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AP World History Chapter 2 Review Flashcards

reading guide: Chinese Classical Civilization

7284666546	What was the first dynasty of China?	Shang dynasty	0
7284666547	Why was China able to escape frequent invasion and have a distinctive Chinese identity?	region was isolated	1
7284666548	Did the Chinese experience chaos with the decline of the Shang Dynasty?	no	2
7284666549	Which River Valley Civilizations were invaded?	Middle East and India	3
7284666550	Explain Chinese yin/yang	every feature is balanced by an opposite	4
7284666551	What is Dao?	a way to relate to the yin/yang harmony, avoiding excess and appreciating the balance of opposites	5
7284666552	What is continuity?	an unbroken pattern	6
7284666553	What stayed the same for China ?	earlier cultural traditions	7
7284666554	Why do you think China has maintained clear links to its classical past?	China is proud of its country's past and its achievements	8
7284666555	Define dynasty	a family of kings	9
7284666556	Explain the course of a dynasty	strong start, developed strong political institutions and active economy, grew weaker, tax revenues decline, new dynasty gains power	10
7284666557	What usually brought a dynasty's decline?	internal rebellions and outside invasions	11
7284666558	Westerns conceive of the past as progress from past to present. How do Chinese conceive of history?	in terms of cycles as dynasty after dynasty took over	12
7284666559	Name 3 dynasties during the Classical Time period	Zhou, Qin, Han	13
7284666560	Which Dynasty had thhe biggest territory?	Han dynasty	14
7284666561	When & Who built the Great Wall of China?	Shi Huangdi 220-206 BCE	15
7284666562	Duration of Zhou Dynasty?	1029-258 BCE	16
7284666563	Name 2 reasons for the decline of Zhou	decline in political infrastructure and frequent invasions	17
7284666564	Explain the problems the Zhou dynasty ran into because they did not establish a powerful government	ruled through alliances with loyal generals so they lacked direct control of territories	18
7284666565	Who did the Zhou displace?	Shang dynasty	19
7284666566	What did the Zhou rulers give to the people for loyalty?	land	20
7284666567	What did the supporters provide for the Zhou rulers in exchange for land?	troops and tax revenues	21
7284666568	The decline of the Zhou dynasty occurred when aristocrats?	solidifed their own power base and ignored central government	22
7284666569	How did the Zhou contribute in territory?	took over Yangtze River Valley providing rich farming lands plus two agricultures encouraging population growth	23
7284666570	How did the Zhou contribute to the role of central government?	claimed direct links to Shang rulers, introduced Mandate of Heaven	24
7284666571	How did the Zhou contribute with the Mandate of Heaven?	remained key justification for imperial rule (heaven had transferred its mandate to rule China to Zhou emperors)	25
7284666572	How did the Zhou contribute in human sacrifice?	banned sacrifice and urged more restrained ceremonies to worship gods	26
7284666573	How did the Zhou contribute in language?	used standard spoken language to promote linguistic unity (Mandarin)	27
7284666574	When the Zhou empire began to fail what did the philosophical scholars use to lessen the confusion?	philosophical ideas	28
7284666575	When did Confucius create his thoughts on political ethics?	during late 6th and early 5th centuries BCE	29
7284666576	What was the period between 402 BCE to 201 BCE called?	Era of the Warring States	30
7284666577	Who was fighting during the Era of the Warring States?	regional rulers	31
7284666578	What were they fighting over during the Era of the Warring States?	who should be the next leader of China	32
7284666579	What dynasty took over after the Era of the Warring States?	Qin dynasty	33
7284666580	Whose was the emperor in the Qin dynasty? (what did he call himself?)	Qin Shi Huangdi (means First Emperor)	34
7284666581	How did China get its name?	came from the name Qin	35
7284666582	What did Shi Huangdi order the powerful regional aristocrats to do?	to leave their regions and appear at court, assuming control of their feudal lands	36
7284666583	Who did Shi Huangdi appoint to each region and why?	officials from nonaristocratic groups so they would owe their power to him and not develop their own independent bases	37
7284666584	What did Shi Huangdi build to guard against barbarian invasion?	Great Wall of China	38
7284666585	How many miles long is the Great Wall?	over 3000 miles	39
7284666586	The Great Wall was wide enough for?	chariots to move along its crest	40
7284666587	What type of labor was used to build the Great Wall?	forced labor	41
7284666588	How did the Qin Dynasty benefit from the national cencus?	provided data for calculation of tax revenues and labor service	42
7284666589	During the Qin Dynasty, the government standardized what?	coinage, weights, and measures	43
7284666590	How did the Qin Dynasty alter the axles of carts?	axle length was regulated to promote clear road planning	44
7284666591	How did the Qin Dynasty improve Chinese script?	made uniform, completing process of creating single basic language	45
7284666592	How was agriculture improved during the Qin Dynasty?	new irrigation projects and promotion of manufacturing especially of silk cloth	46
7284666593	Why were books burned during the Qin Dynasty?	thinking was likely to be rebellious to his autocratic rule according to Shi Huangdi	47
7284666594	Why was Shi Huangdi unpopular?	attacked scholars and made high taxes to support building of Great Wall and military expansion	48
7284666595	What happened when Shi Huangdi died?	aggrieved peasants organized massive revolts	49
7284666596	What dynasty took over after Qin dynasty collapsed?	Han dynasty	50
7284666597	When did the Han dynasty take over?	202 BCE	51
7284666598	How long did the Han dynasty last?	over 400 years up to 220 CE	52
7284666599	What did the Han dynasty keep from the Qin dynasty?	centralized administration	53
