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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER

6828250023	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
6828250024	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
6828250025	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
6828250026	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
6828250027	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
6828250028	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
6828250029	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
6828250030	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
6828250031	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
6828250032	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
6828250033	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
6828250034	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
6828250035	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
6828250036	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
6828250037	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	14
6828250038	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	15
6828250039	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	16
6828250040	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	17
6828250041	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	18
6828250042	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	19
6828250043	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	20
6828250044	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	21
6828250045	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	22
6828250046	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	23
6828250047	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	24
6828250048	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	25
6828250049	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	26
6828250050	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	27
6828250051	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	28
6828250052	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	29
6828250053	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	30
6828250054	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	31
6828250055	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	32
6828250056	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	33
6828250057	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
6828250058	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	35
6828250059	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	36
6828250060	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	37
6828250061	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	38
6828250062	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	39
6828250063	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory	40
6828250064	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	41
6828250065	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	42
6828250066	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	43
6828250067	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	44
6828250068	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	45
6828250069	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	46
6828250070	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	47
6828250071	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	48
6828250072	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	49
6828250073	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	50
6828250074	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	51
6828250075	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	52
6828250076	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	53
6828250077	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	54
6828250078	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	55
6828250079	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	56
6828250080	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	57
6828250081	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	58
6828250082	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	59
6828250083	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	60
6828250084	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	61
6828250085	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	62
6828250086	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	63
6828250087	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	64
6828250088	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	65
6828250089	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	66
6828250090	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	67
6828250091	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	68
6828250092	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	69
6828250093	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	70
6828250094	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	71
6828250095	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	72
6828250096	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	73
6828250097	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	74
6828250098	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	75
6828250099	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	76
6828250100	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	77
6828250101	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	78
6828250102	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	79
6828250103	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	80
6828250104	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	81
6828250105	Fujiwara	mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	82
6828250106	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	83
6828250107	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	84
6828250108	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	85
6828250109	Gempei wars	Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age	86
6828250110	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	87
6828250111	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	88
6828250112	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	89
6828250113	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	90
6828250114	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	91
6828250115	Trung Sisters	leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society	92
6828250116	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	93
6828250117	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	94
6828250118	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	95
6828250119	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	96
6828250120	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	97
6828250121	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	98
6828250122	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	99
6828250123	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	100
6828250124	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	101
6828250125	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	102
6828250126	White Lotus Society	secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty	103
6828250127	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	104
6828250128	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	105
6828250129	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	106
6828250131	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	107
6828250132	Silk Road Trade system		108
6828250133	Kingdom of Mali		109
6828250134	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	110
6828250135	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	111
6828250136	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	112
6828250137	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	113
6828250138	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	114
6828250139	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	115
6828250140	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	116
6828250141	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	117
6828250142	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		118
6828250143	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	119
6828250144	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	120
6828250145	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	121
6828250146	Bantu Migrations		122
6828250147	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	123
6828250148	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	124

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AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards

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9549240294	Caste System	a class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich	0
9549240295	Patriarchy	A male dominated society	1
9549240297	Mandate of Heaven	an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.	2
9549240298	Silk Road	an ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea	3
9549240300	Reincarnation	the rebirth of a soul in a new body.	4
9549240303	Eightfold Path	the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.	5
9549240304	Zoroanstrianism	one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.	6
9549240306	Legalism	strict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit.	7
9549240307	Confucianism	a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.	8
9549240308	Buddhism	is a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one").	9
9549240309	Judaism	an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud.	10
9549240310	Christianity	the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.	11
9549240311	Daoism	a philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao.	12
9549240312	Han Dynasty	an empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 220 c.e.	13
9549240315	Roman empire	located in modern day Italy but expanded to outlying countries throughout its reign, it lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e.	14
9549240316	Empire	an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.	15
9549240318	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	16
9549240319	Mauryan Empire	(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.	17
9549240321	Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)	Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.	18
9549240322	Emperor Constantine	Founded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire.	19
9549240323	Gupta Empire	(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.	20
9549240326	Indian Ocean Maritime System	The Indian Ocean Maritime had been made possible by transactions between the Mediterranean Basin and the Indian Ocean Basin. The Indian Ocean Maritime allowed for cheaper transportation and the increased abundance of products that could be shipped.	21
9549240327	Trans-Saharan Trade Route	gold-salt trade; linked North and West Africa; across Sahara Desert; spread Islam; land trade	22
9549240328	filial piety	In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.	23
9549240329	ancestor veneration	Veneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors	24
9549240330	Persian Empire	Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great. Invented metal coinage, advanced postal system, built networks of roads, had a single currency, formed a provincial administration. Society was patriarchal and rigidly stratified.	25
9549240331	Qin Dynasty	the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall. Founder, Shi Huangdi united northern China with Yangzi valley (south). Modernized Chinese army, forced labor to build roads and canals	26
9549240332	Hellenistic	Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.	27
9549240333	Persepolis	A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby.	28
9549240334	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.	29
9549240335	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul	30
9549240338	Paul	A Pharisaic Jew who persecuted the Early Christian community; later, he had an experience of the Risen Christ and became the "Apostle to the Gentiles" writing numerous letters to the Christian communities.	31
9552055726	Han Dynasty	Had warrior-emperors and armies that expanded territory. They established a tributary system, placed an efficient postal system, tax collection system, and bureaucracy. Economy was strong with improved agricultural techniques and a monopoly on silk production for the Silk Road trade.	32

