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AP World History Regions Flashcards

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11035618440North America0
11035637135Mexico1
11035638993Caribbean2
11035647451Latin America (including regions of Mesoamerica and the Caribbean)3
11035650876West Africa4
11035652531Southern Africa5
11035654338Central Africa6
11035656482East Africa7
11035658202North Africa8
11035660213Middle East9
11035662709Europe10
11035669316South Asia11
11035670702Central Asia12
11035672124East Asia13
11035674788Southeast Asia14
11035676501Oceania15
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AP World History - Period 2 Flashcards

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11238691647Ahura MazdaIn Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.0
11238691648Alexander the GreatAlexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.1
11238691649AryansIndo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.2
11238691650AshokaThe most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.3
11238691651Caesar AugustusThe great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).4
11238691652Cyrus (the Great)Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.5
11238691653Darius IGreat king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.6
11238691654Greco-Persian WarsTwo major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.7
11238691655Gupta EmpireAn empire of India (320-550 C.E.). Known as the Golden Age of India with many achievements.8
11238691656Han dynastyChinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the dynasty ruled China for more than 400 years. A Golden Age of China.9
11238691657Hellenistic eraThe period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.10
11238691658HerodotusGreek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.11
11238691659Mandate of HeavenThe ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.12
11238691660Mauryan EmpireA major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India. This is the empire of Ashoka and the spread of Buddhism in India.13
11238691661PatriciansWealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.14
11238691662Pax RomanaThe "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.15
11238691663Peloponnesian WarGreat war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.16
11238691664PersepolisThe capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.17
11238691665Persian EmpireA major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.18
11238691666PlebiansPoorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.19
11238691667Punic WarsThree major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.20
11238691668Qin DynastyA short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.21
11238691669Qin ShihuangdiLiterally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state. Used Legalism, standardized currency and weights and built the Terra cotta army.22
11238691670WudiHan emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.23
11238691671XiongnuNomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.24
11238691672AristotleA Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.25
11238691673Bhagavad GitaA great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.26
11238691674BrahmanThe "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.27
11238691675BrahminsThe priestly caste of India.28
11238691676BuddhismThe cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama in India.29
11238691677ConfucianismThe Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.30
11238691678ConfuciusThe founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.31
11238691679ConstantineRoman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.32
11238691680DaoismA Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.33
11238691681Filial pietyThe honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.34
11238691682Greek rationalismA secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.35
11238691683HinduismA word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.36
11238691684HippocratesA very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.37
11238691685Jesus of NazarethThe prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).38
11238691686YahwehA form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice.39
11238691687KarmaIn Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action in the prior existence.40
11238691688LaoziA legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.41
11238691689LegalismA Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous harsh punishments.42
11238691690MokshaIn Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman. The ultimate goal of Hindus and freedom from the cycle of rebirth.43
11238691691Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)The Indian prince (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.44
11238691692SocratesThe first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).45
11238691693UpanishadsIndian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.46
11238691694VedasThe earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.47
11238691695Warring States PeriodPeriod in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.48
11238691696Yin and YangExpression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.49
11238691697ZoroastrianismPersian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.50
11238691698Caste SystemThe system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.51
11238691699DharmaIn Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.52
11238691700KshatriyaThe Indian social class of warriors and rulers.53
11238691701LatifundiaHuge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire54
11238691702PericlesA prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age of Democracy.55
11238691703SudraThe lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers56