7284666600	What did the Han reduce from the Qin dynasty?	brutal repression	54
7284666601	Into what territories did the early Han rulers expand to?	Korea, Indochina, central Asia	55
7284666602	Who did the Han come into contact with?	India, Parthian Empire in Middle East, trade with Roman Empire in Mediterranean	56
7284666603	What was the result of the emperor Wu Ti enforcing peace in Asia?	bureaucracy improved, food surpluses, emphasized Confucian values	57
7284666604	Describe life during Han dynasty	everyone was prosperous	58
7284666605	Wu Ti reversed many of Qin's policies and urged the support for?	Confucianism	59
7284666606	What were the 2 reasons for Han rule to decline?	central control weakened and invasions from central Asia (Huns)	60
7284666607	Dates when China was in a state of chaos during the decline of Han?	220-589 CE	61
7284666608	What would survive the Han collapse?	political structures and cultural values	62
7284666609	The Qin stressed?	central authority	63
7284666610	The Han expanded the powers of the?	bureaucracy	64
7284666611	Define bureaucracy	government by many bureaus, administrators, and officials	65
7284666612	Under the Zhou rule, tightly knit patriarchal families controlled villages. How and why did the Qin and Han dynasties change this practice?	emphasized strong local rule and did it to streamline and expand bureaucratic systems and procedures	66
7284666613	Who did the Qin and Han put in power on local levels?	great landlords	67
7284666614	By the end of the Han period how many bureaucrats were there?	about 130,000 bureaucrats	68
7284666615	What did Wu Ti establish for bureaucrats?	civil service exams	69
7284666616	How did the new civil service exams puts checks on the upper-class rule?	individuals from lower ranks could be recruited	70
7284666617	How long has the Han Chinese Bureaucracy lasted?	from the Han period until the 20th century	71
7284666618	In what ways did the government sponsor intellectual life during the Han dynasty?	organized research in astronom and maintained historical records	72
7284666619	During the Han dynasty, the government became a keeper of?	Chinese beliefs	73
7284666620	During the Han dynasty, how did the government support the economy?	organized production of iron and salt; standardized currency, weights, and measures; sponsored public works including complex irrigation and canal systems; tried to regulate agricultural supplies	74
7284666621	Did these Han rulers direct the daily lives of people?	No, techonology did not allow this	75
7284666622	Describe the legal system.	strict code of law (employed torture and execution), taxes, every male peasant required annual labor	76
7284666623	The Huns might have toppled a dynasty but they?	could not create a better system to run China so the system and its bureaucrats normally endured	77
7284666624	What period did the Chinese way of viewing the world develop?	classical period	78
7284666625	The Chinese would tolerate different beliefs as long as?	they did not contradict basic political loyalties	79
7284666626	Explain harmonious earthly life	proper balance between earth and heaven	80
7284666627	What was the purpose of using chopsticks? When did this occur?	The use of chopsticks began at end of Zhou to encourage a code of politeness	81
7284666628	What role did tea play?	It encouraged a code of politeness at meals like chopsticks	82
7284666629	Confucius or ___________ lived when?	Kung Fuzi 551-478 BCE	83
7284666630	Confucius was not a ___________ leader	religious	84
7284666631	What did Confucius believe in?	a divine order but he refused to speculate	85
7284666632	Confucius maintained?	if personal virtue emphasized, would have a solid political life	86
7284666633	Explain Confucius's proper hierarchy belief	respect one's social superiours including and fathrs and husbands as leaders of the family (patriarchy)	87
7284666634	According to Confucius, how were society's leaders supposed to behave?	modestly and without excess, shunning abusive power and treating nicely people who were in charge	88
7284666635	What kind of system was Confucianism?	a system of ethics - do unto others as your status and theirs dictate	89
7284666636	Name a book that recorded Confucian doctrine	the Analects	90
7284666637	Confucius set out to rectify political disorder by what type of behavior?	individual virtuous behavior, both by ruler and the ruled	91
7284666638	Confucius largely recommended ____________ and __________; people should know ______________, even under ____________	obedience, respect, their place, bad rulers	92
7284666639	Confucius urged a political system that would not be based on ________ but _________________	rank, intelligence	93
7284666640	According to Confucius, how should rulers behave?	be humble, always courteous and eager for service, and anxious to learn	94
7284666641	How did legalists feel about Confucians virtues?	disdained them	95
7284666642	What did legalists favor?	authoritarian state that ruled by force	96
7284666643	Did the legalists ever capture widespread approval?	no	97
7284666644	What was a down fall of Confucianism?	did not seek popular loyalty	98
7284666645	The Confucian creed was most easily accepted by what class?	upper class	99
7284666646	Why did peasants need more than Confucianism?	to understand and survive their harsh life	100
7284666647	Many peasants strove to attract?	the blessing of conciliatory spirits	101
7284666648	What eventually happened to these rites?	Gradually, ongoing rites among normal masses mixed Confucian vaues urged by upper classes	102
7284666649	When did Daoism begin?	roughly same time as Confucianism (last centuries of Zhou)	103
7284666650	Daoism embraced__________ and added ________________.	nature's harmony, a sense of nature's mystery	104
7284666651	Who furthered Daoism?	Laozi	105
7284666652	When did Laozi live?	during 5th century BCE	106
7284666653	What does Dao mean?	the way of nature	107
