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Flashcards

AP World Regions Flashcards

4871834429	Africa	2nd largest continent	0
4871834430	The Carribean	A region of North America, once known as the West Indies	1
4871834431	Central Asia	Dominated by the Silk Roads up until the modern era	2
4871834432	Australasia	The continent of Australian and related islands	3
4871834433	Central Africa	Region of Africa. Tropical and drained by major river systems (Niger, Congo etc)	4
4871834434	Central America	A region of North America, the isthmus between North and South America	5
4871834435	South Asia	The Indian subcontinent	6
4871834436	East Asia	Dominated by China and societies influenced by Chinese civilization	7
4871834437	Southwest Asia	Commonly called "The Middle East"	8
4871834438	North Africa	The Sahara desert and Mediterranean coast of Africa	9
4871834439	The Atlantic Ocean	World's second largest ocean	10
4871834440	Southeast Asia	Region geographically and culturally between India and China	11
4871834441	Mediterranean	The sea connecting Africa, Europe and Southwest Asia. Refers to both the sea and the surrounding societies	12
4871834442	Eastern Europe	Russia and neighbors to the west	13
4871834443	Eurasia	New term to encompass the entire landmass which ancient geographers arbitrarily split into Europe and Asia	14
4871834444	Indian Ocean	The ocean separating Africa and Asia	15
4871834445	North America	Northern part of the American landmass	16
4871834446	East Africa	The Indian ocean coast of Africa	17
4871834447	Oceania	Region made up of the many islands of the Pacific Ocean	18
4871834448	West Africa	The bulge of Africa projecting westward	19
4871834449	South America	The southern part of the American landmass	20
4871834450	Southern Africa	The southern "cone" of Africa	21
4871834451	Western Europe	European region bordering the Atlantic	22
4871834452	The Americas	The two American continents: The western hemisphere	23
4871834453	Afro-Eurasia	The mega-landmass of the eastern hemisphere	24
4871834454	Europe	Western spur of Eurasia. Gained continent status by hosting the geographers who defined the continents	25
4871834455	The Pacific	The world's largest Ocean	26
4871834456	The Arctic	Northern most ocean, large portions permanently frozen	27
4871834457	Scandanavia	Northern regions of Europe	28

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AP World History Chapter 2 Flashcards

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5144113315	Central Asian/Oxus civilization	A major First Civilization that emerged around 2200 B.C.E. in Central Asia along the Oxus or Amu Darya river in what is now northern Afghanistan. An important focal point for a Eurasian-wide system of intellectual and cultural exchange, it faded away about 1700 B.C.E.	0
5144119025	Code of Hammurabi	A series of laws publicized at the order of King Hammurabi of Babylon (d.1750 B.C.E.). Not actually a code, but a number of laws that proclaim the king's commitment to social order. (See the excerpt of the code in Document 2.2, pp. 95-97.)	1
5144120876	Egypt: "the gift of the Nile"	Egypt is often known as "the gift of the Nile" because the region would not have been able to support a significant human population without the Nile's annual inundation, which provided rich silt deposits and made agriculture possible.	2
5144140095	Epic of Gilgamesh	The most famous extant literary work from ancient Mesopotamia, it tells the story of one man's quest for immortality.	3
5144142073	Hatshepsut	Ancient Egypt's most famous queen; reigned 1472-1457 B.C.E. (pron. hat-shep-soot)	4
5144143848	Mohenjo Daro/Harappa	Major cities of the Indus Valley civilization; both of which flourished around 2000 B.C.E. (pron. moehen-joe DAHR-oh) (pron. hah-RAHP-uh)	5
5144144451	Norte Chico/Caral	Is a region along the central coast of Peru, home of a civilization that developed in the period 3000-1800 B.C.E. Caral was the largest of some twenty-five urban centers that emerged in the area at that time.	6
5170980266	Nubia	A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major ironworking industry by 500 B.C.E.	7
5170988501	Olmec civilization	An early civilization that developed along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico around 1200 B.C.E.	8
5171027302	patriarchy	Literally "rule of the father"; a social system of male dominance.	9
5171033751	pharaoh	A king of Egypt. The term literally means "the palace" and only came into use in the New Kingdom, but it is generally employed in reference to all ancient Egyptian rulers.	10
5171037826	rise of the state:	A process of centralization that took place in the First Civilizations, growing out of the greater complexity of urban life in recognition of the need for coordination, regulation, adjudication, and military leadership.	11
5171042089	Uruk	The largest city of ancient Mesopotamia.	12
5171047044	Bronze Age	This Age is a period characterized by the use of bronze, proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization. 3500 BCE - 1300BCE. Bronze is made through mixing copper with an alloy such as tin. It is stronger and more durable than copper.	13
5171052307	Iron Age	The start of this Age proper is considered by many to fall between around 1200 BCE to 600 BCE, depending on the region. In most parts of the world, its end is defined by the widespread adoption of writing, and therefore marks the transition from prehistory to history.	14
5171059191	Assyrians	a major Mesopotamian East Semitic-speaking kingdom and empire of the ancient Middle East, existed as an independent state from perhaps as early as the 2600 BCE, until its collapse between 612 BCE and 599 BCE	15
5171068549	Akkaddians	was the first ancient Semitic-speaking empire of Mesopotamia, centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region, also called Akkad in ancient Mesopotamia. The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC, following the conquests by its founder Sargon of Akkad (2334-2279 BCE). Under Sargon and his successors, the Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states.	16
5180604202	Hittites	A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, they vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria.	17
5180606218	Shang Dynasty	(1766-1122 BCE) The Chinese dynasty that rose to power due to bronze metalurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior.	18
5180607764	Zhou Dynasty	(1050BC-400BC) Longest and 2nd dynasty in Chinese history. Established a new political order with king at the highest level, then lords and warriors and then peasants.	19
5180609222	Cuneiform	A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. Because so many symbols had to be learned, literacy was confined to a relatively small group of administrators and scribes.	20
5180610547	Alphabet	A set of symbols that represent the sounds of a language	21

