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AP Biology Chapter 16 Flashcards

5726173470	DNA Replication	the process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis	0
5726173471	Transformation	a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell transforming substance- DNA	1
5726173472	Bacteriophages	Viruses that infect bacteria Bacteria eaters	2
5726173473	Virus	infects a cell and takes over the cell's metabolic machinery	3
5726173474	Hershey and Chase (Don't need to memorize scientists)	Concluded that phage DNA entered bacterial host cells, but phage proteins did not, so DNA functions as the genetic material	4
5726173475	Griffith (Don't need to memorize scientists)	Concluded that nonpathogenic bacteria transformed into pathogenic bacteria by an unknown, heritable substance from the dead S cells that enabled the R cells to make capsules	5
5726173476	Chargaff's Law	the base compostion of DNA varies between species and for each species, the percentages of A and T bases are roughly equal to the percentages of the G and C bases	6
5726173477	Rosalind Franklin (Don't need to memorize scientists)	accomplished X-ray crystallographer that discovered the double helix of DNA	7
5726173478	Antiparallel	subunits run in opposite directions	8
5726173479	Nitrogenous bases of Dna	A, T, C, G	9
5726173480	Purines	A and G Nitrogenous bases with two organic rings	10
5726173481	Pyrimidines	C and T Nitrogenous base with a single organic ring	11
5726173482	Conservative model	two parental strands reassociate after acting as templates for new strands thus restoring the parental double helix	12
5726173483	Semiconservative Model	the two strands of the parental molecule separate and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand- most common	13
5726173484	Dispersive Model	each strand of both daughter molecules contains a mixture of old and newly synthesized DNA	14
5726173485	Origins of Replication	short stretches of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides	15
5726173486	Replication Fork	a Y shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound	16
5726173487	Helicases	enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and make them available as template strands	17
5726173488	Single Strand Binding Proteins	Bind to the unpaired DNA strands keeping them from repairing	18
5726173489	Topoisomerase	The untwisting of double helix causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of replication fork Relieve this strain by breaking swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands	19
5726173490	Primer	The initial nucleotide chain that is produced during DNA synthesis is actually a short stretch of RNA	20
5726173491	Primase	Synthesizes the primer Starts a complementary RNA chain from a single RNA nucleotide, adding more RNA nucleotides one at a time, using the parental DNA strand as a template	21
5726173492	DNA polymerases	Enzyme that catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain	22
5726173493	Leading strand	Strand that continuously adds nucleotides to the new complementary strand as the fork progresses DNA pol III	23
5726173494	Lagging Strand	The strand that DNA pol III works away from the replication fork Synthesized discontinuosly as a series of segments	24
5726173495	Okazaki fragments	Series of segments that are 1000-2000 nucleotides long	25
5726173496	DNA Ligase	joins the sugar phosphate backbones of all the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand	26
5726173497	DNA pol III	Synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand	27
5726173498	DNA pol I	Removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5' end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides	28
5726173499	Mismatch repair	Other enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors	29
5726173500	Nuclease	DNA cutting enzyme that cuts out the damaged parts of the strand and fills the space with nucleotides using the undamaged strand as a template	30
5726173501	Nucleotide excision repair	DNA repair system where teams of enzymes detect and repair the DNA, the nuclease cuts out the damaged DNA and removes it, fills in the missing nucleotides and the DNA ligase seals the free end of the new DNA to the old DNA making the strand complete	31
5726173502	Telomeres	Special nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes TTAGGG is repeated between 100-1000 times Prevent the staggered ends of daughter molecule from activitating cell's system for monitoring DNA damage	32
5726173503	Telomerase	Enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells and restores the original length and compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication	33
5726173504	Histones	Proteins that are responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin	34
5726173505	Nucleosome	the basic unit of DNA packing	35
5726173506	Chromatin	complex of DNA and protein	36
5726173507	Heterochromatin	centromeres and telomeres exist in a highly condensed state with visible irregular clumps making it largely inaccessible	37
5726173508	Euchromatin	centromeres and telomeres exist in a less compacted state that is very accessible	38