7284666654	Daoist believed that political activity and learning were?	irrelevant to a good life	108
7284666655	Why did Daoism become popular?	it guaranteed that China's people would not be united by a single religious or philosophical system	109
7284666656	What was the Five Classics?	a set of classic literature that provide an important tradition	110
7284666657	When were the Five Classics written?	during early Zhou and edited during time of Confucius	111
7284666658	What were the Five Classics used for?	a basis for civil service examinations	112
7284666659	What were the Classic of Songs?	a collection of Chinese poems	113
7284666660	How many poems were in the Classic of Songs?	over 300 poems	114
7284666661	The Chinese literary tradition developed on the basis of?	mastering the Classic of Songs plus Confucian writing	115
7284666662	What topics were written about in the Classic of Songs?	love, joy, politics, family life	116
7284666663	Explain the artistic style of China at this time	largely decorative, stressing careful detail and craftsmanship; styles reflected precision and geometric qualities of Chinese symbols	117
7284666664	Calligraphy became?	an important art form	118
7284666665	Monumental building during this era?	No, aside from the Great Wall, palaces, and tombs, because of the absence of a single religion	119
7284666666	Calendar developed when?	by 444 BCE	120
7284666667	The calendar was based on how many days?	365.5 days	121
7284666668	Astronomers?	calculated movement of Saturn and Jupiter, observed sunspots; purpose was to make celestial phenomena predictable	122
7284666669	Earthquakes?	invented kind of seismograph to register earthquakes	123
7284666670	Medical research?	developed precise anatomical knowledge and studied principles of hygiene that could promote longer life	124
7284666671	Mathematics?	studied math of music leading to advances in acoustics (they focused on how things worked)	125
7284666672	List the 3 main social groups of Classical China:	landowning aristocracy and educated bureaucrats; laboring masses, peasants, urban artisans; mean people	126
7284666673	Who were the mean people?	group beneath peasantry who performed unskilled jobs	127
7284666674	Did the Chinese have slaves?	weren't dependent on slaves for actual production; did have few household slaves	128
7284666675	What kind of goods were traded at this time?	luxury items for the upper class produced by skilled artisans	129
7284666676	List a few items traded	silks, jewelry, leather goods, furniture	130
7284666677	What was China's main crops?	wheat and rice	131
7284666678	How was the merchant class viewed	Confucian emphasis on learning and political serviced led to scorn for lives devoted to moneymaking	132
7284666679	List 6 inventions that improved the economy/agriculture	ox-drawn plows, new collar for draft animals, pulleys and winding gear, iron tools and lamps, first water-powered mills, paper	133
7284666680	What was the result of better agriculture practices?	helped increase the size of the population on the countryside	134
7284666681	How did families solidify the economy?	Tight family organization helped solidify economic views	135
7284666682	How were parents viewed?	Confucius said, "There are no wrongdoing parents"	136
7284666683	What would happen if a parent injured or killed a disobedient child?	law courts did not prosecute them	137
7284666684	Chinese popular culture stressed?	strict control of one's emotions	138
7284666685	How were women expected to act?	They were subordinate to their husbands but still had clearly defined roles in the family	139
7284666686	Explain the hierarchical order for children	Boys superior to girls and oldest son has highest position over everybody else	140
7284666687	Which child would inherit property and position?	oldest son	141
7284666688	Classical Chinese _________, ________, ___________ and political structure _________________________ contact.	technology, religion, philosophy, evolved with very little outside	142
7284666689	How did most Chinese see the world?	in terms of a large island of civilization surrounded by barbarian people with nothing to offer except the periodic threat of invasion	143
7284666690	Chinese and neither the need nor the desire to?	learn from either societies	144
7284666691	Did the Chinese have a desire to teach the rest of the world?	No, the Chinese didn't have a missionary spirit	145
7284666692	What altered China's religious map?	the spread of Buddhism from India, during and after Han decline	146
7284666693	What did Confucianism provide?	a vital supplement, making bureaucracy a trained corps with some common ideals	147
7284666694	What did political stability aide?	economic growth	148
7284666695	A strong economy provided?	vital tax revenues	149
7284666696	How did the Chinese view government and society?	as a whole	150
7284666697	How did the different belief systems get along?	Confucianists and Daoists tolerated each other, but there was considerable hostility and mutual disdain	151
7284666698	Explain how the penal system worked	strict policing including stern punishments and torture which combined with Confucianism to make accused individuals confess	152
7284666699	Why did the Chinese culture have immunity from outside forces?	Chinese society was an overall whole making it immune to outside influence	153
7284666700	In the Classical Age, China had the world's largest and best run?	yes	154
7284666701	How and who disseminated the Chinese inventions over the globe?	Chinese merchants and Central Asian nomads spread them over much of Eurasia and North Africa through trade	155
7284666702	What societies were transformed by the Chinese?	societies in Japan, Rome, Middle East, and England	156
7284666703	Why is the road to the west called the Silk Road?	Silk and other luxury items were traded along the route	157
7284666704	How did the Chinese government encourage trade?	Han- encouraged trade with western regions; Chinese emissary- traveled to Western India to trade	158