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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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8009890927	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
8009890928	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
8009890929	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
8009890930	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
8009890931	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
8009890932	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
8009890933	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
8009890934	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
8009890935	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
8009890936	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
8009890937	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
8009890938	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
8009890939	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
8009890940	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
8009890941	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	14
8009890942	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	15
8009890943	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	16
8009890944	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	17
8009890945	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	18
8009890946	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	19
8009890947	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	20
8009890948	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	21
8009890949	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	22
8009890950	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	23
8009890951	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	24
8009890952	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	25
8009890953	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	26
8009890954	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	27
8009890955	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	28
8009890956	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	29
8009890957	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	30
8009890958	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	31
8009890959	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	32
8009890960	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	33
8009890961	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	34
8009890962	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	35
8009890963	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	36
8009890964	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	37
8009890965	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	38
8009890966	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	39
8009890967	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	40
8009890968	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	41
8009890969	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	42
8009890970	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	43
8009890971	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	44
8009890972	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	45
8009890973	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	46
8009890974	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	47
8009890975	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	48
8009890976	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	49
8009890977	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	50
8009890978	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	51
8009890979	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	52
8009890980	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	53
8009890981	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	54
8009890982	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	55
8009890983	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	56
8009890984	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	57
8009890985	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	58
8009890986	Investiture Controversy	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	59
8009890987	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	60
8009890988	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	61
8009890989	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	62
8009890990	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	63
8009890991	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	64
8009890992	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	65
8009890993	Jinshi	title given students in Post Classical China who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	66
8009890994	Mahayana Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	67
8009890995	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	68
8009890996	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	69
8009890997	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	70
8009890998	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	71
8009890999	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	72
8009891000	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	73
8009891001	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	74
8009891002	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	75
8009891003	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	76
8009891004	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	77
8009891005	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	78
8009891006	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	79
8009891007	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	80
8009891008	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	81
8009891009	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	82
8009891010	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	83
8009891011	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	84
8009891012	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	85
8009891013	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	86
8009891014	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of former Abbasid empire	87
8009891015	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	88
8009891016	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	89
8009891017	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	90
8009891018	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	91
8009891019	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	92
8009891020	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	93
8009891021	Kingdom of Mali		94
8009891022	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	95
8009891023	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	96
8009891024	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	97
8009891025	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	98
8009891026	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	99
8009891027	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	100
8009891028	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	101
8009891029	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		102
8009891030	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	103
8009891031	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	104
8009891032	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	105
8009891033	Ibn Batuta	Mohammedan who described travels to Mecca and Far East	106

