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ap language literary terms Flashcards

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7376320310thememain message of passage0
7376322708symbolismone stands for another1
7376326478synecdochepart represents whole2
7376328066metonymyliving symbolism3
7376330049motifrepeated symbol4
7376332250moodreaders emotion5
7376334596toneauthors attitude6
7376336824imageryuse of descriptive language7
7376339740selection of detailuse of descriptive language8
7376344004hubrisover confidence9
7376346361extended metaphorlengthy comparison10
7376347964dramatic ironyaudience knows more than characters do11
7376350781apostropheaddress intangible12
7376354657allegorystory with underlining meaning13
7376358036allusionreference to well known figures14
7540104042declarative sentencea statement15
7540107747interrogative sentencequestion16
7540107748exclamatory sentenceexpress strong emotion17
7540115346imperative sentencecommand/request18
7540193749simple sentencesubject and verb w/ complete thought19
7540201138independent clausegroup of words that has a subject, verb, and a complete that that can't stand alone20
7540216803compound sentence2 independent clauses, has to have a comma and coordinating conjunction21
7540258349coordinating conjunctionfanboys22
7540258350dependent clausegroup of words that has a subject and verb ( can't stand alone"23
7540326279complex sentenceone independent and one dependent clause24
7540333762complex-compound sentencecomplex sentence plus conjunction plus a simple sentence25
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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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9868411302DhowsArab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants0
9868411303Seljuk Turksnomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids1
9868411304Crusadesinvasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 12912
9868411305Mongolscentral Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph3
9868411306Chinggis Khan(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms4
9868411307Arabic numeralsIndian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West5
9868411308Shrivijayatrading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam6
9868411309Malaccaflourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya7
9868411310Malistate of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers8
9868411311Mansatitle of the ruler of Mali9
9868411312Ibn BattutaArab traveler throughout the Muslim world10
9868411313Sundiatacreated a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 126011
9868411314Songhaysuccessor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao12
9868411315East African trading portsurbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar13
9868411316Great Zimbabwewith massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa14
9868411317Greek FireByzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople15
9868411318Iconsimages of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians16
9868411319Iconoclasmthe breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration17
9868411320ManzikertSeljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory18
9868411321Cyril and MethodiusByzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic19
9868411322Kievcommercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c20
9868411323Vladmir Iruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity21
9868411324Russian OrthodoxyRussian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire22
9868411325Middle Agesthe period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c23
9868411326Gothican architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls24
9868411327Vikingsseagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily25
9868411328Manorialismrural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection26
9868411329Serfspeasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system27
9868411330Three-field systempractice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure28
9868411331ClovisKing of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 49629
9868411332Carolingiansroyal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c30
9868411333Charles Martelfirst Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 73231
9868411334CharlemagneCarolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 80032
9868411335Holy Roman Emperorspolitical heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy33
9868411336Feudalismpersonal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service34
9868411337Vassalsmembers of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty35
9868411338William the Conquerorinvaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England36
9868411339Magna CartaGreat charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law37
9868411340Parliamentsbodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects38
9868411341Hundred Years Warconflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.39
9868411342Pope Urban IIorganized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control40
9868411343Investiturethe practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV41
9868411344Gregory VII11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops42
9868411345Thomas Aquinascreator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God43
9868411346Scholasticismdominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems44
9868411347Hanseatic Leaguean organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance45
9868411348Guildsassociations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities46
9868411349Black Deathbubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia47
9868411350Period of the Six Dynastiesera of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han48
9868411351Sinificationextensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions49
9868411352Shamanistic religionMongol beliefs focused on nature spirits50
9868411353Golden Hordeone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c51
9868411354Ilkhan khanateone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire52
9868411355Kubilai Khangrandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 127153
9868411356White Lotus Societysecret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty54
9868411357Ottoman EmpireTurkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire55
9868411358Ming Dynastyreplaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China56
9868411359Ethnocentrismjudging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history57
9868411360Muhammad's primary historical achievementspread of Islam58
9868411368Silk Road Trade system59
9868411369Kingdom of Mali60
9868411361Inca and Rome both hadextensive road systems61
9868411362Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place62
9868411363Trans Saharan tradeDominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..63
9868411370Indian Ocean Maritime Trade64
9868411364Cities that rose during this time due to increased tradeNovgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu65
9868411365Timbuktutrade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people66
9868411366New forms of monetizationChecks, Bills of Exchange67
9868411371Bantu Migrations68
9868411367Marco Polotraveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan69
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AP World History Strayer Chapter 6 Flashcards