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Chapter 4 Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Eurasian Empires
Chapter 4 - Eurasian Cultural Traditions

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10929314316	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	0
10929314317	Confucius (Kong Fuzi)	The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.	1
10929314318	Ban Zhao	A major female Confucian author of Han dynasty China (45-116 C.E.) whose works give insight into the implication of Confucian thinking for women.	2
10929314319	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	3
10929314320	Upanishads	Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	4
10929314321	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	5
10929314322	Aristotle	A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.	6
10929314323	Theravada	"The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.	7
10929314324	Buddhism	a religion, originated in India that believes life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment	8
10929314325	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince who turned ascetic (ca. 566-486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	9
10929314326	Mahayana	"Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism.	10
10929314327	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity & great compassion.	11
10929314328	Bhagavad Gita	A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.	12
10929314329	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	13
10929314330	Zarathustra	A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.	14
10929314331	Judaism	The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh/YHWH) with concerns with social justice.	15
10929314332	Isaiah	One of the most important prophets of Judaism, whose teachings show the transformation of the religion in favor of compassion and social justice (eighth century B.C.E.)	16
10929314333	Greek rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in Classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	17
10929314334	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.)	18
10929314335	Plato	A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.	19
10929314336	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	20
10929314337	Paul of Tarsus (Saint Paul)	The first great popularize of Christianity (10-65 C.E.)	21
10929314341	Church of the East	Planted churches in Syria and Persia that were distinct in theology and practice from the Roman Church	22
10929314342	Perpetua	Christian martyr (one who was killed for their beliefs) from Carthage. Educated and wealthy, she died being fed to leopards.	23
10929314338	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity (ca. 4 B.C.E.-30 B.C.E.).	24
10929314339	Theodosius	Roman emperor (r. 379-395 C.E.) who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman state, banning all polytheistic rituals.	25

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AP World History Flashcards

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10453829522	Pharoh	An Egyptian monarch	0
10453830288	artifact	an object made by human hands	1
10453831384	Oracle Bones	Animal bones or shells used by the Chinese priests to receive messages from the God.	2
10453833913	Budkisattues	Buddhist holy men who accumulated spiritual merits during their lifetime; Buddhists prayed to them in order to receive some of their holiness.	3
10453835728	Silk road	Caravan routes and sea lanes between China and the middle East	4
10453837061	Analects	Collection of teachings and sayings made by Confucius	5
10453838429	Jari	Complicated system of subcastes in the Hindu caste system	6
10453840399	Steppe	Dry grassland	7
10453845009	Mystery of Religon	During the Hellenistic age, religions that promised their faithful followers eternity a state of bliss	8
10453845835	Yahweh	God of the monotheistic religion of Judaism that influenced later religions of Christianity and Islam	9
10453849206	Aristotle	Greek philosopher who rejected the theory of forms and ideas, he believed that people could depend on their senses and reason to answer the mysteries of the world	10
10453852168	Yin and Yang	In ancient Chinese belief, the opposing forces that bring balance to nature and life	11
10453853871	Mirvane	In Buddhism, a state of perfect peace that is goal of reincarnation	12
10453855287	Filiel Piety	In China, respect for one's parents and other elders	13
10453855876	Moksla	In Hindu belief, the spirit's liberation from the cycle of reincarnation	14
10453856919	Karma	In the Hindu tradition, the good or evil deed done by a person	15
10453858533	Latifndia	Large landholdings in the Roman Empire	16
10453859211	Alexander the Great	Macedonian king who led an army Eastward an conquered land from Greece to India. He was known as a brilliant military leader and his death marked the beginning of the Hellenistic Era	17
10453866696	Vedas	"Wisdom," early collections of prayers and humans that provide information about the Indo-European Aryans who migrated to India around 1500 B.C.E	18
10453869257	Theocray	A government ruled by God or by church leaders	19
10453869903	Aristocrat	a class of persons holding exceptional rank and privileges, especially the hereditary nobility	20
10453871695	Artisan	a craftsman	21
10453872448	Civilization	a cultural group with advanced cities, complex institutions, skilled workers, advanced technology and a system of recordkeeping	22
10453877159	Edict of Muvan	A document that made Christianity one of the religions allowed in the Roman Empire	23
10453879375	Polis	A greek city-state	24
10453881401	Indo-Europeans	A group of semi-nomadic people who, around 2000 BCE began to migrate from central Asia to India, Europe, and the Middle East	25
10453884749	Brahmin	a member of the social class of priests in Aryan society	26
10453888049	Quetzalcaah	A mesomaerica legend of a God who would someday return to rule his people in peace	27
10453889978	Huns	A nomadic group, believed to be from Central Asia, who invaded into Europe near the end of Rome	28
10453890801	Democracy	a political system in which the people rule	29
10453892140	Monsoon	a seasonal wind	30
10453892141	Dysanty	a series of rulers from the same family	31
10453894978	hieroglyphic	A system of picture writing used in Egypt	32
10453896411	cuneiform	a system of writing originating in Mesopotamia in which a wedge-shaped stylus was sued to press symbols into classy	33
10453898953	forgoing	a term for hunting and gathering	34
10453901173	Covenant	agreement; in the Judeo-Christian heritage, an agreement between God and humankind	35
10453903968	Slash-n-burn	an agricultural method in which farmers clear fields by cutting and burning trees, then use the ashes as fertilizer	36
10453910115	Pope	Head of the Roman Catholic Church	37
10453911488	Varna	The Hindu word for caste	38
10453913009	independent invention	The idea that ancient civilizations were able to achieve characteristics of civilization without contact with others	39
10453929391	Neolithic Revolution	The introduction of agriculture, domestication of animals, and a more sedentary life during the Neolithic Age	40
10453932950	Climate	the pattern of temperature and precipitation typical of an area over a long period of time	41
10453944879	Ten Commandments	The most popular Hellenistic philosophy; it involved strict discipline and an emphasis on helping others	42
10453953179	Phara	The New Stone Age that was marked by the discovery and mastery of agriculture	43
10453955172	New Testament	The portion of the Christian Bible that contains the Gospels that relate the account of the life of Jesus; letters from the followers of Jesus to the early Christian churches and the Book of Revelation, a prophetic text	44
10453963605	Dharma	The position in the Hindu caste system that was determined by one's birth	45
10453964891	Pasteralism	The practice of herding	46
10453966371	Messiah	The religious term for "any expected deliverer"	47
10453968402	Pax Romuna	The Roman Peace; the period of prosperity and stability throughout the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E.	48
10453970270	untouchable	The social division in Hindu society that fell in rank below the caste system; it was occupied by those who carried out undesirable occupations such as undertaking, butchering, and waste collection	49
10453975591	agriculture	The transition from foraging to the cultivation of food occurring about 8000-2000 BC; also known as the Neolithic revolution	50
10453977025	Cultural diffusion	The transmission of ideas and products form one culture to another	51
10453978857	ziggurt	Mesopotamian Temples	52
10453982044	disciples	One of the 12 followers of Christ, or any of the professed followers of Christ in his lifetime	53
10453984849	Zorastumiun	Persian religion based on the teaching of the 6th century BCE prophet Zarathustra; its emphasis on the duality of good an evil and on the role individuals in determining their own fate would influence later religions	54
10453987850	Patriarch-ad	Pertaining to a social system in which the father is the head of the family	55
10453988515	Reincarnation	Rebirth; a belief of both Buddhism and Hinduism	56
10453989851	Twelve Tables	Referring to a social system in which descent and inheritance are traced through the mother	57
10453990846	Mardate of Herum	the codification of Roman law during the republic	58
10453992895	right of kings	The "will of the gods" that granted a ruler the right to rule	59
10453995245	heliocentric	the belief held by many before the Scientific Revolution that the earth is the center of the universe	60
10453997973	Ploytheistic	The belief in many gods	61
10453999145	Monotheistic	The belief in one god	62
10454000624	reincarnation	The belief that spirits inhabit the features of nature	63
10454001214	Hsiang-no	The Central Nomadic people who invaded into China in the ancient world	64
10454002176	Satu	The custom among the higher castes of Hinduism of a widow throwing herself on the burning funeral pyre of her husband	65
10454004375	Specialization of Labor	The division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work	66
10454004915	Hellensitc age	The era in which Greek culture blended with Persian an other Eastern influences and spread throughout the former empire of Alexander the Great	67
10454010798	Diaspora	the exile of an ethnic or racial group from their homeland	68
10454012429	Torah	the first five books of the Jewish scripture	69