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AP World History Ch. 34 Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence Flashcards

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6632840682	Bangladesh	Formerly East Pakistan; after a civil war became independent in 1972.	0
6632841644	Indira Gandhi	Prime Minister of India (r. 1966-1977, 1980-1984); daughter of former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru; killed by her Sikh Bodyguards.	1
6632843121	Corazon Aquino	President of Philippines (r. 1986-1992)	2
6632846714	Benazir Bhutto	Pakistani politician who served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1988 to 1990 and again from 1993 to 1996. She was the first woman to head a democratic government in a Muslim majority nation.	3
6632848221	religious revivalism	An approach to religious belief and practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion in question and the application of their precepts to all aspects of social life.	4
6632849916	primary products	Food or industrial crops with a high demand in industrialized economies; their prices tend to fluctuate widely.	5
6632851615	neocolonial economy	Industrialized nation's continued dominance of the world economy, despite the absence of direct political control over the non-industrialized world.	6
6632853120	Gamal Abdul Nasser	Member of the Free Officers Movement who seized power in Egypt in a 1952 military coup; became leader of Egypt; formed a state-directed reforming regime; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal in 1956; most reforms were unsuccessful.	7
6632854955	Free Officers Movement	Military nationalist movement in the 1930s; often allied with the Muslim Brotherhood; led coup to seize Egyptian government from khedive in July 1952.	8
6632856059	Muslim Brotherhood	Egyptian religious and nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; became an example for later fundamentalist movements in the Islamic world.	9
6632858116	Anwar Sadat	Successor of Nasser as Egypt's ruler; dismantled Nasser's costly and failed programs; signed peace with Israel in 1973; assassinated by a Muslim fundamentalist.	10
6632861303	Hosni Mubarak	Former Egyptian military and political leader who served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.	11
6632863836	Green Revolution	Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations.	12
6632866094	Ayatollah Khomeini	Religious leader of Iran following the 1979 revolution; worked for fundamentalist Islamic religious reform and elimination of Western influences.	13
6632868419	African National Congress (ANC)	South African political organization founded to defend African interests; became the ruling political party after the 1994 elections.	14
6632871718	Steve Biko	With Walter Sisulu, African leader imprisoned (Sisulu) or murdered (Biko) by the Afrikaner regime.	15
6632874863	Nelson Mandela	ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected president of South Africa in 1994.	16
6632875897	F. W. de Klerk	South African president (served: 1989-1994); led Afrikaner push for reforms ending apartheid; Nelson Mandela was freed in his presidency.	17
9528422776	parasitic city	Post-colonial urban dwellings where survival is dependent upon resources from the countryside or from abroad; often created as the result of lack of industrialization.	18
9528581636	artificial nations	Arbitrary political entities created in the post-colonial era that often disregarded social and ethnic realities.	19
9529125974	Six-Day War	June 5-10, 1967. The third of the Arab-Israeli wars. Israel's decisive victory included the capture of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Old City of Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights;	20
9529313449	Mohammad Mosaddegh	Iranian politician who was the head of a democratically elected government, holding office as the Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 until 1953, when his government was overthrown by a CIA-engineered coup.	21
9529376361	Iran-Iraq War	(1980-88) Protracted war between these neighboring Middle Eastern countries resulted in at least half a million casualties and several billion dollars' worth of damages, but no real gains by other side.	22

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AP World History - Chapter 12 Flashcards