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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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10607854651	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
10607854652	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
10607854653	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
10607854654	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
10607854655	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
10607854656	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
10607854657	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
10607854658	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
10607854659	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
10607854660	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
10607854661	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
10607854662	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
10607854663	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
10607854664	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
10607854665	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	14
10607854666	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	15
10607854667	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	16
10607854668	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	17
10607854669	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	18
10607854670	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	19
10607854671	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	20
10607854672	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	21
10607854673	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	22
10607854674	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	23
10607854675	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	24
10607854676	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	25
10607854677	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	26
10607854678	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	27
10607854679	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	28
10607854680	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	29
10607854681	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	30
10607854682	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	31
10607854683	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	32
10607854684	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	33
10607854685	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
10607854686	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	35
10607854687	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	36
10607854688	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	37
10607854689	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	38
10607854690	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory	39
10607854691	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	40
10607854692	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	41
10607854693	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	42
10607854694	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	43
10607854695	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	44
10607854696	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	45
10607854697	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	46
10607854698	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	47
10607854699	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	48
10607854700	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	49
10607854701	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	50
10607854702	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	51
10607854703	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	52
10607854704	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	53
10607854705	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	54
10607854706	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	55
10607854707	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	56
10607854708	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	57
10607854709	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	58
10607854710	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	59
10607854711	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	60
10607854712	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a slice of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	61
10607854713	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	62
10607854714	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	63
10607854715	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	64
10607854716	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	65
10607854717	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	66
10607854718	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	67
10607854719	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	68
10607854720	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	69
10607854721	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	70
10607854722	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	71
10607854723	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	72
10607854724	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	73
10607854725	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	74
10607854726	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	75
10607854727	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	76
10607854728	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	77
10607854729	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	78
10607854730	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	79
10607854731	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	80
10607854732	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	81
10607854733	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	82
10607854734	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	83
10607854735	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	84
10607854736	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	85
10607854737	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	86
10607854738	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	87
10607854739	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	88
10607854740	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	89
10607854741	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	90
10607854742	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	91
10607854743	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	92
10607854744	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	93
10607854745	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	94
10607854746	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	95
10607854747	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	96
10607854748	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	97
10607854749	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	98
10607854750	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	99
10607854751	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	100
10607854766	Silk Road Trade system		101
10607854767	Kingdom of Mali		102
10607854752	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	103
10607854753	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	104
10607854754	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	105
10607854755	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	106
10607854756	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	107
10607854757	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	108
10607854758	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	109
10607854759	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	110
10607854768	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		111
10607854760	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	112
10607854761	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	113
10607854762	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	114
10607854769	Bantu Migrations		115
10607854763	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	116
10607854764	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	117

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AP World History - Period 2 Flashcards

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11237781823	Ahura Mazda	In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.	0
11237781824	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.	1
11237781825	Aryans	Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.	2
11237781826	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.	3
11237781827	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	4
11237781828	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	5
11237781829	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	6
11237781830	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.	7
11237781831	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 C.E.).	8
11237781832	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the dynasty ruled China for more than 400 years.	9
11237781833	Hellenistic era	The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	10
11237781834	Herodotus	Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.	11
11237781835	hoplite	A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.	12
11237781836	Ionia	The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.	13
11237781837	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	14
11237781838	Battle of Marathon	Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.	15
11237781839	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.	16
11237781840	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	17
11237781841	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	18
11237781842	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.	19
11237781843	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	20
11237781844	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.	21
11237781845	Plebians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	22
11237781846	Punic Wars	Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.	23
11237781847	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	24
11237781848	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	25
11237781849	Solon	Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.	26
11237781850	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	27
11237781851	Xiongnu	Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.	28
11237781852	Aristotle	A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.	29
11237781853	Bhagavad Gita	A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.	30
11237781854	Brahman	The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.	31
11237781855	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	32
11237781856	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	33
11237781857	Confucianism	The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.	34
11237781858	Confucius	The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.	35
11237781859	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	36
11237781860	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	37
11237781861	Filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	38
11237781862	Greek rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	39
11237781863	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	40
11237781864	Hippocrates	A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.	41
11237781865	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	42
11237781866	Yahweh	A form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice.	43
11237781867	Karma	In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.	44
11237781868	Laozi	A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.	45
11237781869	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	46
11237781870	Moksha	In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.	47
11237781871	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	48
11237781872	Plato	A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.	49
11237781873	Pythagoras	A major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world.	50
11237781874	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	51
11237781875	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	52
11237781876	Upanishads	Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	53
11237781877	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	54
11237781878	Warring States Period	Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.	55
11237781879	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	56
11237781880	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	57
11237781881	caste as varna and jati	The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.	58
11237781882	dharma	In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.	59
11237781883	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	60
11237781884	Kshatriya	The Indian social class of warriors and rulers.	61
11237781885	latifundia	Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire	62
11237781886	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.	63
11237781887	Sudra	The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers	64
11237781888	the "three submissions"	In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.	65
11237781889	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	66
11237781890	Vaisya	The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.	67
11237781891	Silk Road	Trade route stretching from China into Europe.	68

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Adjetivos Nuevos AP Flashcards