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AP World History Vocab 68 Flashcards

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11221197757	large system of trade routes that went from China to Rome. Contributed to cultural diffusion and helped link nations far and wide through trade	Silk Road	0
11221245098	In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia. Spread goods and cultures far and wide	Indian Ocean Maritime System	1
11221315278	a group of traders traveling together	Caravan	2
11221325939	a ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull.	Dhow	3
11221335567	triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind and was used in the Indian Ocean trade	Lateen Sail	4

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AP World History Regions Practice Flashcards

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10494412979	North Africa	Algeria, Morocco (Egypt)	0
10494416307	West Africa	Burkina Faso, Liberia, Mali	1
10494416888	East Africa	Somalia, Madagascar, Kenya,	2
10494417600	Central Africa	Chad, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo	3
10494418109	Southern Africa	South Africa, Zimbabwe, Angola (inaccurate image)	4
10494422868	Middle East	Egypt, Yemen, Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Lebanon, Turkey	5
10494424914	East Asia	Japan, South Korea, North Korea, China, Mongolia	6
10494427944	Southeast Asia	Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Burma, Malaysia, SIngapore	7
10494430512	South Asia	India, Afghanistan, Pakistan	8
10494432568	Latin America	Peru, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Haiti, Honduras, Belize, Venezuela, Bolivia, Mexico, Cuba	9
10494435280	Oceania		10
10494442046	Europe	Germany, Netherlands, France, Portugal	11
10494444317	Eastern Europe	Poland	12
10494445499	Southeast Europe	Croatia, Serbia, Greece	13
10494481437	Japan	East Asia	14
10494482266	Peru	Latin America (Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile)	15
10494485143	Croatia	Southeast Europe (Slovenia, Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina)	16
10494486450	Egypt	Middle East (physically in North Africa) (Libya, Sudan, Israel)	17
10494487799	Thailand	Southeast Asia (Burma, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia)	18
10494489287	Mexico	Latin America (United States of America, Guatemala, Belize)	19
10494490829	Dominican Republic	Latin America (Haiti)	20
10494491702	Serbia	Southeastern Europe (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania)	21
10494496607	South Korea	East Asia (North Korea)	22
10494497238	Yemen	Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Oman)	23
10494498685	Algeria	North Africa (Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Mauritania, Mali, Niger)	24
10494499903	Madagascar	Eastern Africa	25
10494500189	Pakistan	Middle East (physically in South Asia) (India, Afghanistan, Iran)	26
10494501387	Iran	Middle East (Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Kuwait, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey)	27
10494504848	Saudi Arabia	Middle East (Iraq, Jordan, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Yemen)	28
10494506704	India	South Asia (Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Burma)	29
10494509777	Israel	Middle East (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria)	30
10494511854	Indonesia	Southeast Asia (Malaysia)	31
10494513636	Kenya	East Africa (Somalia, Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia, South Sudan)	32
10494526187	Mali	West Africa (Senegal, Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Niger, Mauritania, Algeria)	33
10494528468	Burkina Faso	West Africa (Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Niger)	34
10494537396	Zimbabwe	South Africa (Zambia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique)	35
10494539816	Angola	South Africa (Namibia, Zambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo)	36
10494541575	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Central Africa (Angola, Zambia, Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi)	37
10494545990	Rwanda	Central Africa (Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Uganda)	38
10494546703	Somalia	East Africa (Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya)	39
10494547987	Iraq	Middle East (Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Syria, Turkey, Iran)	40
10494549207	Mongolia	East Asia (Russia, China)	41
10494550418	Germany	Europe (Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, France, Austria, Czech Republic, Poland	42