11238691704the "three submissions"In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.57
11238691705UntouchablesAn Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.58
11238691706VaisyaThe Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.59
11238691707Silk RoadTrade route stretching from China into Europe.60
11238691708SyncretismAttempted union or reconciliation of diverse or opposite tenets or practices, especially in philosophy or religion. (ex. Hellenistism)61
11238691709Ancestor VenerationThe custom of worshiping deceased ancestors who are considered still a part of the family and whose spirits are believed to have the power to intervene in the affairs of the living. Practiced in Classical China.62
11238691710Codificationthe action or process of arranging laws, rules or religious beliefs according to a system or plan.63
11238691711Jewish Diasporathe dispersion of Israelites, Judahites and later Jews out of their ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel) and their subsequent settlement in other parts of the globe64
11238691712Monasticisma religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work; typically in a house of worship (ex. Christrianity and Buddhism)65
11238691713ReincarnationThe rebirth of the soul in a new body. A belief of both Hinduism and Buddhism.66
11238691714NirvanaThe goal of the Buddhist path. It is the ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism and marks the release from rebirths.67
11238691715Mahayana Buddihismone of the two major traditions of Buddhism, now practiced in a variety of forms especially in China, Tibet, Japan, and Korea. Became more a religion and Buddha became viewed as a god.68
11238691716Theravada BuddhismOne of the two major traditions of Buddhism. It is more similar to the Buddha's origional philosophy and Buddha is seen as a teacher rather than a god. It is practiced mainly in Southeast Asia in places such as Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos.69
112386917175 Key RelationshipsRuler to subject, father to son, husband to wife, elder to younger and friend to friend. Confucius believed that if society follows these then it will lead to social harmony and order.70
11238691719Reasons why Belief Systems SpreadMissionaries, merchants and trade routes71
11238691720AnimismThe ancient religious belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. All things—animals, plants, rocks, rivers, weather systems,—considered alive with spiritual presence.72
11238691721PhoeniciansOne of the earliest trading empires in world history that dominated the Mediterranean region; created the world's first known alphabet system that was later adapted by the Greeks.73
11238691722Mayaa Mesoamerican civilization (Mexico) noted for its hieroglyphic script—the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system.74
11238691723TeotihuacanLocated in the Basin of Central Mexico, was the largest and most revered city in the history of Mesoamerica, and it flourished in a Golden Age during the Classic Period of the first millennium CE. Dominated by two gigantic pyramids and a huge sacred avenue, the city, its architecture, art, and religion would influence all subsequent Mesoamerican cultures, and it remains today the most visited ancient site in Mexico.75
11238691726Merchants in ChinaPlaced at the bottom of the social pyramid in China because they were viewed as greedy and selfish76
11238691727Patriarchya system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it77
11238691728Reasons for the Collapse of Classical EmpiresExcessive mobilization of resources, overexpansion, erosion of political institutions, social class tensions, spread of disease, security issues along borders, invasions78
11238691729Trade Routes of the Classical EraEurasian Silk Roads, Trans-Saharan caravan routes, Inidan Ocean sea lanes, Mediterranean sea lanes79
11238691734Missionarya person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity or Buddhism in a foreign land80
11238691735city-statea city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state with its own leader; ex. Greece (polis)81
11238691736Bodhisattva(in Mahayana Buddhism) a person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so out of compassion in order to save suffering beings82
11238691738Roman RepublicThe era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's government was headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates.83
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AP World History #2 Flashcards

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10982078259Codificationthe action or process of arranging laws or rules according to a system or plan.0
10982084227Ethicsthe principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions1
10982088761ProphetsPeople who are said to receive messages from God to be taught to others2
10982088762Bronze Agea period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze3
10982094130Iron Agethe period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and weapons4
10982103342Assyriaa southwest Asian kingdom that controlled a large empire from about 850 to 612 B.C.5
10982109402Babylonthe chief city of ancient Mesopotamia and capitol of the ancient kingdom of Babylonia6
10982118581DiasporaA dispersion of people from their homeland7
10982121316Sandskritwritten language developed by the Aryans8
10982124088HinduismA religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms9
10982127135Dharmathe religious and moral duties of an individual10
10982130947ReincarnationThe rebirth of a soul in a new body11
10982133937Caste SystemA Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life12
10982136571VedicThe language of the Vedas, an early form of Sanskrit.13
10982145054BuddhismA religion based on the teachings of the Buddha.14
10982242740DaoismA religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.15