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7218124899	Enfocado/a	focused	0
7218125530	Destraído/a	distracted	1
7218126348	Celoso/a	jealous	2
7218126885	Agradecido/a	Grateful	3
7218127550	Ruidoso/a	Noisy	4
7218127551	Callado/a	Quiet	5
7218128198	Simpático/a	likable	6
7218129695	Testarudo/a	stubborn	7
7218130241	Huraño/a	Unsociable	8
7218130861	Comprensivo/a	Understanding	9
7218130862	Cabezón/a	Headstrong	10
7218131671	Razonable	Reasonable	11

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American Paegant Ch.17 Flashcards

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8118407299	Who was referred to as a "democrat in Whig clothing?"	President Tyler	0
8118407300	Who was Tippacanoe?	Pres. Harrison	1
8118407301	How long was Old Tippacanoe's presidency?	Four weeks	2
8118407302	Why did Tippacanoe die?	Phnumonia	3
8118407303	Who were leaders of the Whig party ?	Daniel Webster (secretary of state) Henry Clay	4
8118407304	Why wasn't Tyler a democrat?	He didn't like Jackson's dictatorial tactics	5
8118407305	Which party was pro-bank,pro-tariff, and printer all improvement ?	Whigs	6
8118407306	How many times did president Tyler veto the Whigs' appeal for a nat'l bank?	Twice	7
8118407307	What was a result of president Tyler vetoing the Whigs' request for a national bank?	The Whigs kicked Tyler out of their party	8
8118407308	How did the Whigs finally get Tyler to agree to a tariff bill?	-lowered the tariff and took out the offensive parts	9
8118407309	What was the Third War with England?	Pen and paper	10
8118407310	How did British travel books berate America?	By talking about slave auctioneering,eye-gouging, and lyching	11
8118407311	What mean things were said about Yankees ?	They were said to be unable to repay loans	12
8118407312	Describe the "Caroline incident "	The U,S. Ship was attacked at Niagara Falls by the Brit.	13
8118407313	McLeod	Canadian indicted for murder after boasting of participating in the Caroline affair -arrested and condemned for execution	14
8118407314	Why was McLeod let off the hook?	- Canada threatened war -he had an airtight alibi	15
8118407315	Describe the "Creole" incident	Br. Offered 130 slaves asylum for overtaking the Am. ship	16
8118407316	What cause the Aroostoock War?	Britain wanted to build a road going from Halifax to Quebec	17
8118407317	Why did America oppose the Br. Building the road?	They said it went into Am land	18
8118407318	Who fought in the small Arostook war?	Lumbarjacks	19
8118407319	Lord Asherburton	-Br. Unofficial diplomat	20

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Unit 1 Vocabulary AP World History Flashcards

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10658957241	Aborigina	The earliest known	0
10658960254	Ancestor Veneration	The honoring of ancestors in belief that they can talk to the gods for them	1
10658963267	Animism	Believe that natural objects have souls	2
10658968360	Artisan	A person who is skilled in crafts and art	3
10658974019	Dispora	Dispersal of the Jews (to Palestine) after Babylonian captivity	4
10658979400	Domestication	Converting animals and crops to domestic use	5
10658982834	Merchant	Person who commerce's or trades	6
10658985973	Pastoralism	Form of agriculture based on live stock	7
10658991189	Patriarchy/Matriarchy	Men having more authority than women Women having more authority than men	8
10658994027	Shaman	A person able to interact with a spirit world	9
10658997051	social stratification	Distinction and segregation of social class based on wealth and power	10
10659004290	Theocrat	A person who rules in representation of a god or diety	11

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confucianism ap world history burian Flashcards

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7278465557	founder	confucius	0
7278467388	when it began/came to china	warring states period	1
7278469273	basic outlook on life	thought of life and society as bitter wanted china to be at peace and harmony everyone should be treated w respect	2
7278475144	goals	trying to achieve peace and harmony wanted rulers to be wiser and nicer everyone should follow traditional Chinese values	3
7278481438	relationship w others	caring for and respecting other people ex: parents should care for their children and children should obey their parents	4

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AP World History Vocab Words Flashcards

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11353122225	Animism/Polytheism	ancestor worship/the belief and worship of many gods.	0
11353181762	Fall of the Classical Empires	the fall of the Han, Gupta, and Roman empires. The empires fell because of either the Hun invaders or internal damages in government and etc.	1
11353226086	Caliphate	the rule or reign of a caliph or chief Muslim ruler.	2
11353254952	Encomienda System	legal system by which the Spanish crown attempted to define the status of the Indian population in it's American colonies.	3
11353288658	Marxism	the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, for theory and practice of communism.	4

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