428044stagnant(adj.) not running or flowing; foul from standing still; inactive, sluggish, dull13
11478430016candidhonest; frank14
11478432252impartialunbiased; neutral15
11478434112discernto distinguish one thing from another16
11478437846ostentatiousshowing off, pretentious17
11478438752contentiousquarrelsome, inclined to argue18
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ap world history Flashcards

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11760724217Song Dynasty(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military. Rice cultivation begins with the Song Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class. Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books. Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power! ☜0
11761593984Tang Dynasty(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system. dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria Imperial examination system perfected. Liberal attitude towards all religions. Spread of Buddhism in China Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries. ☜ Japan, Korea, Persia New technologies: Printing → moveable print ☜ Porcelain Gunpowder Mechanical clocks More cosmopolitan culture. Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road. Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia1
11762250441Marco Polotraveler/merchant from Italy who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan and wrote an exaggerated account of his journey in his book "Travels."2
11762441719Crusades (1095-1291)Unify Spain under Christianity 10. European kings strengthened their own power as a result of the Crusades. Weakened nobility (dead or poor) Weakened Church3
11762541769Middle AgesAlso known as the medieval period, the time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century. Feudal Structure: Provided local self-defense in absence of strong rulers with large armies, Based on land ownership , Rulers gave land to nobles, who in turn earned income, Nobles would arm knights and foot soldiers to fight for rulers Based on customs of Germanic tribes Mutual obligations Lords minted coins and made laws Lords headed manors Lords protected people Fiefs awarded to vassals Peasant: A person who worked the land Serf: A peasant of the lowest class Bound to the land (cannot leave) Bubonic Plague- A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 13514
11763130035MongolsConquered much of Asia: Military strategy Terrorism Strategies: Bait and switch Used prisoners to make army appear larger Technology: Catapults Gunpowder charges Longbows Psychological warfare: Mass-slaughter Spies Advantages to Mongol rule: Strong central leadership Better weapons, horses Economic self-sufficiency "Mongol Peace" Reopened Silk Road for trade Mongol army patrolled Asia and ensured safety for traveling merchants Mongol passports were issued to merchants to control trade and movement of goods Mongol Passport Disadvantages of Mongol rule: Family-based rule produced disagreements Vast empire hard to control Refusal to accept traditions/language/values of conquered land5
11763503650IslamTrade brought new products to Muslim lands and made many people rich. Islam spread through Medina, Mecca, and Damascus in trade -trade and conquest created many new cultures between muslims and other places -they practiced acceptance to those people -non muslims had to pay a special tax and couldnt convert to another religion -islamic cultures blended with other cultures and adopted some of their customs Ibn Battuta was a traveler (1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period. Mansa Musa-Ruler of Mali (r.1312-1337 CE) who made a hajj to Mecca; on the way there, he spread enormous amounts of gold showing the wealth of Mali; on the way back, he brought back education and Islamic culture. Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.6
11761701292Byzantine Empire(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. Empire: Spain, North Africa, Italy, parts of the Middle East Byzantine Empire: "New Rome" Christian empire Rulers had absolute political and religious power Emperor was head of Byzantine Empire and Eastern Orthodox Church Patriarch was below Pope but still had authority Eastern Orthodox Church split from Roman Catholic Schism over icons -Construction projects: Hagia Sophia, Walls, Palace, 60,000 seat stadium (Hippodrome), Libraries, Public schools, Hospitals, Center for trade and manufacturing, especially textiles -Empress Theodora: Increased rights for women Ruled alongside Justinian Generally, rights for wealthy women in Byzantium increased over time Rights for all other women decreased -War with Sassanid Empire depleted funds -Empire decreased in size and eventually collapsed to Ottoman Empire in 1432 the crusades getting support from the Christians b/c they were providing security against mortal enemies threatening the spiritual health of all Christians7
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AP World History Chapter 20 Flashcards

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6010955202What was the African contribution to the "Colombian ExchangeC) Slaves0
6010955203Which of the following was NOT considered a factor in the development of large kingdoms in AfricaB) The collapse of the Christian kingdom in Ethiopia in the face of Muslim advance1
6010957865What European nation first established direct contact with black AfricaD) Portugal2
6010957866The most important Portuguese trade fort or factory was located whereA) El Mina3
6010959893Which of the following statements concerning the early Portuguese trade forts is most accurateC) Most of the forts were established with the agreement or license of local rulers.4
6010970001Which of the African kingdoms was most successfully converted to Christianity by Portuguese missionariesD) Kongo5
6010970002South of their trade forts along the Gold Coast, the Portuguese established Luanda, this became the basis for the Portuguese colony ofA) Angola.6
6010972562Which of the following statements concerning the Portuguese presence in east Africa is most accurateC) Portuguese bases in east Africa gave them access to the gold trade of east Africa, but they were unable to completely disrupt the Muslim trade with the region.7
6010972563Following the model established by the Portuguese, which of the following was NOT one of the principal patterns of European contact with AfricaD) Widespread European colonization8
6010975542Which of the following statements about slavery in Europe before 1450 was most accurateC) Slavery had died out in the Middle Ages in most of Europe except along the military frontier between Christians and Muslims in the Mediterranean.9