10494556826	Chad	Central Africa (Libya, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan)	43
10494562379	Morocco	North Africa (Algeria)	44
10494563766	Liberia	West Africa (Sierra Leone, Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire)	45
10494565058	South Africa	South Africa (Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique)	46
10494566442	Syria	Middle East (Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Iraq)	47
10494568530	Afghanistan	Middle East (physically in South Asia) (Pakistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan)	48
10494569750	Vietnam	Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Laos, China_	49
10494570767	China	East Asia (Vietnam, Laos, Burma, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia, North Korea)	50
10494575478	Singapore	Southeast Asia (Malaysia)	51
10494577780	Cuba	Latin America	52
10494584143	Colombia	Latin America (Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil)	53
10494585956	Burma	Southeast Asia (Thailand, Bangladesh, India, China, Laos)	54
10494587245	Netherlands	Europe (Belgium, Germany)	55
10494588370	Ecuador	Latin America (Peru, Colombia)	56
10494589498	Lebanon	Middle East (Syria, Israel)	57
10494590406	Portugal	Europe (Spain)	58
10494591003	Bolivia	Latin America (Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Chile, Argentina)	59
10494591436	Malaysia	Southeast Asia (Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei)	60
10494592248	Costa Rica	Latin America (Nicaragua, Panama)	61
10494593142	Haiti	Latin America (Dominican Republic)	62
10494593381	Honduras	Latin America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua)	63
10494594725	Poland	Eastern Europe (Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Lithuania)	64
10494595846	North Korea	East Asia (China, Russia, South Korea)	65
10494596483	Belize	Latin America (Guatemala, Mexico)	66
10494597096	Turkey	Middle East (Greece, Syria, Iraq, Georgia, Armenia, Iran)	67
10494601303	Greece	Southeast Europe (Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Turkey	68
10494603568	Venezuela	Latin America (Colombia, Guyana, Brazil)	69
10494604371	France	Europe (Spain, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Germany)	70

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Apes Flashcards

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11707269703	Photosynthesis	-light energy into stored chemical energy - sun, CO2, H2O —> O2, C6H12O6 -by plants -in the chloroplast End result is glucose and carbohydrates	0
11707269704	cellular respiration	-converting carbohydrates into ATP -by All organisms -in the mitochondria and cystoolasm -energy source is carbohydrates -energy result is ATP	1
11707269705	The Carbon Cycle	-ingredient in carbohydrates, fats, and proteins -found everywhere STEPS 1. Respiration - co2 enters from breathing and burning 2. Photosynthesis- co2 absorbed and o2 enters 3. Consumption- animals due 4. Dentrification- carbon enters atmosphere HUMAN IMPACT -mining -deforestation- vegetation -oceans more acidic -global climate change	2
11707269706	The Nitrogen Cycle	-component of DNA/RNA -essential for amino acids -the most prevalent component in earths atmosphere -78% of atmosphere STEPS 1. Fixation 2. Nitrification 3. Assimilation 4. Ammonification 5. Dentrification Negative effects Eutrification- algae die- bacteria increase- use up o2 and hypoxia occurs HUMAN IMPACT -fertilizers containing N2 leads to excess nitrates -pollution from combustion release more N2 -sewage dumps large amts in H20	3
11707269707	Phosphorus Cycle	-component of DNA/RNA & ATP -phospholipids in cell membranes -limiting nutrient in freshwater STEPS 1. Weathering/Erosion 2. Assimilation -plants take up phosphates from soil 3. Consumption 4. Decomposition- release phosphates into soil 5. Sedimentation- rock Negative effects Eutrophication- algae die- increase in bacteria- o2 used up and hypoxia HUMAN IMPACT - laundry detergents - 17 states banned phosphates from dishwasher detergent	4
11707269708	Sulfur Cycle	-important in protein and enzyme functioning -necessary for plants and animals STEPS 1. Volcanism-H2S released and converts to SO2/ Algae/Burning of fossil fuels 2 So3 with O2 makes SO3 3. Sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate created 4. Acid rain 5. Assimilation : plants take up sulfates from soil and animals eat this 6. Dentrification: living things decay and sulfur back in ocean/ rock Cycle HUMAN IMPACT -1/3 of sulfur that reaches atmosphere is from human activity -acid rain	5