10982242762Confucius(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.16
10982245961Filial PietyIn Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.17
10990547207samsarbirth, life, death, rebirth (determined by kharma)18
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AP World History AMSCO Period 1 Vocab Flashcards

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10777646327overfarmingwhen agricultural land loses its fertility when used repeatedly0
10777646328overgrazingthe continual eating of grasses or their roots1
10777646329artifactsobjects made by people in the past2
10777646330homo sapiens sapiensmodern humans3
10777646331Paleolithic Periodearly years of human history; began 2.5 million years ago, ended 10,000 years ago -known for stone tools and weapons4
10777646332Neolithic Revolutiona set of dramatic changes in how people lived based on the development of agriculture5
10777646333monotheismworshiping only one deity6
10777646334Bronze Agebetween 3300-2300 B.C.E.; new metal was such an advance that it gave the era a new name7
10777646335civilizationa large society with cities and powerful states8
10777646336core and foundational civilizatonsthe main 6 river valley civilizations (Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Indian, Chinese, and American civilizations) that developed ways of life such as language, religious beliefs, and economic practices that influenced successor civilizations in those regions9
10777646337Jerichoone of humankind's first cities; built on the west bank of the Jordan River10
10777646338Catal Huyukanother ancient city that has well-preserved remains which help historians understand life back then11
10777646339textilesitems made of cloth12
10777646340specialization of laborthe process of allowing people to focus on limited tasks13
10777646341coppermetal found as a pure state in the ground; allowed for the making of bronze14
10777646342bronzemixture of tin and copper; creating a stronger mixture, huge advance15
10777646343hunter-forager(hunter-gatherers) people who survived by hunting animals and foraging for seeds, buts, fruit, and edible roots16
10777646344agriculturethe practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis17
10777646345surplusmore than what a civilization needs for themselves18
10777646346domesticationprocess of taming wild animals so that they could be brought to live with humans19
10777646347nomadic pastoralisma lifestyle based on people moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture20
10777646348kinship groupseveral hunter-forager families that moved together in search of food21
10777646349clana larger group of multiple kinship groups22
10777646350tribemultiple clans combined into a larger group23
10777646351patriarchal societya society dominated by men24
10777646352artisanspeople who made objects people needed (ex: clothing, pottery)25
10777646353merchantspeople who buy and sell goods for a living26
10777646354social stratificationthe system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy27
10777646355preistsmen who supervised religious ceremonies, and explained how ruler's behavior and rulings were based on religious doctrine28
10777646356priestesseswomen who supervised religious ceremonies, and explained how ruler's behavior and rulings were based on religious doctrine29
10777646357Tigris and Euphratesrivers that flow through modern Turkey through Iraq into the Persian Gulf30
10777646358Mesopotamiaarea between the Tigris and Euphrates31
10777646359Fertile Crescentregion that includes parts of Egypt and all of Mesopotamia32
10777646360Carthagea Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa33
10777646361Saharadesert zone in northern Africa34
10777646362Kalaharidesert zone in southern Africa35
10777646363Nile Riverbegins in the interior of Africa and flows north to empty into the Meditteranean Sea36
10777646364desertificationthe creation of desert-like conditions37
10777646365Indus River Valleyriver valley in India38
10777646366environmental degradationmass deforestation and soil erosion39
10777646367deforestationremoval of large numbers of trees40
10777646368Huang HeYellow River; connects China's northern interior to the Yellow Sea41
10777646369Chiang JiangYangtze River; stretches almost 4,000 miles across Central China42
10777646370loessa type of fertile soil that is yellow in color43
10777646371MesoamericaCentral America and Mexico44
10777646372maizecorn45
10777646373Oceania and Polynesiathe region in the Pacific Ocean; New Guinea, Australia, and other islands46
10777646374division of laborother civilizations beginning to work in areas other than producing food47
10777646375barterthe direct exchange of goods without involving money48
10777646376polytheisticworshiping many gods49
10777646377zigguratslarge stepped pyramids50
10777646378astronomythe study of objects outside Earth's atmosphere51
10777646379astrologythe predicting the future by studying movements of stars and planets52
10777646380Hebrews (Israelites, Jews)lived in the region of Canaan (present-day Isreal, Palestine, and Lebanon)53
10777646381Abrahamfounder of Caanan who left Mesopotamia to settle there; Christians, Jews, and Muslims trace their roots to him54
10777646382Mosesthe man who led the Hebrews out of captivity to Canaan, and also introduced the 10 Commandments55
10777646383Ten Commandmentsa code of conduct that was influential in areas dominated by Christianity56
10777646384Jewish Diasporathe spreading of the Jews throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East57
10777646385theocratsrulers holding both religious and political power58
10777646386Atenthe sun god that Ahkenaton ordered Egypt to worship exclusively59
10777646387mummificationthe removing of the body's internal organs, drying the body with salts and packing its insides and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth60