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Chapter 5 AP World History Flashcards

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11212440090	Cyrus the Great	established a major Persian Empire across the northern Middle East and into northwestern India	0
11212440091	Zoroastrianism	chief religion of Persian Empire; animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of food and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"	1
11212440092	Hellenistic Age	that culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms	2
11212440093	Peloponnesian War	wars from 431 to 404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece	3
11212440094	Alexander the Great	successor of Phillip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 BCE; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures	4
11212440095	Sophocles	Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex	5
11212440096	Doric, Ionian, Corinthian	types of embellishments for the top of support columns; Along with Doric and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture. Doric is the least ornate, followed by Ionic, and the most ornate being Corinthian	6
11212440097	Iliad and Odyssey	Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many others; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos	7
11212440098	Socrates	Athenian philosopher of later 5th century BCE; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young	8
11212440099	Plato	Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside of the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled	9
11212440100	Aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world	10
11212440101	Cicero	Conservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; one of great orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar	11
11212440102	Punic Wars	fight between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the Western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts	12
11212440103	city-state	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban - based king	13
11212440104	Persian Wars	Conflict between Greece and Persia from 500-449 BCE. Consisted of two Persian invasions, in which Greece was victorious. Greek culture, particularly Athenian, peaked directly afterwards and expanded	14
11212440105	Phillip II	ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 BCE; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority	15
11212440106	Julius Caesar	Roman General responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and over through republic; assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators	16
11212440107	Augustus	name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first Emperor of Rome	17
11212440108	Constantine	Roman emperor from 312 to 337 CE; established second capital and Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spirituality	18
11212440109	Twelve Tables	Early Roman Republic first code of law (450 BCE). Intended to restrain upper class from arbitrary action and subject them, and to ordinary people, to common legal principles	19

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AP World History Period 5 Flashcards