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AP World History Period 2 Flashcards

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11239832213	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.	0
11239832214	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.	1
11239832215	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	2
11239832216	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	3
11239832217	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	4
11239832218	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 C.E.).	5
11239832219	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the Han ruled China for more than 400 years.	6
11239832220	Hellenistic era	The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	7
11239832221	hoplite	A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.	8
11239832222	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	9
11239832223	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.	10
11239832224	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	11
11239832225	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	12
11239832226	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.	13
11239832227	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	14
11239832228	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.	15
11239832229	Plebians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	16
11239832230	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	17
11239832231	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	18
11239832232	Solon	Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.	19
11239832233	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	20
11239832234	Aristotle	A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.	21
11239832235	Bhagavad Gita	A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.	22
11239832236	Brahman	The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.	23
11239832237	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	24
11239832238	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	25
11239832239	Confucianism	The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.	26
11239832240	Confucius	The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.	27
11239832241	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	28
11239832242	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	29
11239832243	Filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	30
11239832244	Greek rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	31
11239832245	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	32
11239832246	Hippocrates	A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.	33
11239832247	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	34
11239832248	Karma	In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.	35
11239832249	Laozi	A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.	36
11239832250	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	37
11239832251	Moksha	In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.	38
11239832252	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	39
11239832253	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	40
11239832254	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	41
11239832255	Theravada	"The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.	42
11239832256	Upanishads	Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	43
11239832257	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	44
11239832258	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	45
11239832259	Zarathustra	A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.	46
11239832260	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	47
11239832261	caste as varna and jati	The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.	48
11239832262	dharma	In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.	49
11239832263	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	50
11239832264	Kshatriya	The Indian social class of warriors and rulers.	51
11239832265	latifundia	Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire	52
11239832266	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.	53
11239832267	scholar-gentry class	A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials.	54
11239832268	Sudra	The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers	55
11239832269	the "three submissions"	In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.	56
11239832270	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	57
11239832271	Vaisya	The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.	58
11239832272	Axum	Classical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 C.E. and adopted Christianity.	59
11239832273	Bantu expansion	Gradual migration of peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa, a process that began around 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia. The agricultural techniques and ironworking technology of these farmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered.	60
11239832274	Silk Road	Trade route stretching from China into Europe.	61

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Ap. World History Civilization Flashcards