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5522549607	"age-set"	Among the Masai, a group of boys united by a common initiation ceremony, who then moved together through the various "age-grades," or ranks, of Masai life.	0
5522549608	Black Death	Name later given to the massive plague pandemic that swept through Eurasia beginning in 1331; it is usually regarded as an outbreak of bubonic plague.	1
5522549609	Chinggis Khan	Title meaning "universal ruler" that was given to the Mongol leader Temujin in 1206 after he united the Mongols.	2
5522549610	"fictive kinship"	Common form of tribal bonding in nomadic societies in which allies are designated and treated as blood relatives.	3
5522549611	Ghazan Khan	Il-khan (subordinate khan) of Persia who ruled from 1295 to 1304; he is noted for his efforts to repair the Mongol damage to Persia.	4
5522549612	Hulegu Khan	Grandson of Chinggis Khan (ca. 1217-1265) who became the first il-khan (subordinate khan) of Persia.	5
5522549613	Karakorum	Capital of the Mongol Empire.	6
5522549614	khagan	Supreme ruler of a Turkic nomadic confederation.	7
5522549615	Khanbalik	The "city of the khan," founded as a new capital city for the Mongols after their conquest of China; now the city of Beijing.	8
5522549616	Khubilai Khan	Grandson of Chinggis Khan who ruled China from 1271 to 1294.	9
5522549617	Kipchak Khanate	Name given to Russia by the Mongols after they conquered it and incorporated it into the Mongol Empire in the mid-thirteenth century; known to Russians as the "Khanate of the Golden Horde."	10
5522549618	Masai	Nomadic cattle-keeping people of what is now Kenya and Tanzania.	11
5522549619	Modun	Great ruler of the Xiongnu Empire (r. 210-174 B.C.E.) who created a centralized and hierarchical political system.	12
5522549620	The Mongol world war	Term used to describe half a century of military campaigns, massive killing, and empire building pursued by Chinggis Khan and his successors in Eurasia after 1209.	13
5522549621	pastoralism	Way of life in which people depend on the herding of domesticated animals for their food.	14
5522549622	Temujin	Birth name of the Mongol leader better known as Chinggis Khan (1162-1227).	15
5522549623	Turks	Turkic speakers from Central Asia, originally nomads, who spread westward into the Near East and into India; they created a series of nomadic empires between 552 and 965 C.E. but had a more lasting impact on world history when they became dominant in the Islamic heartland and founded a series of states and empires there.	16
5522549624	Xiongnu	People of the Mongolian steppe lands north of China who formed a large-scale nomadic empire in the third and second centuries B.C.E.	17
5522549625	Yuan dynasty	Mongol dynasty that ruled China from 1271 to 1368; its name means "great beginnings."	18

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AP World History Chapter 23 Flashcards

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9690805215	neoliberalism	an approach to the world economy, developed in the 1970s, that favored reduced tariffs, the free movement of capital, a mobile and temporary workforce, the privatization of industry, and the curtailing of government efforts to regulate the economy.	0
9690805216	reglobalization	The quickening of global economic transactions after World War II, which resulted in total world output returning to the levels established before the Great Depression and moving beyond them.	1
9690805217	transnational corporations	Huge global businesses that produce goods or deliver services simultaneously in many countries; often abbreviated as TNCs.	2
9690805218	Che Guevara	an Argentine-born revolutionary (1928-1967) who waged guerrilla war in an effort to remedy class Latin America's and Africa's social and economic ills.	3
9690805219	second-wave feminism	women's rights movement that revived in the 1960s with a different agenda than earlier women's suffrage movements; second-wave feminists demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women's right to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination.	4
9690805220	fundamentalism	a self proclaimed return to the "fundamentals" of a religion and is marked by a militant piety and exclusivism.	5
9690805221	Hindutva	fundamentalist Hindu movement that became politically important in India in the 1980s by advocating a distinct Hindu identity and decrying government efforts to accommodate other faith groups.	6
9690805222	Islamic renewal	large number of movements in Islamic lands that promote a return to strict adherence to the Quran and the sharia in opposition to key elements of Western culture.	7
9690805223	North/South gap	growing disparity between the Global North and the Global South that appears to be exacerbated by current world trade practices.	8
9690805224	anti-globalization	major international movement that protests the development of the global economy on the grounds that it makes the rich richer and keeps poor regions in poverty while exploiting their labor and environments; the movement burst onto the world stage in 1999 with massive trade protests at a meeting to the World Trade Organization in Seattle.	9
9690805225	Prague Spring	sweeping series of reforms instituted by communist leader Alexander Dubcek in Czechoslovakia in 1968; the movement was subsequently crushed by a Soviet invasion.	10
9690805226	Osama bin Laden	The leader of the Al-Qaeda, a wealthy Saudi Arabian who turned to militant fundamentalism.	11
9690805227	al-Qaeda	International organization of fundamentalist Islamic militants, headed by the leader Osama bin Laden.	12
9690805228	global warming	worldwide scientific consensus that the increased burning of fossil fuels and the loss of trees have begun to warm the Earth's atmosphere artificially and significantly, causing climate change and leading to possibly catastrophic results if the problem is not addressed.	13
9690805229	environmentalism	twentieth-century movement to preserve the natural world in the face of spiraling human ability to alter the world environment.	14
9690805230	Rachel Carson	environmental activist (1907-1964) whose book Silent Spring (1962) is credited with launching the American environmental movement.	15