10777646388AryansIndo-European speaking peoples from Central Asia (Persia)61
10777646389Hindioriginated from Sanskrit (India's sacred language), still widely spoken62
10777646390Vedascollection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs63
10777646391Vedic Ageage of Aryans growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs64
10777646392brahminIndian priest65
10777646393brahmaa universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth66
10777646394dharmarighteous duties and deeds67
10777646395karmafate in the next life68
10777646396mokshaeternal peace or unity with brahma69
10777646397ancestor venerationthe belief that since the spirits of ancestors could speak to gods for them, making offerings to them to win their favor70
10777646398Golden Agea period in society of relative prosperity, peace, and innovation71
10777646399scribesa separate class of people who were skilled at reading and writing a certain language72
10777646400The Epic of Gilgameshthe oldest story on the Earth, written in cuneiform73
10777646401cuneiformworld's first writing system from the Sumerians74
10777646402alphabetic scripta system of symbols/letters that represent the sounds of speech; Phoenicians had a 22 letter alphabet75
10777646403hieroglyphicspicture writing used by the Ancient Egyptians76
10777646404papyrusa type of plant that grew along the Nile River that was used to make a type of paper77
10777646405Book of the Deada paper book that Egyptians put inside the coffins of the dead pharaohs that told the story of the dead person78
10777646406Indo-Europeana set of languages that involved Sanskrit and Latin79
10777646407Sanskritthe sacred language of the Aryans80
10777646408Rig-Vedaa section of the Veda that sheds light on ancient Indian society and their conflicts between Dravidian and Aryan societies, and outlined proper brahmin behavior81
10777646409Upanishadsa foundational text for the set of beliefs that later became known as Hinduism82
10777646410pictographs/glyphsAncient Chinese graphic symbols that represented an an idea, concept or object83
10777646411Austronesian speakersOceanic peoples from southern China who moved from the Philippines and Taiwan84
10777646412feudalismlocal rulers governing as they wished, who paid taxes to the king and provided soldiers for the kings army85
10777646413Sumer and Sumeriansa group of nomadic pastoralists who migrated into Mesopotamia, settling alongiside people already living there86
10777646414Urukthe largest city-state in Sumer with a population of roughly 50,00087
10777646415city-statesa city and the land it controlled; several hundred square miles88
10777646416king and kingdomSumerian military rulers who ruled over a territory89
10777646417BabyloniansPersian invaders that controlled Mesopotamia and built a new capital city called Babylon, thus being known as Babylonians90
10777646418empirethe controlling of a large empire that included diverse cultural groups91
10777646419Phoenicianspeoples who occupied parts of Lebanon, Isreal and Jordan; most commonly known for their strong ships and vast trade network92
10777646420Old Kingdoma period of stability in Egypt in which kings and queens ruled as theocrats, and wielded considerable authority in public life; all land belonged to the pharaoh and were descended from gods; collapsed due to drought, which led to famine93
10777646421Middle Kingdoma period of Egyptian stability in which Mentuhotep II took power, and reunited Egypt under a central government and diminished the power of provincial governors; placed an emphasis on statues/art of the pharaoh that depicted them as wise; built numerous temples and irrigation projects; ended due to invasions from the Hyksos from Syria94
10777646422New Kingdoma period of Egyptian stability in which after the defeat of the Hyksos, pharoahs used their powerful army to expand into Mesopotamia and Nubia; collapsed due to internal chaos and failed defense against aggressive neighbors95
10777646423Hyksosa group of pastoral nomadic people from Syria that invaded Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and were defeated before the New Kingdom96
10777646424Hittitiesa group of people who used iron rools and weapons, who eventually took over areas in Egypt after the fall of Ramses97
10777646425Kushancient kingdom south of Egypt that were mostly dependent on Egypt, controlled Egypt shortly before overthrown by the Assyrians98
10777646426Axumcivilization in present Ethiopia that had an agricultural and trading based economy, had many people converted to Christianity and some to Islam99
10777646427Dravidiansindigenous people of the Indian subcontinent100
10777646428Harappa and Mohenjo-Darotwo centers in the Indus River Valley; had advanced labor systems, a social heriarchy, and sewage systems101
10777646429Chavin civilizationthe civilization that existed in modern Peru centered at Chavin de Huantar; traded, lived in valleys, used llamas for transportation, developed irrigation systems, potter; dissolved into regional groups because had weak political structure102
10777646430Olmecthe civilization that flourished in the east and central Mexico, agricultural, traded with countries many miles away, carved human head statues and constructed massive pyramids, developed a calendar and a number system, used glyphs103
10777646431Easter Islanda place in Oceania where settlers were divided into clans that had a chief and one head chief as a ruler of all clans104
10777646432aboriginalshunter-foragers in Australia that were not fazed by the new agricultural ways of the Austronesian people; kept their nomadic ways105
10777646433Hammurabia Babylonian king who had established control over all of Mesopotamia; also created a law called the Code of Hammurabi (eye for an eye punishment)106
10777646434King MenesEgyptian king who unified Upper and Lower Egypt before the formation of the old, middle, and new kingdoms107