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5355257859MeroeCapital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the 300 BCE to 100 CE. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa. Deforestation contributed to its decline.0
5355264400PiyeA Kushite ruler who conquered Egypt, declaring himself the "living image of Axum". He thoroughly assimilated to Egyptian culture, and reluctantly went to war while paying respects to the gods. After becoming master of all of Egypt, he departed.1
5355257860AxumAn African empire located in what is now Eritrea & Ethiopia c. 50 CE that was a naval and trading power; Christianity became the kingdom's religion. Brought down by environmental problems.2
5373576569Niger valley civilizationThis civilization formed as people flooded from the Sahara in search of water. It had no complete state structure, and existed in clusters of economically specialized settlements.3
5373578530Maya civilizationA well-known Mesoamerican civilization which led to the concept of zero in mathematics and the most elaborate writing system of the Americas. Many achievements took place without a central authority. The civilization collapsed with completeness, but not uniformity.4
5355257871TeotihuacanThe first major metropolis in Mesoamerica in what is today Mexico; collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".5
5355257873ChavinThe first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 BCE). Its capital was located high in the Andes Mountains of what is today called Peru.6
5355257858MocheA civilization of the north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. Farmed maize, beans, and squash adopted from Mesoamerica.7
5373586262Wari and TiwanakuInterior empires which provided a measure of political integration and cultural commonality for the Andean region, without controlling a continuous band of territory. They differed in economic structure but had no conflicts.8
5355257861Bantu expansionA major African language family famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.9
5373590062Chaco PhenomenonEncompassing 25,000 square miles, this linked outlying settlements to a center while maintaining a small population.10
5355257879Mound BuildersNative american civilizations of the eastern region of north america that created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places.11
5355257880CahokiaA commercial center for regional and long-distance trade in North America located near modern St. Louis. Its hinterlands produced staples for urban consumers. In return, its crafts were exported inland by porters and to North American markets in canoes.12
5373595972PohnpeiA Micronesian island where a stone and coral urban complex was a ceremonial, administrative and burial center of the Saudeleur dynasty. This demonstrated an example of social complexity13
5373603925TongaA Polynesian island displaying social complexity through rulers, known as Tu'i Tonga, and their royal court. They displayed early practice of socialism.14
5373603926manaA spiritual energy or power, associated primarily with chiefs and demonstrated by success.15
5373603927tapuTo maintain the purity of mana, this concept of ritual restriction or prohibitions elevated someone or something above the ordinary.16
5373604216YapAn island involving trade of commodities as a set of tributary relationships. Tributes would be given to high-ranking people who would give in return something worth more. The whole system was supported by a fear of sorcery.17
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AP World History: Ch. 19 Early Latin America, Pt. 1 Flashcards

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5594868306Ferdinand IIKing of Aragon and king of Castile from 1479. He united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain and supported Columbus's exploration.0
5594878399HispaniolaFirst island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; first settled by Columbus on his second voyage.1
5594970776encomiendaGrant of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies.2
5594976826Bartolomé de las CasasDominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of Native American population, opposed forced labor, and advocated Indian rights.3
5594986745Hernán Cortés:Led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec empire and established Spanish colonial rule.4
5594994381Moctezuma IILast independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés's conquest.5
5595001490Mexico CityCapital of New Spain; built on ruins of Tenochtitlan.6
5595008456New SpainSpanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system.7
5595014439Francisco Vácquez de CoronadoLed Spanish expedition into the southwestern United States in search of gold.8
5595019976Pedro de ValdiviaSpanish conqueror of Araucanian Indians of Chile; established city of Santiago in 1541.9
5595024976mitaForced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects.10
5596703441GranadaLast Muslim kingdom, which fell to Christian Spain in 1492.11
5596721853Isabella IQueen of Castile and Aragon. Together with her husband, Ferdinand II of Aragon, their reign was a turning point for the Iberian Peninsula.12
5596852124ReconquistaThe period of history of the Iberian Peninsula spanning approximately 770 years between the Islamic conquest of Hispania in 710 and the fall of the last Islamic state in Iberia at Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 149213
5596890423CaribbeanFirst area of Spanish exploration and settlement.14
5596904729ecomenderoThe holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor.15
5597118588expeditionsGroup of 50-500 men who were the spearheads of conquest paving the road for permanent settlement and administration.16
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AP World History: Ch. 18 The Transformation of the West, Pt. 1 Flashcards