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AP World History- Unit 2 Rome Flashcards

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4787353746	Republic	A government of elected officials.	0
4787353747	Senate	The elected officials in the Roman Republic (only the wealthiest were represented)	1
4787353748	Magistrates	Officials who carried out the day-to-day operations of the government who were selected by plebeians	2
4787353749	Tribunes	Elected to represent the plebeians	3
4787353750	Consuls	Elected to preside over the government and to serve as commanders of armies in military campaigns (had veto powers)	4
4787353751	Checks and Balances	A way of dividing power to keep any part of government from becoming excessively powerful	5
4787353752	Law of Twelve Tables	Written laws that were put on display	6
4787353753	Cicero	One of the greatest members of the legal profession in Rome.	7
4787353754	Carthage	A city-state across the Mediterranean on the north coast of Africa; fought Punic Wars with Rome	8
4787353755	Punic Wars	Three wars between Rome and Carthage; Rome destroyed Carthage in the end	9
4787353756	Vandals	Nomads who took Carthage and conquered Rome	10
4787353757	Legions	Roman armies	11
4787353758	Latifundia	Huge farmland bought by patricians	12
4787353759	Spartacus Rebellion	When a slave named Spartacus led one of the largest slave revolts in history against Rome; thousands of slaves killed	13
4787353760	Marius	A general who was elected six times to the consulship; Sulla beat him; uncle of Julius Caesar	14
4787353761	Sulla	General who came from a more patrician family and beat Marius; drove from city by Julius Caesar	15
4787353762	Pompey Magnus	Successful general who was beat by Julius Caesar	16
4787353763	Julius Caesar	Became sole consul and dictator for life; killed by Roman Senate due to him gaining so much power	17
4787353764	Marc Antony	General who was beaten by Octavian	18
4787353765	Octavian	Later known as Augustus; beat Marc Antony and became the first emperor; started Roman Empire	19
4787353766	Battle of Actium	Battle between Octavian and Marc Antony for power; Octavian won	20
4787353767	Pax Romana	Roman peacetime	21
4787353768	Constantine	Emperor who declared the Christianity legal and the official religion of the Roman Empire	22
4787353769	"Edict of Milan"	Christianity was declared legal in the Roman Empire by Constantine in this	23
4787353770	St. Augustine	Wrote that even though Rome might fall to the barbarians, the city of God in heaven would remain	24
4787353771	Separation of Church/State	Religion and government are separate	25
4787353772	Silk Roads	Trade route connecting communities in Europe and Asia	26
4787353773	Trans Regional Roads	Connected roads across Rome to help with trade and military	27
4787353774	Virgil	Famous Roman writer who wrote "The Aeneid"	28
4787353775	"The Aeneid"	Epic by Virgil that accurately forecasts the cultural, political, and military legacies of the Roman Empire	29
4787353776	Ovid	Famous Roman writer who was banished by Augustus to the far edge of the Black Sea	30
4787353777	Epicureanism	Roman philosophy that promoted living simply, enjoying the pleasures of life, and not focusing on appealing to the gods	31
4787353778	Stoicism	Roman philosophy that emphasized that people should learn to accept the will of the gods and remained detached from pleasure and pain	32
4787353779	Syncretism	Combining ideas from different sources; occurred in religion	33
4787353780	Pontifex Maximus	High Priest in Rome	34
4787353781	State Religion	Religion of the Roman Empire must obey; could pray to other gods as long as they prayed to state gods	35
4787353782	Mystery Cults	Religious groups whose followers were promised an afterlife if they underwent secret rituals and purification rites	36
4787353783	Jesus	The man who challenged traditional religious leaders and was regarded as a troublemaker by Roman officials; started Christianity	37
4787353784	Peter	A follower of Jesus who spread the ideas of Christianity and is regarded today by the Roman Catholic Church as the first pope	38
4787353785	Paul	Man who spread Christianity and inspired other preachers	39
4787353786	Christianity	Monotheistic religion that appealed to urban poor, slaves, and women	40
4787353787	Martyrdom	A willingness to die rather than give up one's beliefs	41
4787353788	Patricians	Wealthy Landowners	42
4787353789	Plebeians	Small farmers, tradespeople, craftworkers, and common soldiers	43
4787353790	Equestrian Class	A new class that was for rich Romans that were not descendants of the founders of Rome	44
4787353791	Apennine Mountains	Mountain range that runs the length of the Italian peninsula and is less rugged than the mountains of Greece	45
4787353792	Etruscans	Settled in Northern Italian Peninsula and responsible for early Rome	46
4787353793	Latins	Lived in central Italy	47
4787353794	Rome	Village on seven hills that became the capital of the Roman Empire	48
4787353795	Tiber River	River that was near Rome and became good for trade	49
4787353796	Tyrrhenian Sea	Sea near Rome that was good for Rome yet it was far enough away to be easily defended against sea-borne attackers	50
4787353797	Catapults	Devices used to hurl stones a great distance	51
4787353798	Siege Devices	Device used to break walls like a battering ram	52
4787353799	Stirrup	Provided greater stability for riders and made horses easier to ride and control	53