6010975543The first slaves brought directly to Portugal from Africa arrived inA) 1441.10
6010977966In what manner did the Portuguese seize most of the slaves that were transported from AfricaB) They traded for them with African rulers.11
6010977967What development led to an intensification of the Portuguese involvement in the African slave tradeC) The development of sugar plantations on the Atlantic island of Madeira12
6010980283What is the best estimate of the number of Africans shipped across the Atlantic between 1450 and 1850C) 12 million13
6010985703In what century did the Atlantic slave trade reach its zenith in terms of numbers of Africans exportedD) 18th14
6010985704Which of the following statements concerning the volume of the slave trade to the American colonies is most accurateB) The high volume of the slave trade was a necessity because slave mortality was high and fertility was low leading to a loss of slave population.15
6010988987What region in the Americas received more slaves than any other between 1550 and 1850A) Brazil16
6010988988Which of the following statements concerning the shape of the commerce in African slaves is most accurateD) The Atlantic slave trade drew slaves from across the African continent and its concentration shifted from Senegambia to central and western Africa over time.17
6010992274In what way did the trans-Saharan slave trade differ from that of the Atlantic slave tradeC) The trans-Saharan slave trade concentrated on women, but the Atlantic slave trade concentrated on young men.18
6010992275What was the demographic impact of the slave trade on AfricaC) The slave trade had the impact of skewing the population of central Africa in favor of a disproportional number of women.19
6010992294How did the British organize the shipment of slaves to the AmericasB) In Britain, the chartered Royal African Company was granted a monopoly over the shipment of slaves to colonies in the Americas.20
6010996653The Spanish term for a healthy adult male slave wasA) indies piece.21
6010996654What was the average profitability of the English slave trade in the late 18th centuryA) 5-10 percent22
6010999275How did the profitability of the slave trade compare to that of other contemporary business venturesD) The slave trade was little more profitable than most business activities of the age and was not a major source for the Industrial Revolution of Europe.23
6010999276What was the term utilized for the commercial arrangement by which African slaves were shipped to the Americas, sugar and tobacco were carried to Europe, and European manufactured goods were transported to AfricaC) Triangular trade24
6011000807Which of the following statements concerning slavery on the continent of Africa before the arrival of the Europeans is most accurateD) In many African societies, the control of slaves was one of the few ways in which individuals or lineages could increase their wealth and status.25
6011000808What was the political impact of the presence of Europeans on the African coastC) West and central African kingdoms just inland from the forts began to redirect their trade and expand their influence.26
6011002935In what way did the European slave trade enable centralizing states to expand more rapidlyA) Slaves were traded for firearms that allowed expanding states to overpower their neighbors, resulting in more slaves.27
6011002936Which of the following was a large African state that developed in western Africa during the period of the Atlantic slave tradeD) Asante28
6011006383Under whose rule was unity achieved among the numerous Akan clans of AsanteB) Osei Tutu29
6011006384The title given to the supreme civil and religious ruler of the Asante kingdom wasC) asantehene.30
6011009576On the east coast of Africa, the Swahili trading citiesC) continued their commerce in the Indian Ocean with both the Portuguese and the Ottoman Turks.31
6011009577One of the unique features of the east African coast that differed from West Africa wasC) the existence of large European colonies.32
6011011952An example of the acceptance of Nilotic peoples as ruling dynasties among the Bantu was the Luo atD) Bunyoro.33
6011011953The Muslim reform movement of the 1770s that swept through the trade networks in Senegambia and the western Sudan was what variant of IslamC) Sufi34
6011014975Usuman Dan Fodio began a rebellion in what African kingdom(s) in 1804A) Hausa35
6011014976Usuman Dan Fodio's rebellion eventually led to the formation of what caliphal stateC) Sokoto36
6011017795What area of Africa was least affected by the slave tradeB) Southern Africa37
6011017796In 1652 what group established a colony at the Cape of Good HopeC) The Dutch East India Company38
6011020378In 1818 who assumed leadership in the Zulu chiefdom of the Nguni people of southern AfricaD) Shaka39
6011020379What was the impact of the MfecaneD) The resulting political disruption sent African groups fleeing before the Zulus into both Portuguese coastal regions and the Boer farms of southern Africa.40
6011023212What was the average mortality rate for slaves shipped to the Americas in the Atlantic slave tradeB) 18-20 percent41
6011023213The slave voyage to the Americas was referred to as theD) "Middle Passage."42
6011025139Why were Africans sought for plantation labor in the AmericasB) West Africans were already familiar with metallurgy, herding, and intensive agriculture whereas Indians were not.43
6011028025How were the British colonies of the southern Atlantic coast of North America different from the Latin American coloniesD) The British colonies depended less on imported Africans because of the positive rate of growth among the slaves.44
6011028026Which of the following statements concerning slave families is most accurateA) Despite enormous difficulties, slaves continued to live in family units.45
6011028027Which of the following was NOT an African religion transported to the AmericasC) Asantehene46
6011030945Which of the following statements concerning resistance to slavery is most accurateA) Recalcitrance, running away, and direct rebellion were present wherever slaves were employed.47
6011030946Which of the following was a British opponent of the slave tradeC) William Wilberforce48
6011050933Which of the following statements concerning the ending of the slave trade is most accurateC) While it is true that legitimate products began to replace slaves in the European commerce with Africa, it is difficult to demonstrate a link between economic self-interest and the abolition of the slave trade.49
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