10777646435pharaohthe king or queen that led the Egyptian government108
10777646436Akhenatona pharaoh of the New Kingdom who tried to make Egypt a monotheistic region that followed the sun god Aten; ultimately failed109
10777646437Ramses the Greata powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom that expanded the Egyptian empire into Southwest Asia110
10777646438Xia Dynastythe first Chinese dynasty; had no writing system so little is known111
10777646439Shang Dynastythe second Chinese dynasty; Shang rulers conquered neighboring peoples and established a larger empire112
10777646440Mandate of Heaventhe ancient Chinese idea that a just ruler's power was bestowed by the gods; were referred to as sons of heaven; invasions or natural disasters were signs that a ruler no longer had a Mandate of Heaven113
10777646441Zhou Dynastythe third Chinese dynasty; the longest dynasty of all time; had a Golden Age; expanded into a larger territory and centralized power114
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AP World History - Terms Flashcards

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10522748388AmoritesMesopotamia, seminomadic people, Babylon0
10522756954AryansIndo-European migrants who settled in India, they mixed with Dravidians, had a social status system1
10522756955BantuAfrican, centuries long migration that took them to sub-Saharan Africa. Influential, especially in language2
10522760130Chavin CivilizationMysterious community that seemed mostly based around the share of a religion3
10522760131DravidiansIndia, mixed with the Aryans4
10522761064Harappan CivilizationOne of the chief cities of the Indus Valley civilization, wealthy economy, high population, most early physical remains are inaccessible5
10522763348Hebrews, Israelites, JewsMonotheistic, nomadic people (believe in Yahweh)6
10522763349HittitesVery large and prosperous empire in Asia Minor, only proof of them existing was the Bible for a while7
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AP World History Chapter Seventeen Notecards Flashcards

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8528258757Columbian ExchangeThe exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. 17.4900
8528259812Bartolomé de Las CasasFirst bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his lifeto protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor for them. 17.4961
8528379594PotosíLocated in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. 17.4962
8528379595EncomiendaA grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. 17.4983
8528385521CreolesIn colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. 17.4994
8528385522MestizoThe term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. 17.5035
8528386040MulattoThe term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. 17.5036
8528386645Indentured ServantA migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years. 17.5047
8528387548House of BurgessesElected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618. 17.5058
8528387549PilgrimsGroup of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. 17.5069
8528417887PuritansEnglish Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. 17.50610
8528418614Iroquois ConfederacyAn alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (six after 1722) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, the Confederacy dominated the area from western New England to the Great Lakes. 17.50711
8528418989New FranceFrench colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. 17.50812
8528419522Coureurs De BoisFrench fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often mar- ried with Amerindian peoples of North America. 17.50813
8528419916Tupac Amaru IIMember of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780- 1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family. 17.51114
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11262680654Aegean SeaAn arm of the Mediterranean Sea between Greece and Turkey. Byzantine Empire controlled the part and helped promote its maritime significance. Fishing markets also opened here.0
11262704220Byzantine Empire(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire known for its religious tensions and conquests after the fall of Rome1
11262712931Justiniana Byzantine emperor that reigned during the 6th century contributed to politics in Byzantine with the Justinian Code as well as contribute to the construction of the Hagia Sophia. He also led conquests in the Western Roman Empire2
11262724907Theodorathe wife of Justinian helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt.3
11262726759ConstantinopleA large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul as the capital of the Byzantine Empire, it housed many religious buildings and had numerous libraries, public gatherings, and other social areas. it also served as a catalyst of trade with its neighboring countries4
11262742213Hagia Sophiathe Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian5
11262743905CaesaropapismA political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire. allowed Constantine to rule as the ultimate authority to both civil and military affairs and events. however, the system eventually failed.6
11262751770Corpus Iuris Civilis"Body of Civil Law," Justinian's codification of Roman law was the most significant political contribution to Byzantine Empire's political system and demonstrated Justinian influence.7
11262767590OdoacerGermanic barbarian leader ended the western Roman Empire in 476 after not leaving an heir to the throne and became the first barbarian ruler of Italy (434-493)8
11262771677Greek FireByzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water utilized as a defense mechanism against enemies and were able to seize Anatolia, Greece, and the Balkan Region.9