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AP World History Period 5 Flashcards

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8455082449	abolitionist movement	An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.	0
8455082450	Creoles	Native-born elites in the Spanish colonies.	1
8455082451	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution.	2
8455082452	Declaration of the Rights of Woman	Short work written by the French feminist Olympe de Gouges in 1791 that was modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and that made the argument that the equality proclaimed by the French revolutionaries must also include women.	3
8455082453	Estates-General	French representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.	4
8455082454	Freetown	West African settlement in what is now Sierra Leone at which British naval commanders freed Africans they rescued from illegal slave ships.	5
8455082455	French Revolution	Massive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of society that were lost again, though only in part, under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy.	6
8455082456	gens de couleur libres	Literally, "free people of color"; term used to describe freed slaves and people of mixed racial background in Saint Domingue on the eve of the Haitian Revolution.	7
8455082457	Haiti	Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language.	8
8455082458	Haitian Revolution	The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804).	9
8455082459	Hidalgo-Morelos Revolution	Socially radical peasant insurrection that began in Mexico in 1810 and that was led by the priests	10
8455082460	Latin American Revolutions	Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.	11
8455082461	Toussaint L'Ouverture	First leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state.	12
8455082462	Napoleon Bonaparte	French head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly in 1815); preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.	13
8455082463	Nation	A group of people who have a sense of common identity and destiny, thanks to ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience.	14
8455082464	Nationalism	The focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.	15
8455082465	American Revolution	Successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1787); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy.	16
8455082466	Petit Blancs	The "little" (or poor) white population of Saint Domingue, which played a significant role in the Haitian Revolution.	17
8455082467	Seneca Falls Conference	The first organized women's rights conference	18
8455082468	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Leading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States (1815-1902).	19
8455082469	the Reign of Terror	Term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-1794, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution.	20
8455082470	Third Estate	In prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population that was neither clerical nor noble, and for their representatives at the Estates General; in 1789, it declared itself a National Assembly and launched the French Revolution.	21
8455082471	Tupac Amaru	The last Inca emperor; in the 1780s, a Native American rebellion against Spanish control of Peru took place in his name.	22
8455082472	Bourgeoisie	Term that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople."	23
8455082473	British Royal Society	Association of scientists established in England in 1660 that was dedicated to the promotion of "useful knowledge."	24
8455082474	Crimean War	Major international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.	25
8455082475	Sigmund Freud	Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today	26
8455082476	Labour Party	British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.	27
8455082477	Karl Marx	German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future.	28
8455082478	Middle class values	Belief system that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and "respectability."	29
8455082479	Robert Owens	Socialist thinker and wealthy mill owner (1771-1858) who created an ideal industrial community at New Lanark, Scotland.	30
8455082480	Peter the Great	Tsar of Russia (r. 1689-1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe.	31
8455082481	Populism	Late-nineteenth-century American political movement that denounced corporate interests of all kinds.	32
8455082482	Proletariat	Term that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population.	33
8455082483	Steam engine	Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of this item allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible.	34
8455082484	Boxer Rebellion	Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed	35
8455082485	Daimyo	Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration.	36
8455082486	Meiji Restoration	The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor	37
8455082487	Matthew Perry	U.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world.	38
8455082488	Opium Wars	Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.	39
8455082489	Russo-Japanese War	Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.	40