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5500580986Niccolo MachiavelliAuthor of The Prince; emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power.0
5500586867humanismPhilosophy, or ideology, with a focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor.1
5500602250Northern RenaissanceCultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; influenced by earlier Italian Renaissance; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than the Italian Renaissance.2
5500615631Francis IKing of France (r. 1494-1547); one of many monarchs of the Renaissance period who were influential through their patronage of the arts.3
5500631076Johannes GutenbergIntroduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; greatly expanded the availability of printed materials.4
5500637543European-style familyEmerged in the 15th century; involved a later marriage age and a primary emphasis on the nuclear family.5
5500664318Martin LutherGerman Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation; emphasized the primacy of faith for gaining salvation in place of Catholic sacraments; rejected papal authority.6
5500678362ProtestantismGeneral wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; formally began with Martin Luther in 1517.7
5500688887Anglican ChurchForm of Protestantism in England established by Henry VIII.8
5500691174Jean (John) CalvinFrench Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group in Geneva; in the long run encouraged wider public education and access to government.9
5500707923Catholic ReformationCatholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine.10
5500718640JesuitsCatholic religious order founded during Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work outside of Europe.11
5500723275Edict of Nantes1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after lengthy civil wars between Catholics and Protestants.12
5500726705Thirty Years WarWar from 1618 to 1648 between German Protestants and their allies and the Holy Roman emperor and Spain; caused great destruction.13
5500753751Treaty of WestphaliaEnded Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right of individual rulers and cities to choose their own religion for their people; Netherlands gained independence.14
5500763604English Civil WarConflict from 1640 to 1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy.15
5500809718proletariatClass of people without access to producing property; usually manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agriculture, or urban poor; product of the economic changes of the 16th and 17th centuries.16
5500819877LevelersEnglish group demanding more political rights17
5500827786witchcraft persecutionOutburst reflecting uncertainties about religious truth and resentments against the poor, especially women.18
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chapter 18 ap world history Flashcards

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7966181835shamans-the earliest religions of the Turkish people -were religious specialists who possessed supernatural powers, communicated with the Gods and nature spirits, invoked divine aid0
7966209049khan-means ruler -rarely ruled directly, but through the leaders of allied tribes1
7966220057temujin-Mongol conqueror who later took the name Chinggis Khan ("universal ruler") -born in 1167 into a noble family2
7966248861ilkhanate-mongol state that ruled Persia after abolition of the Abbasid empire in the 15th century -one of Chinggis Khans sons ruled them in central Asia3
7966266296Khubilai Khan-one of Chinggis Khans grandsons who was perhaps the most talented of the great conquerors descendants -unleashed ruthless attacks against hun enemies, but he also took an interest in cultural matters and worked to improve the welfare of his subjects4
7966322756Golden Horde-Mongol tribe that controlled Russia from the 13th to 15th centuries -Mongols of the Golden Horde prized the steppes North of the Black Sea as prime pastureland for their horses5
7966353425Yuan-legendary founder of the Xia dynasty -they didn't maintain adequate reserves of the billion that backed up paper notes6
7966379114Bubonic Plague-During the 1330s plague erupted in southwestern China -Sometimes killed half or more of an exposed population, particularly during the furious initial years of the epidemic, and it seriously disrupted economies and societies throughout much of Eurasia7
7966425123Tamerlane-born in 1336 near Samarkand -was a charismatic leader and a courageous warrior, and he attacked a band of loyal followers8
7966440579Seljuks-the peasants of Anatolia often looked upon the Seljuks ad liberators rather than conquerors -led by the seljuks, Turkish peoples began migrating into Anatolia in large numbers in the 11th century9
7966477120Sultanate-they faced constant challenges from HIndu princes in neighboring lands -periodically defend their northern frontiers from new Turkish or Mongol invaders10
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