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9692064756	abolitionist movement	An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.	0
9692064757	Creoles	Native-born elites in the Spanish colonies.	1
9692064758	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution.	2
9692064759	Declaration of the Rights of Woman	Short work written by the French feminist Olympe de Gouges in 1791 that was modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and that made the argument that the equality proclaimed by the French revolutionaries must also include women.	3
9692064760	Estates-General	French representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.	4
9692064761	Freetown	West African settlement in what is now Sierra Leone at which British naval commanders freed Africans they rescued from illegal slave ships.	5
9692064762	French Revolution	Massive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of society that were lost again, though only in part, under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy.	6
9692064763	gens de couleur libres	Literally, "free people of color"; term used to describe freed slaves and people of mixed racial background in Saint Domingue on the eve of the Haitian Revolution.	7
9692064764	Haiti	Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language.	8
9692064765	Haitian Revolution	The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804).	9
9692064766	Hidalgo-Morelos Revolution	Socially radical peasant insurrection that began in Mexico in 1810 and that was led by the priests	10
9692064767	Latin American Revolutions	Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.	11
9692064768	Toussaint L'Ouverture	First leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state.	12
9692064769	Napoleon Bonaparte	French head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly in 1815); preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.	13
9692064770	Nation	A group of people who have a sense of common identity and destiny, thanks to ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience.	14
9692064771	Nationalism	The focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.	15
9692064772	American Revolution	Successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1787); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy.	16
9692064773	Petit Blancs	The "little" (or poor) white population of Saint Domingue, which played a significant role in the Haitian Revolution.	17
9692064774	Seneca Falls Conference	The first organized women's rights conference	18
9692064775	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Leading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States (1815-1902).	19
9692064776	the Reign of Terror	Term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-1794, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution.	20
9692064777	Third Estate	In prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population that was neither clerical nor noble, and for their representatives at the Estates General; in 1789, it declared itself a National Assembly and launched the French Revolution.	21
9692064778	Tupac Amaru	The last Inca emperor; in the 1780s, a Native American rebellion against Spanish control of Peru took place in his name.	22
9692064779	Bourgeoisie	Term that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople."	23
9692064780	British Royal Society	Association of scientists established in England in 1660 that was dedicated to the promotion of "useful knowledge."	24
9692064781	Crimean War	Major international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.	25
9692064782	Sigmund Freud	Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today	26
9692064783	Labour Party	British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.	27
9692064784	Karl Marx	German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future.	28
9692064785	Middle class values	Belief system that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and "respectability."	29
9692064786	Robert Owens	Socialist thinker and wealthy mill owner (1771-1858) who created an ideal industrial community at New Lanark, Scotland.	30
9692064787	Peter the Great	Tsar of Russia (r. 1689-1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe.	31
9692064788	Populism	Late-nineteenth-century American political movement that denounced corporate interests of all kinds.	32
9692064789	Proletariat	Term that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population.	33
9692064790	Steam engine	Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of this item allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible.	34
9692064791	Boxer Rebellion	Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed	35
9692064792	Daimyo	Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration.	36
9692064793	Meiji Restoration	The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor	37
9692064794	Matthew Perry	U.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world.	38
9692064795	Opium Wars	Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.	39
9692064796	Russo-Japanese War	Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.	40
9692064797	Samurai	Armed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, they gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration.	41
9692064798	Self-strengthening Movement	China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.	42
9692064799	The Sick Man of Europe	Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.	43
9692064800	Social Darwinism	An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century.	44
9692064801	Taiping Uprising	Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.	45
9692064802	Tanzimat Reforms	Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term means "reorganization."	46
9692064803	Tokugawa Shogunate	Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868.	47
9692064804	Unequal treaties	Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers.	48
9692064805	Young Ottomans	Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.	49
9692064806	Young Turks	Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire	50
9692064807	Apartheid	Afrikaans term for the system that developed in South Africa of strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks.	51
9692064808	Cash crop agriculture	Agricultural production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves.	52
9692064809	Leopold II	his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe's second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths.	53
9692064810	Cultivation System	System of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century; peasants were required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops such as sugar or coffee for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors, who then earned enormous profits from further sale of the crops.	54
9692064811	Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858	Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ.	55
9692064812	Scramble for Africa	Name used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900.	56
9692064813	Guillotine	defined the reign of terror, its fast-falling blade extinguished life immediately, introduced as a more humane way of beheading (vs. an ax)	57
9692064814	Mass Production	The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small simple tasks.	58
9692064815	Steam Ships	technological innovation allowed Europeans to reach distant Asian and African ports quickly and predictably	59
9692064816	mercantilism	A set of economic principles based on policies which stress government regulation of economic activities to benefit the home country	60
9692064817	Capitalism	(1776) , an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations.	61
9692064818	Simon Bolivar	The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America; born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.	62
9692064819	Garibaldi	Leader of the Italian Nationalist Army. He was a bold and visionary leader. He united Southern Italy, also captured Sicily in the 1860's.	63
9692064820	Mazzini	Giuseppe Mazzini was the first person that tried to unify all of Italy. He preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and the will of the people. His brand of democratic republicanism seemed too radical for the people. Austria smashed Mazzini's republicanism in 1848.	64
9692064821	Count Cavour	Italian statesman from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve unification of Italy.	65
9692064822	Pedro I	Son and successor of Joao VI in Brazil, aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822, became constitutional emperor of Brazil	66
9692064823	William Wilberforce	He was a highly religious man and a member of the English Parliament who worked tirelessly for the abolition of slavery	67
9692064824	Janissary	a soldier in the elite guard of the Ottoman Turks	68
9692064825	Muhammad Ali	Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849).	69
9692064826	Tanzimat	'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient.	70
9692064827	Extraterritoriality	Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.	71
9692064828	Canton System	The Canton System (1757-1842) served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country by focusing all trade on the southern port of Canton (now Guangzhou).	72
9692064829	Empress Dowager Cixi	Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.	73
9692064830	Palm Oil	A West African tropical product often used to make soap; the British encouraged its cultivation as an alternative to the slave trade.	74
9692064831	Emmeline Pankhurst	(1858-1928) British suffragette and founder of the Woman's Social and Political Union.	75
9692064832	Emily Davison	Threw herself under the Kings horse at the Derby to draw attention to the women's movement and was killed.	76
9692064833	Separate Spheres	Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics	77
9692064834	Universal Male Suffrage	The extension of the right to vote to all males regardless of social standing or race, whose movement had begun in the early-mid 1800's	78
9692064835	Ems Telegram	A telegram which the French gave to the Germans in anger over the Succession of the Throne in Spain, but the Germans altered it to look like the French were rude and evil. The French declared war.	79
9692064836	free trade imperialism	Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of a weaker state. In the late 19th cent, this characterized the relationships between Latin American republics and GB/US	80