8455082490	Samurai	Armed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, they gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration.	41
8455082491	Self-strengthening Movement	China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.	42
8455082492	The Sick Man of Europe	Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.	43
8455082493	Social Darwinism	An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century.	44
8455082494	Taiping Uprising	Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.	45
8455082495	Tanzimat Reforms	Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term means "reorganization."	46
8455082496	Tokugawa Shogunate	Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868.	47
8455082497	Unequal treaties	Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers.	48
8455082498	Young Ottomans	Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.	49
8455082499	Young Turks	Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire	50
8455082500	Apartheid	Afrikaans term for the system that developed in South Africa of strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks.	51
8455082501	Cash crop agriculture	Agricultural production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves.	52
8455082502	Leopold II	his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe's second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths.	53
8455082503	Cultivation System	System of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century; peasants were required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops such as sugar or coffee for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors, who then earned enormous profits from further sale of the crops.	54
8455082504	Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858	Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ.	55
8455082505	Scramble for Africa	Name used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900.	56
8455082506	Guillotine	defined the reign of terror, its fast-falling blade extinguished life immediately, introduced as a more humane way of beheading (vs. an ax)	57
8455082507	Mass Production	The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small simple tasks.	58
8455082508	Steam Ships	technological innovation allowed Europeans to reach distant Asian and African ports quickly and predictably	59
8455082509	mercantilism	A set of economic principles based on policies which stress government regulation of economic activities to benefit the home country	60
8455082510	Capitalism	(1776) , an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations.	61
8455082511	Simon Bolivar	The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America; born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.	62
8455082512	Garibaldi	Leader of the Italian Nationalist Army. He was a bold and visionary leader. He united Southern Italy, also captured Sicily in the 1860's.	63
8455082513	Mazzini	Giuseppe Mazzini was the first person that tried to unify all of Italy. He preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and the will of the people. His brand of democratic republicanism seemed too radical for the people. Austria smashed Mazzini's republicanism in 1848.	64
8455082514	Count Cavour	Italian statesman from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve unification of Italy.	65
8455082515	Pedro I	Son and successor of Joao VI in Brazil, aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822, became constitutional emperor of Brazil	66
8455082516	William Wilberforce	He was a highly religious man and a member of the English Parliament who worked tirelessly for the abolition of slavery	67
8455082517	Janissary	a soldier in the elite guard of the Ottoman Turks	68
8455082518	Muhammad Ali	Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849).	69
8455082519	Tanzimat	'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient.	70
8455082520	Extraterritoriality	Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.	71
8455082521	Canton System	The Canton System (1757-1842) served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country by focusing all trade on the southern port of Canton (now Guangzhou).	72
8455082522	Empress Dowager Cixi	Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.	73
8455082523	Palm Oil	A West African tropical product often used to make soap; the British encouraged its cultivation as an alternative to the slave trade.	74
8455082524	Emmeline Pankhurst	(1858-1928) British suffragette and founder of the Woman's Social and Political Union.	75
8455082525	Emily Davison	Threw herself under the Kings horse at the Derby to draw attention to the women's movement and was killed.	76
8455082526	Separate Spheres	Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics	77
8455082527	Universal Male Suffrage	The extension of the right to vote to all males regardless of social standing or race, whose movement had begun in the early-mid 1800's	78
8455082528	Ems Telegram	A telegram which the French gave to the Germans in anger over the Succession of the Throne in Spain, but the Germans altered it to look like the French were rude and evil. The French declared war.	79
8455082529	free trade imperialism	Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of a weaker state. In the late 19th cent, this characterized the relationships between Latin American republics and GB/US	80