11262779693Theme SystemThis system divided the Byzantine Empire into different districts that were each led by a general, they were created so that the military could respond quickly to attacks, also peasants who joined the army were given plots of land, thereby increasing the free peasant class. was able to maintain a stable and effective army force in the Byzantine Empire.10
11262786086Carolingian Dynastya Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's father that ruled from 751 to 987 known for its series of conquests and expansion of Franks to Italy.11
11262802134Charlemagne800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. reestablished centralized imperial rule in a society disrupted by invasian, maintained relations with the Abbasid Empire.12
11262819733Magyarsdescendants of nomadic peoples who had settled in Hungary who raided settlements in Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary13
11262836823Vikingsone of a seafaring Norse migrants who originally seeking commercial opportunities or migrants seeking land to settle and cultivate raided and attacked monasteries and settlements in Europe and all across the Mediterranean Sea.14
11263055437Louis the PiousCharlemagne's only surviving son lost control of local authorities, disputed inheritance between his three sons led to the decline of the empire.15
11263061829Patriarchspowerful officials that practiced Caesaropapism emperor Constantine appointed these people to deliver sermons that included imperial policy and encouraged obedience towards Caesaropapism16
11263072541IconoclasmOpposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship. sparked riots and protests because of its idea of breaking icons. shows the popularity of icons among the laity.17
11263080439Pope Gregory the Greatthe ultimate authority in the Roman Church during 590-604 C.E. Organized defense of Rome against Lombard's' menace. Reasserted papal primacy over other bishops. Strongly emphasized the sacrament of penance--confession and atonement18
11263091062PapacyThe central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. after the Western Roman Empire fell, these people survived and laid the foundation of the evolution of christian societies in the Byzantine Empire.19
11263096955MonasticismA way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith many were determined to follow the way of life as an example of self discipline and established the earliest communities of this practice20
11263107974St. Basila Monk who founded one of the earliest monasteries in the East reformed discipline and integrated a sense of purpose by showing those not to be infatuated by personal possessions and to live a communal life21
11263113399St. BenedictFather of Western Monasticism debilitated asceticism and helped those to practice this.22
11263117444Ascetismsevere self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons. reformers of Monasticism used this practice to promote more modest lives.23
11263123214St. ScholasticaSister of St. Benedict founder of Benedictine order for women. provided a variety of social services that enabled them to build close relations with local communities.24
11263132943Missionariesa person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country. Pope Gregory sent these people out to England and Germanic kings hoping to convert them to Christianity to conquer them25
11263137736Schisma formal split within a religious organization; any division or separation of a group or organization into hostile factions eastern and western churches had this form of tension because of the profound historical consequences that integrated religious differences.26
11263144139Holy Roman EmpireA medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe.27
11263148503Investiture ContestA struggle between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope over who nominates clergymen. weakened the empire amongst the papacy and the people.28
11263150009CapetianWhen the last Carolingian king died in 987, an assembly of nobles chose Hugh Capet as king. Capet and his descendants began this dynasty\ added resources and expanded this influence and eventually centralizing power authority in France29
11263155317Fredrick Barbarossaa Holy Roman Emperor known as the red beard attempts to take over the Germanic city states of Italy that resulted the Battle of Legnano30
11263163099William the Conquerorthe duke of Norman England Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy.31
11263167266Hanseatic LeagueAn economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. promoted business and dominated trade in Northern Europe as currency increased32
11263173168Pope UrbanLeader of the Roman Catholic Church asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, started the Crusades33
11263174997Chivalryan informal but widely recognized code of ethics for nobles Christianity wars promoted this through this. military ranking and respected was also affected through this34
11263181462Eleanor of Aquitainepowerful French duchess; divorced the king of France to marry Henry II of England and ruled all of England and about half of France with him one of the most powerful women at this time. wrote chivalry through romantic poetry and songs to promote manner of nobility35
11263186170DominicansMembers of these religious orders, friars lived and preached among the people instead of secluding themselves in monastries as members of most other religious orders did. Church ordered to seek out heretics and eliminate hersey. founded by Saint Dominic.36
11263190502Francisicansfounded by Saint Francis of Assisi religious order that preached repentance and aided the poor, called for simplicity37
11263192556ReconquistaSpainish conquerors through Catholics Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.38
11263196701Saladin(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem39
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