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AP World History Chapter 23 Culture and Capitalism Flashcards

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10831515942	al-Qaeda	International organization of fundamentalist Islamic militants, headed by Osama bin Laden.	0
10831515943	antiglobalization	Major international movement that protests the development of the global economy on the grounds that it makes the rich richer and keeps poor regions in poverty while exploiting their labor and environments; the movement burst onto the world stage in 1999 with massive protests at a meeting of the World Trade Organization in Seattle.	1
10831515944	Osama bin Laden	The leader of al-Qaeda, a wealthy Saudi Arabian who turned to militant fundamentalism.	2
10831515945	Bretton Woods system	Named for a conference held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944, this system provided the foundation for postwar economic globalization, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; based on the promotion of free trade, stable currencies, and high levels of capital investment.	3
10831515946	Environmentalism	Twentieth-century movement to preserve the natural world in the face of spiraling human ability to alter the world environment.	4
10831515947	Fundamentalism	Occurring within all the major world religions, fundamentalism is a self-proclaimed return to the "fundamentals" of a religion and is marked by a militant piety and exclusivism.	5
10831515948	Globalization	Term commonly used to refer to the massive growth in international economic transactions from around 1950 to the present.	6
10831515949	global warming	A worldwide scientific consensus that the increased burning of fossil fuels and the loss of trees have begun to warm the earth's atmosphere artificially and significantly, causing climate change and leading to possibly catastrophic results if the problem is not addressed.	7
10831515950	Che Guevara	Ernesto "Che" Guevara was an Argentine-born revolutionary (1928-1967) who waged guerrilla war in an effort to remedy Latin America's and Africa's social and economic ills.	8
10831515951	Hindutva	Fundamentalist Hindu movement that became politically important in India in the 1980s by advocating a distinct Hindu identity and decrying government efforts to accommodate other faith groups.	9
10831515952	Islamic renewal	Large number of movements in Islamic lands that promote a return to strict adherence to the Quran and the sharia in opposition to key elements of Western culture.	10
10831515953	Jihad	Term used by modern militant Islamic groups to denote not just the "struggle" or "striving" that the word originally meant but also the defense of authentic Islam against Western aggression.	11
10831515954	Kyoto protocol on global warming	International agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to slow global warming; as of November 2007, 174 countries had subscribed to the agreement, but the United States' refusal to ratify the protocol has caused international tensions.	12
10831515955	liberation theology	Christian movement that is particularly active in Latin America and that argues the need for Christians to engage in the pursuit of social justice and human rights.	13
10831515956	neo-liberalism	An approach to the world economy, developed in the 1970s, that favored reduced tariffs, the free movement of capital, a mobile and temporary workforce, the privatization of industry, and the curtailing of government efforts to regulate the economy.	14
10831515957	North South gap	Growing disparity between the Global North and the Global South that appears to be exacerbated by current world trade practices.	15
10831515958	Augusto Pinochet	Military dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990 who was known for his widespread use of torture and for liquidating thousands of opponents of his regime.	16
10831515959	Prague spring	Sweeping series of reforms instituted by communist leader Alexander Dubcek in Czechoslovakia in 1968; the movement was subsequently crushed by a Soviet invasion.	17
10831515960	Reglobalization	The quickening of global economic transactions after World War II, which resulted in total world output returning to the levels established before the Great Depression and moving beyond them.	18
10831515961	religious right	The fundamentalist phenomenon as it appeared in U.S. politics in the 1970s.	19
10831515962	second-wave feminism	Women's rights movement that revived in the 1960s with a different agenda than earlier women's suffrage movements; second-wave feminists demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women's right to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination.	20
10831515963	socially engaged Buddhism	A growing movement in Asia that addresses the needs of the poor through social reform, educational programs, and health services.	21
10831515964	transnational corporations	Huge global businesses that produce goods or deliver services simultaneously in many countries; often abbreviated as TNCs.	22
10831515965	World Trade Organization	International body representing 149 nations that negotiates the rules for global commerce and is dedicated to the promotion of free trade.	23

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Alexander the Great (AP World History) Flashcards