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7328546064	Society	how people live and get along with each other	0
7328548956	Population	what people is the population composed of. What races do they come from.	1
7328557528	Gender	What roles do men and women have. How are they treated differently.	2
7328564670	Stratification	Social classes, and there basis	3
7328569725	Mobility	How rigid are social classes? How much mobility is there in society.	4
7328579778	Scale	How large or small society is. How intimate or institutional?	5
7328592494	Cosmopolitanism/ Xenophobia:	How foreign people, ideas, cultures, and immigrates are viewed?	6
7328607533	Politics	Power and the organizations that decide who gets what	7
7328612227	Government	Why and how governments formed, and how government perpetuate itself?	8
7328618090	Structure	what is the official system of government? Who is supposed to hold power and who actually does?	9
7328630247	Taxation	How does the government finance its officers and functions?	10
7328633893	Participation	How is citizenship defined? Who can participate in government decisions?	11
7328644319	Legitimacy and Penetration	how much power does the government exercise in theory and in practice over the views of its citizens. What kind of officials carry out government will? how much does the government rely on cooperation and coercion to achieve its goals.	12
7328665175	Monuments	What sorts of monumental architecture does the government sponsor and what ideals to they symbolize.	13
7328678247	Diplomacy	how does the government communicate with others?	14
7328681308	Military	What military force does the government maintain	15
7328685245	Intellect	Ideas and expression	16
7328689600	Literacy	How records are kept? How many can read or write? What time of documents are written	17
7328699016	Technology	What inventions exist?	18
7328704274	Education	Who is taught what and why?	19
7328710126	Arts	what messages and what media does the culture generate?	20
7328714919	Philosophy	What ideas exist about nature of humanity and existence.	21
7328721985	Spontaneity/Diffusion	How ideas are native and they are imported	22
7328726907	Religion	Supernatural beliefs and institutions	23
7328731238	Doctrine	What are the core beliefs/ what needs of it followers in the region to satisfy	24
7328739640	Structure	What officials , ritual, and buildings belong in the religion	25
7328747528	Divination	How does the religion interact with the spiritual world and what it try's to discover	26
7328768859	Establishment	How closely aligned are religions and government	27
7328776206	Evangelism/Localism	How zealous region in spreading it message to other people.	28
7328782785	Economy	Making a living, money, and exchange	29
7328795194	Geography	What resources does the economy have. How dependent or independent it is.	30
7328800413	Occupation	How do people make a living/ How does the economy reward some occupations.	31
7328807266	Specialization	How many people spend time on something other than raising food.	32
7328812559	Currency	what is the medium of exchange. who regulates it	33
7328818283	Regulation and Distribution	Who makes the rules and how many are there. Who gets to keep what	34
7328822668	Trade	What and how much does the economy import and export and how extensive are these trade networks	35

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AP World History Map Test Flashcards

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10484557666	Canton		0
10484558429	Baghdad		1
10484559100	Mecca		2
10484563004	Malacca		3
10484565835	Constantinople/Istanbul		4
10484571307	jerusalem		5
10484574640	Tenochtitlan		6
10484578164	timbuktu		7
10484578719	beijing		8
10484579504	calcutta		9
10484581858	jenne		10
10484582327	moscow		11
10484583015	Sahara Desert		12
10484583485	gobi desert		13
10484584258	kalahari desert		14
10484584887	indian ocean		15
10484585360	black sea		16
10484586538	south china sea		17
10484588287	arabian sea		18
10484588936	mediterranean sea		19
10484590211	Strait of Gibraltar		20
10484591860	the bering sea		21
10484593432	caribbean sea		22
10484594090	caspian sea		23
10484594848	sea of japan		24
10484597445	bosporus		25
10484599347	persian gulf		26
10484600362	nile river		27
10484600715	niger river		28
10484601841	amazon river		29
10484602715	tiber river		30
10484603232	ganges river		31
10484604103	Yellow (Huang He) River		32
10484604957	indus river		33
10484606089	tigris river		34
10484607788	Euphrates River		35
10484614276	hindu kush	mountain range to northwest of India	36
10484618827	himalayan		37
10484619182	alps		38
10484619767	pyrenees		39
10484620293	andes		40
10484621380	Caucasus Mountains		41
10484623965	Urals Mountains		42
10484625430	indonesia		43
10484626166	philippines		44
10484627047	Indian Subcontinent		45
10484627822	arabian peninsula		46
10484628551	korean peninsula		47
10484629018	japan		48
10484631186	swahili coast		49
10484631980	Sub-Saharan Africa		50
10484633268	south asia		51
10484634048	southeast asia		52
10484636160	middle east		53
10484637716	Iberian Peninsula		54
10484638422	sumatra		55
10484641403	Malaysian Peninsula		56
10484642486	crimean peninsula		57
10484643113	anatolia		58
10484644190	central asia steppes		59

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AP List 10 Flashcards

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6421484531	Ambulatory	relating to or adapted for walking	0
6421484532	Brazen	bold and without shame	1
6421484533	Churlish	rude in a mean-spirited and surly way	2
6421484534	Diffident	modest or shy because of a lack of self-confidence	3
6421484535	Ennui	feeling of listlessness and dissatisfaction arising from lack of occupation or excitement; boredom	4
6421484536	Inscrutable	impossible to understand or interpret	5
6421484537	Prognosticate	foretell or prophesy an event in the future	6
6421484538	Schism	a split or division between two opposed parties	7
6421484539	Sedition	conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against authority	8
6421484540	Wizen	shriveled or wrinkled with age	9

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