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7368575775	military	Alexander the Great was famous for his_____________power and is a legendary figure in history.	0
7368600666	unreliable	Much of what we know about Alexander the Great is________________and steeped in myth; a lot of these mythologies were used by Alexander's successors.	1
7368612415	Parium	In the Kingdom of Thrace, during the reign of Lysimachus—a successor of Alexander the Great who lived from 361 BCE to 281 BCE—an interesting coin was issued. This coin, which featured the head of Alexander the Great with ram's horns on either side of his crown, was issued in the ancient city of_______________, in the northwestern region of modern-day Turkey.	2
7368624922	power, death	Alexander the Great was—and still is—a powerful symbol of_____________, military genius, and conquest, whether or not this description of him is historically accurate. His image, name, and legendary power remained resonant—and politically visible—long after his____________.	3
7368662031	influence	It's a difficult task, but it's an important one, because the history of Alexander is a history of the Greek empire, which had a massive___________________on vast regions stretching across Europe, Asia, and Africa.	4
7368708721	Diodorus, Alexander historians	We have ancient narratives of Alexander's life, written between 30 BCE and the third century CE—hundreds of years after his death. The earliest known account is by the Greek historian_____________, but we also have histories written by other historians, including Roman historians; these writers are called the___________________.	5
7372518335	power	It's unclear how reliable these narratives are, however, as they are mingled with the propaganda of various Greek and Roman states, who were ruled by emperors that used Alexander's image to cement their own_______.	6
7372518336	expansive	The fact that we can gather evidence about Alexander the Great's life and military campaigns from places so far away from one another paints a picture of an________________empire.	7
7372518337	powerful military leader	We know that Alexander was a__________________.	8
7372518338	Greece, Persia, Babylon, Egypt	We know that Alexander was a powerful military leader. He led important campaigns and expanded his empire from__________to_________,___________,_______ and beyond, taking advantage of local political contexts as he conquered new territory.	9
7372518339	father's	Alexander the Great's empire developed not only because of his military prowess but also because of his____________success, which took advantage of an unstable political context in Greece.	10
7372518340	rapidly, little resistance	Alexander's own conquests happened in very specific political contexts as well, which facilitated his ability to expand his empire__________and with_____________.	11
7372518341	decade, spread, outlasted	Ultimately, Alexander's reign was very short—only about a_________. Perhaps the greatest effect of his empire was the___________of Greek culture through the successor empires that long_____________Alexander's rule.	12
7372518342	divided, Macedonians	After the Peloponnesian war, the Greek poleis, or city-states, were______________and had exhausted many of their resources. This set the stage for a takeover by their northern neighbors, the__________________, whose leaders were gaining strength and consolidating their power.	13
7372518343	monarchy, Phillip II	The Macedonians spoke a Greek dialect and, unlike the separate Greek city-states, were ruled by a______________and many semi-autonomous clans. One of the most powerful monarchs was_________of Macedon.	14
7372518344	Darius III, Persia	Although he is often only remembered for being the father of Alexander the Great, Philip II of Macedon—who reigned from 359 to 336 BCE—was an accomplished king and military commander in his own right. His accomplishments set the stage for his son's victory over___________and the conquest of__________.	15
7372518345	weak, Alexander	Philip inherited a________, underdeveloped society with an ineffective, undisciplined army and molded them into an efficient military force that eventually subdued the territories around Macedonia and subjugated most of Greece. He used bribery, warfare, and threats to secure his kingdom. Without his insight and determination, history would never have heard of_____________.	16
7372518346	Persian Empire	In 336 BCE, after Philip was killed, Alexander was quickly crowned as the king. After subduing any serious threats to his rule, and with the Greek city-states now firmly under Macedonian rule following Charonea, Alexander embarked on the great campaign his father had been planning: the conquest of the mighty________________.	17
7372518347	instability	Alexander was able to take advantage of political_____________in Persia, and he expanded beyond Persia into Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Bactria.	18
7372518348	administrative, purposes	Alexander did not, however, drastically challenge existing___________________systems. Rather, he adapted them for his____________.	19
7372518349	Alexandria in Egypt	Over the course of his conquests, Alexander founded some 20 cities that bore his name, most of them east of the Tigris River. The first, and greatest, was____________________, which would become an important Mediterranean urban center.	20
7372518350	trade routes, defensive positions	Over the course of his conquests, Alexander founded some 20 cities that bore his name, most of them east of the Tigris River. The first, and greatest, was Alexandria in Egypt, which would become an important Mediterranean urban center. The cities' locations reflected________________as well as__________________.	21
7372518351	headquarters	Alexander's cities were most likely intended to be administrative_________________for his empire, primarily settled by Greeks, many of whom had served in Alexander's military campaigns.	22
7372518352	subject populations	Alexander's cities were most likely intended to be administrative headquarters for his empire, primarily settled by Greeks, many of whom had served in Alexander's military campaigns. The purpose of these administrative centers was to control the newly conquered________________.	23
7372518353	unified	Alexander attempted to create a__________ruling class in conquered territories like Persia, often using marriage ties to intermingle the conquered with conquerors.	24
7372518354	India	In 327 BCE, with the Persian Empire firmly under his control, Alexander turned his attention to_________. He had some victories before reaching the Ganges river, which he intended to cross in order to conquer more of India. However, his exhausted troops mutinied and refused to go farther. Shortly thereafter, as the troops headed back home, Alexander died in 323 BCE, likely due to disease.	25
7372518355	believed, Alexander IV	"Alexander's death was so sudden that when reports of his death reached Greece, they were not immediately______________. Alexander had no obvious or legitimate heir because his son,___________________, was born after Alexander's death.	26

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